181:
612:
50:
4718:
635:
188:
619:
651:
582:, a scheme to mine the waters around Norway. The novelty of Operation Royal Marine was intended to divert American attention from the possible illegality of Operation Wilfred. Wilfred was to force German convoys transporting Swedish iron ore into international waters, where they could be attacked by the
704:
The mines would sabotage barge traffic and other river craft but become inert before reaching neutral territory at the
Netherlands border. On 6 March 1940, the Cabinet was notified that mines would be ready for release from riverbanks on 12 March and to be dropped by RAF bombers by mid-April, between
594:
was taken on 28 March 1940 to commence
Operation Royal Marine on 4 April and the air-dropping of mines on 15 April. The decision was vetoed shortly afterwards by the French War Committee, a ruling which was not rescinded for about three months. Operation Wilfred was left to take place on its own on 5
546:
down rivers which flowed into
Germany from France. The plan was to destroy German bridges, barges and other water transport. After several postponements insisted on by the French government, fearful of German retaliation, the operation began on 10 May 1940, when the German offensive in the west
595:
April and was then postponed to 8 April, later parts of the plan being cancelled when news arrived that the German fleet had sailed. The
British and French were able to agree that Operation Royal Marine could begin as soon as the German offensive in the west commenced.
4784:
589:
Simultaneous attacks with fluvial (river) mines against
Germany was intended to deflect criticism that the Allies were not making war on Germany but the small countries around it, that they claimed to be protecting. A decision of the
772:
in
December 1939 and depending upon type, either floated or bounced along the riverbed. Because Jefferis' department only consisted of three people at the point, the trials had to be conducted with the help of a boat crewed by local
756:, who had received the request for the device on 10 November and had completed the first demonstration model by 24 November. A delayed-action fuze based on a soluble chemical pellet was devised by Jefferis' assistant,
721:
after French objections for fear of German retaliation, the plan was postponed. In April, Churchill tried to persuade the French to drop their objections to Royal Marine and remarked after meeting the French
562:(RAF) bombers to drop the mines into rivers and canals on moonlit nights but this had hardly begun when the campaign ended. The success of the plot was nullified by the Allied defeat and the Franco-German
4769:
685:
claimed that he had originally proposed the idea to
Churchill, when they visited eastern France in August 1939 but by the time the operation began, Churchill believed the idea to be his.) A stock of
819:
commander, to have caused damage to the barge barrier protecting the bridge at
Karlsruhe. Several pontoon bridges were damaged and river traffic was temporarily suspended between Karlsruhe and
3289:
2642:
4640:
2658:
2581:
2553:
1697:
693:
being produced per week, were to be put into rivers in France that flowed into western
Germany, by naval parties led by Commander G. R. S. Wellby. The sailors were to be based in the
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4759:
4619:
3298:
2119:
242:
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2006:
868:(1954), Edward Spears, the representative of Churchill to the French Prime Minister, who had first mooted the mining of German rivers in 1939, quoted Churchill from
180:
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1815:
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2766:
1688:
1658:
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2458:
3254:
3238:
3210:
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1665:
697:, about 5 mi (8.0 km) distant from the Rhine, to put mines in the river, interfering with commercial traffic for 100 mi (160 km) beyond
4155:
3222:
3134:
3078:
3041:
3034:
2323:
3127:
1859:
235:
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to destroy pontoon bridges built by German army engineers; other mines were put into the Rhine to negligible effect. On 13 May, the
British put
3580:
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1480:
611:
505:
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2146:
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228:
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1355:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO.
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2334:
2330:
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1912:
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578:, over German air attacks and reprisals against French waterways, it was intended that the operation would take place simultaneously with
3120:
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2089:
4533:
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2837:
1928:
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1630:
410:
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477:
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666:
459:
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2020:
1739:
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151:
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1718:
512:
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4001:
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2881:
2716:
2701:
2628:
2607:
2425:
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1577:
1536:
1508:
77:
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3027:
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1419:
837:
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2204:
2137:
1804:
1732:
1543:
1473:
365:
4779:
4774:
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4310:
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1962:
1616:
1255:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series (Naval & Military Press ed.). London:
563:
495:
466:
447:
856:
but few mines were laid by aircraft before the Battle of France ended; any damage caused could not be measured.
