1329:
advance. Four Ratel ZT3 anti-tank missile units had also arrived at 61 Mechanised
Battalion positions. The evening of 26 June, SADF reconnaissance discovered SA-6 launchers around Techipa. Using a ruse of releasing meteorological balloons with aluminium strips attached to them, the Cubans fired their SA-6's narrowing down their location for the SADF reconnaissance units, and the South Africans counterattacked with G-5 artillery destroying them and after four hours other Cuban artillery.
47:
1509:. This operation would last 72 hours with the objective being the destruction of the port's logistical capacity; the harbour and railway facilities and the railway line. The SADF would make use of the navy, air force, paratroopers and special forces. The plan called for approximately 1,200 men, half as an airborne drop and the rest by means of an amphibious assault backed by navy strike craft. The plan was tested during Exercise Magersfontein at
1340:, many trucks and inflicted heavy casualties on the Cuban infantry forcing them to withdraw. During the battle, 32 Battalion eventually made contact with 61 Mechanised, informing them that Cuban tanks were on their way. 61 Mechanised released their tanks and sent them to intercept the Cuban tanks. The SADF tanks made contact and after half an hour had stopped the advance destroying another
1333:
to find a better position than the night lager and when advancing over a low ridge, ran into a forward Cuban units ambush. The leading Ratel was hit by a RPG and during the battle, four further Ratels were damaged losing one soldier and a further three wounded. 61 Mechanised called in artillery fire as Cuban reinforcements arrived to support the ambush unit.
68:
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1186:. The first team was unable to get close to Techipa while the second team found tank tracks on all roads showing extensive patrolling of the area. The first team was sent back in from the north of Techipa by vehicle, finding extensive trench systems around the town reminiscent of the same layered system around
1445:
Following the clashes at the end of June 1988, the South
African politicians and the military re-evaluated the SADF's role in the operational area. What was considered was the change in the military balance brought about by the Cuban division, the reluctance of the South African public to accept high
1543:
The 1 June 1989 proposal angered the Cuban and
Angolans and the talks continued discussing the first three South African proposals. With the assistance of the Soviets, the American were able to get the Cubans, Angolans and South Africans to sign the Geneva Protocol on 5 August 1988. The protocol set
1429:
The Cubans surprised the South
African delegation by proposing an honourable Cuban withdrawal from Angola linked to the implementation of UN Resolution 435 and the ending of support to SWAPO and UNITA. This proposal became known as the New York Principle, although the detail in the proposal would be
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with vehicles, generators and radar systems and outposts at further distances south of the town. A decision was then made to establish a new task force but it would only be in operation by early June, with a specific aim of protecting the water scheme at
Calueque. In the meantime, three companies of
1169:
During the first round tripartite talks in London on the 3 May 1988, behind the scene talks between the military contingents of Cuba and South Africa was tense. The Cubans threatened to invade SWA/Namibia if the South
Africans did not agree to the Cuban proposals while the South African indicated if
1613:
By 16 August the Joint
Monitoring Commission was formed at Ruacana. This Joint Monitoring Commission finalised the terms of the ceasefire by the 22 August and the formal ceasefire was signed between three parties. Major General Willie Meyer represented South Africa, General Leopoldo Frias from Cuba
1332:
On the morning of the 27 June 1988, the Cuban columns began to move again. Elements of 32 Battalion that were monitoring the column were unable to make contact with 61 Mechanised
Battalion to warn them about the advancing Cubans. 61 Mechanised Battalion and their tanks begun moving at the same time
1310:
Meanwhile, the Cubans and FAPLA forces advanced from
Xangongo on 24 June, the first prong of their plan and attacked the SADF units at Cuamato. 201 Battalion with additional elements of Ratels and mortars stopped the advanced and occupation of the town and the Cubans retreated back to Xangongo. The
1181:
On 12 May 1988, the 32 Battalion commander was called to a meeting in
Oshakati to discuss a plan for the unit to attack SWAPO units at Techipa. The commander persuaded the planners to reconnoitre the area first before attacking. On 16 May, two reconnaissance units were airlifted to an area south of
1303:
On 18 June, G-2 and G-5 batteries were in position and ready for use by the Task Force. These were used to shell the Cuban positions. On 22 June, a company from 32 Battalion clashed with a Cuban unit with tanks and infantry. They were able to break off contact with the Cubans after assistance from
1299:
