426:, closing schools, government offices and many shops all over the state, including constructions and industries, which ground to a halt. The total cost of the damage caused by the haze to Malaysia was estimated to be RM802 million or US$ 321 million, for the period between August and October 1997. The damage caused by the haze affected the GDP by an estimated 0.30 per cent. The haze even affected the output of gas turbines at the Kuala Langat Power Plant (KLPP), Malaysia. It was hypothesized that gas turbine combustions during haze-free periods when oxygen levels were sufficient, could to achieve perfect or near perfect combustion. However, during the period when the haze occurred, the air contained less amount of
63:
17:
303:
364:
376:
351:
neighbouring countries, as well as local agricultural burning had caused the haze. The disruption happened again in August 1990, from June to
October 1991, and has recurred every year since 1992, plaguing the months of August, September, and October. The effects of the haze reached their zenith in 1997 when the cause of the haze was confirmed to be
453:
over 25 days, and faced insurmountable obstacles. At the peak of massive forest and land fires, the numbers of hotspots reached 37,938, which occurred in August 1997. Healthy-looking trees could fall upon them as it base burned out. Peat fires posed the worst risk as the firefighters could be dropped
489:
In addition, Malaysia and
Indonesian come up with a Disaster Cooperation and Assistance which was signed by H.E. Datuk Seri Mohamed bin Rahmat, who is the National Disaster Management and Relief Committee Chairman as well as the Minister of Information, on behalf of the Malaysian Government and H.E.
457:
There they encountered huge problems ranging from the lack of right equipment, no water source to fight the fires with, up to the problem of identifying the source of the fires deep in the peat land. Finally, after 25 days, they managed to battle the haze so that visibility to the sky was restored.
350:
The haze first became a considerable disruption to daily life in
Malaysia in April 1983. The cause of the haze is uncertain, which has led to speculation that suspended ash particulates from volcanic eruptions, suspended smoke particulates from large-scale forest fires, open agricultural burning in
512:"INDONESIA'S FIRES AND HAZE, The Cost of Catastrophe (mise Ă jour en 2006), sous la direction de David Glover et Timothy Jessup, Chapter 3. Malaysia, Mohd Shahwahid H.O. and Jamal Othman, CRDI/ISEAS 1999, ISBN 9-81230-006-6, e-ISBN 1-55250-332-1, 160 p"
486:(ASEAN) approved the need for an early warning system in the Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP) in 1998 to prevent forest fires and the resulting haze through improved management policies and enforcements, example via Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS)
494:, Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare and also chairman of the Indonesia National Disaster Management Coordinating Board (BAKORNAS-PB) on behalf of the Indonesian Government.
332:
442:, searched desperately for a solution. The head of the Malaysian fire and rescue department came up with a plan to send a team of Malaysian firefighters across to Indonesia.
422:, these API numbers hit record levels. In just six days, 10,000 people had sought treatment for haze related issues. In Malaysia, the Prime Minister was forced to declare a
355:
and plantation fires in
Southern Sumatra, Kalimantan, and some other islands of Indonesia as the sky remained dull with pollution from August until November of that year.
928:
411:. Millions of people were forced to wear masks and hundreds of death were reported in Indonesia, as a direct or indirect result of a severe decline in air quality.
241:
445:
Operation Haze became the biggest cross-border firefighting mission in history. Malaysian firefighters fought a desperate battle with the fires raging across
291:
1098:
325:
474:
treatment and many deaths were reported, tourism was severely impacted, and an estimate of US$ 10 billion in losses were recorded across the region.
697:
642:"Malaysia Country Report 1999, Crisis And Disaster Management Unit, Division For National Security Prime Minister's Department, Putrajaya, Malaysia"
62:
836:
483:
609:
253:
1036:
318:
399:
pitches and was visible even from space. The
Indonesian forest fires produced noxious yellow smoke clouds that smothered a vast region of
1053:
1006:
983:
736:
1001:
588:
543:
258:
1093:
1088:
565:
470:
At the end of it all, a total of between 8 and 10 million hectares of forest was destroyed, an estimated 40,000 people sought
533:
1113:
1083:
307:
1011:
763:
690:
392:
97:
40:
610:"Climate Solutions: Clearing up the region's hazy future, Fitrian Ardiansyah, Jakarta | Tue, 10/26/2010 10:58 AM"
1108:
1058:
861:
206:
1103:
975:
938:
876:
828:
818:
813:
808:
803:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
758:
408:
286:
274:
223:
175:
170:
165:
155:
150:
145:
127:
122:
92:
72:
44:
1048:
1043:
1031:
945:
641:
566:"Effect of Haze on Gas Turbine Output By: Engr. Dr Philip Tan, MIEM, P.Eng , Mr. Loh Tian Ek and Mr. Ng Yan Fu"
395:
had been raging uncontrollably. The area where the fire took place was estimated to be the size of 4 million
881:
683:
201:
871:
866:
856:
912:
396:
53:
798:
768:
415:
279:
160:
117:
629:
423:
418:, which is used by Malaysia, to rises to alarmingly hazardous levels. In the Malaysian state of
897:
539:
218:
213:
993:
535:
Indonesia's Fires and Haze: The Cost of
Catastrophe By David Glover, Timothy Jessup, page 46
439:
193:
671:
Joint Press
Statement The ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Haze, 22-23 December 1997, Singapore
959:
16:
400:
665:
1077:
907:
712:
380:
511:
363:
368:
28:
375:
902:
728:
491:
450:
746:
404:
384:
36:
471:
32:
675:
459:
446:
419:
430:, which affected the combustion, causing it to not perform optimally.
