Operation Demetrius - Knowledge (XXG)

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Prime Minister Ted Heath's reaction was a dismissive telegram telling Lynch to mind his own business. He later accepted the advice of his own diplomats that humiliating Lynch and Hillery would make it less likely that they would co-operate in tackling the IRA. Thereafter, Heath took a more conciliatory tone. He invited Lynch for a two-day summit at Chequers, the Prime Minister’s official country residence, on 6–7 September 1971. This encounter seems to have changed his view of the problem: from then on, Heath took the view that there could be no lasting solution to the Northern Ireland problem without the co-operation of the Irish government, and that the Irish nationalist population in Northern Ireland should have full participation in the government of Northern Ireland. In that sense, the illegal actions of the British government and armed forces during internment and the violent reaction against it led to a profound transformation in British policy.

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would "make the British much more careful in their handling of detainees... To the extent that this would slow down their gathering of intelligence information, it would make it more difficult for them to make progress in the direction of a military solution. If they succeeded in containing the situation from a military point of view, there would be less incentive for them to take unpalatable political action". The implications are (a) that the Irish government recognised the value of the intelligence which the British were acquiring (albeit illegally), and (b) that Dublin had a stake in impeding Britain's attempt to overcome the IRA by military means, at least until the British had implemented radical constitutional reforms opening up the path to Irish unification.

1155:', methods of interrogation described by opponents as "a euphemism for torture". The available evidence suggests that some members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary, trained in civilian policing, were unwilling to use such methods. In an internal memorandum dated 22 December 1971, one Brigadier Lewis reported to his superiors in London on the state of intelligence-gathering in Northern Ireland, saying that he was "very concerned about lack of interrogation in depth" by the RUC and that "some Special Branch out-station heads are not attempting to screw down arrested men and extract intelligence from them". However, he wrote that his colleagues "were due to do a quick visit by helicopter to these out-stations... to read the riot act". 1448:

as "possibly the worst of all the stupid things that government could do". A review by the British Ministry of Defence (MoD) assessed internment overall as "a major mistake". Others, however, have taken a more nuanced view, suggesting that the policy was not so much misconceived in principle as badly planned and executed. The MoD review points to some short-term gains, maintaining that Operation Demetrius netted 50 Provisional IRA officers, 107 IRA volunteers, and valuable information on the IRA and its structures, leading to the discovery of substantial arms and explosives dumps.

1761:, called on the Irish government to bring the case back to the ECHR because the British government, he said, "lied to the European Court of Human Rights both on the severity of the methods used on the men, their long term physical and psychological consequences, on where these interrogations took place and who gave the political authority and clearance for it". On 2 December 2014, the Irish government announced that, having reviewed the new evidence and following requests from the survivors, it had decided to officially ask the ECHR to revise its 1978 judgement. 116: 1409: 103: 4111: 1301: 1452:

hope in non-violent methods. After Operation Demetrius, recruits came forward in huge numbers to join the Provisional and Official wings of the IRA. Internment also led to a sharp increase in violence. In the eight months before the operation, there were 34 conflict-related deaths in Northern Ireland. In the four months following it, 140 were killed. A serving officer of the British

1000:", they did not constitute torture in this instance. It was later revealed that the British government had withheld information from the ECHR and that the policy had been authorized by British government ministers. In light of the new evidence, in 2014 the Irish government asked the ECHR to revise its judgement, but the ECHR eventually declined the request. In 2021, the 1199: 43: 1918:"Judgement – In the matter of an application by Margaret McQuillan for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland) (Nos 1, 2 and 3) In the matter of an application by Francis McGuigan for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland) (Nos 1, 2 and 3) In the matter of an application by Mary McKenna for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland) (Nos 1 and 2)" para. 186–188 1675:

the purpose of inducing a person to give information shows a clear resemblance to those methods of systematic torture which have been known over the ages ... a modern system of torture falling into the same category as those systems applied in previous times as a means of obtaining information and confessions.

1091:). However, Faulkner argued that a ban on parades was unworkable, that the rifle clubs posed no security risk, and that there was no evidence of loyalist terrorism. It was eventually agreed that there would be a six-month ban on parades but no interning of loyalists, and that internment would go ahead on 9 August. 1674:

unanimously considered the combined use of the five methods to amount to torture, on the grounds that (1) the intensity of the stress caused by techniques creating sensory deprivation "directly affects the personality physically and mentally"; and (2) "the systematic application of the techniques for

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As foreshadowed in the Prime Minister's statement, directives expressly forbidding the use of the techniques, whether alone or together, were then issued to the security forces by the government. The five techniques were still being used by the British Army in 2003 as a means for training soldiers to

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against the British Army and the RUC. The Officials' policy was more defensive. During 1970–71, there were numerous clashes between state forces and the two wings of the IRA, and between the IRAs and loyalists. Most loyalist attacks were directed against Catholic civilians, but they also clashed with

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wall-standing: forcing the detainees to remain for periods of some hours in a "stress position", described by those who underwent it as being "spreadeagled against the wall, with their fingers put high above the head against the wall, the legs spread apart and the feet back, causing them to stand on

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Historians generally view the period of internment as inflaming sectarian tensions in Northern Ireland, while failing in its goal of arresting key members of the IRA. Senator Maurice Hayes, Catholic Chairman of the Northern Ireland Community Relations Commission at the time, has described internment

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Ulster loyalist paramilitaries were also carrying out attacks, mainly directed against Catholics and Irish nationalists. However, security officials advised ministers that loyalists did not represent an immediate and serious threat to the security of the state or the criminal justice system, and no

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167. ... Although the five techniques, as applied in combination, undoubtedly amounted to inhuman and degrading treatment, although their object was the extraction of confessions, the naming of others and/or information and although they were used systematically, they did not occasion suffering of

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Irish ministers made the most of the leverage that the torture allegations had given them. Hugh McCann, a senior Irish diplomat, noted the tactical advantage the Irish government could gain through taking a case against the UK before the European Court, which would take years to be adjudicated: it

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in London on 9 August to demand that the Unionist government should be replaced by a power-sharing coalition with 50/50 representation for the nationalist and unionist populations. This was a significant break from the Republic's previous position, which had been to press for unification. British

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10. Domestic Law ... (c) We have received both written and oral representations from many legal bodies and individual lawyers from both England and Northern Ireland. There has been no dissent from the view that the procedures are illegal alike by the law of England and the law of Northern Ireland.