By 13 June 1988, the new South African Task Force planned in May, was now in operation under the command of Colonel Mucho Delport with SADF forces in place east of the Cunene River, south of Xangongo, and around Cuamato and Calueque. Other SADF forces were positioned west of the Cunene River, with
1194:
An ambush by 32 Battalion was planned for 22 May 1988. The plan called for a mortar attack on an outpost south of Techipa which would draw out the Cubans who would be then ambushed. Members of 32 Battalion company ambushed a Cuban de-mining team before the mortaring began and then found themselves
1319:
At the same time the Cubans, Angolan's and South Africans met in Cairo on 24 June for a second round of tripartite talks. The two-day meeting was led by the Americans with a Soviet delegation in attendance. The meeting was fiery with the Soviets pulling the Cuban delegation back into line and all
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started to come into contact with advancing Cuban/FAPLA units, serious planning began. Initially, the plans were developed as a proposed attack on the Cuban/FAPLA forces in south-western Angola but as events played out and peace talks developed, the plan evolved to one of defence of north-western
1177:
and two trucks had been sent forward to occupy Donguena. They ran into the ambush with Cubans destroying or damaging four Casspirs. The South Africans withdrew at dusk having lost seven men and one captured, Sergeant Johan Papenfus and failed to retrieve the fourth Casspir and its equipment. The
682:
were engaged in south-western Angola against SWAPO while the other main conventional unit, 4 SAI, was also reorganising in South Africa and would be combat ready in SWA by 25 July. The South Africans did not believe that Cuban/FAPLA forces in south-eastern Angola at Cuito Cuanavale would try to
1621:
at a temporary steel bridge that was to take place on 1 September. On 30 August 1988, the last of the South African troops crossed a temporary steel bridge into SWA/Namibia watched by the world's media and the Joint Monitoring Commission, 36 hours early than the planned time. A convoy of fifty
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By 26 June 1988, a 32 Battalion company was moved into position to provide early warning of the Cuban tanks and columns advancing from Techipa while 61 Mechanised Battalion was brought in behind them to intercept when required. Using their MRL's and artillery they hindered and slowed the Cuban
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The call-up was said to be around 140,000 men and was hoped the announcement would send a message to the Cubans to end their advance to the SWA/Namibian border.The Call-up would begin on 21 July and be completed by 25 July with movement to SWA/Namibia taking place between the 26 and 31 July.
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On the 30 May/1 June, operational instructions for Operation Hilti (to be renamed Operation Prone later) was released to the planners by SADF HQ. The instructions required the development of a conventional and counterinsurgency plan for north-west South-West Africa and south-western Angola.
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started shelling. The Cubans eventually gave up the chase and the company was able to return to the mortar position in search of the missing vehicles but these had been removed by the Cubans. The remaining missing 32 Battalion members turned up at Ruacana and Calueque the following day.
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UNITA on the other hand stated that it would ignore the ceasefire and would continue to fight the Angolan government. It did however state that it wished to stop fighting if the Angolan government held talks with them or ceased attacking them and seek national reconciliation.
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Following Operation Excite, Operation Faction, restoration of SADF influence over 21 days in the area of dispute. And finally Operation Florentine, the installation of UNITA in the area of dispute and to support them against a FAPLA and Cuban attempts to retake the area.
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tank, trucks and a BTR-60. The Cubans were forced to withdraw again. Spotting the advance of two Cuban columns, Commandant Mike Muller withdrew his forces southwards towards Calueque attacking one column and then the other with G-5 artillery. Both columns were halted.
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Cubans were said to have lost forty-five soldiers. Later that evening, a further three companies from 201 and 101 Battalions were sent forward to capture Donguena, but with Cuban tank positions south of the town, withdrew. The Cuban later withdrew the same evening.
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The first phase was to deceive the Cubans as to the intentions and disposition of the South African forces, the preparation of the SADF forces, assist in countering any SWAPO raids, and use of the recces to track the movement and disposition of the Cuban
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To counter the immediate threat of the Cuban advance to the South-West African border, the 10 SA Division planning team moved to South-West Africa on the 7 June 1988 to the operational headquarters at Oshakati and worked on the plan until 17 June.
