2046:
bullets for each heavy one. The "famine" of munitions in firearms and artillery pieces forced the Soviet army commanders, in many cases, to use tanks in the role of artillery; such inappropriate usage together with outdated military thinking (which did not pay enough attention to the assault role of tank forces) sharply reduced the effectiveness of the tank units, preventing them from conducting deep penetration into the German defensive line. For the tank forces, although the Soviet possessed a large number of tanks, the numbers of low quality, damaged and outdated ones were also large. In the
Bryansk, Western and Kalinin Front, the proportion of low quality tanks was 69% and the rates of damaged tanks about 41-55%. All the above facts meant that the Red Army in the Rzhev area did not have adequate preparation in terms of equipment, weapons and logistics.
1810:
1601:
425:
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was the
Germans who were "defenders of the city" against numerous and unsuccessful Soviet attacks. However, according to the law, being occupied does not prevent a city from receiving this honorary title. As long as its citizens, military personnel and government officers paid a large contribution for the Great Patriotic War and expressed great heroism, bravery and patriotism in these contributions, that is enough. Furthermore, the fierce and heroic resistance of Soviet citizens at Rzhev not only occurred during the 1942–1943 period, but also during the defence of Moscow in 1941. According to all these facts, Rzhev, Vyazma and many other cities have enough conditions to have the title "City of Military Glory," whether they were occupied or not.
1407:
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235:
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In addition, the
Soviets also started using tanks as a main assault force instead of a mere supporting tool for infantry. The Front commanders also got some important experience in commanding and coordinating a combined force. From May 1942, Soviet Fronts started to deploy their own air armies for supporting the land troops, reporting under the direct command of the Front commanders. Thus these commanders began to have some sort of full authority to use the air forces, except the long-ranged strategic bomber units which were still under direct command of the Soviet
2050:
between the Fronts, the Soviet Stavka and I. V. Stalin let each Front carry out their own assault without notable cooperation between the Fronts. Such separated and uncooperative assaults failed to achieve their goals and lead to the total failure of the whole offensives. To make matters worse, on 19 January 1942 Stalin suddenly retook the 1st Shock Army from the
Western Front with a "very nonsense" reason. That unreasonable act severely weakened the right wing of the Western Front and lead to the failure of the offensive at the area Olenino–Rzhev–Osuga.
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6th Tank Corps managed to escape successfully. The escape of 33rd and 41st Army was conducted on time, but they failed to keep it secret and chose the wrong direction to move, leading to considerable casualties. And in the case of 11th
Cavalry and 39th Army, the Stavka made a serious mistake when they planned to keep them in the Kholm-Zhirkovsky bridgehead for future attacks; however not only they failed to conduct any attacks but also they were surrounded and nearly destroyed during the
1917:
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cavalry corps found itself 110 km into the depth of the German flank. To eliminate this threat to the 9th Army's rear, the
Germans had started Operation Seydlitz by 2 July. However, due to the nature of the terrain the supply route for the Soviet 22nd, 29th, and 39th Armies, which had attempted to enlarge the penetration, became difficult and they were encircled. The cutting of a major highway to Rzhev by the cavalry signalled the commencement of the Toropets–Kholm offensive.
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1769:
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1963:, 5,500 people died of their wounds. During the winter of 1941–1942, in these camps, about 300 people each day were killed by diseases, cold, starvation, torture and other causes. After the war, two mass graves were discovered in the area, each 4 by 100 m in area and in total containing an estimated 70,000 bodies, all of them unidentified. Germans also discovered and executed 8 local political leaders, 60
2076:
provided the
Germans with a base from which they could launch a new offensive against Moscow at a future time. The defensive positions created by the Germans after the retreat from Moscow were well constructed and placed. The Germans eventually withdrew from the positions only due to losses elsewhere in the war and were able to withdraw from the salient with minimal losses.
432:
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Guard
Cavalry Corps, the breakout of more than 17,000 remaining troops of 33rd Army during Operation Seydlitz, and the breakout of the 41st Army. According to Isayev, if the film of Pivovarov and the thesis of Gerasimova were true, many living people should have been recorded as KIA. Until now, Isayev's arguments were not refuted in any published source.
1840:, since the Germans had to abandon the strategically important Rzhev–Vyazma salient for gathering troops to attempt to take a much less valuable one at Kursk. The retreat of the Germans in Operation Büffel was tactically and militarily successful, but the abandonment of the "Rzhev–Vyazma pistol" was a strategic loss for Nazi Germany on the Eastern Front.
2002:
others resupplied. Of course, in this period, many Soviet units still had inadequate strength and equipment, but with the more plentiful reserve force, they managed to somewhat maintain stable fighting capability and prevent the severe fluctuation in manpower. This enabled the Red Army to conduct active defenses and prepare for large-scaled offensives.
2809:Исаев, Алексей Валерьевич. Краткий курс истории ВОВ. Наступление маршала Шапошникова. — М.: Яуза, Эксмо, 2005.(Alexey Valeryevich Isayev. When the surprising element was lost. History of World War II - The Unknown Truth. Yauza & Penguin Books. Moskva. 2006. Part I: 1942 Summer-Autumn Offensive. Section 1: the first summer attacks)
2209:, his superior at the Russian Military History Institute, which is considered the sole officially recognized source on Soviet casualties in WWII. Isayev also claims that the electronic draft of Krivosheyev's research was stolen and illegally used by the hackers, hence these drafts were completely deleted from the Institute Website.
1908:
35,650 missing, and 469,747 wounded. However, according to
Gerasimova, German casualties in the battle for Rzhev–Vyazma are uncertain, and the commonly cited 350,000–400,000 range lacks substantiation and references to documentary sources. The number of soldiers that died during hospital treatment is still unknown.
2830:Кожевников, Михаил Николаевич. Командование и штаб ВВС Советской Армии в Великой Отечественной войне 1941-1945 гг. — М.: Наука, 1977. (Mikhail Nikolayevich Kozhevnikov. The Soviet Air Force Command and Staff in the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). Science Publisher. Moskva. 1977. Chapter III, Section 2)
2212:
According to Isayev the total Soviet casualties at Rzhev from
January 1942 to March 1943 were 392,554 KIA and 768,233 WIA. The documentary by Pivovarov was also disparaged by Isayev; who stated that in this film, many important events of the Rzhev battles are not mentioned such as the breakout of 1st
2057:
Last but not least, another "palindromic disease" of the Red Army in 1942 is the hesitation in retreating from threatened sectors. As a results, many Soviet units were trapped in a notable number of "pockets" when the Germans counter-attacked. In these cases, only the troops of 11th Cavalry Corps and
2139:
newspaper which was published on 19 February 2009, wrote: "The number presented by the historian is too low. There must be more than one million Soviet soldiers and officers killed! Rzhev and its neighboring towns were completely destroyed."; however, Makeyeva could not present any proof. Journalist
2001:
After the "manpower crisis" of late 1941, in 1942 the Soviets had gathered enough strategic reserves, and they also began to pay more attention to developing them. In 1942 the Soviets managed to build 18 new reserve armies and resupply 9 others. At Rzhev, the army received 3 reserve armies and had 3
1907:
According to German reports, which are still stored at the Storage Center of National Documents of Germany, from March 1942 to March 1943 the casualties of the 2nd, 4th, 9th, 2nd Panzer, 3rd Panzer and 4th Panzer Armies (the latter only having data from March to April 1942) amount to 162,713 killed,
1993:
and forced the Germans to divert the forces to these areas, therefore reducing the pressure on Moscow. During this time, the USSR's Army commanders began to concentrate their main forces at the critical zones to strengthen their position in these areas, or to muster enough power for their assaults.
