1067:
33:
994:
hermaphroditic species are protandrous as adolescents and mate in pairs. The formation of pairs is decided by a long courtship process where partners are linked together in a pseudocopulation. In simultaneous hermaphrodites, each adult has a pair of gonads that produce gametes which are emitted into the water column where external fertilization occurs. After courtship, both simultaneous hermaphroditic individuals repeat the process of egg-laying and fertilizing (known as egg trading to avoid sexual conflict between the two simultaneous hermaphrodites. As with many hermaphroditic species,
53:
191:
s durability allows them to exist in a myriad of stressful environments. Found in the oceans surrounding Europe, Asia, the
Mediterranean, and beyond, they can survive in low-oxygen environments and are known to be sulfide tolerant, allowing this genus to live in areas most species cannot. Most worms
199:
All polychaetes of this genus are laid in batches of roughly 100 eggs and the majority of species start out in a free-moving larval stage as protandrous hermaphrodites. During the protandrist stage of adolescence, small males will start producing sperm when the body length is still small but will
993:
exhibit a variety of sexual systems. Distinct species demonstrate different systems, with simultaneous hermaphroditism, gonochorism, and sequential hermaphroditism all documented. The ancestral state of this genus of worms is known to be simultaneous hermaphroditism. Generally, the simultaneous
998:
polychaetes are thought to have evolved simultaneous hermaphroditism as an ancestral state because of lack of mate access to allow sexually viable individuals to produce offspring without sex barriers blocking reproduction opportunities as this genus cannot self-fertilize.
204:
are documented to breed and die after the dispersal of offspring with parental care given to eggs by one or both sexes resting on the egg cocoon. Parental care is thought to act as a mode for cleaning the cocoon and is documented in all studied species within the genus.
186:
comprises a multitude of extant species of polychaete worms with more thought to exist in both shallow and deep waters. Polychaetes of this genus thrive in nutrient-rich environments and can often be found in polluted marine areas that are often sites of human
200:
continue to stay male if females are present in an effort to avoid the energetic costs of producing oocytes. As this genus continues to grow they develop into tube-building sessile adults. Although no study has documented their entire life process, all
1527:
1566:
1501:
1540:
196:
is often used as a scientific test species due to their high fecundity, stress tolerance, and myriad of sexual systems found within the genus.
1077:
1069:
Transitions between Sexual
Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems
1105:"New species of Ophryotrocha (Annelida: Dorvilleidae) associated with deep-sea reducing habitats in the Bering Sea, Northwest Pacific"
1317:"The relationship between mating system and simultaneous hermaphroditism in the coral reef fish, Hypoplectrus nigricans (Serranidae)"
1628:
1032:
214:
192:
are between 1 and 5 mm in length, but some deep sea species have been documented to be much larger, ranging from 10 and 25mm.
32:
1545:
1553:
52:
1462:
1449:
1661:
1571:
613:
763:
683:
563:
533:
833:
813:
803:
713:
623:
463:
363:
703:
663:
453:
343:
1356:"Sexual conflict and mating systems in the dorvilleid genus Ophryotrocha and the dinophilid genus Dinophilus"
973:
893:
693:
653:
633:
593:
583:
573:
393:
323:
313:
253:
943:
883:
793:
783:
553:
523:
493:
413:
303:
263:
963:
923:
913:
823:
753:
673:
603:
543:
513:
473:
443:
353:
243:
233:
223:
1402:
1316:
1153:
1104:
933:
903:
853:
743:
483:
423:
383:
373:
953:
873:
773:
733:
723:
503:
293:
273:
1602:
1467:
1154:"Life history and seasonal breeding of the deep-sea annelid Ophryotrocha sp. (Polychaeta: Dorvelleidae)"
863:
843:
433:
403:
333:
283:
643:
1620:
1656:
1633:
1581:
1488:
1220:
1165:
1116:
1020:
1208:
1375:
1336:
1290:
1274:
47:
1440:
1607:
1589:
1532:
1475:
1282:
1073:
1594:
1367:
1355:
1328:
1266:
1228:
1173:
1124:
97:
1254:
1224:
1169:
1120:
1332:
1650:
1454:
1379:
1340:
1294:
1480:
177:
127:
1232:
1558:
1514:
1434:
1425:
1128:
1371:
1177:
173:
64:
1286:
1072:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 123–163.
1419:
117:
107:
1506:
1278:
84:
1519:
74:
1396:
1270:
1615:
169:
1400:
1066:
Leonard, Janet; Picchi, Laura; Cristina
Lorenzi, Maria (2018).
