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semi-armour-piercing bombs that were capable of penetrating the lightly protected upper decks of the ship if dropped from above 2,000 feet (610 m). The remaining ten aircraft would be armed with 500- and 600-pound general-purpose bombs and with anti-submarine bombs intended to inflict casualties among the battleship's crew and cause underwater damage if they exploded in the water near her hull. The aircraft carrying high-explosive bombs were to initiate the dive bombing of
861:. Following this engagement the Royal Navy stopped deploying battleships to cover convoys travelling to and from the Soviet Union. By this stage of the war the Allies also had large numbers of anti-submarine and anti-aircraft escort ships available, and were able to assign strong forces to protect all of the Arctic convoys. German submarines operating in the Norwegian Sea were rarely able to evade the convoy escorts, and few merchant vessels suffered damage from enemy attack.
151:
104:
1493:, was among the wounded and intelligence officer Hugo Heydal assumed command. The battleship also drifted into the western shore of Kaafjord and ran aground, but was quickly refloated. One of 830 Squadron's Barracudas crashed following the attack with the loss of all three members of its crew. The surviving aircraft of the first wave began landing on the carriers at 6:19 am, and all were recovered by 6:42.
764:
1701:
cannons, modifying the 150 mm guns so they could be used to attack aircraft and supplying anti-aircraft shells for her 380-millimetre (15 in) main guns. The defences of
Kaafjord were also improved during this period. Additional radar stations and observation posts were established, and the number of smoke generators located around
1469:. The warning from the radar station arrived shortly before the British aircraft appeared over Kaafjord, and the battleship's crew were still in the process of moving to their battle stations when the attack commenced; at this time not all of the watertight doors were closed and some damage-control stations were not fully manned.
1622:, also judged that the strikes were "beautifully co-ordinated and fearlessly executed". The most important discrepancy between the plans for the operation and its execution was that many pilots dropped their bombs below the specified minimum altitude of 3,000 feet (910 m) in an attempt to improve their chances of hitting
1385:
escorting destroyers detached from Force Two and proceeded to a point 300 miles (480 km) north-west of
Kaafjord where they remained to supply any destroyers that ran low on fuel. The rest of Force Two altered course to rendezvous with Force One, and this was achieved at 4:20 pm on 2 April. After the two forces met
1243:, Moore chose to station a squadron from each of the wings on each carrier so they could launch simultaneously and go into battle as formed units. The 163 Fleet Air Arm airmen in the attacking units included 28 New Zealanders, three Canadians, two Australians, and one South African; the remainder were British.
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group in Alta reported a few hours after the raid, that no civilian casualties had resulted from the attack, and that the local population was "... extremely impressed by the bombing." A further report six days after the operation relayed that the
Germans estimated that it would take months to repair
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s anti-aircraft guns and batteries located on the shore; this attack inflicted heavy casualties on the battleship's gunners, disabled her main anti-aircraft control centre and damaged several guns. The fighters also strafed several anti-aircraft ships in
Kaafjord. The 21 Barracudas began their attack
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for the Soviet Union. It was hoped that if German forces spotted the
British fleet it would be assumed that the warships were supporting the convoy. As part of the final preparations for the attack a full-scale rehearsal was conducted using the training range at Loch Eriboll on 28 March. From 1 April
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at
Kaafjord were limited. Another submarine-borne raid was considered impractical as intelligence gathered from intercepted radio transmissions and field agents indicated that the battleship's underwater defences had been improved and more aerial reconnaissance patrols of the region were being flown.
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largely went to plan. The airmen found the defences and geography at
Kaafjord to be very similar to the Loch Eriboll training range, and one of the post-attack reports stated that the operation had been "almost an exercise which they had frequently carried out before". The official historian of the
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would sortie into the open sea, Fraser judged that Force One no longer needed to provide support for the transports. Weather conditions were also unusually good for the
Norwegian Sea in early Spring and were well suited to flying operations. After the decision to attack was made both tankers and two
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and the nearby anti-aircraft batteries on 12 and 13 March; after being developed the
Catalina flew these images to the UK. Although the German forces in northern Norway detected the Spitfire flights, the Kaafjord area's defences were not increased or placed on alert. On 16 March eight British, Dutch
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and weather conditions were likely to be worse than those encountered during
Operation Tungsten. He eventually relented, and Moore sailed from Scapa Flow on 21 April to attack Kaafjord again. This raid, designated Operation Planet, was called off on 24 April due to bad weather over the target area.