2286:
on 8 October 2007, for "courage, endurance and mass heroism, exhibited by defenders of the city in the struggle for the freedom and independence of the Motherland". This act also caused heated debate and controversy. Many people believed that Rzhev should not be a "City of Military Glory" since it
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After the front stabilized, the German Army tied down enormous amounts of manpower in holding salients from which they did not intend to exploit. This reduced the amount of manpower the Germans could devote to operations elsewhere on the front. The Germans also used some of their best formations,
2049:
The worst mistakes of the Red Army in 1942 at the Rzhev salients lies in the coordination and cooperation between its Fronts and the control of Stavka towards them. During the offensives in January and February 1942, instead of establishing a centralized command and control with tight cooperation
1888:
Russian historian Svetlana Gerasimova states that the official Soviet casualty count of 1,324,823 men for the four offensive operations against the Rzhev-Vyazma salient only accounts for approximately 8 out of the 15 months of fighting. Soviet operational losses from May–July and October–November
1924:
Before the war, Rzhev had more than 56,000 people, but when it was liberated on 3 March 1943, there were only 150 people remaining, plus 200 in the surrounding rural area. The inhabitants were transported to Germany and Eastern Europe. Out of 5,443 houses, only 297 remained. Material losses were
2084:
German operations in 1941 directed at Moscow lasted too late into the year. Rather than stabilize the front and create defensive positions, the Germans pushed their forces forward and left them poorly prepared for the Soviet winter counteroffensive. The losses in men and equipment to Army Group
1470:
armies and three cavalry corps for the latter. The intent was for the 22nd, 29th, and 39th Armies supported by the 11th Cavalry Corps to attack west of Rzhev, and penetrate deep into the western flank of Army Group Centre's 9th Army. This was achieved in January, and by the end of the month the
2253:
was actually the commander in charge of all the fronts at the Rzhev salient. Zhukov took part in the command at Rzhev only during its later periods as a "firefighter" who was solving the serious problems of the battlefield at that moment. Therefore, Beevor asserted that Glantz's comments about
2053:
Further errors in the Soviet tactics and commands were the ambitious and unrealistic goals of the offensives. Early 1942, the Red Army had just recovered from the disastrous losses during the late half of 1941, therefore it was still very weak. In every offensive, the aims and scale have to be
2045:
The lack of munitions did not only occur in the case of cannons and mortars, but also for small arms. During the "ammunitions famine" at Rzhev salient, on average, the Red Army only had 3 bullets for each rifle, 30 bullets for each submachine gun, 300 bullets for each light machine gun and 600
2041:
mm rounds and 44% of needed artillery munitions. On average, each artillery battery only had 2 rounds per day. The weapons deficit was so severe that the Front commanders had to make occasional appeals for equipment. The serious lack of ammunition hampered Soviet efforts in neutralizing German
2075:
After the Soviet winter counter-offensive of 1941–42, the Germans were able to securely hold and defend the salient against a series of large Soviet offensives. The operations led to disproportionately high Soviet losses and tied down large numbers of Soviet troops. The defense of the Salient
1860:
For the whole series of Rzhev battles, the numbers are not clear. But, since the mobilized manpower of both sides was enormous and the fighting was violent, casualties would be expected to be very high. According to A. V. Isayev, the Soviet losses from January 1942 to March 1943 were 392,554
2500:Бевин Александер. 10 фатальных ошибок Гитлера. — М.:Яуза; Эксмо, 2003. (Alexander Bevin. How Hitler Could Have Won World War II: The Fatal Errors That Led to Nazi Defeat. L.:Times Books, 2000. Published at Moscow in 2003. Chapter 10: The Lost at Moscow; Chapter 19: "Citadel" collapsed)
2089:
such as 9th Army, in a strictly static defensive role. The Rzhev salient had value and tied down disproportionate numbers of Soviet troops, but it is unclear if the salient was worth the loss of around 20 high quality divisions for offensive or defensive operations elsewhere in 1942.
1900:. According to his description, from 31 July to 9 August, one German battalion at the front line, after being exhausted in the violent battles, only had one commandant and 22 soldiers, and by 31 August there were battalions which had only one commandant and 12 soldiers (equal to one
1889:
1942, and January–February 1943 are missing and not included in the official figure. Gerasimova states that with the inclusion of casualties from these seven months, and the official casualty figures of the four offensive operations, the total losses approach 2,300,000 men.
2248:
The Russian authors Vladimir Chernov and Galina Green also disagreed with Glantz. They asserted that from 26 August 1942 Zhukov did not command the Western Front, and that from 29 August he was preoccupied with serious matters at Stalingrad. It has been asserted that
1847:
which had enabled the Germans to threaten Moscow. The Germans, however, retreated to defensive positions that were as strong as the ones they held within the salients, contributing to the failure of Red Army offensives against Army Group Center in the summer of 1943.
2197:
Total casualties of 20th, 30th, 31st Army and 2nd Guard Cavalry Corps from 21 to 30 November 1942 (first phase of Operation Mars): 7,893 KIA, 1,288 MIA, 28,989 WIA. (data of Ministry of Defence, code name TsAMO RF, shelf 208, drawer 2579, folder 16, volume ll,
3215:"О внесении изменения в Положение об условиях и порядке присвоения почетного звания Российской Федерации "Город воинской славы", утвержденное Указом Президента Российской Федерации от 1 декабря 2006 года N 1340, Указ Президента РФ от 27 апреля 2007 года №557"
2125:, which made no attempt to cover up the huge losses suffered by Soviet forces. As a consequence, there were public calls in Russia for the arrest of some of those involved in its production. In the movie, the casualties of Soviet forces are given as 433,000
1869:. The Soviet losses during the beginning period of 1942 (including "Operation Jupiter") were 272,320 irrecoverable and 504,569 sanitary; with 25.7% of the total manpower that participated in these battles being killed on the battlefield. According to V.
1856:
Losses for the entire series of operations around the Rzhev salient from 1941 to 1943 are difficult to calculate. These operations cover an entire series of battles and defensive operations over a wide area involving many formations on both sides.