4132:
4109:
3361:
3162:
3155:
2819:
2479:
2451:
2444:
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1831:
1322:
843:
757:
723:
500:
442:
384:
4554:
4498:
4368:
4228:
3913:
3566:
3462:
3368:
2936:
2804:
2774:
2738:
2723:
2595:
2487:
2465:
2411:
2397:
2379:
2043:
1824:
1552:
1501:
752:), a British weapon research and development organisation. The mine, known as the 'W' Bomb, was designed by
389:
4246:
4139:
3941:
3892:
3795:
3688:
3658:
3441:
3329:
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2846:
2437:
2418:
2388:
1935:
1905:
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317:
307:
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tablet, which was found to dissolve at a predictable rate. Each mine contained 15 lb (7 kg) of
4764:
4737:
4460:
4303:
4199:
4169:
4125:
3865:
3830:
3823:
3746:
3644:
3085:
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2520:
2057:
1797:
1783:
1466:
346:
208:
2112:
4561:
4416:
4067:
4024:
3994:
3920:
3730:
3709:
2635:
1790:
848:
2, ordered the fluvial mines to be sent down the Rhine to delay a German attack on the Maginot Line.
427:
417:
290:
4679:
4453:
4331:
4287:
3809:
2943:
2709:
2236:
2066:
2050:
1999:
816:
727:
432:
341:
49:
4672:
4505:
4430:
4384:
4354:
4262:
4102:
3767:
3651:
3545:
3496:
3434:
3190:
3141:
2950:
2853:
2574:
2229:
2160:
2027:
849:
334:
327:
312:
201:
4717:
852:
mine dropping began between Bingen and Koblenz and into canals and river estuaries feeding the
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4547:
4437:
4377:
4338:
4271:
4253:
4219:
4162:
4116:
4060:
3885:
3623:
3615:
3552:
3405:
2999:
2531:
2176:
2153:
1992:
1971:
1681:
1427:
1400:
1380:
1356:
1330:
1301:
1260:
1231:
1219:
1205:
1194:"Appendix Q – Operation Royal Marine – Note by the First Lord of the Admiralty, March 4, 1940"
1178:
678:
579:
437:
322:
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3837:
3774:
3725:
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1753:
853:
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539:
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41:
1350:
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2013:
1342:
778:
765:
753:
706:
641:
559:
483:
378:
351:
1285:
4612:
4148:
4074:
2126:
1985:
1224:
1198:
1193:
812:
422:
166:
Temporary suspensions of German river traffic and damage to barge barriers and bridges
4753:
4423:
2348:
2197:
2036:
1392:
682:
519:
370:
4722:
4526:
2826:
2731:
2362:
1725:
1489:
1281:
808:
761:
694:
295:
1164:
550:
The mines caused some damage and delay to German river traffic on the Rhine from
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4347:
4009:
2685:
2506:
2491:
1845:
543:
17:
3716:
3469:
3448:
2341:
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401:
155:
1431:
1404:
1384:
1360:
1334:
92:
79:
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3384:
3181:
2992:
2790:
2745:
1762:
774:
698:
625:
551:
2266:
4785:
Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom
2250:
1978:
471:
359:
205:
876:
The success of the device was, however, lost in the deluge of disaster.
796:
710:
677:
The plan had been presented to the British Cabinet in November 1939 by
657:
555:
1230:. Vol. II (Penguin Classics ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
558:
and damaged bridges and protective barriers. Part of the plan was for
2860:
1204:. Vol. I (Penguin Classics ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
769:
681:, as a means of retaliation against illegal German minelaying. (Sir
1397:
Assignment to Catastrophe: Prelude to Dunkirk. July 1939 – May 1940
220:
3048:
828:
820:
804:
1256:
1174:
781:. Over 20,000 'W' Bombs were produced in the course of the war.
1462:
1458:
224:
745:
1173:
United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (2nd ed.).
1300:
United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press.
