44:
358:
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370:
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330:
809:, six stages can be distinguished. The growth development starts with the growth of the seedlings. In a second step the rosette-type leaves and stalks are formed. After that budding (hook stage) takes place as a third step. The hook stage is followed by flowering. Subsequently, technical maturity is reached, which means that the plant is ready for cutting. The last step is biological maturity; dry seeds are ripened. The photoperiod seems to be the main determinant of flower development of
427:), or it can be reduced to form 4-phenylhydroxyacetaldehyde (4-HPAA). Subsequently, L-DOPA reacts with 4-HPAA and, through a series of reactions, forms (S) -norcoclaurine, which carries the benzylisoquinoline skeleton that gives its name to this pathway. The conversion of (S) -norcoclaurin to (S) -reticuline is one of the key points, since from (S) -reticuline morphine can be formed through the morphinan route, noscapine through the path of the noscapina or berberina.
1004:
57:
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1314:
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986:
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797:) is another significant pest. The insect lives in the soil and migrates in spring to the poppy fields after crop emergence. Adults damage the leaves of small plants by eating them. Female lay their eggs into the tissue of lower leaves. Insect larvae hatch and burrow into the soil to complete their life cycle on the poppy roots as adults.
1514:
1187:, poppies growing in fields larger than 100 square metres (120 sq yd) is obliged for reporting to the local Custom Office. Extraction of opium from the plants is prohibited by law (§ 15 letter d/ of the act). It is also prohibited to grow varieties with more than 0.8% of morphine in dry matter of their
1679:
Morphine is the predominant alkaloid found in the cultivated varieties of opium poppy that are used for opium production. Other varieties produce minimal opium or none at all, such as the latex-free Sujata type. Non-opium cultivars that are planted for drug production feature a high level of thebaine
904:
Many countries grow the plants, and some rely heavily on the commercial production of the drug as a major source of income. As an additional source of profit, the seeds of the same plants are sold for use in foods, so the cultivation of the plant is a significant source of income. This international
315:
bear a sparse distribution of coarse hairs. The large leaves are lobed, the upper stem leaves clasping the stem, the lowest leaves with a short petiole. The flowers are up to 3–10 cm (1–4 in) diameter, normally with four white, mauve or red petals, sometimes with dark markings at the base.
1559:
Poppy seeds are used as a food in many cultures. They may be used whole by bakers to decorate their products or milled and mixed with sugar as a sweet filling. They have a creamy and nut-like flavor, and when used with ground coconut, the seeds provide a unique and flavour-rich curry base. They can
1222:
It shall be unlawful for any person who is not the holder of a license authorizing him to produce the opium poppy, duly issued to him by the
Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with the provisions of this Act, to produce the opium poppy, or to permit the production of the opium poppy in or upon
744:
is one of the most destructive poppy diseases worldwide. The seed-borne fungus causes root rot in young plants and stunted stems in plants at a higher development stage, where leaf spots appear on the leaves and is being transmitted to capsules and seeds. Early sowing of seeds and deep plowing of
860:
and belong to the same plant family, which impedes the chemical control of this weed species. Therefore, weed management represents a big challenge and requires technological knowledge from the farmer. In order to increase the efficiency of weed control not only chemical weed control should be
604:
faces a challenge caused by the contradictory breeding goals for this species. On one hand a very high content of alkaloids is requested for medical uses. The global demand for the alkaloids and the pharmaceutical derivatives has increased in the past years. Therefore, there is a need for the
829:
has shifted from pre-emergence treatments to post-emergence treatments. Especially, the application of the two herbicides mesotrione and tembotrione has become very popular. The combined application of those two herbicides has been shown to be recommendable for effective weed management in
888:
can be grown legally in the United States as a seed crop or ornamental flower. During the summer, opium poppies can be seen flowering in gardens throughout North
America and Europe, and displays are found in many private plantings, as well as in public botanical and museum gardens such as
876:
Live plants and seeds of the opium poppy are widely sold by seed companies and nurseries in most of the western world, including the United States. Poppies are sought after by gardeners for the vivid coloration of the blooms, the hardiness and reliability of the poppy plants, the exotic
3499:
if the person charged proves that the prohibited plant to which the charge relates was of the species
Papaver somniferum, and that it was not intended to be a source of any controlled drug or that it was not being developed as a strain from which a controlled drug could be
435:
The poppy genome contains 51,213 genes encoding proteins distributed 81.6% in 11 individual chromosomes and 18.4% remaining in unplaced scaffolds. In addition, 70.9% of the genome is made up of repetitive elements, of which the most represented are the long terminal repeat
1490:
estate in 1987. It removed the poppy plants that had been planted continually there since
Jefferson was alive and using opium from them. Employees of the foundation also destroyed gift shop items like shirts depicting the poppy and packets of the heirloom seed.
3176:
1227:
This led to the Poppy
Rebellion, and to the Narcotics Bureau arresting anyone planting opium poppies and forcing the destruction of poppy fields of anyone who defied the prohibition of poppy cultivation. Though the press of those days favored the
819:
shows a very slow development in the beginning of its vegetation period. Due to this fact the competition of weeds is very high in early stages. It is very important to control weeds effectively in the first 50 days after sowing. Additionally,
1571:
by private individuals on a small scale (such as personal gardens), citizens in EU countries where poppy seed is eaten heavily, such as countries in the
Central-Eastern region, strongly resisted the plan, causing the EU to change course.
3162:
1435:. The cultivation and manufacture of Indian opium was further centralized and controlled through a series of acts issued between 1797 and 1949. East India Company merchants balanced an economic deficit from the importation of
1209:
reasons, poppies were once grown as a cash crop by farmers in
California. The law of poppy cultivation in the United States is somewhat ambiguous. The reason for the ambiguity is that the Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942 (now
2841:
PINKE G, PÁL RW, TÓTH K, KARÁCSONY P, CZÚCZ B, BOTTA-DUKÁT Z (16 September 2011). "Weed vegetation of poppy (Papaver somniferum) fields in
Hungary: effects of management and environmental factors on species composition".
1664:(FDA). Its marketing and distribution persists because its historical use preceded the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act of 1938. Tincture of opium B.P., containing 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine, also remains in the
877:
chocolate-vegetal fragrance note of some cultivars, and the ease of growing the plants from purchased flats of seedlings or by direct sowing of the seed. Poppy seed pods are also sold for dried flower arrangements.
3186:
2790:
Pinke G, Tóth K, Kovács AJ, Milics G, Varga Z, Blazsek K, Gál KE, Botta-Dukát Z (3 July 2014). "Use of mesotrione and tembotrione herbicides for post-emergence weed control in alkaloid poppy (Papaver somniferum)".
664:, or has been introduced and become naturalized extensively in all regions of the British Isles, particularly in the south and east and in almost all other countries of the world with suitable, temperate climates.
735:, produces systemic infections leading to stunting and deformation of poppy plants. Downy mildew can be controlled preventively at the initial stage of seed development through several fungicide applications.
599:
has had a very long tradition of use, starting in the
Neolithic. This long period of time allowed the development of a broad range of different forms. In total there are 52 botanical varieties. Breeding of
2461:
Barnawal D, Pandey S, Bharti N, Pandey A, Ray T, Singh S, Chanotiya C, Kalra A (3 April 2017). "ACC deaminase-containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria protect
Papaver somniferum from downy mildew".
824:
is rather susceptible to herbicides. The pre-emergence application of the herbicide chlortoluron has been shown to be effective in reducing weed levels. However, in the last decade the weed management of
3861:
1552:
of the birds, the cake is nutritive and fits to their special needs. Next to the animal fodder, poppy offers other by-products. For example, the stem of the plant can be used for energy briquettes and
660:
The native range of opium poppy is probably the Eastern Mediterranean, but extensive cultivation and introduction of the species throughout Europe since ancient times have obscured its origin. It has
628:. Colors of the flowers vary widely, as do other physical characteristics, such as number and shape of petals , number of flowers and fruits, number of seeds, color of seeds, and production of opium.
