17:
69:, and was launched two weeks later on October 1. According to an investigation by the Office of the Inspector General, the number of immigrant apprehensions at Imperial Beach in San Diego for the first week of October in 1994, compared to the first week of October in 1993, was 1,470 more. This shows the effect that the increased number of agents and border security personnel had on the immigration issues that were present in San Diego.
16:
90:
The resulting statistics of
Operation Gatekeeper gave the impression that its measures successfully prevented immigrants from traveling into the country through the San Diego area sector by showing lower apprehension numbers. However, these immigrant movements were really funneled to eastern borders
128:
as the
Attorney General's Special Representative on Southwest Border Issues and the establishment of the first immigration court at the actual boundary, inside the San Ysidro Port of Entry. The court expedited hearings and subsequent deportations of undocumented immigrants apprehended attempting to
136:
system, to facilitate identification of repeat offenders and "criminal aliens", i.e., illegal immigrants with criminal records or active warrants for their arrest. The Border Patrol also intensified relations with local law enforcement agencies to counter the flow of migrants through the
1178:
1148:
1163:
952:
648:
91:
towards Tucson and El Paso. In a Los
Angeles Times article, editor Kristina Davis claims that Border Patrol data indicates a 591% increase in border apprehensions for the Tucson sector from 1992 to 2004.
888:
643:
1438:
1019:
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1522:
714:
658:
450:
87:, the INS, and the Border Patrol maintained that Operation Gatekeeper was a success. Some members of Congress and others sharply criticized the program and declared it a failure.
653:
1517:
1383:
858:
80:, the number of Border Patrol agents had nearly doubled, the amount of fencing or other barriers more than doubled, and the number of underground sensors nearly tripled.
1091:
801:
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674:
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1004:
616:
611:
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76:
allocated additional funds to the Border Patrol and other agencies. By 1997, the budget of the
Immigration and Naturalization Service had doubled to 800 million
833:
813:
597:
121:
increased. In May 1995, the Border Patrol initiated
Operation Disruption to target human smugglers, and also established new checkpoints on interior highways.
1168:
1158:
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1024:
283:
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40:
868:
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602:
1071:
1039:
863:
699:
36:
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would have increased illegal immigration into the United States; therefore, Gatekeeper was a precaution to stop future illegal immigration.
1241:
576:
912:
739:
679:
164:
150:
84:
853:
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Phase two, although not formally part of
Gatekeeper, was launched in October 1995. It consisted of the appointment of
32:
55:. According to the INS, the goal of Gatekeeper was "to restore integrity and safety to the nation's busiest border."
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has said that
Operation Gatekeeper was a "militarization of the U.S.-Mexican border" and alleges it was because
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1413:
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759:
694:
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133:
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Port of Entry near San Diego. U.S. migration routes immediately shifted eastward, and the use of professional
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The merits of
Operation Gatekeeper were debated extensively, including during congressional hearings. The
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The first phase of
Gatekeeper focused on the 5 5/8 westernmost miles of the border, extending from the
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Operation
Gatekeeper: The Rise of the "Illegal Alien" and the Making of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary
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1086:
929:
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284:"Commentary: How 1994's Operation Gatekeeper made Border Patrol better and ended the 'chaos'"
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460:
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258:"Operation Gatekeeper at 25: Look back at the turning point that transformed the border"
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Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
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Operation Gatekeeper: An Investigation Into Allegations of Fraud and Misconduct
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649:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
1081:
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781:
771:
113:
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National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
847:
659:
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
654:
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
129:
enter the U.S. with false documents or through false representation.
644:
Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994
15:
715:
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)
335:
675:
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
680:
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
1384:
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
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1128:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
1523:Law enforcement operations in the United States
224:"Operation Gatekeeper and the San Diego Sector"
1389:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
1067:List of people deported from the United States
132:Phase two also introduced IDENT, an automated
814:Trump administration family separation policy
347:
8:
864:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
1518:History of immigration to the United States
1364:California Coalition for Immigration Reform
1399:Federation for American Immigration Reform
380:
354:
340:
332:
155:Illegal immigration into the United States
1174:Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
1169:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
1159:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
1102:Unaccompanied minors from Central America
859:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
629:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
1379:Center for Migration Studies of New York
522:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
391:Nationality law in the American Colonies
41:illegal immigration to the United States
1313:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)
869:Executive Office for Immigration Review
198:
1329:California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
58:Operation Gatekeeper was announced in
37:Immigration and Naturalization Service
577:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)
323:The Unipolar Moment and the Obama Era
256:Davis, Kristina (30 September 2019).
27:was a measure implemented during the
7:
1298:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
603:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952
282:MARTIN, JERRY “BRIAN” (2019-10-01).