2182:
Total casualties of 29th and 30th Army (Kalinin Front), 20th and 31st Army (Western Front) in August 1942: 57,968 irrecoverable and 165,999 sanitary. (data of Ministry of Defence, code name TsAMO RF, shelf 208, drawer 2579, folder 16, volume ll,
1722:
This operation was nearly as heavy in losses for the Red Army as the first offensive, and also failed to reach its desired objectives, but the Red Army tied down German forces which may have otherwise been used to try to relieve the
2113:, when historians gained access to relevant documents. Exact dates of particular battles, their names, outcomes, significance, and even losses have not been fully clarified and there are still many controversies about these topics.
2092:
The abandonment of the salient was necessary in 1943 to create reserves for the front as a whole. But the reserves and the strength created were mostly used up in the costly offensive directed at Kursk in 1943 (Operation Citadel).
2186:
Total casualties of 20th, 29th, 30th, 31st (Western Front) and 39th Army (Kalinin Front) in September 1942: 21,221 KIA and 54,378 WIA.(data of Ministry of Defence, code name TsAMO RF, shelf 208, drawer 2579, folder 16, volume ll,
2148:
on 26 February 2009. Igor said: "The accurate number of casualties of both sides is still dubious. Recently, there are some opinions about from 1.3 to 1.5 million Soviet soldiers was killed. It may reach the number of 2 million".
1614:
In the aftermath of the Soviet winter counteroffensive of 1941–1942, substantial Soviet forces remained in the rear of the German Ninth Army. These forces maintained a hold on the primitive forested swamp region between Rzhev and
2299:
was unveiled by the presidents of Russia and Belarus on 30 June 2020. The statue was designed by sculptor Andrei Korobtsov and architect Konstantin Fomin and is 25 metres high on a 10-metre mount, surrounded by a war memorial.
2018:
Today, after reflecting the events of 1942, I see that I had many shortcomings in evaluating the situation at Vyazma. We overestimated ourselves and underestimated the enemies. The "walnut" there was much stronger than what we
3440:
2144:(Russia) on 26 February 2009 also claimed that more than 1,000,000 Soviet soldiers were killed at Rzhev. The number of casualties again was raised with the claim of journalist Igor Elkov in his articled published in the
1374:
by the forces of the Kalinin Front and Western Front, at the same time, the southern flank offensive operations on the Bryansk Front. These operations occurred during the planned German retreat from the salient known as
440:
2175:
Casualties of Kalinin Front on Rzhev direction, from January to April 1942: 123,380 irrecoverable, 341,227 sanitary. (data of Ministry of Defence, code name TsAMO RF, shelf 208, drawer 2579, folder 16, volume ll,
1821:
Fighting in the area remained mostly static for 14 months. Losses and setbacks elsewhere along the front finally compelled the Germans to abandon the salient in order to free up reserves for the front as a whole.
2486:Гудериан Гейнц. Воспоминания солдата. — Смоленск.: Русич, 1999. (Guderian Heinz. Erinnerungen eines Soldaten. — Heidelberg, 1951. Rossiya Publisher. Smolensk. 1999. Chapter IX: Chief Inspector of Armoured Units)
1825:
Defending the salient required 29 divisions. Its abandonment freed up 22 of those divisions and created a strategic reserve which allowed the Germans to stabilize the front and somewhat recover from
424:
3445:
611:
2033:. During the first half of 1942 the reserve sources of equipment were still inadequate. For example, during January and February 1942, the Western Front only received 55% of the needed 82
1687:
The next Rzhev–Sychyovka offensive (25 November 1942 – 20 December 1942) was codenamed Operation Mars. The operation consisted of several incremental offensive phases:
1989:
The Soviets managed to exploit the earlier victory at the Battle of Stalingrad and create some advantages in the critical sector of the front. Their attacks threatened the flanks of
2156:, Isayev claimed that Igor Elkov's estimates were exaggerated. Using propaganda documents from Soviet official reports, Isayev claimed the casualties of the Soviet forces as below:
1809:
3450:
2225:
claimed that Zhukov had to take the main responsibility in the tactical failure of this operation, and this was "the greatest defeat of Marshal Zhukov." In more detail,
1600:
1956:
1248:
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604:
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valley and then split the Soviet forces into two isolated pockets. The battle lasted eleven days and ended with the elimination of the encircled Soviet forces.
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was formed along the front line in the direction of the capital, which became known as the Rzhev–Vyazma salient. It was strategically important for the German
1936:
3455:
3038:
Bản gốc: David M. Glantz Zhukov's Greatest Defeat: The Red Army's Epic Disaster in Operation Mars, 1942. — Lawrence (KS): University Press Of Kansas, 1999.
1406:
475:
778:
3040:(David M. Glantz. Thất bại lớn nhất của Zhukov - Thảm họa của Hồng quân trong Chiến dịch "Sao Hỏa" năm 1942 – Moskva: ACT: Astrel, 2006.)
3246:
2237:
at Stalingrad, so he had little time to care about what was happening at Rzhev, which is questionable considering that Operation Uranus was planned by
2014:
was one of the first Soviet military officers to admit and to make a strict self-criticism about the Red Army and also his own faults in this period:
933:
597:
938:
648:
928:
3350:
3336:
3065:
2343:
773:
638:
2296:
1391:, and the Rzhev–Vyazma strategic offensive operation (8 January 1942 – 20 April 1942), German forces were pushed back from
1029:
739:
643:
3345:
Gorbachevsky, Boris (2008). Through the Maelstrom: A Red Army Soldier's War on the Eastern Front, 1942–1945. University Press of Kansas,
1287:
operation (9 January – 6 February 1942) of the Northwestern Front and reassigned to the Kalinin Front from 22 January 1942
3147:
2439:
999:
2229:
asserted that Zhukov's command in this offensive was not careful, too ambitious, too clumsy and all these led to a disaster. However,
1995:
3171:"ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ЗАКОН от 09.05.2006 N 68-ФЗ "О ПОЧЕТНОМ ЗВАНИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ "ГОРОД ВОИНСКОЙ СЛАВЫ" (принят ГД ФС РФ 14.04.2006)"
3108:
1759:
1368:
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1004:
894:
795:
500:
3370:
3317:
2373:
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correlative with the army's strength, but at the battles of Rzhev, the Soviet commanders demanded too much from their subordinates.
1585:
1331:
1316:
2773:
1388:
984:
979:
2502:
672:
916:
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93:
3197:"О постановлении Правительства Российской Федерации от 13.07.2006 N 488, Телеграмма ФТС России от 23 августа 2006 года №ТФ-1938"
2468:, 2007, Yale University Press, p. 117. Bayley cites Pavel Sudoplatov, Anatoly Sudoplatov, and Jerrold and Leona Schecter's book
3460:
3170:
2110:
468:
1272:
1055:
899:
505:
2963:
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launched Operation Seydlitz to clear the Soviet forces out. The Germans first blocked the natural breakout route through the
2879:
1136:
1126:
1016:
2179:
Total casualties of Western and Kalinin front during Jan-Apr 1942: 152,943 irrecoverable, 446,248 sanitary (above sources).