2696:
Mahdavi-Damghani A, Kamkar B, Al-Ahmadi MJ, Testi L, Muñoz-Ledesma FJ, Villalobos FJ (October 2010). "Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)".
1541:, an edible oil that has many uses. The seeds contain very low levels of opiates and the oil extracted from them contains even less. Both the oil and the seed residue also have commercial uses.
1393:
adaptation of the Greek form. Evidence of the early domestication of opium poppy has been discovered through small botanical remains found in regions of the Mediterranean and west of the
2885:
1285:
bans cultivation in certain provinces. In northern Burma bans have ended a century-old tradition of growing the opium poppy. Between 20,000 and 30,000 former poppy farmers left the
369:
4228:
2426:
Bajpai S, Gupta MM, Kumar S (September 1999). "Identification of Indian Landraces of Opium Poppy Papaver somniferum Resistant to Damping-off and Downy Mildew Fungal Diseases".
7411:
1236:. Today, this area of law has remained vague and remains somewhat controversial in the United States. The Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942 was repealed on 27 October 1970.
3502:
1279:
the cultivation of the opium poppy is illegal, as is possession of poppy seed. At least one man has been imprisoned for possessing poppy seed obtained from a bread roll.
2604:
Tang J, Lebas B, Liefting L, Veerakone S, Wei T, Ward L (29 October 2015). "Opium poppy mosaic virus, a new umbravirus isolated from Papaver somniferum in New Zealand".
3994:
Menéndez-Perdomo I.M., Hagel J.M. and Facchini P.J. (2021). "Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid analysis using high-resolution Orbitrap LC-MSn." J Mass Spectrom 56 (2): e4683
3208:
2549:
3153:
167/1998 Sb. Zákon o návykových látkách a o změně některých dalších zákonů, Czech Republic, effective since 1 January 1999; § 29 effective since 1 January 1999; § 29
8102:
2361:"Disentangling Peronospora on Papaver: Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Host Range of Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) and Related Species"
4066:
3414:"United States Code: Title 21,188 to 188n. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–513, title III, 1101(a)(7), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292 | LII / Legal Information Institute"
1669:
357:
2198:
Yadav HK, Shukla S, Singh SP (16 August 2006). "Genetic Variability and Interrelationship Among Opium and its Alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.)".
8164:
4200:
1584:
are among nations that ban even having poppy seeds, not just growing the plants for them. The UAE has a long prison sentence for anyone possessing poppy seeds.
930:
1247:
under ACSN 9630. Most (all?) states also use this classification under the uniform penal code. Possession of a Schedule II drug is a federal and state felony.
1176:, poppy seed is commonly used for traditional pastries and cakes, and it is legal to grow poppies throughout the region, although Germany requires a licence.
3869:
3005:
Yadav H, Shukla S, Singh S (2007). "Assessment of genotype × environment interactions for yield and morphine content in opium poppy (Papaver somniferumL.)".
1089:
is very susceptible to environmental changes. This behaviour led to a stagnation of the poppy seed market value between 2008–2009 as a consequence of high
3816:
1812:
3985:
Singh, A., I. M. Menendez-Perdomo, et al. (2019). "Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy: an update." Phytochem Rev 18(6): 1457–1482
1656:
The opiate drugs are extracted from opium. The latex oozes from incisions made on the green seed pods and is collected once dry. Tincture of opium or
3109:
8050:
4221:
2272:
Singh A, Gupta R, Saikia SK, Pant A, Pandey R (December 2016). "Diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants, their biological impact and management".
1743:
868:, a growth density of 70 to 80 plants per square meter is recommended. Latex-to-biomass yield is greatest under conditions of slight water deficit.
329:
3483:
8115:
8063:
7404:
43:
8262:
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3222:
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The analysis of synergy of the opium poppy reveals traces of segmental duplications 110 million years ago (MYA), before the divergence between
3319:
4136:
4107:
3524:
1944:
1548:
as a residue of the oil pressing can be used as fodder for different animals as e.g., poultry and fancy fowls. Especially in the time of the
1460:
1416:
8415:
3960:
3747:
3383:
745:
poppy residues can reduce fungal inoculum during the plant growing season in the following year on neighboring poppy stocks, respectively.
3604:
Salavert A, Zazzo A, Martin L, Antolín F, Gauthier C, Thil F, Tombret O, Bouby L, Manen C, Mineo M, Mueller-Bieniek A (20 November 2020).
3297:"21 U.S.C. § 188 : US Code – Section 188 TO 188N: Repealed. Pub. L. 91-513, title III, Sec. 1101(a)(7), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292"
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4214:
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or oripavine. Those are refined into drugs like oxycodone. Raw opium contains about 8–14% morphine by dry weight, or more in high-yield
1331:
517:
7975:
7397:
4183:
2525:
2335:
2022:
1969:
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development of varieties with a high opium yield. On the other hand, the food industry demands as low alkaloid contents as possible.
8410:
3838:
3717:
3360:
1997:
1660:, consisting of opium dissolved in alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water, is one of many unapproved drugs regulated by the U.S.
1353:
583:
3252:
725:
and curling of the affected tissues with necrotic spots. The leaf under-surface is covered with a downy mildew coating containing
7784:
6576:
1198:
The United Kingdom does not require a licence for opium poppy cultivation, but does for extracting opium for medicinal products.
564:
3935:
8089:
6571:
3226:
1479:
898:
536:
464:
The genes responsible for the conversion of thebaine are found in chromosome 1, chromosome 2, chromosome 7, and perhaps others.
1120:
Australia (Tasmania), Turkey and India are the major producers of poppy for medicinal purposes and poppy-based drugs, such as
8324:
6496:
4131:. Translated by John R. Baker, with assistance from Annabel Lee and Cornelia Ballent. Rochester, Vermont: Park Street Press.
3759:
1697:
1335:
1244:
890:
521:
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6983:
1232:, the state of California supported the farmers who grew opium poppies for their seeds for uses in foods such as poppy seed
8120:
292:
produce edible seeds. This differentiation has strong implications for legal policy surrounding the growing of this plant.
284:
Today many varieties have been bred that do not produce a significant quantity of opium. The cultivar 'Sujata' produces no
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4367:
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4357:
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6704:
5694:
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273:. Each of these goals has special breeds that are targeted at one of these businesses, and breeding efforts (including
8288:
7900:
7877:
7721:
3909:
3577:
Askitopoulou H, Ramoutsaki IA, Konsolaki E (2002). "Archaeological evidence on the use of opium in the Minoan world".
3435:
2949:
1229:
942:
5564:
4067:"International Narcotics Control Bureau, Technical Reports, 2008, Part IV, Statistical information on narcotic drugs"
3320:"The traffic in narcotic drugs: The implementation of treaty obligations in regulating the traffic in narcotic drugs"
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550:
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was addressed by a UN resolution "to fight the international trade in illicit opium poppy seeds" on 28 July 1998.
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5409:
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1240:
894:
881:
416:
7155:
5258:
4190:"Downward Spiral – Banning Opium in Afghanistan and Burma", Transnational Institute TNI, Debate Paper, June 2005
1454:
Many modern writers, particularly in the 19th century, have written on the opium poppy and its effects, notably
56:
7188:
6606:
6456:
6066:
5704:
4747:
1673:
1152:
834:. Sowing time (autumn or spring), preceding crop and soil texture are important variables influencing the weed
532:
231:
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1475:. In this work, a young artist overdoses on opium and experiences a series of visions of his unrequited love.
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1144:(100% of the world's supply) production. Tasmania also had 25% of the world's opium and codeine production.