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s funnel was also struck by bomb fragments that badly damaged all of the boiler intakes. While the starboard turbine was knocked out by shock damage and two of the boilers were disabled after being contaminated by salt water used for firefighting, the battleship was still capable of steaming within
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opened holes in her hull and caused flooding, none of the 15 bombs that struck the battleship penetrated her main deck armour belt. As a result, her guns, magazines, and machinery did not suffer serious damage. Most of the damage to the battleship was inflicted on her superstructure and between her
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The attack was launched during the early hours of 3 April. All the airmen were woken shortly after midnight, and attended a final briefing by Strike Leader Baker-Falkner from 1:15 am. The aircraft to be used in the strike were armed at this time, with all of the bombs being marked with messages for
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posed once she re-entered service. Allied intelligence tracked the progress of work on the battleship using decrypted German radio signals, photo reconnaissance flights and eyewitness reports from agents in Norway. It was feared the battleship could sortie and attack convoys in the Norwegian Sea or
737:
had an important influence on British naval strategy during the Second World War. She was commissioned in February 1941 and completed her crew training late that year. At about the same time the German high command decided to station the battleship in Norway; this deployment was intended to deter a
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The first wave headed for Norway at low altitude, flying just 50 feet (15 m) above the sea to avoid detection by German radar. The aircraft began to climb to a higher altitude when they reached a point 20 miles (32 km) from the coast, and had reached 7,000 feet (2,100 m) by the time
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anchorage at Kaafjord was protected by anti-aircraft batteries and fighter aircraft. At the time of Operation Tungsten, four batteries of heavy anti-aircraft guns and seven batteries of light guns were located on the shore near the battleship. Several anti-aircraft vessels and destroyers were also
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posed only a limited danger to Allied shipping. From late 1943 the battleship was unable to put to sea for crew training due to the threat of Allied attack and fuel shortages. These shortages also meant the Germans were unable to move the battleship between anchorages to make her more difficult to
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were carried out using improvised facilities at Kaafjord as it was considered too risky to attempt to move the damaged warship to Germany. Instead, equipment and work crews were shipped to the fjord from German ports. On the night of 10/11 February 1944, 15 Soviet aircraft attacked the battleship,
1540:
with a 1,600-pound bomb and four 500-pound bombs within a minute. The German defences at Kaafjord received little warning of the incoming raid, and the smokescreen hid the British aircraft from sight. As a result, the gunners had to fire blindly and only shot down one of the Barracudas; all three
1508:
The first aircraft of the second wave took to the air at 5:25 am. One of 829 Squadron's Barracudas crashed shortly after take-off, resulting in the deaths of its crew of three, and another aircraft from this squadron was not launched due to engine problems. Only two of the Barracudas in this wave
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bombs and three 1,600-pound bombs within 60 seconds. Overall, ten bombs struck the battleship during the first attack. Most of these bombs did not penetrate the ship's armoured deck as they had been dropped from too low an altitude. Hundreds of members of the ship's crew died or were wounded; her
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was able to steam under her own power by 2 June. She was capable of undertaking gunnery practice by the end of June, and all repairs were completed in mid-July. During this period the battleship's anti-aircraft armament was augmented by fitting her with additional 20-millimetre (0.79 in)
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during Operation Tungsten be repaired. Although the battleship was no longer capable of operating against Allied convoys for lack of air support, it was considered desirable to retain her in service in order to tie down Allied naval resources. Repair work began in early May after a destroyer
1349:
or other Allied ships. A total of 17 U-boats attacked JW 58 between 1 and 3 April without success; none of the Allied ships suffered any damage, and the escorts sank four U-boats and shot down six German aircraft during the convoy's voyage from Scotland to the Soviet Union. JW 58 reached its
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s crew suffered heavy casualties in the attack. Overall, 122 sailors died and 316 were wounded; these casualties represented 15 per cent of the battleship's crew. Many of the casualties were anti-aircraft gunners who were killed or wounded by machine-gun fire from the British fighters.
1725:, he hoped that further air strikes would increase the period the battleship was out of service and harm her crew's morale. Fraser initially resisted Cunningham's order, arguing that the prospects for a successful raid were poor as the Germans would have reinforced the defences around
1074:
s armour if they were dropped from an altitude of 3,500 feet (1,100 m) or higher. The damage caused by such hits was expected to put the battleship out of service. Nine of the Barracudas were to be armed with 1,600-pound bombs and a further 22 would each carry three 500-pound
922:
on the grounds that the Kaafjord area was beyond the effective range of these aircraft and the battleship's guns would cause heavy casualties. After these two options were ruled out, the task was assigned to the Home Fleet's aircraft carriers. At this time the large
1641:
s Arado floatplanes. The number two starboard 150-millimetre (5.9 in) gun turret was knocked out, and the number three port 150 mm turret incurred significant damage. The officers' mess and several galleys were wrecked, and the ship was filled with smoke.
1316:) had only a small number of fighters stationed at bases near Kaafjord, and their operations were constrained by a lack of fuel. British intelligence believed that the German fighter force in the area could be rapidly expanded in the event of an emergency. The
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Two other attacks, Operation Brawn and Operation Tiger Claw, also had to be cancelled on 15 and 28 May respectively because of adverse weather. Further carrier raids were attempted in July and August after Allied intelligence determined that the repairs to
38:
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was badly damaged. Moore was also aware that his aircrew were fatigued, and was reluctant to expose them to what would now be alert defences. Accordingly, he ordered that the fleet return to base, and it arrived at Scapa Flow in the afternoon of 6 April.
1340:
in Scotland. Force Two departed separately later that day. The convoy comprised 49 merchant ships escorted by a powerful force of 33 warships, including two escort carriers. German reconnaissance aircraft located JW 58 on 30 March, and all of the
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1430: – were launched. All the aircraft of the first wave were dispatched successfully, and the force completed forming up at 4:37 am. Flying conditions remained perfect, and German forces had not detected the British fleet during its approach.
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s trials had been delayed until 3 April, and Fraser hoped that an attack on this date would catch the battleship away from her usual well-protected mooring. Moreover, as JW 58's escorts were performing well and there was no indication that
1521:. All aircraft were launched by 5:37 am, and the force had an uneventful flight to the Kaafjord area. While the German defences were now alert, the artificial smoke screen being generated around Kaafjord was not yet sufficient to hide
236:
1418:. Seven of the Barracudas were armed with a 1,600-pound bomb, and the remainder carried multiple 500 or 600-pound weapons. Once the Barracudas were airborne the remaining escort fighters – 30 Wildcats and Hellcats from
1720:
would be repaired within six months. Accordingly, Cunningham directed Fraser on 13 April to launch another attack on the battleship. While Cunningham did not believe that Barracudas could carry weapons capable of sinking
1575:
During the early afternoon of 3 April, Moore considered conducting a further raid on Kaafjord the next day. He decided against doing so as the preliminary assessment of photos taken during the attack had concluded that
960:. The operation was initially designated "Operational Thrustful", but was later renamed "Operation Tungsten". The attack was originally scheduled for mid-March 1944, shortly before the time Allied intelligence believed
1571:
torpedo bombers, which were also operated by 842 Naval Air Squadron, conducted anti-submarine patrols. No threat to the fleet developed, and Corsairs took over air defence duties at the conclusion of the two attacks.