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for many hours and were repeatedly beaten on all parts of their body. They were deprived of sleep, food and drink. Some of them also reported being kicked in the genitals, having their heads banged against walls, being shot at with blank rounds, and being threatened with injections. The result was

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of baton-wielding soldiers, being forced to run an 'obstacle course', having their heads forcefully shaved, being kept naked, being burnt with cigarettes, having a sack placed over their heads for long periods, having a rope kept around their necks, having the barrel of a gun pressed against their

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Many of the people arrested had no links with the IRA, but their names appeared on the list through haste and incompetence. The list's lack of reliability and the arrests that followed, complemented by reports of internees being abused, led to more nationalists identifying with the IRA and losing

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and "for the next 11 months these areas effectively seceded from British control". Between 9 and 11 August, 24 people were killed or fatally wounded: 20 civilians (14 Catholics, 6 Protestants), two members of the Provisional IRA (shot dead by the British Army), and two members of the British Army

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Following the suspension of the Northern Ireland Government, internment was continued with some changes by the direct rule administration until 5 December 1975. During this time a total of 1,981 people were interned: 1,874 were from an Irish nationalist background, while 107 were from a unionist

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in north Belfast, where soldiers shot dead three people on 9 August. Sectarian violence also flared between Protestants and Catholics. Many Protestant families fled Ardoyne and about 200 Protestants burnt their own homes as they left, lest they "fall into Catholic hands". Protestant and Catholic

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The Government of the United Kingdom have considered the question of the use of the 'five techniques' with very great care and with particular regard to Article 3 (art. 3) of the Convention. They now give this unqualified undertaking, that the 'five techniques' will not in any circumstances be

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In the first wave of raids across Northern Ireland, 342 people were arrested. Many of those arrested reported that they and their families were assaulted, verbally abused and threatened by the soldiers. There were claims of soldiers smashing their way into houses without warning and firing

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through doors and windows. Many of those arrested also reported being ill-treated during their three-day detention at the holding centres. They complained of being beaten, verbally abused, threatened, harassed by dogs, denied sleep, and starved. Some reported being forced to

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When the interrogation techniques used on the internees became known to the public, there was outrage at the British government, especially from Irish nationalists. In response, on 16 November 1971, the British government commissioned a committee of inquiry chaired by

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recommended "balancing action", such as the arrest of loyalist militants, the calling in of weapons held by (generally unionist) rifle clubs in Northern Ireland, and an indefinite ban on parades (most of which were held by unionist/loyalist groups such as the

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The fourteen Hooded Men were the only internees subjected to the full five techniques. However, over the following months, some internees were subjected to at least one of the five techniques, as well as other interrogation methods. These allegedly included

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Government, having reviewed the whole matter with great care and with reference to any future operations, have decided that the techniques ... will not be used in future as an aid to interrogation ... The statement that I have made covers all future

1288:: "Insanity seized the city. Hundreds of vehicles were hijacked and factories were burnt. Loyalist and IRA gunmen were everywhere". People blocked roads and streets with burning barricades to stop the British Army entering their neighbourhoods. In 1697:

the particular intensity and cruelty implied by the word torture as so understood. ... 168. The Court concludes that recourse to the five techniques amounted to a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment, which practice was in breach of the

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In March 2018, the ECHR announced a 6–1 decision against revising the original judgement. In September of the same year, the ECHR refused to consider the case before its Grand Chamber, meaning that the case cannot be appealed any longer.

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The introduction of internment, the way the arrests were carried out, and the abuse of those arrested, led to mass protests and a sharp increase in violence. Amid the violence, about 7,000 people fled or were forced out of their homes.

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on 5 August 1971. The goal of internment was to weaken the IRA and reduce their attacks, but it was also hoped that tougher measures against the IRA would prevent a loyalist backlash and the collapse of Faulkner's government. The

1499:, handcuffed and flown to the base by helicopter. On the way, soldiers severely beat them and threatened to throw them from the helicopter. When they arrived they were stripped naked, photographed, and examined by a doctor. 1102:, there were 450 names, but only 350 of these were found. Key figures on the list, and many who never appeared on them, had got wind of the swoop before it began. The list also included leaders of the non-violent 1460:

It (internment) has, in fact, increased terrorist activity, perhaps boosted IRA recruitment, polarised further the Catholic and Protestant communities and reduced the ranks of the much needed Catholic moderates.

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The policy of internment lasted until December 1975 and during that time 1,981 people were interned; 1,874 were nationalist, while 107 were loyalist. The first loyalist internees were detained in February 1973.

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later built in the area". Catholic homes were burnt in Ardoyne and elsewhere too. About 7,000 people, most of them Catholics, were left homeless. About 2,500 Catholic refugees fled south of the border to the

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Internment was planned and implemented from the highest levels of the British government. Specially trained personnel were sent to Northern Ireland to familiarize the local forces in what became known as the

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on 30 July 1971 about this, Lynch replied that he had no grounds for introducing internment, and that if he did his government would collapse. Lynch also advised Peck to consider the consequences carefully.