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701:
441:
245:
This poppy is grown as an agricultural crop on a large scale, for one of three primary purposes: to produce
8032:
8006:
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793:
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perforate the leaves of young plants and aphids suck on the sap of the flower buds. The poppy root weevil (
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4959:
4277:
3891:
3119:
3114:
2657:"Poppy root weevils (Stenocarus ruficornis, Stephens 1831) control in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)"
1606:
The opium poppy, as its name indicates, is the principal source of opium, the dried latex produced by the
857:
7905:
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8400:
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7650:
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7457:
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4522:
4195:"Withdrawal Symptoms in the Golden Triangle – A Drugs Market in Disarray" TNI Paper by Tom Kramer et al.
3496:
Section 9(4) of the Misuse of Drugs Act states, "It shall be a defense to a charge under subsection (1)
1665:
1472:
1432:
160:
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5950:
3163:
Ohlašovací povinnost pěstitelů máku a konopí podle par. 29 zákona č. 167/1999 Sb., o návykových látkách
1401:
sites show the incredibly early cultivation and natural spread of the plant throughout western Europe.
7193:
3274:
2982:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2019. Archived from
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4297:
4282:
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2063:
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756:
440:. This enrichment of genes is related to the maintenance of homeostasis and a positive regulation of
405:
8019:
5845:
5318:
3230:
3223:"Authorized Sources of Narcotic Raw Materials, 21 CFR Part 1312; Docket No. DEA-282F, RIN 1117-AB03"
1775:
1411:
Opium became a major colonial commodity, moving legally and illegally through trade networks on the
1293:
region, where the ban was implemented in 2005, fled to areas where growing opium is still possible.
1254:, its preparations, derivatives, alkaloids and salts, although an exception is made for poppy seed.
1214:) stated that any opium poppies should be declared illegal, even if the farmers were issued a state
1201:
In the United States, opium poppies and poppy straw are prohibited. As the opium poppy is legal for
680:
is susceptible to several fungal, insect and virus infections including seed borne diseases such as
458:
The genes responsible for the conversion of (S) -reticuline to noscapine are found on chromosome 11.
8395:
7716:
7680:
7544:
7367:
7362:
7003:
6995:
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6759:
6086:
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5514:
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5183:
5145:
5100:
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4287:
3334:
2750:
Gaur BL, Gupta PC, Sharma DD (January 1986). "Weed management in opium poppy Papaver somniferumL".
2565:"First Report of Systemic Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy Caused by Peronospora somniferi in Australia"
1412:
1378:
835:
729:
that spread the infection further leading to plant damage and death. Another downy mildew species,
461:
The genes responsible for the conversion of (S) -reticuline to thebaine are found on chromosome 11.
8143:
7272:
7036:
5313:
4194:
3532:
1272:, it is legal to cultivate the opium poppy as long as it is not used to produce controlled drugs.
1112:
Poppy seed oil remains a niche product due to the lower yield compared to conventional oil crops.
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5930:
5925:
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5434:
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3964:
3391:
1989:
1842:
Gaevskii A (1999). "On the intraspecies classification of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)".
705:, the causal agent of downy mildew, occurs preferentially during wet and humid conditions. This
557:
8107:
7307:
6779:
6633:
6296:
6111:
5754:
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3486:. Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Australia. 2016.
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5414:
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4657:
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4142:
4132:
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4005:
3834:
3748:"The Economic Importance of Indian Opium and Trade with China on Britain's Economy, 1843–1890"
3675:
3653:
3635:
3202:
2912:"Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)"
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2521:
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2331:
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2215:
2089:
2081:
2018:
1993:
1965:
1940:
1904:
1520:
1455:
1377:
Use of the opium poppy predates written history. The making and use of opium was known to the
482:
219:
7254:
7223:
7124:
7011:
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2910:
Mahdavi-Damghani A, Kamkar B, Al-Ahmadi MJ, Testi L, Muñoz-Ledesma FJ, Villalobos FJ (2010).
1427:
saw the opium trade as an investment opportunity beginning in 1683. In 1773, the Governor of
763:. In 2006, a novel virus tentatively called "opium poppy mosaic virus" (OPMV) from the genus
8405:
8231:
7772:
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7026:
6849:
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2281:
2207:
2147:
2071:
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1851:
1483:
1448:
693:
621:
437:
423:. Tyrosine can follow two different routes: by tyrosine hydroxylase it can form L-dopamine (
215:
6934:
6859:
6854:
6789:
1684:. It may be used directly or chemically modified to produce semi-synthetic opioids such as
8339:
8213:
7614:
7462:
7452:
6739:
6266:
6221:
5569:
5544:
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4587:
4517:
4372:
4263:
4237:
3553:
3296:
2980:"Poppy seed production in 2018, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)"
2047:
Ye K, Graham IA, Bowser TA, Lu Y, Teodor R, He Z, Ning Z, Li Y, Yang X (19 October 2018).
1444:
1188:
637:
317:
199:
94:
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5835:
5075:
3817:"Review of 'Opium and Empire in Southeast Asia: Regulating Consumption in British Burma'"
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2439:
288:
at all. Breadseed poppy is more accurate as a common name today because all varieties of
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3621:
3565:
2927:
2855:
2709:
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2067:
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2403:
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1607:
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1081:
are susceptible to fluctuations mainly due to unstable yields. The performance of most
1055:
1009:
844:
748:
345:
81:
3590:
2015:
Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora
8369:
7747:
7589:
7514:
7357:
7264:
7016:
6794:
6749:
6699:
6622:
6610:
6316:
6231:
6211:
6196:
6191:
6136:
5910:
5900:
5604:
5524:
5248:
5188:
5178:
5115:
5090:
4884:
4827:
4617:
4562:
4552:
4547:
4527:
4462:
4412:
4397:
4312:
3177:"The painkilling fields: England's opium poppies that tackle the NHS morphine crisis"
2863:
1538:
880:
Though "opium poppy and poppy straw" are listed in Schedule II of the United States'
661:
477:
451:
and Ranunculaceae, and an event of duplication of the complete genome makes 7.8 MYA.
412:
274:
176:
3862:"How the DEA Scrubbed Thomas Jefferson's Monticello Poppy Garden from Public Memory"
2820:
2641:
2499:
2301:
2227:
2101:
8352:
7928:
7594:
7352:
7287:
7213:
7021:
6596:
6561:
6361:
6166:
6025:
5619:
5614:
5509:
5484:
5479:
5303:
5228:
4974:
4929:
4782:
4777:
4732:
4632:
4467:
4432:
4427:
4010:
3461:
1932:
1863:
1581:
1440:
1420:
1157:
681:
304:
227:
203:
127:
117:
4028:. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Winter 2006. Archived from
3413:
2176:
Dittbrenner A (2009). "Variability of alkaloid content in Papaver somniferum L ".