1121:
as was possible, and the aircrew were extensively briefed on the locations of German positions. An area the size of the battleship was also marked out on an island in the centre of the loch and repeatedly bombed.
1626:. The shorter than optimum flight times may have meant that some of the bombs which struck the battleship lacked the necessary velocity to penetrate her deck armour. Nine Royal Navy airmen died during the raid.
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1509:
were armed with 1,600-pound bombs. As with the first strike, 40 fighters accompanied the torpedo bombers; these comprised 10 Corsairs from 1834 and 1836 Naval Air Squadrons, all of the 20 Wildcats assigned to
1401:
in chalk. The aircrew began boarding their aircraft at 4:00 am and flying-off operations started 15 minutes later; at this time the warships were 120 miles (190 km) from Kaafjord. Ten Corsairs drawn from
1460:
by surprise. While the aircraft had first been picked up by a German radar station shortly after they crossed the Norwegian coastline, the battleship was not immediately warned. At the time of the attack
1532:
was similar to the first. It began with Hellcat fighters strafing the anti-aircraft batteries while Wildcats attacked the battleship. The fighters also attacked German ships in Kaafjord and a radio or
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may have been preparing to depart Kaafjord for Germany to complete her repairs. A further eight British and Dutch submarines were dispatched on 18 March, but two days later it was concluded that
1284:. It was planned that Force One would initially provide support for Convoy JW 58 and Force Two would sail separately and proceed directly to a point off Norway where it would be joined by
222:
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was almost ready for combat and would conduct high-speed trials on 1 April. As a result of the delays to the operation, the sailing of the attack force coincided with the departure of
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in the Orkney Islands, aircrew practiced manoeuvring around this terrain to familiarise themselves with the tactics needed to avoid German anti-aircraft guns and successfully attack
3217:
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in smoke before Barracudas could reach the battleship, and these aircraft could not carry bombs large enough to inflict heavy damage. As it was still seen as desirable to destroy
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on 17 July, but did not score any hits as the battleship was hidden by a smokescreen. A further four carrier raids were conducted against Kaafjord between 22 and 29 August during
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arrived in Norway in January 1942 and operated from anchorages located in fjords. While she was operational the Allies had to keep a powerful force of warships with the British
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Tactical, Torpedo and Staff Duties Division (Historical Section) (2012) . "Naval Aircraft Attack on the Tirpitz (Operation 'Tungsten') 3 April 1944". In Bennett, G.H. (ed.).
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that due to recent Soviet advances on the Eastern Front, the Germans were placing a strong emphasis on disrupting the flow of supplies to the Soviet Union and could dispatch
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was preparing to sail for her high-speed trials, and her crew were busy unmooring the vessel. Her five protective destroyers had already departed for the trials area in
1063:
would protect the fleet against attack by German aircraft or submarines. While carrier aircraft had previously lacked a bomb capable of penetrating a battleship's thick
1357:
1372:
Owing to a combination of favourable factors, Fraser decided on 1 April to bring the raid on Kaafjord forward by 24 hours. Decrypted German signals indicated that
1246:
The large number of warships assigned to the operation were initially split into two groups. Force One was personally commanded by Fraser on board the battleship
1093:
The Fleet Air Arm units selected for Operation Tungsten conducted intensive training from February 1944 under Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner with his very experienced
1214:
948:, the commander of the Home Fleet, was not optimistic about the prospects for success, and had to be persuaded to undertake the operation by First Sea Lord Sir
889:
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carried large quantities of war material from ports in the UK and Iceland, and were frequently attacked by the German air and naval units stationed in Norway.
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struck Kaafjord on 3 April. The raid achieved surprise, and the British aircraft met little opposition. Fifteen bombs hit the battleship, and strafing by
750:
to guard against the possibility of a sortie against the Arctic convoys, and capital ships accompanied most convoys part of the way to the Soviet Union.
705:, but she suffered considerable damage to her superstructure and unarmored areas, with 122 members of her crew killed and 316 were wounded. The German
1453:
before turning south, then looping to the north and attacking the battleship over the hills on the southern shore of Kaafjord shortly before 5:30 am.
777:
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Atlantic Ocean after the repairs were completed. The need to guard against this possibility would also occupy warships needed to support the planned
1219:
The Royal Navy assembled a powerful force for Operation Tungsten. The main striking force was made up of two wings of Barracudas: 8 Wing comprising
1067:
armour, it was hoped that the recently developed 1,600-pound (730 kg) armour-piercing bomb would be able to pierce at least the first layer of
1345:
in the Norwegian Sea were directed to intercept it. The German aircraft did not conduct wider-ranging sorties in search of the convoy's battleship
1169:
to attack any convoys not escorted by capital ships. In response, Fraser was directed to provide battleship protection for the next Arctic Convoy.
674:
The British decision to strike Kaafjord was motivated by fears that the battleship, upon re-entering service, would attack strategically important
1393:
in the event that she had sailed from Kaafjord without being detected. The remainder of the Home Fleet proceeded to the strike's launching point.
1161:
was not about to put to sea and the submarines were diverted to other tasks or ordered back to port. On 21 March British intelligence warned the
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s armament, machinery and hull were complete, but several minor repair tasks were outstanding. During the period the ship was under repair,
756:
1712:
Five of the British airmen who died during Operation Tungsten are interred at the Commonwealth War Graves section of Tromsø's main cemetery
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as it was hoped that these weapons would knock out at least some of the battleship's anti-aircraft guns before the main attack commenced.