713:
on moonlit nights. Neutrals were to be warned and the first
777:, who followed the mines after they had been dropped from
1377:
The Great Wall of France: The Triumph of the Maginot Line
574:
Despite the concerns of the French government during the
744:
The mines were specially developed for the operation by
961:
959:
128:
Obstructing German rivers and canals with fluvial mines
2120:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
4770:
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
4481:
4209:
4050:
3875:
3634:
3486:
3424:
3328:
3319:
3200:
2926:
2836:
2684:
2387:
2378:
2136:
1961:
1814:
1576:
1569:
768:(TNT). Trials of the mines were carried out in the
671:
Course of the Rhine (Post-1945 borders of Germany.)
170:
162:
147:
132:
124:
116:
108:
67:
59:
34:
1223:
1197:
874:
827:had been released into the Rhine, Moselle and
4760:World War II operations and battles of Europe
1474:
795:On 10 May 1940, mines were released into the
542:(10 May – 25 June 1940). The British floated
236:
8:
841:
832:
731:
534:was a military operation in May 1940 of the
3325:
2384:
1573:
1481:
1467:
1459:
1166:Grand Strategy: September 1939 – June 1941
1125:
243:
229:
221:
31:
1200:The Second World War: The Gathering Storm
1089:
1029:
1294:The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940
1226:The Second World War: Their Finest Hour
934:
910:
891:
634:
3306:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
1141:
1085:
1077:
1053:
1041:
1017:
1005:
993:
977:
965:
950:
922:
4177:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3609:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3255:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3211:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2316:Rape during the occupation of Germany
1420:"Obituary: Rear-Admiral Roger Wellby"
1129:
1101:
989:
938:
898:
7:
3299:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2331:Rape during the liberation of France
1426:(online ed.). 3 December 2003.
1113:
1081:
1065:
187:
3525:German invasion of the Netherlands
1805:Weather events during World War II
1399:. Vol. I. London: Heinemann.
25:
4156:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
717:mines were ready by the night of
618:
4716:
1379:(1st ed.). London: Putnam.
649:
633:
617:
610:
592:Anglo French Supreme War Council
186:
179:
48:
1298:History of the Second World War
1171:History of the Second World War
650:
4403:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
2113:Territorial changes of Germany
2021:Indonesian National Revolution
152:Military Intelligence Research
1:
3803:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3754:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3518:German invasion of Luxembourg
1899:Mediterranean and Middle East
1286:"The Counter-Attack at Arras"
1192:Churchill, Winston (2005a) .
3710:Invasion of the Soviet Union
3399:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
2717:Independent State of Croatia
1329:. Kineton: Roundwood Press.
733:Nous allons perdre l'omnibus
72:Rhine, Moselle, Meuse rivers
4694:End of World War II in Asia
4534:Western invasion of Germany
4041:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
4018:Second Battle of El Alamein
3588:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3560:Battle of the Mediterranean
3413:Italian invasion of Albania
1587:Air warfare of World War II
1327:Winston Churchill's Toyshop
4801:
4620:Naval bombardment of Japan
3988:First Battle of El Alamein
3907:Battle of Christmas Island
3852:Japanese invasion of Burma
3616:Italian invasion of Greece
3532:German invasion of Belgium
3504:German invasion of Denmark
3477:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
3346:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1610:Comparative military ranks
1163:Butler, J. R. M. (1971) .
788:
4709:
4541:Bratislava–Brno offensive
4472:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
4096:Allied invasion of Sicily
3956:Aleutian Islands campaign
3928:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3866:Greek famine of 1941–1944
3761:Second Battle of Changsha
3666:German invasion of Greece
3511:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
1853:North and Central Pacific
1496:
866:Assignment to Catastrophe
564:Armistice of 22 June 1940
262:
174:
120:Commander G. R. S. Wellby
54:Soufflenheim and vicinity
47:
39:
4133:Allied invasion of Italy
4110:Solomon Islands campaign
3859:Third Battle of Changsha
3456:First Battle of Changsha
3362:Second Sino-Japanese War
2302:German military brothels
2168:United States war crimes
4555:Second Guangxi campaign
4410:Philippines (1944–1945)
3914:Battle of the Coral Sea
3817:Fall of the Philippines
3463:Battle of South Guangxi
3369:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2775:Italian Social Republic
211:of north-eastern France
4140:Armistice of Cassibile
3942:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3893:Battle of the Java Sea
3796:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3696:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3689:Battle of South Shanxi
3659:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3442:Battle of the Atlantic
3056:Korean Liberation Army
2769:(until September 1943)
2726:(until September 1944)
2704:(until September 1944)
1252:The Campaign in Norway
1245:Derry, T. K. (2004) .
