625:, Switzerland. The Soviets joined the meeting in an observer role. The South Africans opened the negotiations with several proposals: a ceasefire to begin on 10 August 1988, redeployment of South African and Cuban forces in Angola by 1 September 1988, implementation of UN Resolution 435 and all foreign forces leave Angola by 1 June 1989. The 1 June 1989 proposal angered the Cuban and Angolans and the talks continued discussing the first three South African proposals. With the assistance of the Soviets, the American were able to get the Cubans, Angolans and South Africans to sign the Geneva Protocol on 5 August 1988. The protocol set the following dates:
46:
753:
not party to the agreement, said it would honour the ceasefire on 1 September if South Africa did so, but this did not happen and SWAPO activities continued. UNITA on the other hand stated that it would ignore the ceasefire and would continue to fight the
Angolan government. It did however state that it wished to stop fighting if the Angolan government held talks with them or ceased attacking them and seek national reconciliation.
757:
sought clarification from his headquarters. It is said that some of the UNITA soldiers cried as the SADF left their positions southeast of Cuito
Cuanavale and believed they had been betrayed. The SADF elements arrived at the Angolan/SWA/Namibian border with ten days to spare and had to wait around as the Joint Monitoring Commission and world media organised themselves for the crossover at
95:
67:
123:
109:
53:
81:
611:. This new concession came after seven years of rejecting that position. The talks ended on 13 July 1988, resulting in a document called the New York Principles which set out the negotiating points for future rounds. These included implementation of UN Resolution 435, SWA/Namibian independence and the Cuban withdrawal from Angola.
770:
world's media and the Joint
Monitoring Commission, 36 hours early than the planned time. A convoy of fifty vehicles with around thousand soldiers crossed over singing battle songs. After officers of the three countries walked across the bridge, the South African sappers begun to dismantle the temporary steel bridge.
769:
By 16 August the Joint
Monitoring Commission was formed. This Joint Monitoring Commission met on 22 August at Ruacana and the formal ceasefire was signed between three parties. On 30 August 1988, the last of the South African troops crossed the temporary steel bridge into SWA/Namibia watched by the
756:
10 August saw the South
African government announce the beginnings of a troop withdrawal from southern Angola, with the final day for withdrawal of SADF personnel set for 1 September. When the Battle Group 20 commander notified the UNITA commander that they had been ordered southwards, the commander
752:
On 8 August, the South
Africans, Angolans and Cubans announced a ceasefire in Angola and SWA/Namibia. A line was drawn from Chitado, Ruacana, Calueque, Naulili, Cuamato and Chitado that the Cubans would stay north of and would guarantee the water irrigation supply from Ruacana to SWA/Namibia. SWAPO,
731:
on 27 June and the subsequent South
African publics uproar over the deaths of the twelve SADF soldiers on the same day, the SA government decided to scale back operations in southern Angola and an undeclared ceasefire came into being. SADF soldiers in southwestern Angola were moved back to Calueque
778:
The Joint
Monitoring Commission then declared on 30 August 1988, that the South African Defence Force had now left Angola.What followed were nine more rounds of negotiations revolving around the dates for the Cuban withdrawal from Angola that finally ended with an agreement called the
607:, eager to prevent further fighting, negotiated a third round of talks in New York City to begin on 10 July. With Soviet assistance, the Cuban delegation returned with a less belligerent leader who proposed to the South Africans a Cuban withdrawal linked with the implementation of
705:
By the end of March 1988, it was soon realized that the SADF and UNITA would not be able to push the FAPLA/Cuban forces out of their Tumpo positions without taking serious casualties.The South
African government had also ruled out an attack on Cuito Cuanavale from the west.
618:. It lasted two days with the talks centring on the size and location of the military forces in Angola. Nothing more was achieved except a commitment to set up a Joint Monitoring Commission when the South Africans and Cubans decide to withdraw.