1541:
airmen died. The second wave landed on the carriers between 7:20 and 7:58 am. A damaged Hellcat had to ditch near the Canadian destroyer
1153:
and Norwegian submarines were directed to take up positions off the Norwegian coast after decrypted German radio messages indicated that
1105:
estimated that 85 per cent of the aircrew embarked on his ship had not previously operated at sea. The training programme was centred on
808:. These aircraft launched twenty torpedoes at the battleship but all missed. On several occasions during 1942 and 1943 bombers from the
345:
1354:
on 6 April. While several Allied aircraft were lost during the voyage, mostly to flying accidents, all of the ships arrived unscathed.
1172:
The final decision to undertake Operation Tungsten was made in mid-March on the basis of a decrypted radio message that indicated that
1708:
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1306:. The battleship herself was fitted with 68 anti-aircraft guns. Equipment capable of generating an artificial smokescreen to hide
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was also needed in the Indian Ocean to counter a build-up of Japanese warships at Singapore. To enable the attack to proceed, the
1389:, with Fraser on board, and two destroyers sailed to the north-west and took up a position where they would be able to intercept
1117:. The Royal Navy drew on intelligence on the defences of Kaafjord to make the exercise range as similar to the conditions around
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In late August it was decided that further Fleet Air Arm attacks should not be attempted as the Germans were now able to cover
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feared Allied invasion of Norway and threaten the convoys which regularly sailed through the Arctic Sea to the Soviet Union.
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decided to repair the battleship, and works were completed by mid-July. The British conducted further carrier raids against
1485:
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were the first aircraft to be launched and were followed by the 21 Barracudas of 8 Wing; 827 Squadron was launched from
1082:
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956:, responsibility for planning and leading the raidin collaboration with Fleet Air Arm Wing Leader Lieutenant Commander
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could be returned to service. Cunningham also regretted Moore's decision not to launch a further strike on 4 April.
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between April and August 1944 in the hope of prolonging the period she was out of service, but none was successful.
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1743:
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inflicted heavy casualties on her gun crews. Four British aircraft and nine airmen were lost during the operation.
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which had to be held in the North Sea to counter her. After four months of training and preparations, the British
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after refuelling at bases in northern Russia and inflicted irreparable damage on the battleship. Following this,
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1101:. A high proportion of the airmen of the 2nd Wing 829 NAS and 831 NAS were inexperienced, and the captain of
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British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations. Volume Three, Part I
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in the far north of Norway before she could become fully operational again following a period of repairs.
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transported photo analysts and the ground crews for a Royal Air Force photo reconnaissance detachment to
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moored at Kaafjord. The artificial smoke generators on the shores of the fjord have not yet obscured her.
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2211:(City Final ed.). Perth, Western Australia: National Library of Australia. 21 June 1944. p. 5
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and one of the Corsairs suffered heavy damage as a result of a landing accident; both pilots survived.
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midget submarines succeeded in penetrating the defences around the battleship at her main anchorage at
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sent congratulatory messages to the fleet, but both Churchill and Cunningham were concerned that
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in March. The Spitfires flew regular sorties over Kaafjord and took very detailed photographs of
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was fitted with new radars. The British considered cancelling Operation Tungsten in February as
832:, and placed explosive charges in the water beneath her. This attack caused extensive damage to
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The British fighters also damaged four patrol craft and a large repair ship; the captain of an
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armoured decks. The starboard aircraft catapult and crane were destroyed, as were both
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857:, the only remaining operational German battleship, was sunk on 26 December during the
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in northern Scotland which, like Kaafjord, was surrounded by steep hills. Flying from
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Tactical, Torpedo and Staff Duties Division (Historical Section) (2012), pp. 148, 176
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During the period in which the air strikes were conducted, a force of 25 Wildcat and
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1757:, the task was assigned to Bomber Command. On 15 September a force of heavy bombers
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station. The Barracudas executed their dive bombing attack at 6:36 am and struck
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onwards, the Admiralty received hourly weather reports from a group of Norwegian
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Tactical, Torpedo and Staff Duties Division (Historical Section) (2012), p. 147
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Tactical, Torpedo and Staff Duties Division (Historical Section) (2012), p. 145
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Tactical, Torpedo and Staff Duties Division (Historical Section) (2012), p. 158
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Tactical, Torpedo and Staff Duties Division (Historical Section) (2012), p. 144
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Tactical, Torpedo and Staff Duties Division (Historical Section) (2012), p. 140
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Tactical, Torpedo and Staff Duties Division (Historical Section) (2012), p. 135
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Tactical, Torpedo and Staff Duties Division (Historical Section) (2012), p. 151
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typically conducted three reconnaissance flights into the Arctic Sea each day.
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As planned, the British raid began with Hellcat and Wildcat fighters strafing
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from aircraft had also been installed around Kaafjord. The German Air Force (
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The damage inflicted during the attack was not sufficient to sink or disable
3098:. Plymouth, United Kingdom: University of Plymouth Press. pp. 133–177.
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2987:. History of the Second World War. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
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1005:. Each of the attacks was to involve 21 Barracudas escorted by 40 fighters;
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Chronology of the War at Sea: 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two
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804:, which formed part of the convoy's escort, attempted to attack her using
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Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom
2822:. Plymouth, United Kingdom: University of Plymouth Press. pp. 7–25.
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While these preparations were under way, the Allies continued to monitor
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Planning for the raid on Kaafjord began in December 1943. Vice Admiral
3031:(Third revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
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The British Government and Royal Navy were concerned about the threat
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Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War
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would become operational. However, it was delayed by two weeks while
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in her anchorages without success. On 23 September 1943 two British
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carrying supplies to the Soviet Union. Removing the threat posed by
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in Scotland was used to simulate Kaafjord during training exercises
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The plans for the raid were centred on two dive-bombing attacks by
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died and 13 other sailors on board these vessels suffered wounds.