20:Beach wall construction in the 1990s
984:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)
954:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
839:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
441:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)
165:North American Free Trade Agreement
151:North American Free Trade Agreement
1072:Mexico–United States border crisis
854:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
14:
1293:"Streamline" (2005–present)
1015:Central American migrant caravans
562:Bracero Program (1942–1964)
226:. Office of the Inspector General
1077:Mexico–United States border wall
552:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
363:Immigration to the United States
145:Allegations of NAFTA enforcement
834:Department of Homeland Security
1374:Center for Immigration Studies
1303:"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
1288:"Front Line" (2004–2005)
938:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting
879:Office of Refugee Resettlement
634:American Homecoming Act (1989)
1:
1424:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
1268:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
1030:Eugenics in the United States
1092:Illegal immigrant population
874:Board of Immigration Appeals
710:Executive Order 13780 (2017)
705:Executive Order 13769 (2017)
598:UN Refugee Convention (1951)
512:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
1513:Mexico–United States border
1308:"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
1283:"Endgame" (2003–2012)
1154:McCain–Kennedy (2005)
1144:DREAM Act (2001–2010)
1123:Canada–United States border
1118:Mexico–United States border
685:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
547:Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
45:United States–Mexico border
33:United States Border Patrol
1539:
1444:Negative Population Growth
1434:National Immigration Forum
1419:Migration Policy Institute
1194:US Citizenship Act of 2021
750:Temporary protected status
532:Emergency Quota Act (1921)
310:"USDOJ/OIG Special Report"
148:
62:on September 17, 1994, by
29:presidency of Bill Clinton
777:Security Advisory Opinion
39:(INS)), aimed at halting
1486:Missing in Brooks County
1414:Mexicans Without Borders
914:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind
787:National Origins Formula
471:Chinese Exclusion (1882)
446:Civil Rights Act of 1866
134:biometric identification
765:Central American Minors
695:Secure Fence Act (2006)
557:Nationality Act of 1940
507:Naturalization Act 1906
481:Immigration Act of 1891
466:Immigration Act of 1882
456:Naturalization Act 1870
436:Naturalization Law 1802
412:Naturalization Act 1790
289:San Diego Union-Tribune
1480:Borderland (TV series)
1334:Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
807:Unaccompanied children
582:Luce–Celler Act (1946)
372:Relevant colonial era,
187:Esequiel Hernández Jr.
74:United States Congress
21:
1057:Immigration reduction
968:Niz-Chavez v. Garland
572:War Brides Act (1945)
451:14th Amendment (1868)
85:Department of Justice
64:U.S. Attorney General
19:
1359:Arizona Border Recon
1339:Alabama HB 56 (2011)
1203:Immigration stations
1137:Proposed legislation
1035:Guest worker program
1010:Brooks County, Texas
922:US v. Brignoni-Ponce
639:Immigration Act 1990
542:Immigration Act 1924
527:Immigration Act 1918
517:Immigration Act 1907
502:Immigration Act 1903
35:(then a part of the
25:Operation Gatekeeper
1278:"Gatekeeper" (1994)
1205:and points of entry
1097:Reverse immigration
976:Sanchez v. Mayorkas
889:Supreme Court cases
745:Visa Waiver Program
740:Permanent residence
567:Magnuson Act (1943)
396:Plantation Act 1740
1062:Immigration reform
898:US v. Wong Kim Ark
844:U.S. Border Patrol
760:Green Card Lottery
728:Visas and policies
690:Real ID Act (2005)
624:Refugee Act (1980)
376:international laws
365:and related topics
22:
1495:
1494:
1429:Minuteman Project
1404:Improve The Dream
1322:State legislation
1273:"Babylift" (1975)
1247:Washington Avenue
1242:Sullivan's Island
1164:STRIVE Act (2007)
1087:March for America
1040:Human trafficking
930:Zadvydas v. Davis
792:Expedited removal
723:
722:
374:United States and
262:Los Angeles Times
213:(Routledge, 2002)
182:Operation Wetback
1530:
1394:Community Change
1369:CASA of Maryland
1349:Non-governmental
1263:"Wetback" (1954)
1189:RAISE Act (2017)
1149:H.R. 4437 (2005)
537:Cable Act (1922)
486:Geary Act (1892)
476:Scott Act (1888)
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1045:Human smuggling
1020:Economic impact
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126:Alan Bersin
60:Los Angeles
1502:Categories
1454:NumbersUSA
1256:Operations
1237:San Ysidro
997:and events
824:Government
295:2019-10-01
193:References
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105:San Ysidro
67:Janet Reno
53:California
1232:Otay Mesa
1111:Geography
797:Detention
159:Academic
111:known as
49:San Diego
1050:Coyotaje
782:E-Verify
772:US-VISIT
267:29 March
230:29 March
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103:to the
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