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The South African soldiers retreated towards the SWA/Namibian border, crossing in the late afternoon. As described above, the air attack part of the Cuban operation went ahead but their ground forces retreated back to Techipa after the clash.
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Following the bungled ambush of the 22 May, the Cubans analysed the intelligence gathered from the captured SADF vehicles. Cuban intelligence concluded that the South African were planning a major attack on Techipa which was not the case.
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armoured personnel carriers and from two other hidden outposts. Fleeing back to the mortar position under covering mortar fire, the Cubans finally caught up and attacked with the BRDM's resulting in the abandonment of three damaged
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June 1988 was spent reinforcing the defences around Techipa with consisted of minefields, bunkers and anti-tank barriers which had been employed successfully to slow down the SADF and UNITA forces around Cuito Cuanavale during
1154:
operations against SWAPO in the same area, both forces would soon come into contact with each other. On 18 April 1988, a SWATF unit, 101 Battalion, chasing a SWAPO unit was ambushed by Cuban elements from Xangongo near
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vehicles with around thousand soldiers crossed over singing battle songs. After officers of the three countries walked across the bridge, the South African sappers begun to dismantle the temporary steel bridge.
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Operation Faction (Pact) was the conventional plan that would defend SWA against a Cuban invasion across the border and the destruction of the remainder of the enemy in Angola with a possible offensive
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This plan would make use of the 10 SA Division, as well as elements of the SA Air Force, the SA Navy operating off the Angolan coast and the insertion of SA special forces deep in the FAPLA/Cuban rear.
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Fearing a revenge attack by the SADF, the Cubans implemented plans that included possible attacks on SWA/Namibia itself. These plans were scrapped when no retaliation occurred from the South Africans.
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On the 23 June, reconnaissance units and members of 32 Battalion spotted three Cuban columns moving southwards from Techipa towards Calueque, with this stop-start advance continuing until the 26 June.
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The SADF elements arrived at the Angolan/SWA/Namibian border with ten days to spare and had to wait around as the Joint Monitoring Commission and world media organised themselves for the crossover at
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Planning however continued for Operation Prone in case further peace negotiation's failed to agree to the linkage of the implementation of UN Resolution 435 to the Cuban withdrawal from Angola.
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A line was drawn from Chitado, Ruacana, Calueque, Naulili, Cuamato and Chitado that the Cubans would stay north of and would guarantee the water irrigation supply from Ruacana to SWA/Namibia.
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What followed the hostilities at Calueque was an undeclared ceasefire. The South African public was shocked by the deaths at Calueque and the government ordered a scaling back of operations.
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spoke to journalists on 8 June, announcing the Cubans build-up and their advance to the border region around Ruacana and the call-up of SADF conventional forces made up of citizen reserves.
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10 August 1988 saw the South African government announce the beginnings of a troop withdrawal from southern Angola, with the final day for withdrawal of SADF personnel set for 1 September.
1369:, were spotted by SADF units but were unable to signal an air attack fast enough as the planes turned and headed to attack the hydroelectric dam at Calueque. Two bombed the bridge over the
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The first, a two-pronged attack, one from Xangongo to capture Cuamato, then a three column advance from Techipa to capture Calueque joined later by the forces that had captured Cuamato.
1159:. The battle ended with the South Africans losing two men and eleven wounded. Thereafter the Cubans continued patrolling southwards from Xangongo towards the SADF garrison at Calueque.
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signed on 22 December in New York. This accord finalised the dates of the Cuban staggered withdrawals from Angola and the implementation of UN Resolution 435 on 1 April 1989.
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UNITA was informed, with some regarding this withdrawal as an act of betrayal. Orders were to ensure no Cubans advance any further than where they were currently positioned.
189:
1221:. There was also a build-up of Cuban forces around the town and aggressive patrolling by SWAPO and FAPLA forces to establish the positions of the South African forces.
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Caught off guard by the rapid movement southwards by the Cuban 10th Division, whose appearance was first noticed during April/May 1988 when SADF units in south-western
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SWAPO, not party to the agreement, said it would honour the ceasefire on 1 September if South Africa did so, but this did not happen and SWAPO activities continued.
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killing eleven SADF soldiers on ammunition escort duty. Two Cuban planes were hit by 20 mm AA guns and one crashed on its way back to its base in Angola.