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Following Operation Tungsten, British intelligence assessed that
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Hunting Tirpitz: Naval Operations Against Bismarck's Sister Ship
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Hunting Tirpitz: Naval Operations Against Bismarck's Sister Ship
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transported equipment and workmen to Kaafjord from Germany, and
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Tirpitz: The Life and Death of Germany's Last Super Battleship
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Bennett, G.H. (2012). "Introduction". In Bennett, G.H. (ed.).
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crewman chalks a message on the 1,600-pound bomb carried by a
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The War at Sea 1939–1945. Volume III: The Offensive Part I
844:
but did not cause any damage. By 17 March, the repairs to
2963:
Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II
2179:(160). Royal New Zealand Navy. April 2011. Archived from
1209:, with other ships of the British force in the background
1140:
in northern Russia. These personnel were joined by three
1746:, but these caused only light damage to the battleship.
1445:
they made landfall at 5:08 am. The force approached the
1437:
Barracudas flying over a fjord shortly before attacking
690:
sailed on 30 March 1944 and aircraft launched from five
1013:
would provide protection against German aircraft while
3056:
Usynlige soldater: nordmenn i Secret Service forteller
952:. Fraser gave his second in command, Vice Admiral Sir
3228:
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
2983:; Thomas, E.E.; Ransom, C.F.G.; Knight, R.C. (1984).
1785:
and capsized with heavy loss of life among her crew.
1332:
in the Orkney Islands on 30 March, three days after
1280:, the four escort carriers, five destroyers and two
2927:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 35–38.
2803:(Classic Penguin ed.). London: Penguin Books.
1769:to be used as an immobile coastal defence battery.
1449:from the west, passing over the western end of the
3009:. Houndmills, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
2173:"Operation Tungsten — Attacking the Tirpitz, 1944"
1738:a force of 42 Barracudas and 40 fighters attacked
1144:fitted for photo reconnaissance work and a single
2553:
2551:
2549:
2436:
2434:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2067:
2065:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1899:
1897:
1895:
3157:Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009).
1629:While two bombs that exploded in the water near
23:
2965:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2946:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2296:
2294:
1567:provided air defence for the Home Fleet. Nine
1292:on 3 April and conduct the raid the next day.
893:A British aerial reconnaissance photograph of
3218:Aerial operations and battles of World War II
2961:Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1985).
2774:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), pp. 285–286
2765:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), pp. 282–284
2703:
2701:
2661:
2659:
2613:
2611:
2539:
2537:
2467:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), pp. 275–277
2405:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), pp. 271–272
2374:
2372:
2357:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), pp. 268–269
2162:Army News (Darwin, NT), Wednesday 7 June 1944
2079:
2077:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1968:
1966:
1960:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), pp. 266–267
1947:
1945:
1484:with a general-purpose bomb, three 500-pound
1215:Allied order of battle for Operation Tungsten
836:, putting her out of service for six months.
230:
8:
3223:Naval battles and operations of World War II
2518:
2516:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2317:
2315:
2257:
2255:
2253:
1849:
1847:
1361:Fleet Air Arm personnel arming bombs on HMS
1328:Force One departed the Home Fleet's base at
682:would also allow the Allies to redeploy the
663:. The operation sought to damage or destroy
3142:(Paperback ed.). London: John Murray.
3081:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
3007:The Royal Navy's Home Fleet in World War II
2942:Faulkner, Marcus; Wilkinson, Peter (2012).
2682:
2680:
2574:
2572:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
1618:Royal Navy's role in the Second World War,
1235:. While 8 Wing was normally based on board
1205:Grumman Hellcats on the escort carrier HMS
793:. When the battleship sortied to intercept
781:The location of Kaafjord in northern Norway
2861:Hitler's U-boat War: The Hunted, 1942–1945
1272:. Force Two was commanded by Rear Admiral
237:
223:
215:
20:
2880:Schlachtschiff Tirpitz - Tatsachenbericht
1504:during the first attack on the battleship
719:was eventually disabled and then sunk by
2756:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 280
2695:Rørholt and Thorsen (1990), pp. 255, 257
2644:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 281
2557:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 279
2531:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 277
2440:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 275
2414:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 272
2387:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 270
2135:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 268
1990:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 267
1912:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 264
1903:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 265
1880:Zetterling and Tamelander (2009), p. 251
1456:The arrival of the British force caught
1798:
1264:(with Moore and his staff on board), a
906:The commander of the Royal Air Force's
1777:, was mounted on 12 November in which
1129:. In late February the escort carrier
1841:Faulkner and Wilkinson (2012), p. 109
1691:, directed that the damage caused to
247:Military operations, Norway 1941–1945
7:
2944:War at Sea: A Naval Atlas, 1939–1945
2925:The Oxford Companion to World War II
2729:. Commonwealth War Graves Commission
2674:Garzke and Dulin (1985), pp. 265–267
2449:Garzke and Dulin (1985), pp. 266–267
991:could be retained in the North Sea.
16:Second World War Royal Navy air raid
2153:Rørholt and Thorsen (1990), p. 254
2071:Hinsley et al. (1984), pp. 273–274
791:several times during 1942 and 1943
14:
3059:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug.
2923:, eds. (2005). "Arctic convoys".
2901:. London: Arms and Armour Press.
189:Anti-aircraft batteries and ships
2882:. Munich: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag.