1718:
1093:
levels, bad weather and poor quality. The world leading importer of poppy seed is
8293:
8130:
7882:
7869:
4160:
2804:
2385:
8316:
8156:
8138:
8076:
7832:
7675:
7282:
7259:
7173:
7099:
7066:
7046:
6924:
6909:
6904:
6894:
6884:
6804:
6774:
6769:
6614:
6586:
6581:
6551:
6536:
6526:
6506:
6501:
6461:
6426:
6416:
6371:
6351:
6336:
6331:
6301:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6181:
6156:
6141:
6116:
6106:
6096:
6091:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5980:
5920:
5915:
5890:
5749:
5739:
5719:
5679:
5674:
5649:
5634:
5599:
5594:
5494:
5469:
5363:
5358:
5348:
5338:
5328:
5263:
5193:
5150:
4994:
4924:
4894:
4879:
4864:
4837:
4802:
4787:
4772:
4757:
4722:
4712:
4682:
4667:
4642:
4607:
4602:
4592:
4582:
4542:
4537:
4497:
4487:
4422:
4407:
4382:
4342:
4327:
4317:
4129:
The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants, Enthnopharmacology and Its Applications
2935:
2717:
2581:
2564:
1598:
1553:
1436:
1394:
1313:
1297:
1269:
788:
731:
718:
499:
266:
7859:
3829:
3630:
648:
is a variety with flowers that are highly double and deeply lobed. The variety
7767:
7757:
7634:
7624:
7564:
7529:
7524:
7377:
7347:
7322:
7203:
7114:
7094:
7071:
6914:
6889:
6879:
6834:
6824:
6809:
6724:
6618:
6546:
6541:
6516:
6486:
6476:
6451:
6436:
6411:
6381:
6356:
6346:
6306:
6286:
6276:
6256:
6186:
6171:
5990:
5970:
5965:
5940:
5870:
5809:
5789:
5744:
5734:
5729:
5669:
5659:
5589:
5504:
5353:
5343:
5333:
5323:
5288:
5278:
5243:
5213:
5203:
5198:
5135:
4979:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4919:
4889:
4807:
4797:
4792:
4742:
4697:
4677:
4647:
4597:
4577:
4532:
4457:
4347:
4337:
4189:
3691:
2763:
2617:
2285:
2211:
1635:
1560:
be dry roasted and ground to be used in wet curry (curry paste) or dry curry.
1545:
1500:
1487:
1191:, excluding research and experimental purposes (§24/1b/ of the act). The name
765:
760:
609:
409:
408:, synthesized through the metabolic pathway of benzylisoquinoline. First, the
307:
herb growing to about 100 centimetres (40 inches) tall. The plant is strongly
246:
211:
8195:
7980:
7823:
4206:
3639:
3018:
2871:
2812:
2771:
2733:
2682:
2625:
2590:
2483:
2447:
2394:
2293:
2219:
2085:
1882:"Latex-less opium poppy: cause for less latex and reduced peduncle strength)"
7988:
7962:
7762:
7534:
7494:
7484:
7437:
7389:
7332:
7327:
7277:
7249:
7178:
7139:
7134:
7109:
7104:
7031:
6939:
6929:
6819:
6729:
6643:
6601:
6591:
6531:
6521:
6511:
6481:
6471:
6466:
6421:
6391:
6271:
6251:
6151:
6146:
6101:
6020:
6015:
5975:
5960:
5935:
5865:
5804:
5774:
5724:
5714:
5709:
5574:
5464:
5429:
5424:
5368:
5293:
5273:
5268:
5238:
5168:
5130:
5110:
5105:
5045:
5029:
5019:
4964:
4874:
4822:
4817:
4752:
4707:
4687:
4567:
4557:
4402:
4146:
3065:"Global Poppy Seed Market – The Czech Republic Is the Key Producing Country"
2673:
2656:
2535:
2345:
2076:
1639:
1631:
1611:
1573:
1398:
1141:
722:
689:
320:
rays, or fluted cap. All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.
270:
262:
8306:
4056:. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924.
3913:
3657:
3439:
2957:
2633:
2491:
2412:
2093:
1908:
1431:
established a monopoly on the production of Bengal opium, on behalf of the
696:
have been considered as major control measures for various poppy diseases.
17:
3606:"Direct dating reveals the early history of opium poppy in western Europe"
1939:(Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics.
8301:
8177:
7817:
7706:
7685:
7604:
7574:
7479:
7447:
7337:
7129:
6874:
6784:
6764:
6754:
6709:
6638:
6431:
6341:
6326:
6291:
6281:
6161:
5985:
5880:
5855:
5794:
5779:
5689:
5609:
5579:
5559:
5529:
5474:
5454:
5419:
5308:
5233:
5218:
5140:
5120:
4989:
4984:
4969:
4939:
4909:
4869:
4737:
4627:
4572:
4482:
4417:
4387:
4272:
1681:
1657:
1650:
1627:
1619:
1549:
1526:
1290:
1262:
1206:
1202:
1137:
1133:
1121:
1082:
726:
706:
685:
625:
420:
336:
308:
258:
254:
107:
8218:
8042:
7892:
2983:
2258:
Copenhagen, Denmark: Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF.org.
2244:. London, U.K.: Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. 22 April 2016.
8190:
8055:
7936:
7619:
7559:
7519:
7474:
7432:
7302:
7183:
7061:
6744:
6628:
6406:
6396:
5624:
5554:
5489:
5439:
5298:
5050:
5024:
5014:
4999:
4904:
4717:
4692:
4442:
4322:
2725:
2563:
Thangavel T, Wilson CR, Jones S, Scott JB, Voglmayr H (February 2017).
2255:
1855:
1623:
1615:
1338: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1215:
1125:
1106:
1051:
714:
710:
524: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
137:
2475:
1900:
1505:
253:(for use mainly by the pharmaceutical industry), and to produce other
8081:
7752:
7509:
7312:
7297:
7292:
7163:
7056:
6719:
6386:
6201:
5860:
5784:
5769:
5759:
5534:
5125:
5004:
4622:
4502:
4177:
1685:
1517:
1439:
by selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of
1428:
1405:
1286:
1233:
1211:
1102:
1098:
1074:
991:
424:
316:
The fruit is a hairless, rounded capsule topped with 12–18 radiating
312:
235:
7794:
3823:. Cambridge imperial and post-colonial studies. Palgrave Macmillan.
1513:
1069:
In 2018, world production of poppy seeds for consumption was 76,240
265:) that are processed by pharmaceutical companies into drugs such as
1696:
Opium poppies (flower and fruit) appear on the coat of arms of the
1509:
Dried blue, grey and white poppy seeds used for pastries in Germany
652:
produces no latex and no commercial utility for opioid production.
8094:
7967:
7599:
7442:
7317:
6919:
6814:
6556:
6311:
6176:
5549:
5499:
5459:
5223:
4914:
4858:
4767:
4452:
4447:
3165:, Celní správa (Custom Service of the Czech Republic), 19. 6. 2014
2655:
Bečka D, Cihlář P, Vlažný P, Pazderů K, Vašák J (3 October 2014).
1747:
1597:
1593:
1512:
1504:
1390:
1372:
1282:
1151:
1094:
1090:
1078:
1070:
1027:
974:
376:
285:
250:
207:
68:
4203:, London, I.B. Tauris (Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 2010)
7504:
6321:
1250:
Canada forbids possessing, seeking or obtaining the opium poppy
404:
The alkaloids are organic nitrogenous compounds, derivatives of
277:
ones) are continually underway. A comparatively small amount of
239:
7954:
7798:
7393:
4210:
4184:
Opium Poppy Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia
1164:, another related species of poppy which often grows alongside
1077:
with 35% of the world total (table). Poppy seed production and
3089:
Frick C, Hebeisen T (2005). "Mohn als alternative Ölpflanze".
1577:
1307:
773:
containing leaf mosaic and mottling symptoms, in New Zealand.
721:
and curvature of the stem and flower stalks. The symptoms are
493:
3961:"Travel Warning – Khas Khas (Poppy Seed) Imprisonment in UAE"
3033:
1300:, the cultivation of the opium poppy is strictly prohibited.
1785:. University of Wisconsin Extension, Master Gardener Program
1964:(3 ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
1160:, Lincolnshire, England. Also visible in the field are red
3464:. Justice Laws Website, Government of Canada. 4 April 2018
1986:
Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain
1397:, predating circa 5000 BC. These samples found in various
1602:
Dried poppy seed pods and stems (plate), and seeds (bowl)
1136:
was the largest producer of the poppy cultivars used for
3676:"The Global Career of Indian Opium and Local Destinies"
3034:"Czech Republic as an Important Producer of Poppy Seed"
1471:
used opium for inspiration, subsequently producing his
1289:
region as a result of the ban in 2002. People from the
281:
is also produced commercially for ornamental purposes.
