1041:. Each aircraft carried an expanded crew of up to 14. The squadron began training for the operation on 7 May, but were not aware of their final target. Task Force A left port in the evening of 5 June, but struggled in bad seas which affected their equipment and ability to converge at their meeting point. By 00:37 on 6 June the lead boats were on schedule and had reached the muster point. Between 02:00 and 04:00 the ships operated radar and radio equipment as they headed toward a point 7 miles (11 km) offshore. From there the task force simulated a landing attempt; by running fast to within 2 miles (3.2 km) of the beach before returning to the 7-mile marker under cover of smoke. During this time only a small German response was observed including searchlights and intermittent gunfire. Shortly after 05:00 the operation ended and the task force laid mines before heading toward
942:
1014:
elongated circuits with replacement aircraft having to merge in seamlessly to avoid tell-tale gaps. The bombers were staged at 2-mile (3.2 km) intervals parallel to the French coast. Once in position they would spend two and a half minutes flying toward the coast, dropping chaff at fifteen-second intervals. Then the aircraft would turn and head away from the coast for two minutes and ten seconds. By repeating this circuit, the wide cloud of chaff edged toward the coast just like a real sea-borne fleet. The aircraft had to be modified by cutting a hole in the nose to allow the large quantities of chaff to be dropped.
50:
993:
980:, then code-named Window) at two mile intervals. The clouds would appear as a continuous blip, similar to one created by an approaching fleet, on German screens. The Allies also repurposed radio equipment, code named Moonshine, to jam the Seetakt signal. Allied command decided that, rather than mask the approaching fleet, these measures would serve to alert German defences. So it was decided to combine these techniques with small groups of boats to simulate an entire invasion fleet aimed at the Calais region.
1018:
965:. As D-Day approached, the LCS moved on to planning tactical deceptions to help cover the progress of the real invasion forces. As well as naval operations, the LCS also planned operations involving paratroopers and ground deceptions. The latter would come into effect once landings were made but the former (involving naval, air and special forces units) were used to cover the approach of the true invasion fleet.
984:
countermeasures would hide the small size of the naval force while wireless traffic would play on the FUSAG story to mislead the
Germans into expecting a major landing. A third deceptive force, Operation Big Drum, would use radar countermeasures on the western flank of the true invasion fleet. This operation was intended to lend confusion as to the extent of the landings in Normandy.
1081:
westernmost convoy of the invasion fleet), to operate radar jamming equipment as it approached the French coast, holding 2 miles (3.2 km) off shore until first light. After the
Germans failed to respond, the ships moved to within 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the coast. No response, either in the air or on the shore, was observed, and the convoy returned safely to Newhaven.
896:. Glimmer and Taxable played on the German belief, amplified by Allied deception efforts over the preceding months, that the main invasion force would land in the Calais region. Big Drum was positioned on the western flank of the real invasion force to try to confuse German forces about the scale of the landings. These operations complemented
1097:
From intelligence intercepts it appears that German forces in the Pas de Calais region reported an invasion fleet. In addition, there are reports of the decoys being fired on by shore batteries in that area. In an 11 June report on the operations, Lieutenant
Commander Ian Cox (who was in charge of
1013:
balloons and simulated the radio traffic expected of a large fleet. Once German forces were drawn to the coast, it was planned that the RAF would attempt to contain them in this region, and away from the actual invasion site, by bombing bridges and roads. The operations required precise flying in
1089:
Taxable, Glimmer and Big Drum were complicated in execution, requiring coordination of air and naval forces. Launched in poor weather conditions, Taxable did not appear to have the desired effect and failed to elicit any significant response from the
Germans. The reaction to Glimmer was more
1080:
Big Drum was similar to the other D-Day naval deceptions, but without an airborne component. Task Force C consisted of four HDMLs, whose job was to operate as a distraction on the western flank of the invasion. The plan originally called for the task force, which was attached to Force U (the
1112:
of No. 617 Squadron wrote, "I have always considered the operation in one sense to be the most important the squadron carried out in my time – not because bad weather, nor because of any threat of enemy action and not measured by any visible results, but because of the very exacting
983:
Allied planners proposed that small boats, towing large radar reflecting balloons (code named
Filbert) and carrying both Moonshine jamming and standard wireless equipment (for transmitting fake traffic), would advance toward the French coast under a cloud of Window. The chaff and other
1094:, that the Germans believed a genuine threat existed. There is no evidence that Big Drum elicited any specific response from the shore. According to historian Mary Barbier, the adverse conditions and complexity of the operations contributed to the limited enemy response.