1734:were nearing completion. During
763:
762:
755:
161:
149:
128:
114:
102:
37:
2707:Garzke and Dulin (1985), p. 267
2653:Garzke and Dulin (1985), p. 265
2045:Bishop (2012), pp. 295–296, 298
1414:and 830 Squadron departed from
1368:flight deck prior to the attack
1001:aircraft. Led by Strike Leader
976:agreed to temporarily transfer
2899:Tirpitz: The Floating Fortress
2203:"Fights Germans From Sea, Air"
1:
3140:The Arctic Convoys: 1941–1945
3120:. London: Osprey Publishing.
2605:Hinsley et al. (1984), p. 275
2110:Hinsley et al. (1984), p. 273
2036:Hinsley et al. (1984), p. 271
1921:Hinsley et al. (1984), p. 269
1044:were to strafe anti-aircraft
2863:. New York: Modern Library.
1765:sailed to an anchorage near
1489:commanding officer, Captain
1480:shortly afterwards, and hit
914:, also refused to attempt a
723:heavy bombers in late 1944.
3118:Hellcat Aces of World War 2
2288:Woodman (2004), pp. 390–394
1930:Dear and Foot (2005), p. 38
1814:Dear and Foot (2005), p. 35
1671:Secret Intelligence Service
1605:A Barracuda landing on HMS
1183:Secret Intelligence Service
656:air raid that targeted the
209:and 5 other vessels damaged
204:123 fatalities, 329 wounded
3264:
3161:. Philadelphia: Casemate.
2878:Brennecke, Jochen (1981).
2348:Bishop (2012), pp. 301–302
2309:Bishop (2012), pp. 300–301
2229:Bishop (2012), pp. 299–300
1999:Bishop (2012), pp. 296–297
1939:Bishop (2012), pp. 291–293
1212:
901:The options for attacking
828:in northern Norway during
2783:Bennett (2012), pp. 19–21
2279:Blair (2000), pp. 516–517
1823:Bennett (2012), pp. 10–11
1609:during Operation Tungsten
1146:Consolidated PBY Catalina
876:Despite Allied concerns,
254:
193:
173:
142:
95:
58:
36:
28:
2841:. London: Harper Press.
2837:Bishop, Patrick (2012).
2458:Brennecke (1981), pp. 60
1862:Bishop (2012), pp. 78–83
1674:the damage inflicted on
1408:1836 Naval Air Squadrons
1025:and the escort carriers
1003:Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner
958:Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner
910:, Air Chief Marshal Sir
859:Battle of the North Cape
481:Heavy water (1942–1944)
1565:880 Naval Air Squadrons
1534:radio direction finding
1515:898 Naval Air Squadrons
1500:Bombs exploding around
1428:882 Naval Air Squadrons
1274:Arthur La Touche Bisset
1233:831 Naval Air Squadrons
1225:830 Naval Air Squadrons
1056:and the escort carrier
652:was a Second World War
584:operations (1942–1944)
2747:Roskill (1960), p. 278
2626:Roskill (1960), p. 276
2300:Roskill (1960), p. 275
2247:Barnett (2000), p. 275
2119:Barnett (2000), p. 744
2092:Roskill (1960), p. 274
1871:Woodman (2004), p. 340
1781:was struck by several
1713:
1610:
1519:804 Naval Air Squadron
1505:
1441:
1369:
1210:
1099:830 Naval Air Squadron
1095:827 Naval Air Squadron
1090:
898:
143:Commanders and leaders
2897:Brown, David (1977).
2665:Bishop (2012), p. 307
2635:Bennett (2012), p. 17
2617:Bishop (2012), p. 309
2596:Bishop (2012), p. 308
2543:Bishop (2012), p. 306
2510:Tillman (1996), p. 74
2476:Bishop (2012), p. 305
2396:Bishop (2012), p. 303
2378:Bishop (2012), p. 302
2339:Bishop (2012), p. 301
2101:Rohwer (2005), p. 311
2083:Bishop (2012), p. 298
2059:Bishop (2012), p. 300
2027:Bishop (2012), p. 299
2013:Bishop (2012), p. 297
1972:Bennett (2012), p. 14
1951:Bishop (2012), p. 294
1889:Bishop (2012), p. 295
1853:Bennett (2012), p. 11
1805:Bennett (2012), p. 10
1711:
1681:The commander of the
1604:
1528:The second attack on
1517:and 10 Hellcats from
1499:
1436:
1360:
1204:
1142:Supermarine Spitfires
1085:
892:
786:The British attacked
194:Casualties and losses
2270:Blair (2000), p. 516
1832:Bennett (2012), p. 9
1486:semi-armour-piercing
1302:usually moored near
1253:, and also included
816:attempted to strike
778:class=notpageimage|
731:The threat posed by
3194:69.9353°N 23.0454°E
3190: /
2716:Brown (1977), p. 37
2686:Brown (1977), p. 36
2578:Levy (2003), p. 145
2492:Brown (1977), p. 35
2366:Brown (1977), p. 34
2330:Levy (2003), p. 144
2183:on 10 February 2013
2144:Brown (1977), p. 33
1775:Operation Catechism
1613:The two attacks on
1585:and Prime Minister
1553:Supermarine Seafire
1227:, and 52 Wing with
1015:Grumman F4F Wildcat
1007:Vought F4U Corsairs
881:locate and attack.