743:
Meanwhile, 10 SA Division was formed on the SWA/Namibia border with Angola which would defend against any potential Cuban invasion of South West Africa. This force stayed in position until the end of the year.
1138:
716:
began to withdraw and was replaced with Battle Group 20. This battle group's objective was, with aid from UNITA, to build minefields between the Tumpo and Dala Rivers and mine other exits across the
181:
783:
signed on 22 December in New York. This accord finalised the dates of the Cuban staggered withdrawals from Angola and the implementation of UN Resolution 435 on 1 April 1989.
174:
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608:
961:
167:
1093:
713:
1158:
1055:
939:
642:
What was not agreed upon was Cuban withdrawal from Angola. This would be negotiated at another meeting in the near future. Nor were
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with some movement back into SWA/Namibia while in southeastern Angola, Battle Group 20, which was helping to maintain the siege of
45:
364:
1112:
1074:
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and to create the impression that the SADF were still entrenched in the area. This operation would take several months.
677:
568:
231:
1020:
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with UNITA, was ordered to maintain a position by which no more casualties or loss of equipment could be sustained.
1143:
792:
780:
986:
482:
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572:
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27:
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583:
at the end of April 1988 and the eventual withdrawal of all South
African military units from south-eastern
212:
600:
518:
238:
446:
418:
146:
Maintain a force east of Cuito Cuanavale and the withdrawal of SADF soldiers from Southern Angola.
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1089:
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579:. It involved maintaining the illusion that the SADF had remained in brigade strength east of
576:
488:
439:
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315:
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273:
252:
245:
728:
1067:
The Cuban intervention in Angola : 1965-1991 : from Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale
843:
The Cuban intervention in Angola : 1965-1991 : from Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale
707:
546:
502:
495:
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159:
868:
32 Battalion : the inside story of South Africa's elite fighting unit
596:
733:
721:
690:
622:
584:
720:, to prevent a further Angolan assault from Cuito Cuanavale towards
761:
at a temporary steel bridge that was to take place on 1 September.
758:
647:
643:
595:
Following the end of fighting on 27 June 1988 around Techipa and
629:
10 August 1988 – South Africans to begin withdrawal from Angola
603:, an undeclared ceasefire came into being. The Americans under
163:
1048:
Ons was daar : wenners van die oorlog om Suider-Afrika
932:
Ons was daar : wenners van die oorlog om Suider-Afrika
632:
1 September 1988 – South Africans complete the withdrawal
614:
The fourth round of talks began on 22 July 1988 in Sal,
1139:
Battles and operations of the South African Border War
659:
South African and South West Africa Territorial Forces
638:
1 November 1988 – Implementation of UN Resolution 435
150:
142:
33:
20:
1050:(2de uitg. ed.). Pretoria: Kraal Uitgewers.
934:(2de uitg. ed.). Pretoria: Kraal Uitgewers.
955:
953:
951:
175:
8:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
925:
923:
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1046:Geldenhuys, saamgestel deur Jannie (2011).
930:Geldenhuys, saamgestel deur Jannie (2011).
895:
893:
891:
889:
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635:10 September 1988 – Peace settlement signed
1069:(1. publ. ed.). London : Frank Cass.
845:(1. publ. ed.). London : Frank Cass.
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1134:Cross-border operations of South Africa
804:
94:
1021:"Pretoria Finishes Its Angola Pullout"
710:thus came to an end on 30 April 1988.
1019:Battersby, John D. (31 August 1988).
621:Round five began on 2 August 1988 in
7:
1105:South Africa's border war, 1966-1989
1086:The SADF in the Border War 1966-1989
902:South Africa's border war, 1966-1989
987:"Pretoria Starting Angolan Pullout"
993:. Associated Press. 11 August 1988
14:
121:
107:
93:
79:
66:
65:
51:
44:
122:
108:
52:
960:Pear, Robert (9 August 1988).