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in response to the introduction of internment. By 17 October, it was estimated that about 16,000 households were withholding rent and rates for council houses as part of the campaign of civil disobedience.

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What they did not include was a single loyalist. Although the UVF had begun the killing and bombing, this organisation was left untouched, as were other violent loyalist satellite organisations such as

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throughout Northern Ireland and arrested 342 in the initial sweep, sparking four days of violence in which 20 civilians, two IRA members and two British soldiers were killed. All of those arrested were

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Of the civilians killed, 17 were shot by the British Army and the other three were killed by unknown attackers. In west Belfast's Ballymurphy housing estate, 11 Catholic civilians were killed by the

1164: 1583:... (d) This being so, no Army Directive and no Minister could lawfully or validly have authorized the use of the procedures. Only Parliament can alter the law. The procedures were and are illegal. 892: 1421: 1067: 1550:, burning with matches and candles, forcing internees to stand over hot electric fires while beating them, beating and squeezing of the genitals, inserting objects into the anus, injections, 1750:

before his death) that the decision to use methods of torture in Northern Ireland in 1971/72 was taken by ministers – in particular Lord Carrington, then secretary of state for defence".

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On 8 February 1977, in proceedings before the ECHR, and in line with the findings of the Parker Report and British Government policy, the Attorney-General of the United Kingdom stated:

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For seven days, when not being interrogated, they were kept hooded and handcuffed in a cold cell and subjected to a continuous loud hissing noise. Here they were forced to stand in a

888: 1167:. The 1922 Special Powers Act (also known as the "Flogging Act") was renewed annually, in 1928 was renewed for five year and made permanent in 1933. The Act was repealed 1973. The 4164: 1345:

By 13 August, media reports indicated that the violence had begun to wane, seemingly due to exhaustion on the part of the IRA and security forces. On 15 August, the nationalist

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In 2013, declassified documents revealed the existence of the interrogation centre at Ballykelly. It had not been mentioned in any of the inquiries. Human rights group the

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The internments were initially carried out under Regulations 11 and 12 of 1956 and Regulation 10 of 1957 (the Special Powers Regulations), made under the authority of the

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paramilitaries were also carrying out acts of violence, which were mainly directed against Catholics and Irish nationalists, but no loyalists were included in the sweep.

4179: 966:, the vast majority of them Catholics. Due to faulty and out-of-date intelligence, many were no longer involved in republican militancy or never had links with the IRA. 534: 1277:. Some were hooded, beaten and then thrown from a helicopter. They were told they were hundreds of feet in the air, but were actually only a few feet from the ground. 1172: 950: 167: 1362: 427: 1984: 1934: 2696: 1527:

hooding: putting a black or navy coloured bag over the detainees' heads and, at least initially, keeping it there all the time except during interrogation;

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All of those arrested were interrogated by the British Army and RUC. However, twelve internees were then chosen for further "deep interrogation", using

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reported that if internment were introduced in Northern Ireland, it would follow in the Republic almost at once. However, when British Ambassador

1437: 1043:(IRA) had been largely inactive. However, as the violence worsened, the IRA was divided over how to deal with it. It split into two factions, the 272: 756: 4174: 3164: 2800: 791: 4073: 2573: 2548: 2377: 2309: 2095: 1743: 1742:. It confirmed that a policy of 'torture' had in fact been authorized by British Government ministers—specifically the Secretary for Defence 412: 2963: 2503: 1373: 1168: 3598: 1284:. The British Army came under sustained attack from the IRA and Irish nationalist rioters, especially in Belfast. According to journalist 1040: 781: 1961: 1879: 3924: 3668: 3612: 3549: 2678: 1769: 1701: 1698: 1663: 1183: 1179: 1001: 985: 786: 761: 666: 242: 1530:

subjection to noise: pending their interrogations, holding the detainees in a room where there was a continuous loud and hissing noise;

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severe physical and mental exhaustion, severe anxiety, depression, hallucinations, disorientation and repeated loss of consciousness.

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accused the British Government of deliberately hiding it from the inquiries and the European Court of Human Rights. In June 2014, an

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deprivation of food and drink: subjecting the detainees to a reduced diet during their stay at the centre and pending interrogations.

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of the Provisional IRA, held a press conference during which he claimed that only 30 Provisional IRA members had been interned.

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heads, being dragged by the hair, being trailed behind armoured vehicles while barefoot, and being tied to armoured trucks as a

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in the 1920s and the Irish government again used it during the IRA's campaign in the 1950s. In December 1970, Justice Minister

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Security Detainees/Enemy Combatants: U.S. Law Prohibits Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

1685: 1515: 1485: 1425: 1376:. The SDLP also withdrew its representatives from a number of public bodies. On 19 October, five Northern Ireland Members of 993: 741: 726: 685: 589: 584: 367: 1514:'. Training and advice regarding the five techniques came from senior intelligence officials in the British government. The 3584: 3367: 1572: 1464:

In terms of loss of life as well as number of attacks, 1972 was the most violent year of the Troubles. The fatal march on

1143:. Faulkner was urged by the British to include a few Protestants in the trawl but, apart from two republicans, he refused. 1083: 771: 653: 437: 347: 1746:—in 1971, contrary to the knowledge of the Irish government or the ECHR. The letter states: "It is my view (confirmed by 4045: 3633: 3304: 3093: 3058: 2489: 1147:

Faulkner himself later wrote, "The idea of arresting anyone as an exercise in political cosmetics was repugnant to me".