884:
842:
833:
811:, reported by General
732:
532:Operation Royal Marine
35:Operation Royal Marine
4304:Second Battle of Guam
4200:Bengal famine of 1943
4170:Second Battle of Kiev
4126:Battle of the Dnieper
3831:Battle of Wake Island
3703:East African campaign
3645:Battle of South Henan
3290:atrocities by Germans
3063:Korean Volunteer Army
2044:Occupation of Germany
1798:Music in World War II
838:André-Gaston Prételat
746:Ministry of Defence 1
4590:Surrender of Germany
4068:Battle of West Hubei
4025:Guadalcanal campaign
3995:Battle of Stalingrad
3921:Battle of Madagascar
2695:Albania protectorate
2482:(formerly Swaziland)
2191:Wehrmacht war crimes
2007:Expulsion of Germans
1791:Art and World War II
1689:British contribution
1638:Governments in exile
1088:, pp. 181–182;
937:, pp. 156–158;
667:class=notpageimage|
4680:Potsdam Declaration
4569:Italy (Spring 1945)
4332:Liberation of Paris
3789:Siege of Sevastopol
2807:(until August 1944)
2710:Wang Jingwei regime
2532:from September 1943
2492:from September 1944
2430:from September 1944
2290:Romanian war crimes
2281:Persecution of Jews
2267:Croatian war crimes
2237:Japanese war crimes
2051:Occupation of Japan
2000:First Indochina War
1712:Military production
1624:Declarations of war
1424:The Daily Telegraph
1068:, pp. 138–139.
1008:, pp. 104–105.
953:, pp. 181–182.
925:, pp. 122–123.
831:rivers. On 9 June,
750:Churchill's Toyshop
506:Ypres–Comines Canal
89: /
4673:Surrender of Japan
4506:Battle of Iwo Jima
4355:Belgrade offensive
3768:Siege of Leningrad
3652:Battle of Shanggao
3581:British Somaliland
3546:Dunkirk evacuation
3497:Norwegian campaign
3435:Invasion of Poland
3262:Japanese prisoners
2230:Italian war crimes
2161:British war crimes
2076:Soviet occupations
1860:South-West Pacific
1747:Allied cooperation
1705:Military equipment
1393:Spears, Sir Edward
1282:Ellis, Major L. F.
1220:Churchill, Winston
850:RAF Bomber Command
823:. By 24 May, over
27:Military operation
4747:
4746:
4705:
4704:
4548:Battle of Okinawa
4447:Burma (1944–1945)
4281:Mariana and Palau
4061:Tunisian campaign
3886:Fall of Singapore
3810:Fall of Hong Kong
3553:Battle of Britain
3406:Operation Himmler
3315:
3314:
2979:Dutch East Indies
2622:Southern Rhodesia
2374:
2373:
2274:Genocide of Serbs
2177:German war crimes
2154:Soviet war crimes
2147:Allied war crimes
1993:Division of Korea
1972:Chinese Civil War
1770:Strategic bombing
1682:Manhattan Project
1375:Rowe, V. (1959).
1307:978-1-84574-056-6
1266:978-1-84574-057-3
1237:978-0-14-008612-6
1211:978-0-14-008611-9
1184:978-0-11-630095-9
1020:, pp. 35–51.
941:, pp. 25–26.