3525:"Travellers who 'smuggle' poppy seeds face Dubai jail"
2518:
Opium poppy : botany, chemistry, and pharmacology
1223:
any place owned, occupied, used, or controlled by him.
311:, giving a greyish-green appearance, and the stem and
3175:
Phillip, Rhodri, & Barry Wigmore (14 July 2007).
2359:
Voglmayr H, Montes-Borrego M, Landa BB (7 May 2014).
222:, but has since been obscured and vastly expanded by
27:
Species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae
1837:
1835:
1833:
7807:
7730:
7694:
7643:
7425:
7236:
7148:
6963:
6952:
6652:
6049:
6038:
5818:
5392:
5381:
5038:
4258:
4247:
3503:"New Zealand Legislation: Misuse of Drugs Act 1975"
2171:
2169:
2167:
218:grown in gardens. Its native range was east of the
3038:AGRIS On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2049:"The opium poppy genome and morphinan production"
7380:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
4100:Opium Poppy: Botany, Chemistry, and pharmacology
3229:, US Department of Justice. 2008. Archived from
1610:. Opium contains a class of naturally occurring
1723:. Vol. 1. Laurentius Salvius. p. 508.
781:There are only a few pests that can do harm to
476:was formally described by the Swedish botanist
4003:Bronwen Jean Bryant and Kathleen Mary Knights
3436:"21 USC Chapter 6 – Narcotic Drugs 01/03/2007"
1265:, some 50% of the world supply is cultivated.
7405:
4222:
4201:"Opium. Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy"
4186:from the School of Pacific and Asian Studies
3718:"The Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in India"
3275:"Controlled Substances Import and Export Act"
2956:. Washington State University. Archived from
2886:"An overview of the Tasmanian poppy industry"
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2267:
2265:
2193:
2191:
1537:are an important food item and the source of
1218:. § 3 of the Opium Poppy Control Act stated:
230:from ancient times to the present day, being
206:. It is the species of plant from which both
8:
3253:"Bulletin on Narcotics – 1950 Issue 3 – 002"
3207:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2745:
2743:
2548:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2330:. Sneyd, Jan. Stuttgart (Hohenheim): Ulmer.
2242:"BSBI Distribution Maps, Papaver somniferum"
1243:, opium poppy and poppy straw are listed as
717:in a secondary infection. The fungus causes
3669:
3667:
2890:Grains Research and Development Corporation
454:The genes are possibly grouped as follows:
7795:
7412:
7398:
7390:
6960:
6046:
5389:
4255:
4229:
4215:
4207:
3936:"5 Recent Food Bans from Around the World"
3711:
3709:
3462:"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 1996"
2511:
2509:
2178:Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1195:refers to blue poppy seeds used for food.
861:applied but also mechanical weed control.
636:is a variety with flowers that are highly
42:
31:
4102:. United States: CRC Press. p. 164.
3828:
3741:
3739:
3690:
3647:
3629:
3554:page 4 of the Drug Policy Briefing nr. 29
2672:
2580:
2402:
2384:
2128:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 16 May 2023
2075:
1649:means "sleep-bringing", referring to the
1354:Learn how and when to remove this message
584:Learn how and when to remove this message
4023:"Unapproved Drugs, What's the Big Deal?"
2793:International Journal of Pest Management
1744:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
960:
2113:
2111:
1927:
1925:
1875:
1873:
1709:
1408:, stomach illnesses, and bad eyesight.
914:
325:
3361:"The development of international law"
3200:
3032:Procházka P, Smutka L (30 June 2012).
2541:
1960:Clapham A, Tutin T, Warburg E (1981).
1770:
1768:
4006:Pharmacology for Health Professionals
3963:. Brett M.Christensen. Archived from
3910:"Mahanandi " Gasagasalu ~ Bendakaaya"
2013:Blamey M, Fitter R, Fitter A (2003).
1653:properties of some of these opiates.
1461:Confessions of an English Opium Eater
1185:167/1998 Sb. Addictive Substances Act
7:
8330:615e3e2f-0e4e-4480-9591-a69a9ff52682
8206:37567610-22bc-41de-b33a-ec2a87c80f91
2440:10.1046/j.1439-0434.1999.147009535.x
1962:Excursion flora of the British Isles
1567:attempted to ban the cultivation of
1336:adding citations to reliable sources
838:. A highly abundant weed species in
522:adding citations to reliable sources
1389:. The English name is based on the
214:are derived and is also a valuable
3523:McGrath, Ginny (8 February 2008).
3327:The American University Law Review
2328:Mohn : Sorten, Anbau, Rezepte
2149:Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L.
1844:Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal
620:(DC.) Arcang. There are also many
25:
6197:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
5525:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
4478:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
4463:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
4054:The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale
3359:Young, Richard (September 1952).
3277:. US Food and Drug Administration
2520:. New York: Food Products Press.
1433:East India Company administration
738:Leaf blight caused by the fungus
8281:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673724-1
7785:List of plants used in herbalism
6577:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
3365:American Bar Association Journal
3110:"The Poppy Industry in Tasmania"
2864:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00885.x
1312:
1261:is illegal to cultivate, but in
1140:(85% of the world's supply) and
1020:
1002:
984:
941:
929:
917:
640:, and are grown in many colors.
498:
384:
368:
356:
344:
328:
55:
6572:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
3566:양귀비·대마 재배 땐 ‘큰일’…관상용 한포기도 절대 안돼
3227:Drug Enforcement Administration
2464:Journal of Applied Microbiology
1480:Drug Enforcement Administration
1323:needs additional citations for
899:North Carolina Botanical Garden
509:needs additional citations for
6497:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
3912:. Nandyala.org. Archived from
3868:. 2 March 2010. Archived from
3556:by the Transnational Institute
3438:. Joffelaw.com. Archived from
1937:New Flora of the British Isles
1698:Royal College of Anaesthetists
891:United States Botanical Garden
1:
6472:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
5665:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
5274:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
4703:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
3786:"Opioids' Devastating Return"
3591:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00769-0
3579:International Congress Series
2916:Agricultural Water Management
2698:Agricultural Water Management
1467:The French Romantic composer
1097:(16 000 tonnes), followed by
964:Poppy seed production – 2018
805:In the growth development of
709:penetrates the roots through
391:Close-up of white poppy seeds
5695:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
3674:Farooqui A (December 2016).
2950:"Culinary Poppy Cultivation"
2805:10.1080/09670874.2014.953622
2386:10.1371/journal.pone.0096838
1662:Food and Drug Administration
1529:filled with poppy seed paste
1443:bans. This trade led to the
1404:Opium was used for treating
1257:In some parts of Australia,
8416:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
7348:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
6976:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
6357:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
4843:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
3318:Harry J. Anslinger (1959).
2936:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.011
2718:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.011
2661:Plant, Soil and Environment
2582:10.1094/pdis-06-16-0796-pdn
2017:. London: A & C Black.
1811:Bradsher K (19 July 2014).