427:
352:
68:
670:
374:
362:
15:
750:
679:
630:
http://www.wamis.org/agm/meetings/wofire08/S2-Zaki_Malaysia.pdf
482:
As part of steps taken to avoid the recurring of the Haze, the
407:. The clouds caused the air quality disaster known as the
1024:
992:
974:
967:
958:
921:
890:
849:
827:
745:
727:
720:
711:
454:in fire pits as the fires burn deep underground.
20:Air pollution over Southeast Asia in October 1997
929:ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
691:
532:Glover, David; Jessup, Timothy (1997-10-27).
326:
8:
292:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
971:
964:
724:
717:
698:
684:
676:
333:
319:
49:
31:mission in history that involved teams of
984:2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
503:
266:
233:
185:
79:
52:
837:1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution
484:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
254:Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014
7:
462:, the haze threat was finally over.
438:The then Malaysian Prime Minister,
1007:2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution
414:The impact of the haze caused the
14:
1002:2016 Vietnam marine life disaster
589:"New Straits Times - Nov 8, 1997"
45:severe haze across Southeast Asia
612:. Thejakartapost.com. 2010-10-26
302:
301:
242:ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary
61:
976:Water radioactive contamination
403:, reaching as far as northern
259:People's Movement to Stop Haze
1:
829:Air radioactive contamination
35:firefighters going across to
1099:Indonesia–Malaysia relations
1012:Pollution of the Pasig River
764:1997 Indonesian forest fires
98:1997 Indonesian forest fires
27:is the biggest cross-border
39:to assist with putting out
1130:
409:1997 South East Asian haze
939:Pollutant Standards Index
819:2019 Vietnam forest fires
393:forest fires in Indonesia
275:Air pollution in Malaysia
176:2019 Southeast Asian haze
171:2017 Southeast Asian haze
166:2016 Southeast Asian haze
156:2015 Southeast Asian haze
151:2013 Southeast Asian haze
146:2010 Southeast Asian haze
128:2009 Southeast Asian haze
123:2006 Southeast Asian haze
93:1997 Southeast Asian haze
946:Great Green Wall (China)
1094:History of firefighting
1089:Environment of Malaysia
478:Future mitigating plans
458:Also, with the help of
737:2010 China dust storms
388:
372:
21:
706:Asia pollution topics
490:Dato’ Seri Utama ft.
378:
366:
19:
1114:Firefighting in Asia
1084:Southeast Asian haze
913:Southeast Asian haze
54:Southeast Asian haze
799:2016 Malaysian haze
769:2005 Malaysian haze
666:Haze Hell Over Asia
416:Air Pollution Index
391:By September 1997,
379:Haze obscuring the
161:2016 Malaysian haze
118:2005 Malaysian haze
424:State of Emergency
389:
373:
43:that were causing
22:
1109:1997 in Indonesia
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1020:
1019:
968:Notable incidents
954:
953:
898:Asian brown cloud
845:
844:
721:Notable incidents
343:
342:
219:Peat swamp forest
214:Mega Rice Project
1121:
1104:1997 in Malaysia
994:Marine pollution
972:
965:
922:Counter-measures
891:Recurrent issues
725:
718:
700:
693:
686:
677:
653:
652:
650:
649:
638:
632:
627:
621:
620:
618:
617:
606:
600:
599:
597:
596:
585:
579:
578:
576:
575:
570:
562:
556:
555:
553:
552:
529:
523:
522:
520:
519:
508:
440:Mahathir Mohamad
335:
328:
321:
310:
305:
304:
194:Chemical equator
65:
50:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1016:
988:
960:Water pollution
950:
917:
886:
841:
823:
741:
707:
704:
662:
657:
656:
647:
645:
640:
639:
635:
628:
624:
615:
613:
608:
607:
603:
594:
592:
587:
586:
582:
573:
571:
568:
564:
563:
559:
550:
548:
546:
531:
530:
526:
517:
515:
510:
509:
505:
500:
480:
468:
466:Post operations
436:
401:South East Asia
361:
348:
339:
300:
243:
181:
180:
141:
133:
132:
113:
105:
104:
88:
75:
12:
11:
5:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
996:
990:
989:
987:
986:
980:
978:
969:
962:
956:
955:
952:
951:
949:
948:
943:
942:
941:
936:
934:Operation Haze