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and destroyed it, damaged the sluice gates while another two bombed the power plant and engine rooms. A fifth plane bombed the water irrigation pipeline to
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Nine more rounds of negotiations followed revolving around the dates for the Cuban withdrawal from Angola that finally ended with an agreement called the
1320:
that was agreed was that the concept of linkage, a South African pull-out of Angola followed by the Cubans, was the only option for a future agreement.
1249:
By the 27 May 1988, Brigadier Chris Serfontein was appointed 10 SA Division commander while Colonel Roland de Vries was appointed his chief of staff.
1411:, were ordered to withdraw personnel and equipment so as not to take casualties and prevent any further SADF personnel becoming prisoners of war.
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1454:
On 19 July 1988 planning was finalised and Operation Hilti was changed to Operation Prone and the new plan became the defence of SWA/Namibia.
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casualties, the political direction towards the ending of Apartheid, and the international push to end South Africa's control of SWA/Namibia.
1191:
32 Battalion would hold the line until the task force was operational and would continue to patrol and reconnoitre the area south of Techipa.
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2032:
1497:). This port was the main logistical entrance for Cuban and FAPLA supplies to the Cuban 50th Division. The plan was developed by Commandant
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What was not agreed upon was the Cuban withdrawal from Angola. This would be negotiated at another meeting in the near future. Nor were
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The Cuban ambush site was in position by 4 May 1988 less than 2 km south of Donguena. A SADF unit, the 101 Battalion, with twenty
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Phase two would occur when the Cubans invaded SWA/Namibia, drawing them into areas of SADF control, halting and destroying the Cubans.
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Battle training would be completed by 21 August with the units ready to be deployed for action into Southern Angola by the 24 August.
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on the 22 July for the fourth round of talks but all that was agreed on was the proposal to set up a Joint Monitoring Commission.
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attacked FAPLA positions south of Techipa. The Cubans, fearing a South African advance, retaliated and planned another ambush.
650:. They believed that the Cubans response to any South African counterattack, could be attacks by Cuban forces on SADF bases at
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The instructions called for a sub-phase called Operation Excite to gain military control of south-west Angola by August 1988.
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The Joint Monitoring Commission then declared on 30 August 1988, that the South African Defence Force had now left Angola.
1529:. The Soviets joined the meeting in an observer role. The South Africans opened the negotiations with several proposals:
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1633:
On the 1 September 1988, the SADF disbanded its 10 SA Division and the Citizen Force units were returned to South Africa.
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and could also involve SWAPO insurgents in the SADF rear during the attacks. The SADF's main conventional unit in SWA,
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Battle Group 20, the only SADF force in south-eastern Angola, had been assisting UNITA to maintain the siege of
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border, the SADF formed the 10 SA Division to counter this threat. The plan for Operation Prone had two phases.
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placements around and to the north-west of Calueque and Ruacana. The Task Force's headquarters was at Ruacana.
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This plan was divided into sub-operations, Operation Linger and Operation Faction (renamed Operation Pact).
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On 8 August 1988, the South Africans, Angolans and Cubans announced a ceasefire in Angola and SWA/Namibia.
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Operation Linger became the counterinsurgency plan against SWAPO incursions in SWA and bases in Angola.
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The third phase would occur if phase two failed, a delaying retreat by SADF forces to an area around
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2055:"AUG. 20 CEASE-FIRE IS ON IN 8-YEAR IRAN-IRAQ WAR: SOUTHERN AFRICA PACT SET, TOO; Angola Truce Now"
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The Cuban intervention in Angola : 1965-1991 : from Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale
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The Cuban intervention in Angola : 1965-1991 : from Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale
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During the heavy fighting that followed this South African battalion destroyed a tank, a
691:. This meant Cuban/FAPLA forces would concentrate their efforts in south-western Angola.
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The second part of the plan was an air attack on Ruacana if Techipa was attacked by the
1539:
implementation of UN Resolution 435 and all foreign forces leave Angola by 1 June 1989.
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South African defence of SWA/Namibia from a potential invasion by 50th Cuban Division.