1776:"Breadseed or opium poppy,
1423:and others. Members of the
1230:Federal Bureau of Narcotics
480:in his seminal publication
8437:
7368:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
6988:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
6092:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
5259:Methylsamidorphan chloride
4493:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
4318:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
4169:Comprehensive profile for
3631:10.1038/s41598-020-76924-3
3140:Ursula Heinzelmann (2008)
2126:Plants of the World Online
1813:"Shake-Up on Opium Island"
1591:
1498:
1381:. Its sap was later named
1370:
1179:Since January 1999 in the
741:Helminthosporium papaveris
713:and infects the leaves as
335:Plant showing the typical
7781:
7420:Medicinal herbs and fungi
7288:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
6695:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
6607:Tricyclic antidepressants
5685:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
4728:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
3692:10.1590/2236-463320161404
3333:: 112–116. Archived from
3007:Acta Agronomica Hungarica
2764:10.1080/09670878609371076
2618:10.1007/s00705-015-2651-4
2428:Journal of Phytopathology
2286:10.1017/S1479262116000307
2212:10.1007/s10681-006-9111-x
1241:Controlled Substances Act
1048:
963:
895:Missouri Botanical Garden
882:Controlled Substances Act
417:phenylalanine hydroxylase
363:Close-up of flower center
166:
159:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
8411:Plants described in 1753
7273:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
7245:Enkephalinase inhibitors
7174:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
7156:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
7072:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
4174:from MaltaWildPlants.com
3758:(Spring). Archived from
3019:10.1556/AAgr.55.2007.3.9
2752:Tropical Pest Management
1674:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
1156:Opium poppy fields near
1132:reported, in 2014, that
662:escaped from cultivation
656:Distribution and habitat
190:, commonly known as the
6971:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
6242:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
5284:Nalorphine dinicotinate
4162:Grow Papaver Somniferum
3752:Economic Working Papers
3142:Food Culture in Germany
2274:Plant Genetic Resources
2256:"Papaver somniferum L."
2077:10.1126/science.aat4096
936:Czech blue poppy flower
842:fields was shown to be
702:Peronospora arborescens
490:Varieties and cultivars
379:) exuding from incision
375:Capsule showing latex (
7743:Doctrine of signatures
6587:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
6532:Pethidine (meperidine)
5725:Pethidine (meperidine)
5415:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
5061:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
4960:Tetrahydropapaveroline
4875:Pethidine (meperidine)
3830:10.14296/RiH/2014/2010
3484:"Poppy Regulation Act"
3299:. Codes.lp.findlaw.com
3115:University of Tasmania
2954:WSU Mount Vernon NWREC
1603:
1530:
1510:
1225:
1169:
948:Czech blue poppy seeds
924:Red opium poppy flower
608:There is one accepted
419:, is transformed into
7278:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
6765:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
6665:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
6227:Dinalbuphine sebacate
6102:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
5826:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
5785:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
5425:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
5071:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
5051:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
4523:Dinalbuphine sebacate
3722:Bulletin on Narcotics
2674:10.17221/417/2014-pse
2516:D Kapoor, L. (1995).
2152:Vol. 1. ipni.org
1889:Physiologia Plantarum
1880:Chaturvedi N (2014).
1666:British Pharmacopoeia
1601:
1516:
1508:
1473:Symphonie Fantastique
1220:
1155:
794:Stenocarus ruficornis
732:Peronospora somniferi
486:in 1753 on page 508.
415:, through the enzyme
7738:Alternative medicine
7135:Sunobinop (S-117957)
6870:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
6202:Diamorphine (heroin)
5535:Diamorphine (heroin)
4503:Diamorphine (heroin)
4303:Acetyldihydrocodeine
4283:7-Hydroxymitragynine
4278:7-Acetoxymitragynine
3892:"Papaver somniferum"
3531:. UK. Archived from
3384:"Poppin' Up Poppies"
2606:Archives of Virology
1992:. 1981. p. 32.
1717:Linnaeus Cv (1753).
1672:substance under the
1332:improve this article
1277:United Arab Emirates
1252:(Papaver somniferum)
699:The fungal pathogen
533:"Papaver somniferum"
518:improve this article
406:secondary metabolism
7661:Echigoshirayukidake
7338:Ubenimex (bestatin)
7082:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
6690:β-Chlornaltrexamine
6660:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
6082:β-Chlornaltrexamine
5956:N-Benzylnaltrindole
5851:β-Chlornaltrexamine
5770:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
5435:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
5096:β-Chlornaltrexamine
5066:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
4293:α-Chlornaltrexamine
4199:Chouvy P.A., 2009,
4165:from vizyonpara.com
3896:www.hort.purdue.edu
3765:on 12 November 2020
3716:Asthana SN (1954).
3622:2020NatSR..1020263S
3122:on 11 December 2011
2986:on 22 November 2016
2928:2010AgWM...97.1582M
2856:2011WeedR..51..621P
2710:2010AgWM...97.1582M
2377:2014PLoSO...996838V
2326:Wilfried A (2000).
2068:2018Sci...362..343G
1670:listed as a Class A
1495:Poppy seeds and oil
1413:Indian subcontinent
1183:, according to the
836:species composition
8183:Papaver~somniferum
8020:Papaver somniferum
7839:Papaver somniferum
7809:Papaver somniferum
7717:Japanese herbology
7695:Regional practices
6900:Norbinaltorphimine
6207:Diacetylnalorphine
5896:Diacetylnalorphine
5520:Desmethylclozapine
5174:Diacetylnalorphine
4854:Papaver somniferum
4438:Chloroxymorphamine
4171:Papaver somniferum
4127:Rätsch C (2005) .
3940:The Times of India
3916:on 3 November 2022
3872:on 4 December 2018
3821:Reviews in History
3610:Scientific Reports
3535:on 10 October 2011
3233:on 3 November 2022
2121:Papaver somniferum
1856:10.1007/BF02508453
1817:The New York Times
1778:Papaver somniferum
1604:
1569:Papaver somniferum
1535:Papaver somniferum
1531:
1511:
1425:East India Company
1239:Under the Federal
1170:
1130:The New York Times
1087:Papaver somniferum
905:trade in seeds of
850:Papaver somniferum
840:Papaver somniferum
832:Papaver somniferum
827:Papaver somniferum
822:Papaver somniferum
811:P. somniferum
769:was isolated from
692:in combination to
630:Papaver somniferum
474:Papaver somniferum
301:Papaver somniferum
290:P. somniferum
279:P. somniferum
198:, is a species of
187:Papaver somniferum
170:Papaver somniferum
152:P. somniferum
36:Papaver somniferum
8363:
8362:
8227:Open Tree of Life
7801:Taxon identifiers
7792:
7791:
7712:Islamic herbology
7702:Chinese herbology
7570:Purple coneflower
7387:
7386:
7232:
7231:
7077:Nociceptin (1-11)
6948:
6947:
6077:14-Methoxymetopon
6034:
6033:
5951:Methylnaltrindole
5377:
5376:
5046:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
4658:Levacetylmethadol
4138:978-0-89281-978-2
4109:978-1-56024-923-8
4098:Kapoor L (1995).
3815:Mills JH (2016).
3746:Deming S (2011).
3416:. Law.cornell.edu
3394:on 4 January 2019
2922:(10): 1582–1590.
2704:(10): 1582–1590.
2476:10.1111/jam.13417
2062:(6412): 343–347.
1946:978-1-5272-2630-2
1901:10.1111/ppl.12086
1720:Species Plantarum
1533:Poppy seeds from
1456:Thomas de Quincey
1449:Second Opium Wars
1364:
1363:
1356:
1245:Schedule II drugs
1062:
1061:
1058:
978:
594:
593:
586:
568:
483:Species Plantarum
220:Mediterranean Sea
183:
182:
16:(Redirected from
8428:
8381:Medicinal plants
8356:
8355:
8343:
8342:
8333:
8332:
8320:
8319:
8310:
8309:
8297:
8296:
8284:
8283:
8271:
8270:
8258:
8257:
8245:
8244:
8235:
8234:
8222:
8221:
8209:
8208:
8199:
8198:
8186:
8185:
8173:
8172:
8160:
8159:
8157:NBNSYS0000002769
8147:
8146:
8134:
8133:
8124:
8123:
8111:
8110:
8098:
8097:
8085:
8084:
8072:
8071:
8059:
8058:
8046:
8045:
8036:
8035:
8023:
8022:
8010:
8009:
7997:
7996:
7984:
7983:
7971:
7970:
7958:
7957:
7945:
7944:
7932:
7931:
7919:
7918:
7909:
7908:
7896:
7895:
7886:
7885:
7873:
7872:
7863:
7862:
7853:
7852:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7796:
7773:Medicinal plants
7731:Related subjects
7722:Korean herbology
7707:Indian herbology
7666:Lingzhi mushroom
7414:
7407:
7400:
7391:
7267:
7194:Nociceptin (1-7)
7090:Norbuprenorphine
7027:Dihydroetorphine
6961:
6850:Methylnaltrexone
6760:Catechin gallate
6492:Norbuprenorphine
6217:Dihydroetorphine
6087:β-Funaltrexamine
6047:
5946:Methylnaltrexone
5886:Catechin gallate
5700:Norbuprenorphine
5540:Dihydroetorphine
5390:
5254:Methylnaltrexone
5146:Catechin gallate
5101:β-Funaltrexamine
4513:Dihydroetorphine
4256:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4208:
4180:from Opioids.com
4150:
4114:
4113:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4072:. Archived from
4071:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4013:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3832:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3784:Rinde M (2018).