3036:Гланц, Дэвид М. Крупнейшее поражение Жукова. Катастрофа Красной Армии в операции «Марс» 1942 г. — М.: ACT: Астрель, 2006.
1200:
768:
41:
1939:
No. 184 and Dulag No. 230 were established. Prisoners in these camps were Soviet soldiers and civilians from the area of
1284:
807:
2811:
2698:
2672:
2588:
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knew his offensive was an auxiliary operation, but he did not know that he had been targeted in advance by the Germans."
2152:
All this data was heavily criticized by Stalinist historian A. V. Isayev. Referencing the data from the archives of the
1843:
The Soviet Army paid a high price for their victory at Rzhev, but the Germans were forced to withdraw from an important
1089:
844:
712:
621:
541:
2910:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Военная история ]-- Исаев А. Краткий курс истории ВОВ. Наступление маршала Шапошникова"
2153:
1885:
damaged or destroyed. Isayev provided a somewhat lower number: 70,340 irrecoverable and 145,300 sanitary casualties.
1609:
1083:
534:
2928:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Исследования ]-- Соколов Б.В. Неизвестный Жуков: портрет без ретуши в зеркале эпохи"
2029:
The Soviet Army suffered terribly from severe deficits in weapons and equipment due to the tremendous losses during
3435:
3430:
1121:
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2400:[Alexey Isayev. On the Question of the Losses of the Soviet Troops in the Battle for the Rzhev Salient.].
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1219:. Due to the high losses suffered by the Red Army, the campaign became known by veterans and historians as the "
1732:
1715:
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1343:, (other sources say ending on 30 September or 1 October 1942) by forces of the Kalinin Front and Western Front
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1278:
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827:
510:
2655:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Военная история ]-- Гроссманн Х. Ржев - краеугольный камень Восточного фронта"
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The role of Zhukov in this infamous offensive is also a debated topic. American military historian, Colonel
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911:
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729:
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989:
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of Germany to eliminate the salient in the vicinity between Bely and Kholm–Zhirkovsky and annihilate the
2011:
1691:
1589:
1567:
967:
956:
707:
2791:
1703:
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March 1942 to March 1943 casualties of the 2nd, 4th, 9th, 2nd Panzer, 3rd Panzer and 4th Panzer Armies
1916:
2522:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Военная история ]-- Самсонов А.М. Крах фашистской агрессии 1939-1945"
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904:
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On the assignment to Rzhev of the Honorary title of the Russian Federation "City of Military Glory"
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2398:"Алексей Исаев. К ВОПРОСУ О ПОТЕРЯХ СОВЕТСКИХ ВОЙСК В БОЯХ ЗА РЖЕВСКИЙ ВЫСТУП. Актуальная история"
2085:
Centre were considerable. The Army group lacked the strength to go back on the offensive in 1942.
1935:
was also virtually destroyed during the war. In the city, two transit camps of Nazi Germany named
2059:
1403:
due to the threat it posed to Moscow, and was therefore heavily fortified and strongly defended.
1396:
1308:
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operation (Operation Jupiter) (10 January – 28 February 1942) of the Western Front
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disagreed with Glantz's comment. According to Beevor, at that time Zhukov had to concentrate on
1877:
Beshanov, the casualties of the July–September Rzhev offensive were 193,683 overall, and during
2257:
3366:
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3313:
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2589:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Военная история ]-- Исаев А. В. Когда внезапности уже не было"
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2339:
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2160:
Casualties of Western Front on Rzhev direction, from January to April 1942: 24,339 KIA, 5,223
1990:
1866:
1862:
1837:
1616:
1400:
1312:
994:
822:
546:
239:
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as part of the plan to divert German forces from any relief of those trapped at Stalingrad.
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2472:, published by Little, Brown in 1994, p. 158–159. He also quotes a KGB chief as writing, "
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1904:). According to Grossmann, during Operation Mars, the Germans suffered 40,000 casualties.
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1204:
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1060:
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2880:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Военная история ]-- Кириченко П. И. Первым всегда трудно"
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3035:
53:
3359:
3139:Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №1345 от 8 October 2007 года «
2945:
2499:
2283:
2191:
2106:
1878:
1833:
1682:
1562:
This offensive was conducted across the northern part of the Western Front against the
1435:
1360:
1346:
866:
697:
556:
319:
3141:О присвоении городу Ржеву почётного звания Российской Федерации "Город воинской славы"
2560:
2485:
1768:
1645:
1526:
1483:
3424:
2848:
G. K. Zhukov. Memoirs. Vol 2. Quân đội nhân dân Publisher. Hanoi. 1987. pp. 269–270.
2473:
2330:
2230:
1263:
1255:
215:
202:
3174:
3232:
2927:
2226:
1926:
1620:
817:
307:
270:
178:
164:
87:
83:
45:
2829:
1588:
in seven separate landing zones, five of them intended to cut major road and rail
17:
3055:
2887:
2792:"Арон Шнеер. Плен. Глава 2. От теории к практике: эйнзацгруппы и их деятельность"
2562:ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Исследования ]-- Бешанов В.В. Год 1942 - "учебный"
2363:
1208:
3329:
The Red Army's forgotten 15-month campaign against Army Group Center, 1942–1943
3156:
3140:
2654:
3396:
2862:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Мемуары ]-- Баграмян И.X. Так шли мы к победе"
2737:
1844:
1414:
Initial Soviet forces committed by the Kalinin and Western Front included the
1293:(18 January – 28 February 1942) of the Western Front (see also
227:
3404:
2909:
2808:
2702:
2676:
2596:
2521:
108:
95:
3307:
1964:
1959:. According to German data collected by the Soviet counter-espionage agency
1731:
double agent known as Heine provided information about the offensive to the
1563:
1196:
833:
3214:
3109:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Исследования ]-- Исаев А. В. Георгий Жуков"
2964:"Film Spurs Russia to Squelch Criticism of Soviet War Tactics - HistoryNet"
3196:
3082:"К 70-летию Погорело-Городищенской и Ржевско-Сычёвской операций 1942 года"
2261:
The certification document for the title "City of Military Glory" of Rzhev
2169:
1968:
1944:
1940:
1275:
operation (8 January – 20 April 1942) of the Kalinin Front
1192:
3018:
1738:
German forces in the salient were eventually withdrawn by Hitler during
1244:
The major operations that were executed in this area of the front were:
3397:
Geschichte der rheinisch-westfaelischen 6 Infanterie-Division 1939–1945
3247:"Opening of Rzhev memorial described as landmark event for Belarusians"
2946:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Мемуары ]-- Белов П. А. За нами Москва"
2405:
1952:
1948:
3098:
S. M. Stemenko. The Soviet General Staff in War. Moskva 1985. page 51.
2540:"РОССИЯ И СССР В ВОЙНАХ XX ВЕКА. Глава V. ВЕЛИКАЯ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ ВОЙНА"
3081:
2250:
1960:
1932:
1814:
1392:
2140:
Elena Tokaryeva in her article which was published in the newspaper
1896:
did not provide the total casualties of the German side in his book
1865:(killed, missing, died before hospitalisation) and 768,233 sanitary
3000:
2365:
Boilers 41st. The history of the Second World War, we did not know
2256:
1915:
1901:
1808:
1747:
1624:
1599:
1405:
1216:
79:
453:
3151:
2172:, shelf 208, drawer 2579, folder 6, volume 208, pp. 71–99).