903:
It is unclear whether the operations were successful, due to the complexity of their execution, poor weather, and lack of response from German forces. It is possible that they contributed to the overall confusion of D-Day as part of the wider
Bodyguard plan.
2185:
1064:
W. M. Rankin, consisted of 12 HDMLs equipped with jamming gear, radios and radar-reflecting balloons. The task force began jamming operations at approximately 01:00 followed by radio chatter around an hour later.
1523:
1102:, the Japanese ambassador to Germany, made reference to the naval deceptions. An 8 June dispatch referred to the Calais region and stated "an enemy squadron that had been operating there has now withdrawn".
2163:
1000:
Glimmer and
Taxable were very similar operations. They were executed in the early hours of 6 June 1944 while the invasion fleet was approaching Normandy. Taxable simulated an invasion force approaching
926:
intended to support the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in June 1944. Bodyguard was designed to confuse the Axis high command as to Allied intentions during the lead-up to the invasion. The
1072:
planes sent to investigate the "fleet". After completing their assignment (which, unlike
Taxable, did not include laying mines) the ships returned to port, reaching their berths by 13:00 on D-Day.
1060:
bombers on the operation, with two additional airborne reserve aircraft. Each aircraft carried two pilots who rotated flying duties. The naval contingent, Special Task Force B under the command of
1981:
1516:
968:
In preparation for the coming landings, Allied scientists had worked on techniques for obscuring the size and disposition of an invasion force. The German defences relied on the
1976:
1509:
314:
1105:
Although disappointed not to have seen any action during the night of D-Day, and still unsure of their actual impact, the bomber crews felt proud of the operations.
190:
1005:(about 80 km from the actual D-Day landings) and Glimmer spoofed an invasion at Pas-de-Calais (far from Normandy). By dropping chaff in progressive patterns,
1986:
976:
discovered that the resolution of the
Seetakt was about 520 yards (480 m). To deceive the radar system they proposed dropping clouds of aluminium foil (
432:
2195:
1677:
444:
973:
705:
1009:(RAF) bombers for both operations were able to create the illusion of a large fleet on coastal radar screens. Beneath the chaff, small boats towed
841:
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335:
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560:
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deception units) indicated that German forces had been convinced by the fake radio traffic. Intercepted dispatches from
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715:
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1705:
1623:
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794:
992:
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2011:
1903:
1885:
1865:
1061:
1049:
1038:
918:
Glimmer, Taxable and Big Drum were World War II deception operations. They were conducted as part of
695:
666:
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145:
140:
934:(FUSAG) represented the bulk of the Allied invasion force. FUSAG's existence was fabricated through
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2003:
1939:
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150:
41:
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Chaff being dropped from a
Lancaster bomber, similar to the method used during Taxable and Glimmer
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281:
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67:
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1030:
897:
870:
815:
773:
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759:
579:
565:
369:
326:
245:
1021:
Operation Taxable was carried out by No. 617 "Dam Busters" Squadron flying Lancaster Bombers.
2117:
2102:
1769:
1501:
1090:
encouraging. The attacks on the bomber squadrons indicated, at least to the satisfaction of
1010:
1002:
801:
780:
700:
638:
449:
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111:
1764:
1728:
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572:
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78:
1915:
168:
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From St Vith to Victory: 218 (Gold Coast) Squadron and the Campaign Against Nazi Germany
2127:
1933:
1897:
1595:
1451:
1340:
1069:
1057:
1034:
1025:
The larger of the two operations, Taxable, was carried out by 18 small boats, a mix of
690:
362:
347:
342:
288:
269:
2179:
1945:
1879:
1842:
1819:
1733:
1562:
1480:
1415:
Operation Fortitude: The True Story of the Key Spy Operation of WWII That Saved D-Day
1366:
969:
954:
889:
388:
219:
115:
1951:
1921:
1909:
1695:
1539:
17:
1700:
1690:
1391:
877:, a wider series of tactical and strategic deceptions surrounding the invasion.
405:
378:
1738:
1715:
1668:
415:
410:
383:
900:, which was intended to confuse the Germans about the D-Day airborne forces.