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3680:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3633:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3574:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3390:. Archived from
3379:
3373:
3372:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3185:. Archived from
3182:Evening Standard
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3118:. Archived from
3105:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2960:on 21 April 2021
2946:
2940:
2939:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2787:
2776:
2775:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2470:(5): 1286–1298.
2458:
2452:
2451:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2388:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2323:
2306:
2305:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2206:(1–2): 207–214.
2195:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2079:
2053:
2044:
2029:
2028:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1746:. Archived from
1741:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1644:specific epithet
1484:Thomas Jefferson
1417:Colonial America
1359:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1316:
1308:
1193:Czech blue poppy
1049:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1008:
1006:
1005:
990:
988:
987:
972:
961:
945:
933:
921:
694:cultural methods
589:
582:
578:
575:
569:
567:
526:
502:
494:
438:retrotransposons
388:
372:
360:
348:
332:
275:biotechnological
216:ornamental plant
172:
60:
59:
46:
32:
21:
8436:
8435:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8351:
8346:
8338:
8336:
8328:
8323:
8315:
8313:
8305:
8300:
8292:
8287:
8279:
8274:
8266:
8261:
8253:
8248:
8240:
8238:
8230:
8225:
8217:
8214:Observation.org
8212:
8204:
8202:
8194:
8189:
8181:
8176:
8168:
8163:
8155:
8150:
8142:
8137:
8129:
8128:MichiganFlora:
8127:
8119:
8114:
8106:
8101:
8093:
8088:
8080:
8075:
8067:
8062:
8054:
8049:
8041:
8039:
8031:
8026:
8018:
8013:
8005:
8000:
7992:
7987:
7979:
7974:
7966:
7961:
7953:
7948:
7940:
7935:
7927:
7922:
7914:
7912:
7904:
7899:
7891:
7889:
7881:
7876:
7868:
7866:
7858:
7856:
7848:
7846:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7803:
7793:
7788:
7777:
7726:
7690:
7651:Almond mushroom
7639:
7421:
7418:
7388:
7383:
7265:
7228:
7159:
7144:
7085:
7007:
6999:
6991:
6987:
6979:
6956:
6944:
6740:Binaltorphimine
6685:6β-Naltrexol-d4
6648:
6267:Ethylketazocine
6222:Dihydromorphine
6042:
6030:
5841:6β-Naltrexol-d4
5814:
5570:Ethylketazocine
5545:Dihydromorphine
5385:
5373:
5081:6β-Naltrexol-d4
5034:
4833:Oxymorphonazine
4588:Furanylfentanyl
4518:Dihydromorphine
4373:Benzhydrocodone
4262:
4260:
4251:
4243:
4238:Opioid receptor
4235:
4157:
4139:
4126:
4123:
4121:Further reading
4118:
4117:
4110:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4079:on 1 March 2012
4076:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3967:on 19 June 2017
3959:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3442:on 6 March 2014
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3340:on 1 April 2012
3337:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3108:Dicker, Jason.
3107:
3106:
3102:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2840:
2839:
2828:
2789:
2788:
2779:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2667:(10): 470–474.
2654:
2653:
2649:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2540:
2528:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2309:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2032:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1990:Reader's Digest
1984:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1753:on 26 June 2015
1750:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1694:
1618:, that include
1596:
1590:
1503:
1497:
1478:In the US, the
1441:Qing government
1379:ancient Minoans
1375:
1369:
1360:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1329:
1317:
1306:
1150:
1118:
1067:
1021:
1019:
1003:
1001:
985:
983:
959:
954:
953:
952:
949:
946:
937:
934:
925:
922:
874:
803:
779:
749:Mosaic diseases
675:
670:
658:
590:
579:
573:
570:
527:
525:
515:
503:
492:
471:
433:
402:
397:
396:
395:
392:
389:
380:
373:
364:
361:
352:
349:
340:
333:
298:
234:across much of
200:flowering plant
196:breadseed poppy
179:
174:
168:
155:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8434:
8432:
8424:
8423:
8421:Flora of Malta
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8368:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8353:wfo-0000480963
8344:
8334:
8321:
8311:
8298:
8285:
8272:
8259:
8246:
8236:
8223:
8210:
8200:
8187:
8174:
8161:
8148:
8135:
8125:
8112:
8099:
8086:
8073:
8060:
8047:
8037:
8024:
8011:
7998:
7985:
7972:
7959:
7946:
7933:
7920:
7910:
7897:
7887:
7874:
7864:
7854:
7844:
7829:
7813:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7790:
7789:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7681:Morel mushroom
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7656:Chaga mushroom
7653:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7409:
7402:
7394:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7268:-Phenylalanine
7262:
7257:
7252:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7095:Racemethorphan
7092:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7042:Levomethorphan
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6967:
6965:
6958:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6547:Racemethorphan
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6367:Levomethorphan
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6044:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5735:Racemethorphan
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5645:Levomethorphan
5642:
5640:Leu-enkephalin
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5387:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5319:Naltrexonazine
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Racemethorphan
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:Levomethorphan
4660:
4655:
4653:Leu-enkephalin
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4613:Hydromorphinol
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4508:Dihydrocodeine
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4473:Dextromoramide
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4378:Benzylmorphine
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4308:Acetylfentanyl
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4253:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4178:Opium FAQ v1.0
4175:
4166:
4156:
4155:External links
4153:
4152:
4151:
4137:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4090:
4058:
4046:
4035:on 5 July 2010
4014:
3996:
3987:
3978:
3952:
3927:
3901:
3883:
3853:
3839:
3807:
3776:
3735:
3705:
3663:
3596:
3569:
3558:
3546:
3515:
3489:
3475:
3453:
3427:
3405:
3388:Texas Gardener
3374:
3351:
3310:
3288:
3266:
3244:
3214:
3167:
3155:
3146:
3133:
3100:
3091:AGRARForschung
3081:
3055:
3024:
3013:(3): 331–338.
2997:
2971:
2941:
2902:
2877:
2850:(6): 621–630.
2826:
2799:(3): 187–195.
2777:
2758:(4): 267–268.
2739:
2688:
2647:
2612:(1): 197–201.
2596:
2555:
2527:978-1560249238
2526:
2505:
2453:
2434:(9): 535–538.
2418:
2351:
2337:978-3800131129
2336:
2307:
2280:(4): 370–383.
2261:
2247:
2233:
2187:
2163:
2139:
2107:
2030:
2024:978-1408179505
2023:
2005:
1998:
1977:
1971:978-0521232906
1970:
1952:
1945:
1921:
1895:(3): 436–445.