1882:
1728:
589:
3441:
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front
2755:
593:
457:
1763:
1640:
1521:
1478:
2202:
Isayev also claimed that his estimates match the research of
386:
estimated 2,300,000 dead, wounded, missing, captured and sick
3387:
2982:
3412:
2042:
strongpoints, leading to heavy casualties in the assaults.
1677:
Second Rzhev–Sychyovka strategic offensive (Operation Mars)
70:(1 year, 2 months, 3 weeks and 2 days)
3309:
Meat Grinder: the Battles for the Rzhev Salient, 1942--43
2121:
In 2009, a television movie was aired in Russia entitled
3019:"РОССИЯ И СССР В ВОЙНАХ XX ВЕКА. ПОТЕРИ ВООРУЖЕННЫХ СИЛ"
3233:"Unveiling of the Rzhev Memorial to the Soviet Soldier"
1780:
1657:
1538:
1495:
1359:(24 November 1942 – 20 January 1943) by
3049:
3047:
3280:
Second Rzhev–Sychyovka offensive operation: 1,400,000
3276:
Rzhev–Vyazma strategic offensive operation: 1,059,200
2440:"Military improvisations during the Russian Campaign"
1353:
by the forces of the Kalinin Front and Western Front
1231:
1186:
3361:
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army stopped Hitler
2194:: 33,346 KIA, 3,620 MIA, 63,757 WIA. (above source).
2010:
As the second highest ranking member of the Stavka,
1410:
German soldiers trudging through the mud, March 1942
2774:"Поиск родственников солдат, погибших во время ВОВ"
2338:(in Russian) (2nd, Revised ed.). Yauza Eksmo.
2109:, and what coverage exists occurred only after the
3358:
3278:First Rzhev–Sychyovka offensive operation: 345,100
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
1712:25 November 1942 – 23 December 1942
1706:25 November 1942 – 11 December 1942
1700:25 November 1942 – 16 December 1942
1694:24 November 1942 – 14 December 1942
1881:the Soviets suffered 250,000 casualties with 800
1836:had doubts about the strategic aims of the later
1718:24 November 1942 – 20 January 1943
1199:between 8 January 1942 and 31 March 1943, on the
3365:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
2844:
2842:
2840:
3446:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
2016:
1619:. On 2 July 1942, the Ninth Army under General
1351:(25 November – 20 December 1942)
34:
3154: #1345 of October 8, 2007
1584:A Soviet airborne operation, conducted by the
138:German forces retreat from the Rzhev salient (
3137:
2245:, and Zhukov played little to no part in it.
1203:. The battles took place in the northeast of
605:
469:
68:8 January 1942 – 31 March 1943
8:
2466:Spy Wars: Moles, Mysteries and Deadly Games
1920:Local family in front of their ruined house
1604:Panzer III carrying infantry in March, 1942
27:Series of Soviet operations in World War II
2983:"Ржевская битва 1941-1943 гг. Ржев - 1942"
2723:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2426:
2316:
2168:. (data of Ministry of Defence, code name
1514:The offensive was conducted in late 1942.
1383:Rzhev–Vyazma strategic offensive operation
1347:Second Rzhev–Sychyovka offensive operation
1252:(8 January – 20 April 1942)
1249:Rzhev–Vyazma strategic offensive operation
612:
598:
590:
476:
462:
454:
31:
3451:Battles of World War II involving Germany
2190:Total casualties of Kalinin Front during
1637:First Rzhev–Sychyovka offensive operation
1631:First Rzhev–Sychyovka offensive operation
1341:(30 July – 23 August 1942)
1338:First Rzhev–Sychyovka offensive operation
2254:Zhukov's responsibility were incorrect.
2097:Controversies about the battles of Rzhev
1898:Rzhev, the basement of the Eastern Front
1311:and the Soviet defensive battles around
1303:(3 March – 20 April 1942)
431:
3263:
2309:
1975:Evaluation of Soviet and German tactics
1389:Soviet winter counter-offensive of 1941
3282:Rzhev–Vyazma offensive (1943): 876,000
3271:
2123:Rzhev: Marshal Zhukov's Unknown Battle
2105:was poorly covered by Soviet military
2738:"История Ржевской битвы 1941-1943 гг"
2555:
2553:
1813:A German half-track is repaired near
7:
2297:Rzhev Memorial to the Soviet Soldier
3148:President of the Russian Federation
2275:Rzhev was conferred the status of "
2037:mm mortar rounds, 36% of needed 120
3456:Battles involving the Soviet Union
2756:"Дулаг 184 - Лагерь военнопленных"
1971:, and 117 Jews at Dulag camp 230.
25:
1742:to provide greater force for the
444:Location within modern-day Russia
2217:Role of Zhukov in Operation Mars
1767:
1644:
1525:
1482:
688:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
430:
423:
313:
301:
289:
277:
263:
245:
233:
221:
209:
195:
171:
157:
52:
3353:, Hardcover, 443 pages, photos.
2117:Casualties of the Soviet forces
2111:dissolution of the Soviet Union
3331:. London: Helion and Company.
1:
3327:Gerasimova, Svetlana (2016).
3312:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
3060:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1760:Rzhev–Vyazma offensive (1943)
1754:Rzhev–Vyazma offensive (1943)
1592:to the Wehrmacht's 9th Army.
1369:Rzhev–Vyazma offensive (1943)
1301:Rzhev–Vyazma offensive (1942)
1201:Eastern Front of World War II
377:392,554 dead/missing/captured
2404:(in Russian). Archived from
2031:the German onslaught in 1941
1827:massive losses at Stalingrad
2368:(in Russian). Yauza Eksmo.
2154:Russian Ministry of Defence
1232:
1187:
3477:
2332:1941. Vyazemskaya disaster
2329:Lopuhovskiy, L.N. (2008).