1837:
1613:
1109:
2186:
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre
930:(LCS) had spent some time convincing German commanders that the fictional
1743:
1068:
Glimmer elicited more response from German forces than Taxable including
958:
893:
680:
119:
949:
The Allied story for FUSAG was that the army group, based in south-east
1797:
1605:
950:
101:
945:
The D-Day naval deceptions made up one part of Operation Bodyguard.
1016:
991:
962:
940:
2164:
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
1368:
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
961:. In reality, the main invasion force would land in Normandy on
1505:
172:
1304:
D-Day Deception: Operation Fortitude and the Normandy Invasion
957:
region several weeks after a smaller diversionary landing in
163:
Limited success in deceiving the Axis as to Allied intentions
1033:, designated Special Task Force A. Chaff was dropped by
2140:
2060:
2002:
1995:
1969:
1872:
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1851:
1830:
1814:
1796:
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1714:
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1604:
1576:
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1113:requirements to which we had to fly and navigate".
159:
133:
125:
107:
93:
85:
73:
63:
34:
1365:
1048:The air operations for Glimmer were conducted by
873:. The operations formed the naval component of
1434:Men of Air: The Doomed Youth of Bomber Command
1517:
1267:
1265:
1263:
184:
58:, similar to those used during the operations
8:
2156:British Intelligence in the Second World War
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1056:R. M. Fenwick-Wilson. The squadron flew six
1456:Historical Dictionary of Naval Intelligence
1194:
1192:
1190:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
869:conducted on 6 June 1944 in support of the
1999:
1857:
1793:
1673:
1550:
1524:
1510:
1502:
191:
177:
169:
31:
1180:
1178:
1152:
1150:
1148:
974:Telecommunications Research Establishment
1306:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
884:, simulated invasion fleets approaching
1126:
1678:Middle East Cmd Camouflage Directorate
880:Small boats, along with aircraft from
7:
25:
2196:World War II deception operations
315:Caen canal and Orne river bridges
48:
253:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum
1039:No. 617 "Dam Busters" Squadron
1027:Harbour Defence Motor Launches
932:First United States Army Group
141:No. 617 "Dam Busters" Squadron
1:
1325:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1232:Brickhill (1977), pp. 207–208
1050:No. 218 "Gold Coast" Squadron
146:No. 218 "Gold Coast" Squadron
35:Taxable, Glimmer and Big Drum
2191:Naval operations and battles
1417:. London: HarperCollins UK.
1398:. New York: Overlook Press.
972:system. Scientists from the
56:Harbour Defence Motor Launch
1280:Barbier (2007), pp. 111–112
1271:Barbier (2007), pp. 110–111
1214:Barbier (2007), pp. 108–109
1142:Latimer (2001), pp. 232–234
1133:Latimer (2001), pp. 218–232
1045:, reaching port by midday.
871:Allied landings in Normandy
2222:
1578:London Controlling Section
928:London Controlling Section
911:
98:London Controlling Section
1655:Soviet military deception
1650:
1172:Barbier (2007), pp. 70–71
936:Operation Fortitude South
260:Combined Bomber Offensive
212:
47:
39:
1323:No. 617 'Dambusters' Sqn
1156:Holt (2004), pp. 578–579
27:1944 military operations
1619:Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh
1485:The Battle for Normandy
1436:. London: Hachette UK.
1413:Levine, Joshua (2011).
1364:Holt, Thaddeus (2004).
1242:Smith, Stephen (2015).
2017:D-Day naval deceptions
1487:. London: Penguin UK.
1432:Wilson, Kevin (2008).
1349:. London: Evans Bros.
1321:Bateman, Alex (2009).
1302:Barbier, Mary (2007).
1022:
997:
946:
722:Air and Sea operations
515:Anglo-Canadian Sector
394:Anglo-Canadian Sector
1624:List of Ops (B) staff
1289:Wilson (2008), p. 362
1223:Levine (2011), p. 269
1198:Bateman (2009), p. 68
1020:
995:
944:
754:Supporting operations
1866:John Cecil Masterman
1062:Lieutenant Commander
922:, a broad strategic
206:(Battle of Normandy)
2201:Operation Bodyguard
1940:Werner von Janowski
1853:Double-Cross System
1749:George Vander Sluis
1724:Louis Dalton Porter
1458:. Scarecrow Press.