476:Associated articles
1744:Operation Goodwood
1714:
1611:
1506:
1442:
1370:
1211:
1091:
974:United States Navy
899:
871:invasion of France
658:German battleship
650:Operation Tungsten
24:Operation Tungsten
3248:Conflicts in 1944
2797:Barnett, Correlli
2727:"Tromso Cemetery"
1771:Operation Obviate
1759:attacked Kaafjord
1587:Winston Churchill
1257:, the battleship
950:Andrew Cunningham
937:and four smaller
814:Soviet Air Forces
692:aircraft carriers
646:
645:
628:Kirkenes, Petsamo
213:
212:
91:
90:
3255:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3199:69.9353; 23.0454
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3172:
3153:
3136:Woodman, Richard
3131:
3114:Tillman, Barrett
3109:
3090:
3070:
3042:
3020:
2998:
2976:
2957:
2938:
2912:
2893:
2874:
2852:
2833:
2814:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2544:
2541:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2429:
2426:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2060:
2057:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2014:
2011:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1973:
1970:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1736:Operation Mascot
1687:, Grand Admiral
1656:
1648:
1640:
1569:Fairey Swordfish
1478:
1378:
1367:
1336:had sailed from
1300:
1073:
999:Fairey Barracuda
850:
830:Operation Source
797:on 6 March 1942
766:
765:
759:
696:fighter aircraft
249:
248:
239:
232:
225:
216:
166:
165:
154:
153:
138:
134:
132:
131:
120:
118:
117:
108:
106:
105:
60:
59:
49:Fairey Barracuda
41:
31:Second World War
21:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3208:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3156:
3150:
3134:
3128:
3112:
3106:
3093:
3073:
3067:
3051:Thorsen, Bjarne
3045:
3039:
3023:
3017:
3001:
2995:
2979:
2973:
2960:
2954:
2941:
2935:
2915:
2909:
2896:
2890:
2877:
2871:
2855:
2849:
2836:
2830:
2817:
2811:
2795:
2790:Works consulted
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2017:
2012:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1705:was increased.
1654:
1646:
1638:
1620:Stephen Roskill
1599:
1476:
1376:
1365:
1350:destination at
1326:
1298:
1239:and 52 Wing on
1217:
1199:
1197:Opposing forces
1138:Vaenga airfield
1071:
1021:operating from
939:escort carriers
887:
848:
810:Royal Air Force
806:torpedo bombers
784:
783:
782:
780:
774:
773:
772:
771:
767:
729:
721:Royal Air Force
667:at her base in
647:
642:
473:
438:9 February 1945
426:28 January 1945
250:
246:
245:
243:
205:
201:4 aircraft lost
200:
188:
180:
179:40 dive bombers
160:
148:
129:
127:
126:
115:
113:
112:
103:
101:
87:British victory
79:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3261:
3259:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:1944 in Norway
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3154:
3148:
3132:
3126:
3110:
3104:
3091:
3071:
3065:
3047:Rørholt, Bjørn
3043:
3037:
3025:Rohwer, Jürgen
3021:
3015:
3003:Levy, James P.
2999:
2993:
2977:
2971:
2958:
2952:
2939:
2933:
2921:Foot, M. R. D.
2917:Dear, I. C. B.
2913:
2907:
2894:
2888:
2875:
2869:
2853:
2847:
2839:Target Tirpitz
2834:
2828:
2815:
2809:
2786:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2718:
2709:
2697:
2688:
2676:
2667:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2568:
2559:
2545:
2533:
2524:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2430:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2311:
2302:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2208:The Daily News
2194:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2015:
2001:
1992:
1974:
1962:
1953:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1669:of the Allied
1667:Torstein Raaby
1598:
1595:
1583:King George VI
1555:fighters from
1347:covering force
1325:
1322:
1276:and comprised
1198:
1195:
925:fleet carriers
908:Bomber Command
886:
883:
776:
775:
769:
768:
761:
760:
754:
753:
752:
728:
725:
644:
643:
641:
640:
639:
638:
631:
624:
608:
607:
606:
599:
592:
579:
578:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
528:
512:
511:
510:
503:
496:
489:
472:
471:
464:
457:
452:
447:
440:
435:
428:
423:
410:
409:
402:
397:
394:Blumenpflücken
390:
383:
370:
369:
364:
357:
350:
343:
330:
329:
316:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
255:
252:
251:
244:
242:
241:
234:
227:
219:
211:
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45:Fleet Air Arm
40:
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3243:Alta, Norway
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2733:20 September
2731:. Retrieved
2721:
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2305:
2284:
2275:
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2243:
2234:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:the original
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2041:
2032:
1995:
1956:
1935:
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1908:
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1739:
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1697:
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1684:Kriegsmarine
1682:
1680:
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1660:
1651:
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1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
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1467:Stjern Sound
1462:
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1387:Duke of York
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1327:
1317:
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1250:Duke of York
1249:
1245:
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1206:
1178:Convoy JW 58
1173:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1111:RNAS Hatston
1107:Loch Eriboll
1102:
1092:
1087:Loch Eriboll
1076:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1019:F6F Hellcats
1010:
1009:flying from
993:
988:
979:
969:
965:
961:
946:Bruce Fraser
943:
941:were ready.
934:
929:
919:
916:heavy bomber
902:
900:
894:
885:Preparations
877:
875:
865:
863:
853:
845:
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838:
833:
817:
800:
795:Convoy PQ 12
787:
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708:Kriegsmarine
706:
702:
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673:
664:
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596:Rösselsprung
595:
588:
581:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
537:
531:
524:
520:(1942–1944)
516:
506:
499:
492:
485:
475:
474:
467:
460:
443:
432:Black Friday
431:
419:
412:
411:
405:
393:
386:
379:
372:
371:
360:
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339:
332:
331:
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318:
317:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
256:
206:
199:9 fatalities
185:
96:Belligerents
66:3 April 1944
52:
29:Part of the
18:
3197: /
2857:Blair, Clay
1689:Karl Dönitz
1525:from view.
954:Henry Moore
854:Scharnhorst
839:Repairs to
589:Sportpalast
515:Attacks on
387:Almenrausch
184:Battleship
181:80 fighters
156:Henry Moore
3212:Categories
3185:23°02′43″E
3182:69°56′07″N
3149:0719566177
3127:1855325969
3066:8203160468
3038:1591141192
3016:1403917736
2994:0116309350
2908:0853683417
2889:3453000048
2870:0679640339
2810:0141390085
2187:28 January
2177:Navy Today
1789:References
1650:Kaafjord.