870:Their Finest Hour
679:Winston Churchill
580:Operation Wilfred
528:
527:
219:
218:
117:Commanded by
112:Winston Churchill
60:Operational scope
16:(Redirected from
4792:
4780:Riverine warfare
4775:Battle of France
4740:
4733:
4726:
4723:World portal
4721:
4720:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4583:Prague offensive
4578:
4576:Battle of Berlin
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4520:Vienna offensive
4515:
4508:
4501:
4499:Battle of Manila
4494:
4474:
4465:
4456:
4449:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4389:
4380:
4373:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4283:
4276:
4267:
4258:
4249:
4242:
4240:Korsun–Cherkassy
4235:
4224:
4202:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4082:Bombing of Gorky
4077:
4070:
4063:
4043:
4036:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3949:Battle of Midway
3944:
3937:
3935:Battle of Gazala
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3845:Battle of Borneo
3840:
3838:Malayan campaign
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3782:Bombing of Gorky
3777:
3775:Battle of Moscow
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3627:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3539:Battle of France
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3392:Munich Agreement
3387:
3380:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3348:
3341:
3326:
3308:
3301:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3277:Soviet prisoners
3271:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3241:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3217:German prisoners
3213:
3193:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2755:
2753:French Indochina
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2677:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2600:from August 1944
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2385:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2326:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2244:Nanjing Massacre
2239:
2232:
2223:
2221:Nuremberg trials
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1825:Asia and Pacific
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1754:Mulberry harbour
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1589:
1574:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1408:
1388:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1347:Butler, J. R. M.
1338:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1290:Butler, J. R. M.
1277:
1275:
1273:
1247:Butler, J. R. M.
1241:
1229:
1215:
1203:
1188:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1084:, pp. 155;
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
954:
948:
942:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
882:
854:Heligoland Bight
847:
840:, commander of
836:
826:
802:
791:Battle of France
735:
728:Édouard Daladier
720:
716:
692:
688:
653:
652:
637:
636:
621:
620:
614:
540:Battle of France
536:Second World War
257:
255:
254:Battle of France
245:
238:
231:
222:
200:Soufflenheim, a
190:
189:
183:
148:Executed by
143:
141:
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
52:
42:Second World War
32:
21:
18:Operation Marine
4800:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4715:
4713:
4701:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4639:
4634:Atomic bombings
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4477:
4470:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4392:
4383:
4376:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4337:
4330:
4325:Eastern Romania
4323:
4318:Warsaw Uprising
4316:
4311:Tannenberg Line
4309:
4302:
4297:Western Ukraine
4295:
4286:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4227:
4218:
4205:
4198:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4089:Battle of Kursk
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4046:
4039:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3977:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3900:St Nazaire Raid
3898:
3891:
3884:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3724:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3682:Anglo-Iraqi War
3680:
3673:Battle of Crete
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3630:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3602:Eastern Romania
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3420:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3344:
3337:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3288:
3281:
3276:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3163:Western Ukraine
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3107:Northeast China
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2813:Slovak Republic
2811:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2784:Empire of Japan
2782:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2693:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2657:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2370:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2329:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2296:Sexual violence
2295:
2288:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2019:
2014:Greek Civil War
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1839:South-East Asia
1837:
1830:
1823:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1698:Military awards
1696:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1585:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1450:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1418:
1391:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1341:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1244:
1238:
1218:
1212:
1191:
1185:
1162:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:, p. 647;
1126:Churchill 2005a
1124:
1120:
1116:, pp. 237.
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1080:, p. 149;
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
988:
984:
976:
972:
964:
957:
949:
945:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
889:
883:
880:
862:
834:Général d'Armée
824:
800:
793:
787:
779:Chiswick Bridge
766:Trinitrotoluene
754:Millis Jefferis
742:
718:
715:300–400 fluvial
714:
707:Bingen am Rhein
690:
686:
675:
674:
673:
672:
669:
663:
662:
661:
660:
654:
646:
645:
644:
642:Bingen am Rhein
638:
630:
629:
628:
622:
606:
601:
572:
560:Royal Air Force
529:
524:
467:Fort Eben-Emael
453:Rotterdam Blitz
258:
253:
251:
249:
215:
214:
213:
212:
198:
197:
196:
195:
191:
139:
137:
109:Planned by
97:
95:
91:
88:
83:
80:
78:
76:
75:
74:
73:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4798:
4796:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4752:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4653:
4650:South Sakhalin
4646:
4645:
4644:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4450:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4390:
4381:
4374:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4284:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4129:
4122:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4075:Battle of Attu
4071:
4064:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3824:Battle of Guam
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3747:Battle of Kiev
3743:
3736:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:United Kingdom
3242:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3214:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:British Empire
2643:United Kingdom
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2484:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2459:Czechoslovakia
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2356:Rape of Manila
2352:
2345:
2338:
2327:
2312:
2305:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2194:
2187:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2127:United Nations
2123:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1986:Decolonization
1982:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1820:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1659:United Kingdom
1655:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1448:External links
1446:
1444:
1443:
1410:
1409:
1389:
1372:
1343:Roskill, S. W.