2336:
1423:
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Techipa and while the second landed close to Xangongo but on the western side of the
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between May and September 1988. With the advance of the 50th Cuban Division towards
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The South Africans also planned for an attack on the Angolan port of Namibe (today
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six infantry regiments - Cuban and Angolan soldiers (1500-2000 men each plus tanks)
1095:
663:
1526:
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By 10 July, the Cubans and South Africans were back at the negotiation table in
1404:
1138:
three raiding battalions - Cuban and SWAPO soldiers (200 Cuban + 250 SWAPO each)
1170:
they tried, it would be Cuba's darkest day. The talks ended the following day.
1510:
1434:
1374:
1205:
916:
one 120 mm mortar battery - 18 Light Artillery Regiment Parachute Brigade
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The South Africans anticipated attacks from two or three fronts possibly from
2122:
2066:
1536:
redeployment of South African and Cuban forces in Angola by 1 September 1988,
1382:
1377:, destroying it. One of those bombs from the fifth plane exploded between a
174:
2219:
32 Battalion : the inside story of South Africa's elite fighting unit
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32 Battalion : the inside story of South Africa's elite fighting unit
2314:
First in, last out : the South African artillery in action 1975-1988
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At the same time, Castro planned an operation consisting of two parts.
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one armoured car squadron - Light Horse Regiment|2 Light Horse Regiment
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Battle Group 20 whom with UNITA, guarding the minefields east of the
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2109:
Times, John D. Battersby, Special To The New York (31 August 1988).
16:
Proposed military operation during the 1988 South African Border War
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10 SA Division (Operation Hilti/Prone) - Brigadier Chris Serfontein
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Missile air defence batteries, air force helicopters and aircraft
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10 August 1988 – South Africans to begin withdrawal from Angola
178:
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one tank regiment (less one tank squadron) - 81 Armour Brigade
2053:
Times, Robert Pear, Special To The New York (9 August 1988).
1521:
Round five of the Tripartite talks began on 2 August 1988 in
961:
10 SA Division (Operation Prone) - Brigadier Chris Serfontein
1606:. This withdrawal by Battle Group 20 southwards was part of
1311:
South African lost a few vehicles and remained in the town.
2162:
Ons was daar : wenners van die oorlog om Suider-Afrika
1240:. Castro also notified the Angolan and Soviets of his plan.
1129:
three tank battalions - Cuban tank regiment (105-110 tanks)
1551:
1 September 1988 – South Africans complete the withdrawal
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and the final destruction of the remaining Cuban forces.
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With the Cuban movements southwards and continuing SADF/
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one medical battalion group - 6 Medical Battalion Group
2353:
Battles and operations of the South African Border War
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Operation Pact was further divided into three phases.
700:
South African and South West Africa Territorial forces
1995:
Ons was daar: wenners van die oorlog om Suider-Afrika
1557:
1 November 1988 – Implementation of UN Resolution 435
1080:
one 120 mm mortar battery - 4 Artillery Regiment
913:
one 120 mm mortar battery - 4 Artillery Regiment
825:
one field engineer troop - 6 Field Engineer Regiment
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was in a state of reorganisation and training after
1068:
one mechanized infantry company - 81 Armour Brigade
1042:
one G2 battery - Transvaal State Artillery Regiment
816:
one support weapons company - Cape Town Highlanders
165:
157:
34:
21:
2164:(2de uitg. ed.). Pretoria: Kraal Uitgewers.
1119:- Brigadier General Patricio de la Guardia Font
1048:two 20mm AA troops - Regiment Eastern Transvaal
1033:61 Mechanised Battalion incl. one tank squadron
775:one field engineer regiment - 15 Field Regiment
727:61 Mechanised Battalion incl. one tank squadron
1204:. The 32 Battalion company retreated again as
1045:one 35mm AA troop - Regiment Orange Free State
2048:
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2141:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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2085:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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837:one light workshop troop - 71 Field Regiment
831:one maintenance platoon - 4 Maintenance Unit
2276:Eye of the Storm. Strength Lies in Mobility
2160:Geldenhuys, saamgestel deur Jannie (2011).
1997:(2nd ed.). Pretoria: Kraal Uitgewers.
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1733:Eye of the Storm. Strength lies in Mobility
1554:10 September 1988 – Peace settlement signed
834:one medical battalion - 3 Medical Battalion
2183:(1. publ. ed.). London : Frank Cass.
1903:(1. publ. ed.). London : Frank Cass.