1607:Victorious
1543:HMCS
1491:Hans Meyer
1447:Altenfjord
1412:Victorious
1363:Victorious
1330:Scapa Flow
1290:Victorious
1270:destroyers
1255:Victorious
1241:Victorious
1213:See also:
1185:agents in
1103:Victorious
1011:Victorious
989:Victorious
970:Victorious
966:Victorious
935:Victorious
801:Victorious
748:Home Fleet
727:Background
688:Home Fleet
654:Royal Navy
603:Zitronella
500:Gunnerside
455:Bjørn West
367:North Cape
312:Gearbox II
168:Hans Meyer
1794:Citations
1597:Aftermath
1545:Algonquin
1451:Langfjord
1318:Luftwaffe
1313:Luftwaffe
1268:and five
1259:HMS
1248:HMS
1163:Admiralty
1131:HMS
1058:HMS
1046:batteries
1027:HMS
978:USS
928:HMS
799:HMS
574:Catechism
461:Judgement
406:Provident
347:Checkmate
326:Musketoon
3138:(2004).
3116:(1996).
3087:58588186
3077:(1960).
3053:(1990).
3027:(2005).
3005:(2003).
2859:(2000).
2799:(2000).
1352:Kola Bay
1338:Loch Ewe
1041:Searcher
987:so that
980:Saratoga
918:raid on
826:Kaafjord
770:Kaafjord
669:Kaafjord
621:Benedict
560:Paravane
553:Goodwood
539:Tungsten
507:SF Hydro
493:Freshman
486:Sabotage
468:Doomsday
420:Woodlark
400:Finnmark
380:Guidance
270:Gauntlet
263:Claymore
174:Strength
78:, Norway
76:Kaafjord
71:Location
1779:Tirpitz
1763:Tirpitz
1755:Tirpitz
1751:Tirpitz
1740:Tirpitz
1732:Tirpitz
1727:Tirpitz
1723:Tirpitz
1718:Tirpitz
1703:Tirpitz
1698:Tirpitz
1693:Tirpitz
1676:Tirpitz
1652:Tirpitz
1644:Tirpitz
1636:Tirpitz
1631:Tirpitz
1624:Tirpitz
1615:Tirpitz
1591:Tirpitz
1578:Tirpitz
1538:Tirpitz
1530:Tirpitz
1523:Tirpitz
1502:Tirpitz
1482:Tirpitz
1474:Tirpitz
1463:Tirpitz
1458:Tirpitz
1439:Tirpitz
1416:Furious
1399:Tirpitz
1391:Tirpitz
1382:Tirpitz
1374:Tirpitz
1343:U-boats
1308:Tirpitz
1304:Tirpitz
1296:Tirpitz
1282:tankers
1278:Furious
1237:Furious
1207:Emperor
1191:Kåfjord
1189:, near
1174:Tirpitz
1167:Tirpitz
1159:Tirpitz
1155:Tirpitz
1150:Tirpitz
1127:Tirpitz
1119:Tirpitz
1115:Tirpitz
1077:Tirpitz
1069:Tirpitz
1054:Furious
1050:Tirpitz
1035:Pursuer
1029:Emperor
1023:Furious
983:to the
962:Tirpitz
930:Furious
920:Tirpitz
903:Tirpitz
895:Tirpitz
878:Tirpitz
866:Tirpitz
846:Tirpitz
841:Tirpitz
834:Tirpitz
822:X-class
818:Tirpitz
788:Tirpitz
744:Tirpitz
734:Tirpitz
717:Tirpitz
713:Tirpitz
703:Tirpitz
680:Tirpitz
676:convoys
665:Tirpitz
660:Tirpitz
582:Tirpitz
567:Obviate
517:Tirpitz
450:Haglebu
340:Cartoon
305:Gearbox
298:Fritham
291:Archery
207:Tirpitz
186:Tirpitz
136:Germany
53:Furious
51:of HMS
3165:
3146:
3124:
3102:
3085:
3063:
3035:
3013:
2991:
2969:
2950:
2931:
2905:
2886:
2867:
2845:
2826:
2807:
2215:6 July
1767:Tromsø
1324:Attack
1299:'s
1133:Chaser
1060:Fencer
635:Orator
546:Mascot
532:Source
361:Martin
354:Leader
284:Anklet
277:Kitbag
133:
122:Canada
119:
107:
84:Result
1655:'
1647:'
1639:'
1477:'
1377:'
1366:'
1334:JW 58
1286:Anson
1261:Anson
1072:'
1048:near
849:'
525:Title
3163:ISBN
3144:ISBN
3122:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3083:OCLC
3061:ISBN
3033:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2967:ISBN
2948:ISBN
2929:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2884:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2843:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2805:ISBN
2735:2013
2217:2015
2189:2013
1563:and
1513:and
1426:and
1406:and
1404:1834
1288:and
1231:and
1223:and
1187:Alta
1097:and
1065:deck
1038:and
1017:and
933:and
812:and
444:Rype
413:1945
373:1944
333:1943
319:1942
257:1941
63:Date
1561:842
1557:801
1511:896
1424:881
1420:800
1229:829
1221:827
611:RAF
3214::
3049:;
2919:;
2700:^
2679:^
2658:^
2610:^
2571:^
2548:^
2536:^
2515:^
2481:^
2433:^
2419:^
2371:^
2314:^
2293:^
2252:^
2205:.
2175:.
2124:^
2076:^
2064:^
2050:^
2018:^
2004:^
1977:^
1965:^
1944:^
1894:^
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