1757:
1744:German offensive operation
1680:
1634:
1607:
1577:
1475:Sychyovka–Vyazma offensive
1273:Sychyovka–Vyazma offensive
3138:
1925:estimated at 500 million
1580:Vyazma airborne operation
1574:Vyazma airborne operation
1518:Mozhaysk–Vyazma offensive
1291:Vyazma airborne operation
1279:Mozhaysk–Vyazma offensive
1224:
1176:
629:
493:
418:
360:
328:
185:
150:
60:
51:
39:
2561:
1863:irrecoverable casualties
1805:Politico-military result
1733:German Army High Command
1558:Toropets–Kholm offensive
1357:Battle for Velikiye Luki
1285:Toropets–Kholm offensive
380:768,233 wounded and sick
3054:Beevor, Antony (2012).
1892:Retired German General
1716:Velikiye Luki offensive
1434:of the former, and the
1195:offensives against the
347:13,000 guns and mortars
3461:Moscow in World War II
3388:Rzhev Battle 1941–1943
3357:Glantz, David (1998).
2396:Yamaletdinov, Ruslan.
2277:City of Military Glory
2271:City of Military Glory
2262:
2027:
1921:
1818:
1605:
1590:lines of communication
1411:
186:Commanders and leaders
3306:Buttar, Prit (2023).
2260:
2012:Marshal Georgy Zhukov
1969:political instructors
1919:
1812:
1710:Molodoi Tud offensive
1603:
1409:
1233:Rzhevskaya myasorubka
361:Casualties and losses
3057:The Second World War
2814:31 July 2012 at the
2760:dulag184.vyazma.info
2505:27 July 2012 at the
2207:Grigoriy Krivosheyev
2136:Komsomolskaya Pravda
1867:(medical) casualties
1610:Operation "Seydlitz"
1363:of the Kalinin Front
1334:of the Kalinin Front
1211:, in and around the
441:class=notpageimage|
3274:, pp. 295–296:
2679:on 28 December 2015
2644:, pp. 158–159.
2464:Tennant H. Bayley,
2291:Statue and memorial
2281:President of Russia
2133:, in an article of
1725:Stalingrad garrison
1191:) were a series of
895:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
796:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya
557:2nd Rzhev–Sychyovka
542:1st Rzhev–Sychyovka
370:1,160,787–2,300,000
109:56.25°N 34.316667°E
105: /
2890:on 17 October 2013
2446:on 18 October 2013
2263:
2198:pp. 190–200).
2187:pp. 163–166).
2060:Seydlitz operation
1922:
1819:
1779:. You can help by
1692:Sychevka offensive
1656:. You can help by
1606:
1596:Operation Seydlitz
1586:4th Airborne Corps
1537:. You can help by
1494:. You can help by
1412:
1332:11th Cavalry Corps
1309:Operation Seydlitz
1295:Operation Hannover
1268:Northwestern Front
1225:Ржевская мясорубка
1221:Rzhev Meat Grinder
1090:Western Carpathian
1030:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
1000:1st Jassy–Kishinev
985:Leningrad–Novgorod
980:Dnieper–Carpathian
252:Dmitry Lelyushenko
18:Operation Seydlitz
3436:Conflicts in 1943
3431:Conflicts in 1942
3405:German war photos
3351:978-0-7006-1605-3
3338:978-1-91109-614-6
3177:on 11 August 2014
3067:978-0-297-84497-6
2987:rshew-42.narod.ru
2742:rshew-42.narod.ru
2408:on 6 January 2012
2345:978-5-699-30305-2
2243:Andrei Vasilevsky
2183:pp. 150–158)
2129:. The journalist
2101:This part of the
1991:Army Group Center
1838:Operation Citadel
1797:
1796:
1704:Luchesa offensive
1674:
1673:
1555:
1554:
1512:
1511:
1401:Army Group Centre
1395:. As a result, a
1372:(2–31 March 1943)
1349:(Operation Mars)
1230:
1207:and the south of
1185:
1164:
1163:
587:
586:
452:
451:
284:Günther von Kluge
240:Vasily Sokolovsky
146:
145:
16:(Redirected from
3468:
3417:
3413:Battles of Rzhev
3409:
3401:
3395:Horst Grossmann
3392:
3376:
3364:
3342:
3323:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3268:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3173:. Archived from
3167:
3161:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3115:. Archived from
3105:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2886:. Archived from
2876:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2701:. Archived from
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2675:. Archived from
2669:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2599:on 8 August 2011
2595:. Archived from
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2477:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2442:. Archived from
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2402:actualhistory.ru
2393:
2380:
2379:
2360:Isaev, Alexei V.
2356:
2350:
2349:
2337:
2326:
2320:
2319:, p. 167-9.
2314:
2239:Andrei Yeremenko
2235:Operation Uranus
2176:pp. 71–99).
2103:Second World War
2040:
2036:
2025:
1876:
1872:
1792:
1789:
1771:
1764:
1740:Operation Büffel
1669:
1666:
1648:
1641:
1550:
1547:
1529:
1522:
1507:
1504:
1486:
1479:
1377:Operation Büffel
1320:(2–23 July 1942)
1317:Kholm-Zhirkovsky
1235:
1229:romanized:
1228:
1226:
1190:
1188:Rzhevskaya bitva
1180:
1178:
1169:Battles of Rzhev
1056:Petsamo–Kirkenes
934:Belgorod-Kharkov
900:Voronezh–Kharkov
624:
614:
607:
600:
591:
574:2nd Rzhev–Vyazma
501:1st Rzhev–Vyazma
488:
478:
471:
464:
455:
434:
433:
427:
343:Total: 1,659,000
335:Total: 3,680,300
318:
317:
316:
306:
305:
304:
294:
293:
292:
282:
281:
280:
268:
267:
266:
250:
249:
248:
238:
237:
236:
226:
225:
224:
214:
213:
212:
200:
199:
198:
181:
177:
175:
174:
163:
161:
160:
140:Operation Büffel
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:56.25; 34.316667
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
62:
61:
56:
35:Battles of Rzhev
32:
21:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3390:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3356:
3339:
3326:
3320:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3270:Data used from
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3249:. 30 June 2020.
3245:
3244:
3240:
3235:. 30 June 2020.
3231:
3230:
3226:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3113:militera.lib.ru
3107:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3034:
3030:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2950:militera.lib.ru
2944:
2943:
2939:
2932:militera.lib.ru
2926:
2925:
2921:
2914:militera.lib.ru
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2884:militera.lib.ru
2878:
2877:
2873:
2866:militera.lib.ru
2860:
2859:
2855:
2850:(in Vietnamese)
2849:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2816:Wayback Machine
2807:
2803:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2780:. 19 June 2009.