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The process of identification and questioning, leading either to release of the detainee or movement into detention at

4059: 3773: 3241: 3178: 2997: 2867: 1281: 1025: 865: 835: 675: 487: 282: 217: 3839: 1468:(30 January 1972), when 14 unarmed protesters were shot dead by British paratroopers, was an anti-internment march. 1433: 870: 362: 2970: 4144: 4052: 4038: 3917: 3860: 3710: 3030: 2956: 2793: 2030: 1305: 1115: 1012:

Internment had been used several times in Ireland during the 20th century, but had not previously been used during

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The "Parker Report" was published on 2 March 1972 and found the five techniques to be illegal under domestic law:

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After Operation Demetrius, the Irish government pushed for radical changes in how Northern Ireland was governed.

1036: 855: 731: 690: 506: 392: 227: 120: 1670:, 1976 Y.B. Eur. Conv. on Hum. Rts. 512, 748, 788–94 (Eur. Comm'n of Hum. Rts.)). The Commission stated that it 3881: 3867: 3689: 3535: 3479: 3423: 3147: 3127: 3113: 3051: 2888: 1592: 1244: 821: 801: 796: 648: 609: 579: 549: 237: 4080: 3938: 3846: 3759: 3563: 3507: 3332: 3318: 3269: 3213: 3086: 2848: 1132: 746: 702: 638: 604: 457: 397: 357: 287: 267: 1662:

The Irish Government, on behalf of the men who had been subject to the five techniques, took a case to the

3752: 3724: 3465: 3311: 3023: 2625:: Ireland v. United Kingdom, 1976 Y.B. Eur. Conv. on Hum. Rts. 512, 748, 788–94 (Eur. Comm'n of Hum. Rts.) 1488:. In October, a further two internees were chosen for deep interrogation. These fourteen became known as " 1233: 1021: 875: 860: 840: 680: 529: 467: 462: 422: 352: 332: 292: 3903: 3794: 3696: 3640: 3577: 3486: 3353: 3276: 2786: 2286: 1828: 1824:

Counter-Terrorism Policy And Human Rights: Terrorism Bill and related matters: Oral and Written Evidence

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families fled "to either side of a dividing line, which would provide the foundation for the permanent

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Lost Lives: The stories of the men, women and children who died through the Northern Ireland Troubles

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The backlash against internment contributed to the decision of the British Government to suspend the

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declaring that there was a "public emergency within the meaning of Article 15(1) of the Convention".

806: 554: 417: 407: 312: 277: 262: 252: 1077:. It was agreed to re-introduce internment at a meeting between Faulkner and British Prime Minister 4010: 3996: 3822: 3682: 3079: 2911: 2855: 1723: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1335: 1064: 959: 947: 716: 624: 619: 594: 472: 432: 307: 257: 2035: 3703: 3542: 3451: 3409: 3374: 3339: 3262: 1350: 1237: 1095: 816: 614: 544: 511: 442: 402: 387: 317: 302: 2773: 2452: 2413: 2395: 1111: 4003: 3931: 3528: 3290: 3044: 3037: 2769: 2732: 2569: 2544: 2373: 2305: 1832: 1822: 1646: 1397: 1385: 1225: 1187: 963: 850: 845: 492: 477: 342: 2458: 2419: 2401: 3500: 2977: 1614: 1555: 1060: 1032: 915: 599: 564: 60: 34: 2152: 1408: 1220:

Arrest and movement of the detainees to one of three regional holding centers: Girdwood in

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Internees arrested without trial pursuant to Operation Demetrius could not complain to the

4101: 4017: 3893: 3654: 3013: 2189: 1966: 1739: 1618: 1511: 1503: 1209: 1152: 1044: 1017: 981: 967: 751: 574: 482: 1622: 2661: 4094: 4024: 1895: 1747: 1547: 1123: 1074: 943: 322: 4128: 3801: 1985:"Today in Irish History, 9 August 1971, Internment is introduced in Northern Ireland" 1935:"Today in Irish History, 9 August 1971, Internment is introduced in Northern Ireland" 1642: 1551: 1543: 1533:

deprivation of sleep: pending their interrogations, depriving the detainees of sleep;

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On 22 August, in protest against internment, about 130 Irish nationalist/republican

3780: 3738: 3192: 2844: 2809: 2727: 2432:"Prisoners in Northern Ireland 'subjected to waterboarding by British army officers 2226: 1588: 1480:. This took place at a secret interrogation centre, which was later revealed to be 1357:

On 16 August, over 8,000 workers went on strike in Derry in protest at internment.

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Operation Demetrius began on Monday 9 August at 4 am and progressed in two parts:

1208:(pictured here in Algiers in the Second World War), a prison ship which docked at 2135: 4160:

Military operations in Northern Ireland involving the United Kingdom (1969–2007)

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Materials on torture and other ill-treatment: 3. European Court of Human Rights

2221: 2002: 1797: 4031: 3619: 1634: 1369: 1358: 1293: 1024:(UVF), had been engaged in a low-level violent campaign since 1966. After the 927: 697: 86: 2736: 2082:"The Detention of Suspected Terrorists in Northern Ireland and Great Britain" 1853:"Ireland v. United Kingdom – 5310/71 [1978] ECHR 1 (18 January 1978)" 1389: 1280:

The operation sparked an immediate upsurge of violence, the worst since the

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Making Sense of the Troubles: The Story of the Conflict in Northern Ireland

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British government authorised use of torture methods in NI in early 1970s

2636:"Ireland v. The United Kingdom – 5310/71 (1978) ECHR 1 (18 January 1978)" 2470: 2193: 1495:

After undergoing the same treatment as the other internees, the men were

159: 42: 1496: 1413: 1400:. Protests would continue until internment was ended in December 1975. 1325: 1221: 989: 197: 16:

1971 mass arrest and internment by the British Army in Northern Ireland

1645:, the Irish Minister for External Affairs, met British Home Secretary 2697:"European court shies away from torture finding in 'hooded men' case" 2304:. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace. pp. 189–191. 1575:) to look into the legal and moral aspects of the 'five techniques'. 923: 1727: 2245:

Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland: 1971

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On the initial list of those to be arrested, which was drawn up by

2723:"Human rights judges reject final appeal of Troubles 'hooded men'" 2222:"Blunt weapon of internment fails to crush nationalist resistance" 2176:. Chapter: Treatment of Arrested. Independent Labour Party, 1971. 1407: 1299: 1289: 1197: 2273:

The Troubles: Ireland's ordeal 1966–1996 and the search for peace

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The Troubles: Ireland's ordeal 1966–1996 and the search for peace

1186:(ECHR) because on 27 June 1957, the UK lodged a notice with the 996:(ECHR), ruled on appeal in 1978 that while the techniques were " 953:

and approved by the British Government. Armed soldiers launched

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The interrogation methods used on the men became known as the '

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Modern anti-internment graffiti on Derry's Walls seen from the

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found that the use of the five techniques amounts to torture.

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their toes with the weight of the body mainly on the fingers";

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found that the use of the five techniques amounts to torture.

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had announced that the policy was again under consideration.

2372:. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace. pp. 178–180. 1684:

The commission's findings were appealed. In 1978, in the

2543:. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace. pp. 141/2. 136:

1,981 people arrested and interned in total, firstly 342

2190:"Former internees claim 'new evidence' of Army torture" 1962:"Internment explained: When was it introduced and why?" 1587:

On the same day (2 March 1972), British Prime Minister

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Adams calls on Government to reopen 'Hooded Men' case

2568:. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace. p. 210. 2504:"The torture centre: Northern Ireland's 'hooded men'" 2593:. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace. p. 214. 2344:. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace. p. 351. 2018:. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace. p. 131. 1979: 1977: 1349:(SDLP) announced that it was starting a campaign of 1171:

of 7 November 1972, made under the authority of the

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used on some of the internees were described by the

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The entrance to Compound 19, one of the sections of

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Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC

3145: 3103: 3011: 2987: 2909: 2878: 2834: 2825: 2816: 1734:uncovered a letter from the British Home Secretary 1056:state forces and the IRA on a number of occasions. 146: 129: 93: 79: 67: 55: 23: 946:against the British state. It was proposed by the 2649:"Secret Ballykelly interrogation centre unveiled" 2591:The British State and the Northern Ireland Crisis 2566:The British State and the Northern Ireland Crisis 2541:The British State and the Northern Ireland Crisis 2370:The British State and the Northern Ireland Crisis 2342:The British State and the Northern Ireland Crisis 2302:The British State and the Northern Ireland Crisis 2054:The British State and the Northern Ireland Crisis 2016:The British State and the Northern Ireland Crisis 1753:Following the 2014 revelations, the President of 934:) of people suspected of being involved with the 2485: 2483: 1384:against internment. The protest took place near 2356:Pig in the Middle: The Army in Northern Ireland 1710: 1694: 1672: 1597: 1580: 1518:(ECHR) defined the five techniques as follows: 2204: 2202: 2794: 1175:, was used after direct rule was instituted. 175: 8: 4165:Riots and civil disorder in Northern Ireland 2391: 2389: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1896:"Government backs 'Hooded Men' torture case" 2136:Internment: A chronology of the main events 1738:in 1977 to the then British Prime Minister 1372:announced that they would no longer sit on 3817: 3100: 2984: 2831: 2822: 2801: 2787: 2779: 2173:Belfast August 1971: A Case to be Answered 2154:Belfast August 1971: A Case to be Answered 2070:, Anvil Books Ltd, Tralee, Ireland, pg 23. 1617:government had used internment during the 1320:over two days in what became known as the 1059:The idea of re-introducing internment for 1035:on the streets to bolster the police, the 182: 168: 160: 20: 4150:Human rights abuses in the United Kingdom 2329:. Belfast: Blackstaff Press. p. 132. 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2240: 2238: 2236: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1104:Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association 4180:August 1971 events in the United Kingdom 2056:. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace. 1890: 1888: 1713:reintroduced as an aid to interrogation. 1605:resist harsh interrogation if captured. 1388:in London. Among those taking part were 2284:"Violence ebbing in Northern Ireland". 1781: 1438:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 1292:, barricades were again erected around 3165:Northern Ireland civil rights movement 2943:Irish People's Liberation Organisation 2768:1, Winter 1975, pp. 34 & 35, 1692:(Case No. 5310/71), the court ruled: 1051:. In 1970–71, the Provisionals began 7: 2459:Chapter 9: Down on the Killing Floor 1913: 1911: 1440:. This took place on 23 March 1972. 1297:(shot dead by the Provisional IRA). 889:The Troubles in Britain & Europe 3925:Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party 2721:Bowcott, Owen (11 September 2018). 2003:Internment – Summary of Main Events 1798:Internment – Summary of Main Events 1770:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1699:European Convention on Human Rights 1664:European Commission on Human Rights 1658:European Commission of Human Rights 1436:, under the authority of a British 1184:European Convention on Human Rights 1182:about breaches of Article 5 of the 1180:European Commission of Human Rights 1002:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 986:European Commission of Human Rights 3966:Social Democratic and Labour Party 3959:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 2157:. Independent Labour Party, 1971. 1554:, and psychological abuse such as 1347:Social Democratic and Labour Party 1308:commemorating those killed in the 1212:and where many internees were sent 893:Assassinations during the Troubles 428:Dundalk & Silverbridge attacks 14: 4155:Internments by the United Kingdom 2170:Danny Kennally and Eric Preston. 2151:Danny Kennally and Eric Preston. 2109:The Compton Report, November 1971 2087:University of Richmond Law Review 1318:1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment 1194:Operation and immediate aftermath 1016:, which began in the late 1960s. 4140:British Army in Operation Banner 4110: 4109: 3854:Irish Republican Socialist Party 3669:Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting 2475:Conflict Archive on the Internet 2358:. London, Methuen, 1985, p. 63. 2249:Conflict Archive on the Internet 2178:Conflict Archive on the Internet 2159:Conflict Archive on the Internet 2140:Conflict Archive on the Internet 2113:Conflict Archive on the Internet 1819:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1802:Conflict Archive on the Internet 1039:(RUC). Up until this point, the 792:James Murray's bookmakers attack 762:Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting 114: 101: 41: 4170:The Troubles (Northern Ireland) 3875:Republican Socialist Collective 3662:Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting 2912:Irish republican paramilitaries 2589:Smith, William Beattie (2011). 2564:Smith, William Beattie (2011). 2539:Smith, William Beattie (2011). 2418:by John McGuffin (1974, 1981). 2400:by John McGuffin (1974, 1981). 2368:Smith, William Beattie (2011). 2340:Smith, William Beattie (2011). 2300:Smith, William Beattie (2011). 2052:Smith, William Beattie (2011). 2014:Smith, William Beattie (2011). 1951:. London, Penguin, 2000 p. 67. 1947:McKittrick, D & McVea, D. 1815:Joint Committee on Human Rights 757:Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting 3550:IRA attacks in the Netherlands 3305:Dublin & Monaghan bombings 3298:Ulster Workers' Council strike 3073:Ulster Volunteer Service Corps 3014:Ulster loyalist paramilitaries 1686:European Court of Human Rights 1680:European Court of Human Rights 1552:whipping the soles of the feet 1516:European Court of Human Rights 1068:government of Northern Ireland 994:European Court of Human Rights 992:, but the superior court, the 951:government of Northern Ireland 742:Musgrave Park Hospital bombing 727:Craigavon mobile shop killings 373:Dublin & Monaghan bombings 1: 4175:Torture in the United Kingdom 3585:Attack on Derryard checkpoint 2490:Ireland v. the United Kingdom 2471:The Parker Report, March 1972 2080:Dickson, Brice (March 2009). 2001:. London: Hutchinson. p. 126 1690:Ireland v. the United Kingdom 1573:Lord Chief Justice of England 1416:area of Derry. (August 2009) 1169:Detention of Terrorists Order 3634:Downing Street mortar attack 3599:South Armagh sniper campaign 3396:Jonesborough Gazelle downing 3094:Woodvale Defence Association 3059:Ulster Protestant Volunteers 2528:"Irish Times". 15 July 1971. 2036:"Is torture ever justified?" 1141:Ulster Protestant Volunteers 1137:Shankill Defence Association 1020:paramilitaries, such as the 982:The interrogation techniques 918:on 9–10 August 1971, during 782:South Armagh sniper campaign 686:Armagh City roadside bombing 560:Ballygawley land mine attack 363:Rose & Crown Bar bombing 3242:Abercorn Restaurant bombing 2998:Direct Action Against Drugs 2978:Irish Revolutionary Brigade 2868:Ulster Special Constabulary 2451:John McGuffin (1974, 1981). 