1493:
788:
Taboada, Wiklund, Glover, Dahlgren, Cristobo & Avila, 2013
338:
Taboada, Wiklund, Glover, Dahlgren, Cristobo & Avila, 2013
378:
Salvo, Wiklund, Dufour, Hamoutene, Pohle & Worsaae, 2014
1152:
Mercier, Sandrine
Baillon; Hamel, Jean-François (2014).
1255:"Molecular phylogeny of the model annelid ophryotrocha"
1158:
Deep Sea
Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
989:
The many species of polychaete worms within the genus
1409:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
8:
1103:Alalykina, Inna; Polyakova, Neonila (2022).
1098:
1096:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
878:Ravara, Marçal, Wiklund & Hilário, 2015
698:Ravara, Marçal, Wiklund & Hilário, 2015
648:Ravara, Marçal, Wiklund & Hilário, 2015
1397:
217:lists the following species in the genus:
31:
20:
1147:
1145:
1014:
1012:
1008:
228:Paavo, Bailey-Brock & Akesson, 2000
7:
1621:9D5787CE-FFCD-0350-FF40-3092E0F5462C
1582:2f2bac58-eba5-47b0-a3f1-6103efea6441
1209:"Sex economy in benthic polychaetes"
908:Wiklund, Glover & Dahlgren, 2009
418:Wiklund, Glover & Dahlgren, 2009
368:Wiklund, Glover & Dahlgren, 2009
528:Zhang, Zhou, Wang & Rouse, 2017
14:
718:Martin, Abello & Cartes, 1991
1213:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
1033:World Register of Marine Species
1025:Claparède & Mecznikow, 1869"
215:World Register of Marine Species
144:Claparède & Mecznikow, 1869
51:
1207:Sella, G; Premoli, M.C (1995).
1109:Topical Studies in Oceanography
848:Claparède & Mecznikow, 1869
318:Núñez, Riera & Maggio, 2014
1:
1354:Sella, G; Ramella, L (1999).
1333:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80070-4
1233:10.1080/08927014.1995.9522968
928:Ockelmann & Akesson, 1990
398:Zavarzina & Tsetlin, 1986
428:Paxton & Morineaux, 2009
258:Szaniawski & Wrona, 1987
938:Fournier & Conlan, 1994
764:Ophryotrocha notoglandulata
534:Ophryotrocha kagoshimaensis
1678:
1129:10.1016/j.dsr2.2022.105217
958:Paxton & Ă…kesson, 2010
868:Paxton & Ă…kesson, 2010
858:Paxton & Ă…kesson, 2010
828:Paxton & Ă…kesson, 2010
668:Paxton & Ă…kesson, 2010
614:Ophryotrocha longicollaris
558:Bacci & La Greca, 1961
518:Paxton & Ă…kesson, 2010
358:Paxton & Ă…kesson, 2010
308:Paxton & Ă…kesson, 2011
248:Paxton & Ă…kesson, 2011
1253:Dahlgren, Thomas (2001).
1178:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.05.007
834:Ophryotrocha platykephale
814:Ophryotrocha paralabidion
804:Ophryotrocha paragerlachi
714:Ophryotrocha mediterranea
684:Ophryotrocha magnadentata
624:Ophryotrocha longidentata
564:Ophryotrocha langstrumpae
464:Ophryotrocha globopalpata
154:
149:
48:Scientific classification
46:
39:
30:
23:
918:Paxton & Davey, 2010
818:Hilbig & Blake, 1991
798:Hilbig & Blake, 1991
778:Hilbig & Blake, 1991
708:Hilbig & Blake, 1991
704:Ophryotrocha mandibulata
664:Ophryotrocha macrovifera
658:Hilbig & Blake, 1991
548:Hilbig & Blake, 1991
468:Blake & Hilbig, 1990
454:Ophryotrocha geryonicola
364:Ophryotrocha craigsmithi
344:Ophryotrocha cosmetandra
298:Hilbig & Blake, 1991
268:Hilbig & Blake, 1991
1372:10.1023/A:1003748710921
1259:The Biological Bulletin
1019:Read, Geoffrey (2010).