2772:
2771:
2767:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2724:Gerasimova 2016
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2659:militera.lib.ru
2653:
2652:
2648:
2642:Gerasimova 2016
2640:
2636:
2630:Gerasimova 2016
2628:
2624:
2618:Gerasimova 2016
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2593:militera.lib.ru
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2567:militera.lib.ru
2563:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2526:militera.lib.ru
2520:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2507:Wayback Machine
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2427:Gerasimova 2016
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2395:
2394:
2383:
2376:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2317:Gerasimova 2016
2315:
2311:
2306:
2293:
2273:
2268:
2223:David M. Glantz
2219:
2204:Colonel-General
2119:
2099:
2082:
2073:
2068:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2008:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1914:
1912:Civilian losses
1894:Horst Grossmann
1874:
1870:
1854:
1852:Military losses
1832:German General
1807:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1777:needs expansion
1762:
1756:
1698:Belyi offensive
1685:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1654:needs expansion
1639:
1633:
1612:
1598:
1582:
1576:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1535:needs expansion
1520:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1492:needs expansion
1477:
1385:
1242:
1205:Smolensk Oblast
1165:
1160:
1154:Prague uprising
1137:Bratislava–Brno
1127:Moravia–Ostrava
1017:Lvov–Sandomierz
845:Rzhev–Sychyovka
673:Białystok–Minsk
625:
620:
618:
588:
583:
521:Vyazma Airborne
489:
484:
482:
448:
447:
446:
445:
443:
437:
436:
435:
414:
408:469,747 wounded
401:German reports:
389:
356:
324:
314:
312:
302:
300:
290:
288:
278:
276:
264:
262:
256:
246:
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210:
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196:
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172:
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158:
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134:
113:
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107:
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99:
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90:
69:
28:
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15:
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5:
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3419:
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3410:
3402:
3393:
3383:
3382:External links
3380:
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3224:
3219:docs.kodeks.ru
3206:
3201:docs.kodeks.ru
3188:
3162:
3130:
3119:on 11 May 2012
3100:
3091:
3073:
3066:
3043:
3028:
3010:
3001:"Наши новости"
2992:
2973:
2970:. 22 May 2009.
2968:historynet.com
2955:
2937:
2919:
2901:
2871:
2853:
2836:
2822:
2801:
2783:
2765:
2747:
2728:
2726:, p. 166.
2716:
2705:on 25 May 2013
2690:
2664:
2646:
2634:
2632:, p. 158.
2622:
2620:, p. 157.
2610:
2580:
2549:
2531:
2513:
2492:
2478:
2474:Marshal Zhukov
2457:
2431:
2429:, p. 159.
2419:
2381:
2374:
2351:
2344:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2292:
2289:
2284:Vladimir Putin
2272:
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2267:
2264:
2218:
2215:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:Operation Mars
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2146:Russian Weekly
2131:Alina Makeyeva
2118:
2115:
2107:historiography
2098:
2095:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2021:
2007:
2004:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1929:(1941 value).
1913:
1910:
1879:Operation Mars
1853:
1850:
1834:Heinz Guderian
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1774:
1772:
1758:Main article:
1755:
1752:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1683:Operation Mars
1681:Main article:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1651:
1649:
1635:Main article:
1632:
1629:
1608:Main article:
1597:
1594:
1578:Main article:
1575:
1572:
1570:and 9th Army.
1559:
1556:
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1532:
1530:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1489:
1487:
1476:
1473:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:3rd Shock Army
1344:
1335:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1241:
1238:
1177:Ржевская битва
1162:
1161:
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1158:
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1156:
1146:
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1117:East Pomerania
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883:
879:
878:
871:
864:
859:
852:
847:
842:
837:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
808:Toropets–Kholm
805:
798:
793:
787:
786:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
760:
759:
752:
747:
742:
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732:
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722:
715:
710:
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690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
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564:
554:
549:
544:
539:
532:
531:
530:
523:
518:
508:
494:
491:
490:
486:Rzhev campaign
483:
481:
480:
473:
466:
458:
450:
449:
439:
438:
429:
428:
422:
421:
420:
419:
416:
415:
413:
412:
411:35,650 missing
409:
406:
403:
398:
392:
390:
388:
387:
381:
378:
372:
366:
363:
362:
358:
357:
355:
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345:
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331:
330:
326:
325:
323:
322:
320:Heinz Guderian
310:
298:
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274:
259:
257:
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242:
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206:
191:
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187:
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78:
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37:
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
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3426:
3414:
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3381:
3374:
3372:0-7006-0899-0
3368:
3363:
3362:
3355:
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3340:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3319:9781472851819
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2823:
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2805:
2802:
2797:
2796:jewniverse.ru
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2517:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:Special Tasks
2467:
2461:
2458:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2407:
2403:
2399:
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2386:
2382:
2377:
2375:5-699-12899-9
2371:
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2255:
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2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:Antony Beevor
2228:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1775:This section
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1652:This section
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1533:This section
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1490:This section
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:Bryansk Front
1261:
1260:Western Front
1257:
1256:Kalinin Front
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
972:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:
954:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
907:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
890:
886:
885:
881:
880:
877:
876:
875:Little Saturn
872:
870:
869:
865:
863:
862:Velikiye Luki
860:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
803:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
784:
783:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
758:
757:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
720:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
663:
659:
658:
654:
653:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
633:Naval warfare
632:
631:
628:
623:
622:Eastern Front
615:
610:
608:
603:
601:
596:
595:
592:
579:
575:
572:
571:
570:
569:
562:
558:
555:
553:
552:Velikiye Luki
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
537:
533:
529:
528:
524:
522:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
498:
497:
492:
487:
479:
474:
472:
467:
465:
460:
459:
456:
442:
426:
417:
410:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
391:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
365:
364:
359:
352:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
338:
336:
333:
332:
327:
321:
311:
309:
299:
297:
296:Ludwig Kübler
287:
285:
275:
273:
272:
261:
260:
258:
253:
243:
241:
231:
229:
219:
217:
216:Georgy Zhukov
207:
205:
204:
203:Joseph Stalin
193:
192:
190:
189:
184:
180:
168:
166:
155:
154:
149:
141:
137:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
118:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
73:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
50:
47:
43:
42:Eastern Front
38:
33:
30:
19:
3416:(in Russian)
3408:(in Russian)
3391:(in Russian)
3360:
3328:
3308:
3299:Bibliography
3287:
3266:
3241:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3175:the original
3165:
3155:
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3117:the original
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3056:
3037:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2888:the original
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2833:(in Russian)
2825:
2819:(in Russian)
2804:
2795:
2786:
2778:stapravda.ru
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2731:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2703:the original
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2677:the original
2667:
2658:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2597:the original
2592:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2569:(in Russian)
2566:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2510:(in Russian)
2495:
2489:(in Russian)
2481:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:the original
2434:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:the original
2401:
2364:
2354:
2331:
2324:
2312:
2294:
2274:
2247:
2227:David Glantz
2220:
2211:
2201:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2122:
2120:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2028:
2024:G. K. Zhukov
2017:
2009:
2000:
1988:
1931:
1923:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1859:
1855:
1842:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1785:
1781:adding to it
1776:
1737:
1721:
1686:
1662:
1658:adding to it
1653:
1621:Walter Model
1613:
1583:
1561:
1543:
1539:adding to it
1534:
1513:
1500:
1496:adding to it
1491:
1413:
1386:
1371:
1350:
1340:
1322:launched by
1319:
1251:
1243:
1223:" (Russian:
1220:
1215:surrounding
1168:
1166:
1141:
1122:Lake Balaton
1110:
1095:East Prussia
1084:Vistula–Oder
1082:
1028:
1021:
1009:
955:
944:2nd Smolensk
921:
905:
888:
874:
867:
854:
832:
801:
800:
779:Air war 1941
754:
717:
693:1st Smolensk
660:
649:Arctic Ocean
577:
567:
566:
560:
535:
526:
514:
495:
485:
405:162,713 dead
400:
395:
383:
374:
369:
353:850 aircraft
342:
334:
308:Walter Model
271:Adolf Hitler
269:
201:
165:Soviet Union
151:Belligerents
128:Inconclusive
88:Russian SFSR
84:Velikie Luki
46:World War II
40:Part of the
29:
3400:(in German)
3272:Glantz 1998
3023:rus-sky.com
2981:Man, Mole.