1422:Northern Ireland Government 938:(IRA), which was waging an 836:1994 Shankill Road killings 676:Downpatrick landmine attack 585:Ballygawley barracks attack 283:Abercorn Restaurant bombing 243:Scottish soldiers' killings 4196: 3918:Progressive Unionist Party 3861:Communist Party of Ireland 3711:Downing Street Declaration 3368:Reavey and O'Dowd killings 3031:Ulster Defence Association 2762:The Politics of Internment 2651:. BBC News. 6 August 2013. 1472:Interrogation of internees 1312:during Operation Demetrius 1122:loyalists were interned. 886: 772:Cloghoge checkpoint attack 654:Derryard checkpoint attack 540:Altnaveigh landmine attack 517:Dungannon land mine attack 438:Reavey and O'Dowd killings 383:Bleary Darts Club shooting 378:Mountainview Tavern attack 3979: 3911:Democratic Unionist Party 3557:Aughanduff Lynx shootdown 3389:La Mon restaurant bombing 3221:Balmoral showroom bombing 2864:Royal Ulster Constabulary 2402:Chapter 4: The Experiment 2212:. Mainstream, 1999. p. 80 1668:Ireland v. United Kingdom 1324:. Another flashpoint was 1037:Royal Ulster Constabulary 856:Thiepval barracks bombing 747:Craigavon Hyster killings 732:Glenanne barracks bombing 507:La Mon restaurant bombing 273:Balmoral showroom bombing 206: 139:7,000 civilians displaced 121:Royal Ulster Constabulary 49:Long Kesh internment camp 40: 28: 4135:1971 in Northern Ireland 3868:Irish Independence Party 3823:Irish republican parties 3732:Crossmaglen Lynx downing 3536:Milltown Cemetery attack 3424:Republican hunger strike 3249:Beginning of direct rule 3114:Ulster Protestant Action 3052:Loyalist Volunteer Force 2275:. Palgrave, 2002. p. 152 1492:", or "the Guineapigs". 1173:Temporary Provisions Act 1063:militants came from the 871:Quinn brothers' killings 610:Milltown Cemetery attack 4081:Special Category Status 3939:Ulster Democratic Party 3894:Ulster loyalist parties 3564:Ballygawley bus bombing 3508:Remembrance Day bombing 3333:Miami Showband killings 3319:Birmingham pub bombings 3087:Protestant Action Force 2964:Republican Action Force 2849:Ulster Defence Regiment 2325:Hayes, Maurice (1995). 2066:McGuffin, John (1973), 1008:Background and planning 922:. It involved the mass 639:Ballygawley bus bombing 605:Remembrance Day bombing 590:Birches barracks attack 458:Flagstaff Hill incident 398:Miami Showband killings 368:Clogher barracks attack 3725:Loughinisland massacre 3522:Start of peace process 3466:Brighton hotel bombing 3312:Guildford pub bombings 3024:Ulster Volunteer Force 1715: 1706: 1677: 1602: 1585: 1462: 1417: 1380:(MPs) began a 48-hour 1313: 1213: 1145: 1022:Ulster Volunteer Force 930:(imprisonment without 841:Loughinisland massacre 681:Operation Conservation 530:Dunmurry train bombing 488:Andersonstown incident 463:Charlemont pub attacks 423:Dublin Airport bombing 393:Forkhill beer keg bomb 353:New Lodge Six shooting 293:Battle at Springmartin 228:Battle of St Matthew's 85:04:00 – ? ( 3904:Ulster Unionist Party 3795:Good Friday Agreement 3697:Shankill Road bombing 3613:Augher Lynx shootdown 3578:Deal barracks bombing 3487:Anglo-Irish Agreement 3354:Balcombe Street siege 3277:Sunningdale Agreement 2827:State security forces 2760:Miller, Mike (1975), 2492:Paragraph 101 and 135 2287:The Milwaukee Journal 1829:The Stationery Office 1730:documentary entitled 1458: 1411: 1303: 1201: 1128: 1041:Irish Republican Army 998:inhuman and degrading 936:Irish Republican Army 812:Shankill Road bombing 802:Cullaville occupation 453:Hillcrest Bar bombing 448:Castleblayney bombing 328:Newry customs bombing 214:Battle of the Bogside 4088:Shoot-to-kill policy 3847:Republican Sinn Féin 3781:Second IRA ceasefire 3438:Droppin Well bombing 3347:Tullyvallen massacre 3214:McGurk's Bar bombing 3121:Ulster Service Corps 1428:and replace it with 1322:Ballymurphy Massacre 1310:Ballymurphy Massacre 1053:a guerrilla campaign 807:Battle of Newry Road 787:Forensic Lab bombing 555:Droppin Well bombing 418:Drummuckavall ambush 413:October 1975 attacks 408:Tullyvallen massacre 338:Annie's Bar massacre 268:McGurk's Bar bombing 263:Red Lion Pub bombing 253:Ballymurphy massacre 71:Arrest of suspected 3997:Irish republicanism 3690:Bishopsgate bombing 3683:Warrington bombings 3480:Newry mortar attack 3207:Operation Demetrius 3080:Down Orange Welfare 2856:Force Research Unit 2615:Weissbrodt, David. 2442:. 22 December 2009. 2208:McKittrick, David. 2196:. 28 November 2013. 2094:(3). Archived from 1724:Pat Finucane Centre 1482:Shackleton Barracks 1478:sensory deprivation 1336:Republic of Ireland 1258:in Belfast Harbour. 1245:Crumlin Road prison 908:Operation Demetrius 822:Fivemiletown ambush 797:Castlerock killings 717:Mullacreevie ambush 649:Jonesborough ambush 625:Lisburn van bombing 620:Avenue Bar shooting 595:Clontibret invasion 580:Newry mortar attack 550:Divis Flats bombing 535:Lough Foyle attacks 473:Chlorane Bar attack 433:Central Bar bombing 333:Benny's Bar bombing 308:Springhill massacre 288:Donegall St bombing 248:Operation Demetrius 238:Crossmaglen bombing 24:Operation Demetrius 4067:Punishment attacks 3840:Official Sinn Féin 3760:Manchester bombing 3704:Greysteel massacre 3543:Corporals killings 3452:Maze Prison escape 3410:Warrenpoint ambush 3375:Kingsmill massacre 3340:Bayardo Bar attack 3270:Old Bailey bombing 3263:Operation Motorman 3066:Ulster Third Force 1904:. 2 December 2014. 1718:Later developments 1702:Article 3 (art. 3) 1418: 1351:civil disobedience 1314: 1238:County Londonderry 1214: 1165:Special Powers Act 1108:People's Democracy 1096:RUC Special Branch 817:Greysteel massacre 703:Lough Neagh ambush 644:Drumnakilly ambush 615:Corporals killings 545:Glasdrumman ambush 512:Warrenpoint ambush 468:Store Bar shooting 443:Kingsmill massacre 403:Bayardo Bar attack 388:Strand Bar bombing 358:Coleraine bombings 318:Operation Motorman 303:Battle of Lenadoon 4145:Conflicts in 1971 4122: 4121: 4004:Irish nationalism 3975: 3974: 3932:UK Unionist Party 3813:Political parties 3753:Docklands bombing 3529:Operation Flavius 3291:M62 coach bombing 3141: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3128:Orange Volunteers 3045:Ulster Resistance 3038:Red Hand Commando 3007: 3006: 2905: 2904: 2575:978-1-60127-067-2 2550:978-1-60127-067-2 2420:Chapter 6: Replay 2379:978-1-60127-067-2 2311:978-1-60127-067-2 2290:, 13 August 1971. 2271:Coogan, Tim Pat. 1997:Coogan, Tim Pat. 1987:. 10 August 2012. 1937:. 10 August 2012. 