1:
80:
765:Joint Monitoring Commission
569:South African Defence Force
135:Operation Displace (Angola)
1180:
1107:. Gibraltar: Ashanti Pub.
1103:Steenkamp, Willem (1989).
962:"Southern Africa Pact Set"
904:. Gibraltar: Ashanti Pub.
900:Steenkamp, Willem (1989).
870:. Cape Town: Zebra Press.
793:Tripartite Accord (Angola)
696:two Combat Engineer troops
1159:Battle of Cuito Cuanavale
1084:Scholtz, Leopold (2013).
676:one anti tank squadron –
203:
154:30 April - 30 August 1988
25:
1088:. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
650:party to the agreement.
573:South African Border War
194:South African Border War
28:South African Border War
1065:George, Edward (2005).
841:George, Edward (2005).
666:– Commandant Piet Nel
601:Operation Excite/Hilti
866:Nortje, Piet (2004).
714:82 Mechanised Brigade
1154:1988 in South Africa
1023:. The New York Times
727:After the battle at
587:during August 1988.
991:The New York Times
966:The New York Times
565:military operation
561:Operation Displace
21:Operation Displace
1144:Conflicts in 1988
1095:978-0-624-05410-8
781:Tripartite Accord
609:UN Resolution 435
577:Angolan Civil War
557:
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708:Operation Packer
599:, also known as
527:Oshakati Bombing
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1164:Battles in 1988
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1040:Further reading
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664:Combat Group 20
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654:Order of battle
605:Chester Crocker
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581:Cuito Cuanavale
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483:Cuito Cuanavale
227:Alcora Exercise
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1149:1988 in Angola
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670:one company –
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214:Blouwildebees
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1025:. Retrieved
995:. Retrieved
990:
981:
969:. Retrieved
965:
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861:
842:
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768:
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751:
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726:
712:
704:
678:32 Battalion
663:
662:
641:
620:
613:
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560:
559:
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520:Excite/Hilti
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26:Part of the
15:
1027:22 December
997:22 December
971:22 December
718:Cuito River
571:during the
239:Quifangondo
1128:Categories
1114:0620139676
1076:0415350158
911:0620139676
877:1868729141
852:0415350158
799:References
616:Cape Verde
591:Background
774:Aftermath
748:Ceasefire
701:Operation
448:Wallpaper
420:Boswilger
143:Objective
787:See also
689:one MRL
597:Calueque
541:Displace
513:Firewood
462:Abrasion
414:Gaborone
310:Wishbone
303:Klipklop
282:Saffraan
267:Cassinga
261:Reindeer
233:Savannah
73:Calueque
34:Location
734:Ruacana
729:Techipa
722:Mavinga
693:battery
691:Valkiri
686:battery
567:by the
490:Moduler
455:Cerebus
441:Magneto
408:Nobilis
394:Klinker
366:Phoenix
345:Kerslig
317:Beanbag
296:Sceptic
275:Rekstok
254:Bruilof
247:Seiljag
129:Techipa
115:Ruacaná
59:Mavinga
1111:
1092:
1073:
1054:
938:
908:
874:
849:
623:Geneva
585:Angola
563:was a
548:Merlyn
504:Packer
497:Hooper
401:Askari
387:Dolfyn
380:Karton
373:Skerwe
331:Protea
38:Angola
759:Rundu
648:UNITA
644:SWAPO
534:Prone
434:Argon
427:Egret
359:Mebos
352:Super
338:Daisy
324:Konyn
289:1980s
221:1970s
207:1960s
87:Rundu
1109:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1029:2014
999:2014
973:2014
936:ISBN
906:ISBN
872:ISBN
847:ISBN
732:and
682:one
575:and
151:Date
684:G-5
646:or
1130::
1007:^
989:.
964:.
950:^
920:^
886:^
807:^
1117:.
1098:.
1079:.
1060:.
1031:.
1001:.
975:.
944:.
914:.
880:.
855:.
183:e
176:t
169:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