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895:one G-5 battery - 61 Mechanised Battalion
2238:Striking inside Angola with 32 Battalion
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1280:. After a visit to SWA/Namibia, General
1272:South African Citizen Force Mobilization
1123:three special forces battalions - Cuban
610:was to be a counterinsurgency phase and
1662:
1637:South African Military Contingency Plan
1533:a ceasefire to begin on 10 August 1988,
1132:one artillery regiment - Cuban regiment
1074:two armoured car squadrons - 1 & 2
2134:
2111:"Pretoria Finishes Its Angola Pullout"
2078:
942:one G-2 battery - 71 Motorised Brigade
910:one MRL battery - 4 Artillery Regiment
793:one field workshop - 32 Field Regiment
936:HQ elements from 44 Parachute Brigade
927:HQ elements from 71 Motorised Brigade
7:
2295:South Africa's border war, 1966-1989
2257:The SADF in the Border War 1966-1989
2025:The SADF in the Border War 1966-1989
1961:South Africa's border war, 1966-1989
1614:and Angola by Colonel Antonio Jose.
1591:South African withdrawal from Angola
1152:South West African Territorial Force
939:one G-5 battery - based in SE Angola
932:8th Armoured Division (South Africa)
840:one provost platoon - 7 Provost Unit
810:two mechanized infantry companies -
799:one provost platoon - 8 Provost Unit
787:one signal unit - 81 Signal Regiment
588:South West African Territorial Force
67:
1004:one MRL battery - 17 Field Regiment
754:one G-2 battery - 17 Field Regiment
2202:(1st ed.). Cape Town: Zebra.
1090:all counter-insurgency units from
1001:one G2 battery - 17 Field Regiment
745:81 Armoured Brigade (South Africa)
14:
828:one signal troop - 7 Signal Group
951:two 32mm anti aircraft batteries
757:one tank regiment - 3 squadrons
618:Background and threat assessment
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1450:New South African Military Plan
1276:Part of this plan would become
1036:one combat wing - 101 Battalion
992:one combat wing - 101 Battalion
878:two mobile air operations teams
123:
907:one MRL battery - 32 Battalion
904:one G-2 battery - 51 Battalion
812:Cape Town Highlanders Regiment
769:one armoured car regiment - 2
53:
1:
1433:The parties met again in the
851:one parachute support company
784:one engineer support squadron
763:one mechanized battalion - 1
95:
1430:negotiated at a later date.
819:one armoured car regiment -
778:one anti-aircraft battery -
683:attack the UNITA's bases at
2316:. Johannesburg: 30̊ South.
2240:. Johannesburg: 30̊ South.
1993:Geldenhuys, Jannie (2011).
1365:, flying at tree height to
919:two meteorological sections
765:Regiment Northern Transvaal
584:South African Defence Force
2384:
2348:Military history of Angola
2297:. Gibraltar: Ashanti Pub.
2293:Steenkamp, Willem (1989).
2236:Scheepers, Marius (2012).
2221:. Cape Town: Zebra Press.
1963:. Gibraltar: Ashanti Pub.
1959:Steenkamp, Willem (1989).
1795:. Cape Town: Zebra Press.
866:one reconnaissance section
845:Parachute Battalion Group
2312:Wilsworth, Clive (2010).
2274:de Vries, Roland (2013).
2255:Scholtz, Leopold (2013).
2023:Scholtz, Leopold (2013).
1731:de Vries, Roland (2013).
1353:Around 1pm, twelve Cuban
1076:Special Service Battalion
948:30 Corps Maintenance Unit
900:Transvaal State Artillery
848:three parachute companies
218:
169:27 May - 1 September 1988
150:Operation Prone (Namibia)
26:
2278:. Tyger Valley: Naledi.
2259:. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
2027:. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
1735:. Tyger Valley: Naledi.
1569:party to the agreement.
1108:- Colonel Jean Lausberg
1039:14 Artillery Regiment HQ
1017:- Colonel Mucho Delport
869:one light workshop troop
807:HQ Cape Town Highlanders
592:South African Border War
209:South African Border War
29:South African Border War
2198:Hamann, Hilton (2001).
2179:George, Edward (2005).
1899:George, Edward (2005).