1732:The Torture Files 1647:Reginald Maudling 1404:Long-term effects 1398:Bernadette Devlin 1386:10 Downing Street 1374:district councils 1282:August 1969 riots 1188:Council of Europe 1026:August 1969 riots 960:Irish republicans 904: 903: 876:Banbridge bombing 861:Coalisland attack 851:Drumcree conflict 846:Killeeshil ambush 493:Garryhinch ambush 478:Ramble Inn attack 343:Belturbet bombing 200: 158: 157: 4187: 4113: 4112: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3968: 3961: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3818: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3641:Cappagh killings 3636: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3503: 3501:Loughgall ambush 3496: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3000: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2898: 2891: 2871: 2859: 2851: 2832: 2823: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2780: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2692: 2686: 2675: 2669: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2626: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2468: 2462: 2449: 2443: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2411: 2405: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2327:Minority Verdict 2322: 2316: 2315: 2297: 2291: 2282: 2276: 2269: 2252: 2242: 2231: 2230:. 9 August 2007. 2219: 2213: 2206: 2197: 2187: 2181: 2168: 2162: 2149: 2143: 2133: 2116: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2077: 2071: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2043: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2011: 2005: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1981: 1972: 1971: 1958: 1952: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1920: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1892: 1883: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1857:www.worldlii.org 1849: 1843: 1842: 1811: 1805: 1795: 1744:Peter Carrington 1633:asked Taoiseach 1615:Irish Free State 1609:Irish Government 1593:House of Commons 1556:Russian roulette 1061:Irish republican 916:Northern Ireland 777:Coalisland riots 722:Cappagh killings 600:Loughgall ambush 565:Darkley killings 201: 195: 184: 177: 170: 161: 119: 118: 117: 107: 105: 104: 94:Executed by 83:9–10 August 1971 73:Irish republican 61:Northern Ireland 45: 35:Operation Banner 21: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4107: 4102:Five techniques 4100: 4093: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4018:Ulster loyalism 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3983: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3896: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3655:Teebane bombing 3653: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3247: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3219: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2922:Provisional IRA 2920: 2914: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2881: 2874: 2862: 2854: 2843: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2757: 2755:Further reading 2752: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2701:The Irish Times 2694: 2693: 2689: 2683:The Irish Times 2676: 2672: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2508:The Irish Times 2501: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2481: 2469: 2465: 2450: 2446: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2412: 2408: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2283: 2279: 2270: 2255: 2243: 2234: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2200: 2188: 2184: 2169: 2165: 2150: 2146: 2134: 2119: 2107: 2103: 2098:on 15 May 2013. 2079: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1996: 1992: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1967:The Irish Times 1960: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1942: 1933: 1932: 1923: 1916: 1909: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1878: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1831:. p. 110. 1827:. Vol. 2. 1813: 1812: 1808: 1796: 1783: 1778: 1740:James Callaghan 1720: 1682: 1660: 1627:The Irish Times 1619:Irish Civil War 1611: 1564: 1548:electric shocks 1539: 1512:five techniques 1504:stress position 1474: 1406: 1196: 1161: 1153:five techniques 1116:Michael Farrell 1084:British cabinet 1045:Provisional IRA 1018:Ulster loyalist 1010: 968:Ulster loyalist 905: 900: 899: 885: 752:Teebane bombing 658: 575:Strabane ambush 521: 483:Stag Inn attack 348:Dublin bombings 298:Dungiven ambush 209:1960s and 1970s 202: 194: 190: 188: 142: 125: 115: 113: 102: 100: 84: 63: 51: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4193: 4191: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4095:HM Prison Maze 4091: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4025:United Ireland 4021: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3620:Proxy bombings 3616: 3609: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3364: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3266: 3259: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3210: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3153: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3034: 3027: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2953: 2950:Continuity IRA 2946: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2896:Garda Síochána 2892: 2889:Defence Forces 2884: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2860: 2852: 2840: 2838: 2836:United Kingdom 2835: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2713: 2687: 2670: 2668:(5 June 2014). 2653: 2641: 2627: 2608: 2596: 2581: 2574: 2556: 2549: 2531: 2520: 2494: 2479: 2463: 2454:The Guineapigs 2444: 2424: 2415:The Guineapigs 2406: 2397:The Guineapigs 2385: 2378: 2360: 2347: 2332: 2317: 2310: 2292: 2277: 2253: 2232: 2214: 2198: 2182: 2163: 2144: 2117: 2101: 2072: 2059: 2044: 2021: 2006: 1990: 1973: 1953: 1940: 1921: 1907: 1884: 1869: 1844: 1837: 1806: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1748:Brian Faulkner 1719: 1716: 1688:(ECtHR) trial 1681: 1678: 1659: 1656: 1610: 1607: 1600:circumstances. 1591:stated in the 1563: 1560: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1490:the Hooded Men 1473: 1470: 1405: 1402: 1363:Chief of Staff 1270:run a gauntlet 1260: 1259: 1241: 1195: 1192: 1160: 1157: 1126:has commented: 1124:Tim Pat Coogan 1075:Brian Faulkner 1072:Prime Minister 1009: 1006: 944:united Ireland 940:armed campaign 902: 901: 884: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 705: 700: 698:Proxy bombings 695: 688: 683: 678: 673: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 520: 519: 514: 509: 504: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 323:Claudy bombing 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 258:Newry killings 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 207: 204: 203: 189: 187: 186: 179: 172: 164: 156: 155: 148: 144: 143: 141: 140: 137: 133: 131: 127: 126: 124: 123: 111: 97: 95: 91: 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2441: 2440:The Telegraph 2437: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2318: 2313: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2028:Parker, Tom. 2025: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1882:(5 June 2014) 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1838:9780104007662 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825: 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