1339:
1323:Macrae, Stuart
1319:
1306:
1278:
1265:
1242:
1236:
1216:
1210:
1189:
1183:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1144:, p. 149.
1134:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1090:Churchill 2005
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1030:Telegraph 2003
1022:
1010:
998:
992:, p. 52;
982:
970:
968:, p. 114.
955:
943:
927:
915:
913:, p. 156.
903:
890:
888:
885:
878:
861:
858:
844:Groupe d'Armée
813:Victor Bourret
786:
783:
741:
738:
724:Prime Minister
670:
665:
664:
656:
655:
648:
647:
640:
639:
632:
631:
624:
623:
616:
615:
609:
608:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
571:
568:
526:
525:
523:
522:
516:
515:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
481:
474:
469:
463:
462:
456:
455:
450:
445:
443:The Grebbeberg
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
414:
413:
407:
406:
399:
392:
387:
382:
375:
374:
373:
363:
356:
349:
344:
339:
338:
337:
332:
320:
315:
310:
305:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
270:
269:
263:
260:
259:
250:
248:
247:
240:
233:
225:
217:
216:
199:
193:
192:
185:
184:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
149:
145:
144:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
93:48.83°N 7.96°E
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4797:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:Kuril Islands
4654:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:Syrmian Front
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:Market Garden
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4229:Monte Cassino
4226:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:Baltic states
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:United States
3236:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:Quốc dân Đảng
3172:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:Liechtenstein
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:United States
2656:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:Comfort women
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333: /
2332:
2328:
2325:
2322: /
2321:
2318: /
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:Camp brothels
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:The Holocaust
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:forced labour
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:Marshall Plan
2034:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1890:Eastern Front
1887:
1884:
1883:Western Front
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:Puppet states
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:Naval history
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1666:United States
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1352:The Defensive
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1132:, p. 53.
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1104:, p. 52.
1103:
1098:
1095:
1092:, p. 36.
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1056:, p. 52.
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:, p. 40.
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
996:, p. 21.
995:
991:
986:
983:
980:, p. 21.
979:
974:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
936:
931:
928:
924:
919:
916:
912:
907:
904:
901:, p. 24.
900:
895:
892:
886:
877:
873:
872:(1949) that,
871:
867:
859:
857:
855:
851:
846:
845:
839:
835:
830:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
798:
792:
784:
782:
780:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Stuart Macrae
755:
751:
747:
739:
737:
734:
729:
725:
712:
708:
702:
700:
696:
687:2,000 fluvial
684:
683:Edward Spears
680:
668:
659:
643:
627:
613:
603:
598:
596:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
545:
544:fluvial mines
541:
538:, during the
537:
533:
521:
520:Schuster Line
518:
517:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:
482:
480:
479:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
461:
458:
457:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
400:
398:
397:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
380:
376:
372:
371:Haddock Force
369:
368:
367:
364:
362:
361:
357:
355:
354:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
336:
333:
331:
330:
326:
325:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
303:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:
272:
271:
268:
265:
264:
261:
256:
246:
241:
239:
234:
232:
227:
226:
223:
210:
207:
203:
182:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
136:May 1940
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
70:
66:
62:
58:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4765:Mine warfare
4731:Bibliography
4714:
4527:Project Hula
4492:Vistula–Oder
4461:
4394:
4385:
4369:
4339:
4288:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4220:
4117:
4032:
4008:
3978:
3729:
3622:
3567:North Africa
3269:Soviet Union
3223:Soviet Union
3149:Soviet Union
2917:Vatican City
2827:Vichy France
2732:German Reich
2629:Soviet Union
2615:South Africa
2608:Sierra Leone
2561:Newfoundland
2380:Participants
2363:Marocchinate
2067:
2058:
2028:
1906:North Africa
1867:Indian Ocean
1726:Nazi plunder
1617:Cryptography
1490:World War II
1454:Norway, 1940
1435:. Retrieved
1423:
1412:
1411:
1396:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1351:
1326:
1311:. Retrieved
1293:
1270:. Retrieved
1251:
1225:
1199:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1137:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
985:
973:
946:
935:Roskill 1957
930:
918:
911:Roskill 1957
906:
894:
875:
869:
865:
863:
809:Soufflenheim
794:
762:Alka-Seltzer
749:
743:
719:14/15 March;
703:
695:Maginot Line
689:mines, with
676:
588:
573:
549:
531:
530:
484:
476:
402:
394:
377:
358:
352:
328:
302:Weygand Plan
300:
296:Maginot Line
275:Royal Marine
274:
273:
40:Part of the
29:
4462:Bodenplatte
4348:Gothic Line
3574:West Africa
3121:Philippines
3100:Netherlands
2965:Czech lands
2903:Switzerland
2847:Afghanistan
2798:Philippines
2666:Puerto Rico
2582:Philippines
2568:New Zealand
2554:Netherlands
2507:Free France
2258:Prosecution
2059:Osoaviakhim
1929:West Africa
1913:East Africa
1560:Conferences
1366:21 December
1142:Spears 1954
1086:Butler 1971
1078:Spears 1954
1054:Macrae 1971
1042:Macrae 1971
1018:Macrae 1971
1006:Spears 1954
994:Spears 1954
978:Spears 1954
966:Butler 1971
951:Butler 1971
923:Butler 1971
825:2,300 mines
801:1,700 mines
760:, using an
448:Afsluitdijk
411:Netherlands
194:Sufflenheim
98:48.83; 7.96
96: /
4754:Categories
4562:West Hunan
4395:Pointblank
3731:Silver Fox
3717:Summer War
3470:Winter War
3449:Phoney War
3230:Azerbaijan
3191:Yugoslavia
3086:Luxembourg
2928:Resistance
2675:Yugoslavia
2540:Luxembourg
2342:Sook Ching
2138:War crimes
1740:Technology
1733:Opposition
1675:Lend-Lease
1652:Australian
1645:Home front
1603:Blitzkrieg
1553:Casualties
1544:Commanders
1516:Operations
1437:13 October
1413:Newspapers
1313:7 February
1272:7 February
1151:References
1130:Ellis 2004
1102:Ellis 2004
990:Ellis 2004
939:Derry 2004
899:Derry 2004
817:Fifth Army
789:See also:
775:Sea Scouts
691:1,000 more
584:Royal Navy
576:Phoney War
570:Background
513:Luxembourg
418:Maastricht
403:Fall Braun
291:Montcornet
209:department
156:Royal Navy
4627:Manchuria
4513:Indochina
4289:Bagration
3740:Lithuania
3385:Anschluss
3182:Viet Minh
3079:Lithuania
3021:Hong Kong
2791:Manchukuo
2746:Azad Hind
2405:Australia
2205:Aftermath
2068:Paperclip
1963:Aftermath
1763:Total war
1631:Diplomacy
1594:In Europe
1432:0307-1235
1405:929260462
1385:773604722
1361:881709135
1345:(1957) .
1335:603643856
1284:(2004) .
1222:(2005) .
1114:Rowe 1959
1082:Rowe 1959
1066:Rowe 1959
887:Footnotes
881:Churchill
860:Aftermath
785:Operation
699:Karlsruhe
626:Karlsruhe
552:Karlsruhe
478:Dyle Plan
433:Rotterdam
428:The Hague
342:Abbeville
335:Wormhoudt
125:Objective
4738:Category
4687:document
4597:document
4454:Ardennes
4438:Budapest
4386:Crossbow
4264:Overlord
4103:Smolensk
3321:Timeline
3156:Slovakia
3142:Thailand
2993:Ethiopia
2958:Bulgaria
2882:Portugal
2820:Thailand
2702:Bulgaria
2480:Eswatini
2473:Ethiopia
2426:Bulgaria
2251:Unit 731
2212:Response
2029:Keelhaul
1979:Cold War
1952:Americas
1943:timeline
1936:Atlantic
1816:Theaters
1395:(1954).
