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1086:. Iran was unable to penetrate the massive Iraqi defenses. Meanwhile, Iraq for the time being remained unable to drive the Iranians back, but they had begun to re-arm with the help of friendly nations and foreign allies, and were practicing maneuvers in preparation for the upcoming operations against the Iranians. By 1988, Iraq grossly outnumbered Iran in men and military hardware. Nevertheless, Iranian commanders remained skilled and adept. They focused on tactics that would negate superior Iraqi
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The
Iranians struck south-east of Sulaymaniyah where they easily defeated most of the Iraqi defenders because Saddam Hussein left them to defend even the most exposed positions. After the Iranians had defeated the Iraqi forces at the front lines, they advanced quickly. However, the Iraqis launched a
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reservoir. The Iraqis responded by launching 720 chemical artillery rockets and 200 chemical artillery shells which resulted in the
Iranian 55th parachute division taking heavy losses and wiping out of the 84th infantry division, forcing the Iranians to call off the offensive.
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1105:, Iran had launched multiple attacks starting from late 1987 to early 1988. They were supported by the Peshmerga, which they helped and gave supplies to. While Iran would not capture any major cities, with the help of the Peshmerga's
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counter-attack during the
Iranian advance. The Iraqi soldiers involved in the counter-attack were ambushed by the Iranians and most Iraqi troops were killed. Victory seemed to be in the hands of Iranians as they came close to
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and 8–10 miles from the
Iranian border, was significantly damaged with 5,000 dead and a further 10,000 injured. The Iraqi government defended their use of poison gas, citing it as a way to “protect itself against invasion.”
1050:. However, Iran faced technical setbacks with massive economic and military sanctions in place against the country. As a result of those setbacks, Iran was unable to reach its objective of capturing
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While the war in the south had bogged down into a stalemate, Iran began focusing on
Kurdistan, which was in a mountainous region in northern Iraq. Being mountainous and thus unsuitable for
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when chemical weapons were used by the Iraqi government forces on the Iraqi
Kurdish town of Halabja (population 80,000). This was separate from the
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but both were considered acts of genocide. Halabja, which is located approximately 150 miles northeast of
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The Iraqi counter-attack was a disaster for the Kurds. Saddam responded with a chemical gas attack on
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tactics, large swaths of
Kurdistan were rendered outside of Iraqi government control.
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but they failed to capture it. The
Iranians also came dangerously close to Iraq's
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Successful Iraqi aerial and artillery strikes contains the
Iranian offensive
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resistance force, which primarily launch limited offensives of their own.
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After Iran's failure to capture Basra during the sixth Battle of Basra (
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http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap10.pdf
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Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War involving the Peshmerga
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where Iran won the battle and also repelled the ensuing Iraqi
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military operation was successfully led by Lieutenant General
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based, the Iranians became increasingly war-weary. The
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Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)
1169:occurred in the period 15–19 March 1988 during the
1301:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988
1274:http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/saddams-war.pdf
1074:to fight the war. In addition to the army being
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1279:https://books.google.com/books?id=dUHhTPdJ6yIC
1235:"3/16/98: Anniversary of the Halabja Massacre"
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8:
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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148:. Please do not remove this message until
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
144:Relevant discussion may be found on the
70:This article includes a list of general
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1034:) was an Iranian offensive during the
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998:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
725:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)
621:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)
254:Limited Iranian and Kurdish victory
1316:History of Sulaymaniyah Governorate
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1211:"Remembering the Halabja Massacre"
1082:in the south of Iraq had become a
292:reservoir but fails to capture it.
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31:This article has multiple issues.
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241:Southeast of Sulaymaniyah,
150:conditions to do so are met
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284:Iran reaches outskirts of
264:Iraqi counter-attack fails
1311:March 1988 events in Asia
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991:International incidents
271:Halabja chemical attack
91:more precise citations.
486:Iraqi invasion of Iran
459:1975 Algiers Agreement
346:Commanders and leaders
1044:Hossein Hassani Sa'di
819:Karbala 8 (7th Basra)
479:Iranian Embassy siege
393:Hossein Hassani Sa'di
1068:Revolutionary Guards
941:June 5 1984 Skirmish
1239:1997-2001.state.gov
1123:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1064:Operation Karbala-5
1012:Iran Air Flight 655
898:Tawakalna ala Allah
845:Final stages (1988)
137:of this article is
1267:2013-06-07 at the
1256:General references
1215:editorials.voa.gov
884:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4
865:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3
853:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
643:Muharram ol-Harram
464:Iranian Revolution
404:Nawshirwan Mustafa
370:Ali Hasan al-Majid
1175:al-Anfal Campaign
1119:Al-Anfal Campaign
1024:Operation Zafar 7
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1242:. Retrieved
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1218:. Retrieved
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1144:Darbandikhan
1140:Sulaymaniyah
1136:
1117:ordered the
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1076:conscription
1072:regular army
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1052:Sulaymaniyah
1032:عملیات ظفر ۷
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286:Sulaymaniyah
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33:Please help
30:
1111:area denial
910:Forty Stars
799:(6th Basra)
791:(5th Basra)
735:(4th Basra)
695:(3rd Basra)
687:(2nd Basra)
630:(1st Basra)
279:Territorial
220:Map of Iraq
97:August 2014
89:introducing
1295:Categories
1244:2023-11-12
1220:2023-11-12
1186:References
1133:The battle
1127:poison gas
932:Tanker War
903:2nd al-Faw
833:Karbala 10
746:1st al-Faw
135:neutrality
72:references
36:improve it
1284:geocities
1096:Kurdistan
1092:Peshmerga
1088:firepower
1084:stalemate
955:Bridgeton
826:Karbala 9
812:Karbala 7
805:Karbala 6
797:Karbala 5
789:Karbala 4
775:Karbala 3
768:Karbala 2
760:Karbala 1
534:Sultan 10
340:Peshmerga
146:talk page
42:talk page
1265:Archived
1109:, using
1007:incident
957:incident
762:(Mehran)
546:Morvarid
508:Kaman 99
288:and the
237:Location
206:Part of
139:disputed
1179:Baghdad
1163:Halabja
1151:Halabja
1058:Prelude
1040:Iranian
1028:Persian
891:Zafar 7
872:Dawn 10
719:Marshes
693:Kheibar
628:Ramadan
501:Revenge
281:changes
85:improve
1165:. The
1094:, the
1038:. The
924:Mersad
839:Nasr 4
782:Fath 1
753:Dawn 9
741:Dawn 8
713:Dawn 7
706:Dawn 6
685:Dawn 5
678:Dawn 4
671:Dawn 3
664:Dawn 2
657:Dawn 1
540:Abadan
527:Dezful
488:(1980)
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250:Result
74:, but
1080:front
1005:Stark
573:Opera
1003:USS
733:Badr
561:Nasr
328:Iran
314:Iraq
229:Date
132:The
567:H-3
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