1184:West (2010), p. 277
988:Glimmer and Taxable
953:, would invade the
920:Operation Bodyguard
914:Operation Bodyguard
875:Operation Bodyguard
867:military deceptions
151:Royal Naval Reserve
42:Operation Bodyguard
2206:Operation Overlord
1928:Nathalie Sergueiew
1547:Deception planning
1536:military deception
1092:RAF Bomber Command
1023:
998:
947:
924:military deception
882:RAF Bomber Command
549:Normandy massacres
438:Operation Chastity
202:Operation Overlord
68:Tactical deception
2173:
2172:
2149:Bodyguard of Lies
2136:
2135:
1965:
1964:
1892:Roman Czerniawski
1886:Juan Pujol GarcĂa
1826:
1825:
1806:David Strangeways
1790:Operational units
1785:
1784:
1663:
1662:
1494:978-0-14-195926-9
1465:978-0-8108-7377-3
1443:978-0-297-85704-4
1424:978-0-00-741324-9
1405:978-1-58567-381-0
1332:978-1-84603-429-9
1313:978-0-275-99479-2
1246:. Pen and Sword.
1035:Lancaster bombers
898:Operation Titanic
850:
849:
706:Mantes-Gassicourt
370:Normandy landings
167:
166:
64:Operational scope
18:Operation Taxable
16:(Redirected from
2213:
2000:
1861:Twenty Committee
1858:
1794:
1770:Jasper Maskelyne
1674:
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1526:
1519:
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1503:
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1469:
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1396:Deception in War
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481:La Haye-du-Puits
466:American Sector
374:American Sector
320:Merville Battery
300:Airborne assault
207:
203:
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186:
179:
170:
134:Executed by
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32:
21:
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1991:
1970:Fictional units
1961:
1868:
1847:
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1810:
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1765:Ernest Townsend
1753:
1729:Ellsworth Kelly
1710:
1686:Geoffrey Barkas
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1591:Dennis Wheatley
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1474:Further reading
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1346:The Dam Busters
1341:Brickhill, Paul
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1107:Squadron Leader
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1011:radar reflector
1007:Royal Air Force
990:
916:
910:
851:
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620:Verrières Ridge
542:Le Mesnil-Patry
465:
463:Ground campaign
373:
336:American Sector
303:British Sector
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94:Planned by
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79:English Channel
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1898:Roger Grosjean
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1596:Ronald Wingate
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1100:Hiroshi ĹŚshima
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1070:reconnaissance
1058:Short Stirling
1054:Wing Commander
989:
986:
912:Main article:
909:
906:
865:were tactical
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743:Pierres Noires
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471:Brécourt Manor
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270:Transport Plan
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1958:
1957:Mutt and Jeff
1955:
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1947:
1946:Eddie Chapman
1944:
1941:
1938:
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1911:
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1880:Johnny Jebsen
1878:
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1873:Double agents
1871:
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1843:Starfish site
1841:
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1820:Beach Jumpers
1817:
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1734:David Slepian
1732:
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1642:Peter Fleming
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1563:Dudley Clarke
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1383:0-7432-5042-7
1379:
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1356:0-237-44886-6
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1253:9781473835054
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1003:Cap d'Antifer
994:
987:
985:
981:
979:
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971:
970:Seetakt radar
966:
964:
960:
956:
955:Pas-de-Calais
952:
943:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
915:
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905:
901:
899:
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890:Pas-de-Calais
887:
886:Cap d'Antifer
883:
878:
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554:Ardenne Abbey
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389:Pointe du Hoc
387:
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364:
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242:
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229:
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227:
223:
221:
220:Atlantic Wall
218:
217:
216:
211:
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194:
189:
187:
182:
180:
175:
174:
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162:
158:
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149:
147:
144:
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139:
138:
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132:
129:5–6 June 1944
128:
124:
121:
117:
116:Pas-de-Calais
113:
112:Cap d'Antifer
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2016:
1952:Josef Jakobs
1922:Wulf Schmidt
1916:Gösta Caroli
1910:Arthur Owens
1774:
1706:Steven Sykes
1568:Victor Jones
1540:World War II
1484:
1455:
1433:
1414:
1395:
1392:Latimer, Jon
1372:. New York:
1367:
1344:
1322:
1303:
1296:Bibliography
1285:
1276:
1243:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1138:
1129:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1079:
1067:
1047:
1031:RAF Pinnaces
1024:
999:
982:
967:
948:
917:
902:
879:
862:
858:
854:
852:
835:
834:
827:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
752:
748:Audierne Bay
721:
720:
674:
667:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
624:
613:
606:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
530:
514:
462:
461:
426:
425:
399:
393:
368:
367:
334:
333:
327:
308:
299:
298:
282:
276:Postage Able
275:
252:
246:
239:
232:
225:
214:
29:
2068:Accumulator
2047:Quicksilver
1934:Dušan Popov
1701:Peter Proud
1691:Tony Ayrton
1452:West, Nigel
1029:(HDML) and
853:Operations
796:Houndsworth
716:La Rochelle
2180:Categories
2108:Hardboiled
2093:Chettyford
2012:Copperhead
1996:Operations
1942:(Watchdog)
1936:(Tricycle)
1930:(Treasure)
1739:Bill Blass
1716:Ghost Army
1669:Camouflage
1634:D Division
1586:John Bevan
1117:References
908:Background
842:Cemeteries
696:Saint-Malo
265:Pointblank
2123:Scherhorn
2113:Mincemeat
2027:Fortitude
2022:Ferdinand
2004:Bodyguard
1948:(Zig-Zag)
1906:(Rainbow)
1838:Paradummy
1696:Hugh Cott
1614:Noel Wild
1555:'A' Force
1122:Citations
1110:Les Munro
1037:from the
836:Aftermath
789:Bulbasket
738:Cherbourg
675:Tractable
588:Charnwood
503:Cherbourg
427:Logistics
233:Fortitude
226:Bodyguard
2158:(Vol. 5)
2083:Boardman
2052:Zeppelin
2037:Ironside
2032:Graffham
1982:American
1918:(Summer)
1894:(Brutus)
1882:(Artist)
1744:Art Kane
1483:(2009).
1454:(2010).
1394:(2001).
1374:Scribner
1343:(1977).
1076:Big Drum
1043:Newhaven
959:Normandy
894:Normandy
863:Big Drum
810:Jedburgh
733:La Caine
686:Chambois
681:Hill 262
660:Hill 140
654:Totalize
647:Bluecoat
626:Breakout
614:Goodwood
607:Atlantic
601:2nd Odon
525:Bréville
491:Carentan
486:Saint-LĂ´
476:Graignes
450:Mulberry
433:American
283:Tarbrush
240:Zeppelin
120:Normandy
74:Location
40:Part of
2098:Cockade
2088:Cascade
2078:Bertram
2073:Barclay
2042:Titanic
1987:British
1888:(Garbo)
1798:R Force
1606:Ops (B)
951:England
859:Glimmer
855:Taxable
824:Wallace
817:Dragoon
775:Titanic
768:Samwest
761:Dingson
691:Falaise
668:LĂĽttich
595:Jupiter
581:Windsor
567:Martlet
561:Douvres
496:Hill 30
445:British
358:Detroit
353:Chicago
328:Mallard
247:Titanic
215:Prelude
160:Outcome
102:Ops (B)
86:Planned
2118:Pastel
2103:Forfar
1977:Allied
1924:(Tate)
1912:(Snow)
1900:(Fido)
1831:Decoys
1533:Allied
1491:
1462:
1440:
1421:
1402:
1380:
1353:
1329:
1310:
1250:
1085:Impact
1052:under
826:&
803:Loyton
782:Cooney
728:Ushant
640:Spring
400:Gambit
363:Elmira
348:Boston
343:Albany
294:Fabius
108:Target
2141:Books
2061:Other
1815:Other
1758:Other
978:chaff
963:D-Day
828:Hardy
711:Paris
701:Brest
633:Cobra
574:Epsom
531:Perch
508:Naval
455:Pluto
406:Sword
379:Omaha
309:Tonga
289:Tiger
2128:Span
1776:more
1489:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1378:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1248:ISBN
892:and
861:and
520:Caen
416:Gold
411:Juno
384:Utah
126:Date
89:1944
1538:in
2182::
1376:.
1262:^
1203:^
1189:^
1177:^
1161:^
1147:^
938:.
888:,
857:,
118:,
114:,
100:,
54:A
1525:e
1518:t
1511:v
1497:.
1468:.
1446:.
1427:.
1408:.
1386:.
1359:.
1335:.
1316:.
1256:.
192:e
185:t
178:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