974:Ophryotrocha wubaolingi
948:Brito & Nunez, 2003
894:Ophryotrocha schubravyi
808:Brito & Nunez, 2003
694:Ophryotrocha mammillata
654:Ophryotrocha maciolekae
634:Ophryotrocha lukowensis
594:Ophryotrocha littoralis
588:Lu & Fauchald, 2000
584:Ophryotrocha lipscombae
574:Ophryotrocha lipovskyae
448:Hartmann-Schröder, 1974
414:Ophryotrocha eutrophila
408:Hartmann-Schröder, 1974
394:Ophryotrocha dimorphica
324:Ophryotrocha claparedei
314:Ophryotrocha cantabrica
254:Ophryotrocha antarctica
944:Ophryotrocha splendida
904:Ophryotrocha scutellus
884:Ophryotrocha scarlatoi
794:Ophryotrocha pachysoma
784:Ophryotrocha orensanzi
744:Ophryotrocha nauarchus
554:Ophryotrocha labronica
524:Ophryotrocha jiaolongi
494:Ophryotrocha hartmanni
304:Ophryotrocha birgittae
264:Ophryotrocha atlantica
16:Genus of annelid worms
1603:Paleobiology Database
964:Ophryotrocha vivipara
924:Ophryotrocha socialis
914:Ophryotrocha shieldsi
844:Ophryotrocha puerilis
824:Ophryotrocha permanae
754:Ophryotrocha notialis
674:Ophryotrocha maculata
604:Ophryotrocha lobifera
544:Ophryotrocha labidion
514:Ophryotrocha japonica
474:Ophryotrocha gracilis
444:Ophryotrocha gerlachi
434:Ophryotrocha flabella
354:Ophryotrocha costlowi
284:Ophryotrocha batillus
244:Ophryotrocha alborana
234:Ophryotrocha akessoni
224:Ophryotrocha adherens
41:Ophryotrocha puerilis
934:Ophryotrocha spatula
854:Ophryotrocha robusta
748:Wiklund et al., 2012
688:Wiklund et al., 2012
618:Wiklund et al., 2012
568:Wiklund et al., 2012
484:Ophryotrocha hadalis
438:Wiklund et al., 2012
424:Ophryotrocha fabriae
384:Ophryotrocha diadema
374:Ophryotrocha cyclops
288:Wiklund et al., 2012
176:worms in the family
1315:Fischer, E (1980).
1225:1995EtEcE...7...27P
1170:2014DSRI...91...27M
1121:2022DSRII.20605217A
954:Ophryotrocha vellae
874:Ophryotrocha sadina
774:Ophryotrocha obtusa
734:Ophryotrocha natans
724:Ophryotrocha minuta
504:Ophryotrocha irinae
294:Ophryotrocha bifida
274:Ophryotrocha baccii
864:Ophryotrocha rubra
768:Pfannenstiel, 1972
738:Pfannenstiel, 1975
404:Ophryotrocha dubia
334:Ophryotrocha clava
1662:Polychaete genera
1644:
1643:
1590:Open Tree of Life
1403:Taxon identifiers
1079:978-3-319-94137-0
979:
969:
959:
949:
939:
929:
919:
909:
899:
889:
879:
869:
859:
849:
839:
829:
819:
809:
799:
789:
779:
769:
759:
749:
739:
729:
719:
709:
699:
689:
679:
669:
659:
649:
644:Ophryotrocha lusa
639:
629:
619:
609:
599:
589:
579:
569:
559:
549:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
429:
419:
409:
399:
389:
379:
369:
359:
349:
339:
329:
319:
309:
299:
289:
279:
269:
259:
249:
239:
229:
161:
160:
145:
1669:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1623:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1597:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1559:NBNSYS0000176884
1549:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1321:Animal Behaviour
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1204:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1063:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1016:
977:
967:
957:
947:
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
887:
877:
867:
857:
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:
797:
787:
777:
767:
757:
747:
737:
727:
717:
707:
697:
687:
677:
667:
657:
647:
638:Szaniawski, 1974
637:
627:
617:
607:
598:(Levinsen, 1879)
597:
587:
577:
567:
557:
547:
537:
527:
517:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
457:
447:
437:
427:
417:
407:
397:
387:
377:
367:
357:
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
297:
287:
277:
267:
257:
247:
237:
227:
143:
56:
55:
35:
21:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1619:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1271:10.2307/1543334
1252:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1206:
1205:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1065:
1064:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1005:
987:
982:
888:Averincev, 1989
211:
142:
98:Pleistoannelida
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1625:
1612:
1599:
1586:
1576:
1563:
1550:
1537:
1524:
1511:
1498:
1485:
1472:
1459:
1446:
1431:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1346:
1327:(2): 620–633.
1307:
1265:(2): 193–203.
1245:
1219:(1): 203–213.