925:
923:
919:
918:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
894:
892:
888:
887:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
853:
851:
847:
846:
843:
842:
840:
839:
833:
831:
825:
824:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
753:
743:
742:
740:
739:
733:
731:
722:
715:
709:
708:
705:
703:
702:
695:
688:
680:
674:
673:
668:
661:
660:External links
658:
655:
654:
633:
622:
601:
580:
557:
544:
524:
502:
501:
499:
496:
479:
476:
467:
464:
435:
432:
360:
357:
347:
344:
341:
340:
338:
337:
330:
323:
315:
312:
311:
297:
296:
295:
294:
289:
284:
283:
282:
269:
268:
264:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
249:Operation Haze
246:
244:Haze Pollution
236:
235:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
216:
211:
210:
209:
204:
198:Deforestation
196:
188:
187:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
89:
86:
85:
82:
81:
77:
76:
66:
58:
57:
25:Operation Haze
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1126:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
991:
985:
982:
981:
979:
977:
973:
970:
966:
963:
961:
957:
947:
944:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
927:
926:
924:
920:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
889:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
852:
848:
838:
835:
834:
832:
830:
826:
820:
817:
815:
814:2019 SEA haze
812:
810:
809:2017 SEA haze
807:
805:
804:2016 SEA haze
802:
800:
797:
795:
794:2015 SEA haze
792:
790:
789:2013 SEA haze
787:
785:
784:2010 SEA haze
782:
780:
779:2009 SEA haze
777:
775:
774:2006 SEA haze
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:1997 SEA haze
757:
756:
754:
752:
748:
744:
738:
735:
734:
732:
730:
726:
723:
719:
716:
714:
713:Air pollution
710:
701:
696:
694:
689:
687:
682:
681:
678:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
643:
637:
634:
631:
626:
623:
611:
605:
602:
590:
584:
581:
567:
561:
558:
547:
545:9781552503324
541:
537:
536:
528:
525:
514:. Web.idrc.ca
513:
507:
504:
497:
495:
493:
487:
485:
477:
475:
473:
465:
463:
461:
460:monsoon rains
455:
452:
448:
443:
441:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
382:
381:Faisal Mosque
377:
370:
365:
358:
356:
354:
345:
336:
331:
329:
324:
322:
317:
316:
314:
313:
309:
299:
298:
293:
290:
288:
287:Singapore PSI
285:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
240:
239:
238:
237:
232:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
215:
212:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
184:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
109:
108:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
90:
84:
83:
78:
74:
70:
64:
60:
59:
55:
51:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
18:
1037:Water crisis
1025:By countries
933:
850:By countries
747:Forest fires
646:. Retrieved
636:
625:
614:. Retrieved
604:
593:. Retrieved
591:. 1997-11-08
583:
572:. Retrieved
560:
549:. Retrieved
534:
527:
516:. Retrieved
506:
488:
481:
469:
456:
444:
437:
413:
390:
369:Kuala Lumpur
349:
248:
207:in Indonesia
29:firefighting
24:
23:
1054:Philippines
644:. Adrc.asia
41:major fires
1078:Categories
903:Asian Dust
729:Dust storm
648:2013-06-19
616:2013-06-19
595:2013-06-19
574:2013-06-19
551:2013-06-19
518:2013-06-19
498:References
492:Azwar Anas
451:Kalimantan
367:Haze over
186:Key topics
862:Hong Kong
405:Australia
385:Islamabad
234:Responses
202:in Borneo
37:Indonesia
33:Malaysian
877:Malaysia
472:hospital
397:football
308:Category
267:See also
67:Haze in
1059:Vietnam
447:Sumatra
434:Actions
420:Sarawak
346:History
80:History
908:Shamal
882:Taiwan
542:
428:oxygen
359:Impact
353:forest
306:
224:Borneo
69:Borneo
56:series
1049:Japan
1044:India
1032:China
872:Macau
867:India
857:China
569:(PDF)
140:2010s
112:2000s
87:1990s
751:haze
749:and
540:ISBN
449:and
73:2019
383:in
280:API
1080::
538:.
71:,
47:.
699:e
692:t
685:v
651:.
619:.
598:.
577:.
554:.
521:.
387:.
371:.
334:e
327:t
320:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