1195:being attacked by four
1062:HQ 10 Artillery Brigade
892:one G-5 battery - 4 SAI
863:one maintenance platoon
854:one anti aircraft troop
668:61 Mechanised Battalion
1278:Operation Excite/Hilti
998:one G5 battery - 4 SAI
979:- Colonel Leon Marais
780:Regiment Oos Transvaal
614:a conventional phase.
2217:Nortje, Piet (2004).
1791:Nortje, Piet (2004).
1544:the following dates:
1489:Airborne assault plan
1315:Negotiations continue
1245:10 SA Division formed
1225:Cuban attack planning
1106:10 Artillery Regiment
883:10 Artillery Brigade
821:Regiment Orange River
804:71 Motorised Brigade
2363:1988 in South Africa
2200:Days of the generals
1503:44 Parachute Brigade
1162:On 2 May 1988, SAAF
1059:HQ 81 Armour Brigade
1055:- Colonel Jan Lusse
995:17 Field Regiment HQ
888:10 Artillery Brigade
771:Light Horse Regiment
721:HQ 10 SA Division -
954:one provost platoon
872:one provost platoon
627:South-West Africa.
590:(SWATF) during the
2115:The New York Times
2059:The New York Times
1608:Operation Displace
1507:Operation Reindeer
1085:Task Force Whiskey
1009:Regiment Vaalriver
945:8 Maintenance Unit
898:one G-2 battery -
857:one engineer troop
733:- no tank squadron
580:military operation
2343:Conflicts in 1988
2266:978-0-624-05410-8
2034:978-0-624-05410-8
1651:Tripartite Accord
1645:Tripartite Accord
1602:after the end of
1441:Modified planning
1282:Jannie Geldenhuys
1053:Task Force Yankee
1007:one AA battery -
930:HQ elements from
759:Pretoria Regiment
604:South-West Africa
596:Angolan Civil War
572:
571:
173:
172:
2375:
2327:
2308:
2289:
2270:
2251:
2232:
2213:
2194:
2175:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2106:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2050:
2039:
2038:
2020:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1975:
1974:
1956:
1915:
1914:
1896:
1807:
1806:
1788:
1747:
1746:
1728:
1604:Operation Packer
1499:McGill Alexander
1426:for three days.
1393:Undeclared peace
1349:Cuban air attack
1324:Operation Excite
1304:SADF artillery.
1295:Clashes continue
1219:Operation Packer
977:Task Force X-ray
973:
972:
968:
875:one medical team
860:one signal troop
717:
716:
712:
672:Operation Hooper
608:Operation Linger
542:Oshakati Bombing
213:
212:
210:
199:
192:
185:
176:
140:
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126:
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98:
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70:
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56:
55:
49:
19:
2383:
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2374:
2373:
2372:
2368:Battles in 1988
2333:
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2311:
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2273:
2267:
2254:
2248:
2235:
2229:
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2210:
2197:
2191:
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2172:
2159:
2156:
2154:Further reading
2151:
2150:
2133:
2127:
2125:
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2005:
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1911:
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1897:
1810:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1750:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1664:
1659:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1600:Cuito Cuanavale
1593:
1575:
1519:
1505:, a veteran of
1491:
1452:
1443:
1420:
1409:Cuito Cuanavale
1395:
1351:
1326:
1317:
1297:
1274:
1247:
1227:
1188:Cuito Cuanavale
1148:
1146:Initial clashes
1114:
1015:Task Force Zulu
989:4 SAI Battalion
974:
970:
966:
964:
963:
731:4 SAI Battalion
718:
714:
710:
708:
707:
702:
697:
695:Order of battle
620:
578:was a proposed
576:Operation Prone
573:
568:
498:Cuito Cuanavale
242:Alcora Exercise
214:
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91:
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63:
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57:
41:
40:
22:Operation Prone
17:
12:
11:
5:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:1988 in Angola
2355:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2323:978-1920143404
2322:
2309:
2303:
2290:
2284:
2271:
2265:
2252:
2247:978-1907677779
2246:
2233:
2227:
2214:
2209:978-1868723409
2208:
2195:
2189:
2176:
2170:
2155:
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2092:
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2033:
2010:
2003:
1976:
1969:
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1419:
1418:Talks continue
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612:Operation Pact
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2004:9780987025609
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1424:New York City
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1120:
1118:
1117:50th Division
1111:
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1032:
1029:
1027:102 Battalion
1026:
1023:
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766:
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749:
748:
746:
743:
741:101 Battalion
740:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
724:
720:
719:
713:
704:
699:
694:
692:
690:
686:
681:
680:101 Battalion
677:
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25:
20:
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2313:
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2256:
2237:
2218:
2199:
2180:
2161:
2126:. Retrieved
2114:
2070:. Retrieved
2058:
2024:
1994:
1960:
1900:
1792:
1732:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1597:
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1520:
1492:
1468:
1456:
1453:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1407:across from
1402:
1399:
1396:
1387:
1371:Cunene River
1352:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1309:
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1302:
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1215:
1211:
1193:
1184:Cunene River
1180:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1149:
1116:
1115:
1112:Cuban forces
1105:
1104:
1096:Grootfontein
1084:
1083:
1052:
1051:
1030:32 Battalion
1024:52 Battalion
1021:51 Battalion
1014:
1013:
986:54 Battalion
983:53 Battalion
976:
975:
965:: 904 ": -->
747:
737:32 Battalion
709:: 899 ": -->
676:32 Battalion
664:Grootfontein
629:
621:
575:
574:
562:
555:
548:
547:
541:
535:Excite/Hilti
534:
527:
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228:
74:Grootfontein
27:Part of the
1527:Switzerland
1517:Peace talks
1405:Cuito River
654:, Ruacana,
586:(SADF) and
254:Quifangondo
2337:Categories
2304:0620139676
2228:1868729141
2190:0415350158
2128:2017-07-11
2072:2017-07-11
1970:0620139676
1910:0415350158
1802:1868729141
1657:References
1511:Walvis Bay
1435:Cape Verde
751:Brigade HQ
2137:cite news
2123:0362-4331
2081:cite news
2067:0362-4331
1629:Aftermath
1573:Ceasefire
1495:Moçâmedes
1357:based at
924:Reserves
463:Wallpaper
435:Boswilger
158:Objective
1383:Eland 90
1355:MiG-23's
1175:Casspirs
1157:Chipeque
1125:SPETSNAZ
723:Oshakati
660:Ondangwa
656:Oshakati
648:Calueque
642:towards
636:Xangongo
602:and the
600:Calueque
556:Displace
528:Firewood
477:Abrasion
429:Gaborone
325:Wishbone
318:Klipklop
297:Saffraan
282:Cassinga
276:Reindeer
248:Savannah
144:Calueque
116:Oshakati
88:Windhoek
35:Location
1474:forces.
1465:action.
1367:Ruacana
1359:Lubango
1202:Unimogs
1164:Mirages
685:Mavinga
644:Ruacana
640:Ondjiva
582:by the
505:Moduler
470:Cerebus
456:Magneto
423:Nobilis
409:Klinker
381:Phoenix
360:Kerslig
332:Beanbag
311:Sceptic
290:Rekstok
269:Bruilof
262:Seiljag
130:Eenhana
39:Namibia
2320:
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2282:
2263:
2244:
2225:
2206:
2187:
2168:
2121:
2065:
2031:
2001:
1967:
1907:
1799:
1739:
1523:Geneva
1482:Tsumeb
1379:Buffel
1375:Ovambo
1363:Cahama
1338:BTR-60
1206:BM-21s
1197:BRDM-2
1092:Tsumeb
632:Cahama
624:Angola
563:Merlyn
519:Packer
512:Hooper
416:Askari
402:Dolfyn
395:Karton
388:Skerwe
346:Protea
60:Tsumeb
1619:Rundu
1567:UNITA
1563:SWAPO
1100:Otavi
689:Jamba
652:Rundu
549:Prone
449:Argon
442:Egret
374:Mebos
367:Super
353:Daisy
339:Konyn
304:1980s
236:1970s
222:1960s
102:Rundu
2318:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2261:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2143:link
2119:ISSN
2087:link
2063:ISSN
2029:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1381:and
1361:and
1342:T-55
1238:SAAF
967:edit
711:edit
687:and
678:and
662:and
646:and
594:and
166:Date
1565:or
1501:of
886:HQ
638:or
2339::
2139:}}
2135:{{
2117:.
2113:.
2095:^
2083:}}
2079:{{
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198:e
191:t
184:v
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