1190:
1141:
1092:
1078:
1045:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1001:
986:
985:Sexual systems
983:
981:
980:
970:
960:
950:
940:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
880:
870:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
810:
800:
790:
780:
770:
760:
758:(Ehlers, 1908)
750:
740:
730:
720:
710:
700:
690:
680:
670:
660:
650:
640:
630:
628:Josefson, 1975
620:
610:
600:
590:
580:
578:(Paxton, 2009)
570:
560:
550:
540:
530:
520:
510:
500:
490:
480:
470:
460:
458:(Esmark, 1878)
450:
440:
430:
420:
410:
400:
390:
380:
370:
360:
350:
340:
330:
320:
310:
300:
290:
280:
270:
260:
250:
240:
230:
219:
210:
207:
159:
158:
152:
151:
147:
146:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1674:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:Hydrobiologia
1357:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
997:
992:
984:
976:
975:
971:
966:
965:
961:
956:
955:
951:
946:
945:
941:
936:
935:
931:
926:
925:
921:
916:
915:
911:
906:
905:
901:
898:Tsetlin, 1980
896:
895:
891:
886:
885:
881:
876:
875:
871:
866:
865:
861:
856:
855:
851:
846:
845:
841:
836:
835:
831:
826:
825:
821:
816:
815:
811:
806:
805:
801:
796:
795:
791:
786:
785:
781:
776:
775:
771:
766:
765:
761:
756:
755:
751:
746:
745:
741:
736:
735:
731:
726:
725:
721:
716:
715:
711:
706:
705:
701:
696:
695:
691:
686:
685:
681:
678:Ă…kesson, 1973
676:
675:
671:
666:
665:
661:
656:
655:
651:
646:
645:
641:
636:
635:
631:
626:
625:
621:
616:
615:
611:
606:
605:
601:
596:
595:
591:
586:
585:
581:
576:
575:
571:
566:
565:
561:
556:
555:
551:
546:
545:
541:
536:
535:
531:
526:
525:
521:
516:
515:
511:
508:Tsetlin, 1980
506:
505:
501:
496:
495:
491:
486:
485:
481:
476:
475:
471:
466:
465:
461:
456:
455:
451:
446:
445:
441:
436:
435:
431:
426:
425:
421:
416:
415:
411:
406:
405:
401:
396:
395:
391:
388:Ă…kesson, 1976
386:
385:
381:
376:
375:
371:
366:
365:
361:
356:
355:
351:
346:
345:
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1441:Ophryotrocha
1411:Ophryotrocha
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1383:. Retrieved
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1036:. Retrieved
1028:
1023:Ophryotrocha
1022:
996:Ophryotrocha
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991:Ophryotrocha
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128:Dorvilleidae
91:
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25:Ophryotrocha
24:
18:
1657:Polychaetes
1515:iNaturalist
1435:Wikispecies
1385:October 15,
1366:: 203–213.
1238:October 15,
1183:October 15,
1134:October 15,
1038:5 September
978:Miura, 1997
968:Banse, 1963
838:Blake, 1985
538:Miura, 1997
238:Blake, 1985
1651:Categories
1300:15 October
1085:15 October
1003:References
728:Levi, 1954
498:Huth, 1933
478:Huth, 1933
174:polychaete
172:of marine
104:Subclass:
1164:: 27–35.
608:Oug, 1978
348:Oug, 1990
187:activity.
156:See text
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1426:Q3921426
1420:Wikidata
1380:32588125
1341:53195819
1295:24340804
1287:11687391
150:Species
124:Family:
118:Eunicida
108:Errantia
85:Annelida
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
1533:1001419
1507:2321914
1279:1543334
1221:Bibcode
1166:Bibcode
1117:Bibcode
209:Species
134:Genus:
114:Order:
1634:129266
1595:449186
1579:NZOR:
1572:169108
1520:194940
1378:
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1277:
1076:
1629:WoRMS
1616:Plazi
1546:66501
1528:IRMNG
1494:51141
1481:84R9X
1468:80791
1376:S2CID
1337:S2CID
1291:S2CID
1275:JSTOR
1029:WoRMS
170:genus
168:is a
92:Clade
1608:7065
1567:NCBI
1541:ITIS
1502:GBIF
1463:BOLD
1387:2023
1302:2023
1283:PMID
1240:2023
1185:2023
1136:2023
1087:2023
1074:ISBN
1040:2017
213:The
1554:NBN
1489:EoL
1476:CoL
1450:AFD
1368:doi
1364:402
1329:doi
1267:doi
1263:201
1229:doi
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1125:doi
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