2736:Man, Mole.
2544:rus-sky.com
2450:26 November
1788:August 2017
1665:August 2017
1546:August 2017
1503:August 2017
1387:During the
1209:Tver Oblast
917:Gorky Blitz
912:3rd Kharkov
828:2nd Kharkov
730:1st Kharkov
725:Sea of Azov
384:Gerasimova:
350:1,100 tanks
133:Territorial
112: /
3425:Categories
3181:27 January
3123:27 January
2894:29 January
2304:References
2164:, 105,021
2142:The Violin
2019:predicted.
1965:commissars
1845:bridgehead
1041:2nd Baltic
1036:Dukla Pass
1023:Doppelkopf
995:2nd Crimea
939:2nd Donbas
929:1st Donbas
906:Polar Star
856:Stalingrad
740:Sevastopol
735:1st Crimea
678:1st Baltic
662:Barbarossa
639:Baltic Sea
506:Sychyovsky
228:Ivan Konev
100:34°19′00″E
97:56°15′00″N
86:salients,
3086:soldat.ru
3005:soldat.ru
2603:12 August
2412:12 August
2279:" by the
2266:Memorials
1957:Sychyovka
1947:, Rzhev,
1568:16th Army
1564:Wehrmacht
1436:1st Shock
1328:39th Army
1197:Wehrmacht
1182:romanized
1066:Gumbinnen
1011:Bagration
850:Sinyavino
834:Case Blue
719:Leningrad
644:Black Sea
2812:Archived
2709:13 March
2683:24 March
2503:Archived
2362:(2005).
2170:TsAMO RF
2080:Weakness
2071:Strength
2022:—
2006:Weakness
1985:Strength
1945:Nelidovo
1941:Smolensk
1324:9th Army
1240:Overview
1193:Red Army
1111:Solstice
1071:Budapest
1061:Courland
1051:Debrecen
1046:Belgrade
968:2nd Kiev
840:Caucasus
813:Demyansk
774:Chechnya
708:1st Kiev
536:Seydlitz
527:Hannover
511:Mozhaysk
329:Strength
75:Location
3150:.
2573:29 June
2066:Germany
1953:Gzhatsk
1949:Zubtsov
1800:Results
1397:salient
1254:of the
1213:salient
1184::
1173:Russian
1105:Breslau
1100:Silesia
1005:Karelia
957:Dnieper
823:Bamberg
764:Finland
713:Tallinn
547:Kozelsk
515:Jupiter
396:668,110
375:Isayev:
179:Germany
135:changes
3369:
3349:
3335:
3316:
3064:
2699:"1943"
2673:"1942"
2372:
2342:
2251:Stalin
2039:
2035:
1996:Stavka
1961:SMERSH
1955:, and
1933:Vyazma
1927:rubles
1875:
1871:
1815:Vyazma
1466:, and
1393:Moscow
1266:, and
1149:Prague
1143:Berlin
1132:Vienna
949:Lenino
791:Lyuban
756:Moscow
745:Rostov
703:Odessa
578:Büffel
176:
162:
125:Result
3258:Notes
3146:(The
2336:(PDF)
1937:Dulag
1902:squad
1883:tanks
1748:Kursk
1727:. An
1625:Obsha
1217:Rzhev
990:Narva
963:Nevel
923:Kursk
889:Iskra
818:Kholm
802:Rzhev
769:Kerch
750:Gorky
683:Brody
668:Brest
80:Rzhev
3367:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3333:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3183:2013
3160:. ).
3152:Ukaz
3125:2013
3062:ISBN
2896:2013
2711:2014
2685:2015
2605:2012
2575:2017
2452:2012
2414:2012
2370:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2295:The
2241:and
1980:USSR
1967:and
1729:NKVD
1617:Bely
1468:50th
1464:49th
1460:43rd
1456:33rd
1452:20th
1448:16th
1444:10th
1432:39th
1428:31st
1424:30th
1420:29th
1416:22nd
1330:and
1315:and
1313:Bely
1167:The
1077:1945
974:1944
882:1943
868:Mars
785:1942
698:Uman
655:1941
568:1943
561:Mars
496:1942
82:and
65:Date
2166:WIA
2162:MIA
2127:KIA
1783:.
1746:at
1660:.
1566:'s
1541:.
1498:.
1440:5th
1236:).
44:of
3427::
3217:.
3199:.
3143:».
3111:.
3084:.
3046:^
3021:.
3003:.
2985:.
2966:.
2948:.
2930:.
2912:.
2882:.
2864:.
2839:^
2794:.
2776:.
2758:.
2740:.
2657:.
2591:.
2565:.
2552:^
2542:.
2524:.
2384:^
2062:.
1998:.
1951:,
1943:,
1873:V.
1829:.
1750:.
1462:,
1458:,
1454:,
1450:,
1446:,
1442:,
1438:,
1430:,
1426:,
1422:,
1418:,
1262:,
1258:,
1227:,
1179:,
1175::
142:).
3375:.
3341:.
3322:.
3221:.
3203:.
3185:.
3127:.
3088:.
3070:.
3025:.
3007:.
2989:.
2952:.
2934:.
2916:.
2898:.
2868:.
2798:.
2762:.
2744:.
2713:.
2687:.
2661:.
2607:.
2577:.
2546:.
2528:.
2454:.
2416:.
2378:.
2348:.
1817:.
1790:)
1786:(
1667:)
1663:(
1548:)
1544:(
1505:)
1501:(
1297:)
1171:(
613:e
606:t
599:v
580:)
576:(
563:)
559:(
517:)
513:(
477:e
470:t
463:v
20:)
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