1325:(1971).
879:—
496:Gembloux
472:K-W Line
360:Fall Rot
313:Boulogne
281:Ardennes
206:Bas-Rhin
68:Location
63:Tactical
4664:Shumshu
4431:Hungary
4378:Estonia
4362:Lapland
4340:Dragoon
4273:Neptune
4255:Ichi-Go
4221:Tempest
4163:Changde
4118:Cottage
4010:Jubilee
3726:Finland
3624:Compass
3330:Prelude
3283:Finland
3169:Vietnam
3135:Romania
3007:Germany
2986:Estonia
2972:Denmark
2951:Belgium
2944:Austria
2937:Albania
2868:Ireland
2854:Andorra
2838:Neutral
2805:Romania
2739:Hungary
2724:Finland
2596:Romania
2488:Finland
2466:Denmark
2412:Belgium
2398:Algeria
2104:Romania
2090:Hungary
1846:Pacific
1570:General
1524:Leaders
1509:Battles
1502:Outline
1349:(ed.).
1292:(ed.).
1249:(ed.).
803:in the
797:Moselle
711:Koblenz
658:Koblenz
599:Prelude
556:Koblenz
547:began.
460:Belgium
438:Zeeland
385:Lagarde
323:Dunkirk
204:in the
202:commune
163:Outcome
158:parties
140:1940-05
138: (
81:48°50′N
4641:Debate
4613:Taipei
4606:Borneo
4184:Tarawa
3378:Europe
3339:Africa
3128:Poland
3114:Norway
3093:Malaya
3072:Latvia
3014:Greece
3000:France
2896:Sweden
2861:Bhutan
2589:Poland
2575:Norway
2547:Mexico
2514:Greece
2500:France
2438:Canada
2419:Brazil
2389:Allies
2335:Serbia
2324:Poland
2097:Poland
2083:Baltic
1876:Europe
1578:Topics
1530:Allied
1430:
1403:
1383:
1359:
1333:
1304:
1263:
1234:
1208:
1181:
815:, the
770:Thames
748:(MD1,
491:Hannut
396:Aerial
390:Saumur
329:Dynamo
318:Calais
267:France
84:7°58′E
4417:Leyte
4247:Narva
4233:Anzio
4191:Makin
4149:Burma
4033:Torch
4002:Rzhev
3963:Kiska
3049:Korea
3035:Japan
3028:Italy
2910:Tibet
2889:Spain
2767:Italy
2528:Italy
2521:India
2445:China
2320:Japan
1920:Italy
1832:China
1784:Women
1288:. In
1157:Books
829:Meuse
821:Mainz
807:near
805:Rhine
740:Mines
485:David
379:Cycle
353:Paula
347:Lille
308:Arras
286:Sedan
4483:1945
4211:1944
4052:1943
3980:Blue
3970:Attu
3877:1942
3636:1941
3488:1940
3426:1939
3355:Asia
3202:POWs
3042:Jews
2760:Iraq
2686:Axis
2636:Tuva
2452:Cuba
1537:Axis
1439:2016
1428:ISSN
1401:OCLC
1381:OCLC
1368:2015
1357:OCLC
1331:OCLC
1315:2016
1302:ISBN
1274:2016
1261:ISBN
1257:HMSO
1232:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1175:HMSO
709:and
604:Plan
423:Mill
366:Alps
133:Date
864:In
736:".
730:, "
554:to
501:Lys
4756::
4231:/
1422:.
1296:.
1259:.
1196:.
1177:.
1169:.
958:^
726:,
701:.
586:.
566:.
154:,
3734:)
3728:(
2602:)
2598:(
2534:)
2530:(
2494:)
2490:(
2432:)
2428:(
1482:e
1475:t
1468:v
1441:.
1407:.
1387:.
1370:.
1337:.
1317:.
1276:.
1240:.
1214:.
1187:.
1032:.
244:e
237:t
230:v
142:)
20:)
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