1869:
1829:
1796:
1764:
1736:BSBI List 2007
1726:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1693:
1690:
1592:Main article:
1589:
1586:
1565:European Union
1539:poppy seed oil
1499:Main article:
1496:
1493:
1469:Hector Berlioz
1387:ancient Greeks
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1320:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1181:Czech Republic
1174:Central Europe
1149:
1146:
1117:
1114:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:United Nations
1046:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1010:Czech Republic
998:
997:
994:
980:
979:
970:
966:
965:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
940:
938:
935:
928:
926:
923:
916:
913:
912:
911:
873:
870:
854:Papaver rhoeas
845:Papaver rhoeas
802:
799:
778:
775:
755:are caused by
674:
671:
669:
666:
657:
654:
592:
591:
506:
504:
497:
491:
488:
470:
467:
466:
465:
462:
459:
432:
429:
401:
398:
394:
393:
390:
383:
381:
374:
367:
365:
362:
355:
353:
350:
343:
341:
334:
327:
324:
323:
322:
297:
294:
202:in the family
181:
180:
175:
164:
163:
157:
156:
149:
147:
143:
142:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8433:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8354:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8335:
8331:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8312:
8308:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8237:
8233:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8201:
8197:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8126:
8122:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8038:
8034:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7911:
7907:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7888:
7884:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7861:
7855:
7851:
7845:
7840:
7834:
7830:
7825:
7819:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7797:
7787:
7786:
7780:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7693:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7590:Summer savory
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7415:
7410:
7408:
7403:
7401:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7363:Pronociceptin
7361:
7359:
7358:Proenkephalin
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7017:Buprenorphine
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7002:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6982:
6980:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6750:Buprenorphine
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6700:Amentoflavone
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6623:nortriptyline
6620:
6616:
6612:
6611:amitriptyline
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6317:Hydromorphone
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Diprenorphine
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6212:Difelikefalin
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6192:Cyprenorphine
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6137:Big dynorphin
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6057:3CS-nalmefene
6055:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5901:Diprenorphine
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:Hydromorphone
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:Deltorphin II
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5400:3CS-nalmefene
5398:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Methocinnamox
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5209:Ginsenoside R
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:Diprenorphine
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:3CS-nalmefene
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4885:Phencyclidine
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:Oxymorphazone
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Hydromorphone
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:Ethylmorphine
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Endomorphin-2
4551:
4549:
4548:Endomorphin-1
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Diphenoxylate
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4413:Butyrfentanyl
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:Buprenorphine
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Acrylfentanyl
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:ψ-Akuammigine
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4091:
4075:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4031:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:, p. 290, at
4008:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3842:
3840:9780230296466
3836:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3795:
3791:
3790:Distillations
3787:
3780:
3777:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3693:
3688:
3685:(14): 52–73.
3684:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3189:on 5 May 2013
3188:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:Weed Research
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:Plant Disease
2566:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:(5): e96838.
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1999:9780276002175
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1347:
1344:February 2021
1337:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1321:This section
1319:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:P. somniferum
1255:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1166:P. somniferum
1163:
1162:field poppies
1159:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
982:
981:
976:
971:
968:
967:
962:
956:
944:
939:
932:
927:
920:
915:
910:
908:
907:P. somniferum
902:
900:
896:
892:
887:
886:P. somniferum
883:
878:
871:
869:
867:
866:P. somniferum
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
833:
828:
823:
818:
817:P. somniferum
814:
812:
808:
807:P. somniferum
800:
798:
796:
795:
790:
786:
784:
783:P. somniferum
776:
774:
772:
771:p. somniferum
768:
767:
762:
758:
754:
753:p. somniferum
750:
746:
743:
742:
736:
734:
733:
728:
727:conidiospores
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:
697:
695:
691:
688:. The use of
687:
683:
679:
678:P. somniferum
672:
667:
665:
663:
655:
653:
651:
647:
643:
642:P. somniferum
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:P. somniferum
611:
606:
603:
602:P. somniferum
598:
597:P. somniferum
588:
585:
577:
566:
563:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
542:
538:
535: –
534:
530:
529:Find sources:
523:
519:
513:
512:
507:This section
505:
501:
496:
495:
489:
487:
485:
484:
479:
478:Carl Linnaeus
475:
468:
463:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
450:
445:
443:
442:transcription
439:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:phenylalanine
411:
407:
399:
387:
382:
378:
371:
366:
359:
354:
347:
342:
338:
331:
326:
321:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
295:
293:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:, to produce
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:
178:
173:
171:
165:
162:
161:Binomial name
158:
154:
153:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:Tracheophytes
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
8401:Soma (drink)
7808:
7783:
7625:White willow
7595:Tea tree oil
7554:
7545:Marsh-mallow
7453:Asthma-plant
7374:
7353:Prodynorphin
7345:Propeptides:
7344:
7243:
7214:Thienorphine
7037:JNJ-19385899
7022:Cebranopadol
7004:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
6996:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
6680:6β-Naltrexol
6597:Thienorphine
6562:Salvinorin A
6362:Levallorphan
6167:Cebranopadol
6026:Thienorphine
5836:6β-Naltrexol
5620:JNJ-20788560
5615:Isomethadone
5510:Deltorphin I
5505:Deltorphin A
5485:Cebranopadol
5480:Casokefamide
5314:Naltrexazone
5304:Naloxonazine
5229:Levallorphan
5076:6β-Naltrexol
4975:Thienorphine
4930:Remifentanil
4853:
4852:
4783:Nicomorphine
4778:Nicodicodine
4733:Morphiceptin
4633:Ketobemidone
4468:Desomorphine
4453:DAMGO (DAGO)
4433:Cebranopadol
4428:Casokefamide
4170:
4161:
4128:
4099:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4074:the original
4061:
4053:
4049:
4037:. Retrieved
4030:the original
4017:
4011:Google Books
4004:
3999:
3990:
3981:
3969:. Retrieved
3965:the original
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3939:
3930:
3918:. Retrieved
3914:the original
3904:
3895:
3886:
3874:. Retrieved
3870:the original
3865:
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3820:
3810:
3798:. Retrieved
3793:
3789:
3779:
3767:. Retrieved
3760:the original
3755:
3751:
3726:. Retrieved
3721:
3696:. Retrieved
3682:
3616:(1): 20263.
3613:
3609:
3599:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3561:
3549:
3537:. Retrieved
3533:the original
3528:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3497:
3492:
3478:
3466:. Retrieved
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3440:the original
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3408:
3396:. Retrieved
3392:the original
3387:
3377:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3335:the original
3330:
3326:
3313:
3301:. Retrieved
3291:
3279:. Retrieved
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3247:
3237:13 September
3235:. Retrieved
3231:the original
3217:
3191:. Retrieved
3187:the original
3180:
3170:
3158:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3120:the original
3113:
3103:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3068:
3063:Sergeeva A.
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3041:
3037:
3027:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2984:the original
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2958:the original
2953:
2944:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2889:
2880:
2847:
2843:
2796:
2792:
2755:
2751:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2517:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2327:
2277:
2273:
2250:
2236:
2203:
2199:
2181:
2177:
2154:. Retrieved
2148:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2125:
2120:
2059:
2055:
2014:
2008:
1985:
1980:
1961:
1955:
1936:
1912:. Retrieved
1892:
1888:
1850:(3): 32–36.
1847:
1843:
1820:. Retrieved
1816:
1787:. Retrieved
1777:
1755:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1735:
1729:
1719:
1712:
1695:
1678:
1655:
1646:
1605:
1582:Saudi Arabia
1568:
1562:
1558:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1521:
1477:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1410:
1403:
1382:
1376:
1350:
1341:
1330:Please help
1325:verification
1322:
1295:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1238:
1226:
1221:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1158:Metheringham
1148:Restrictions
1129:
1119:
1111:
1086:
1068:
1042:
1037:
906:
903:
885:
879:
875:
865:
863:
853:
849:
843:
839:
831:
826:
821:
816:
815:
810:
806:
804:
792:
789:Flea beetles
787:
782:
780:
770:
764:
757:rattle virus
752:
747:
739:
737:
730:
700:
698:
682:downy mildew
677:
676:
659:
649:
645:
641:
634:paeoniflorum
633:
629:
617:
613:
607:
601:
596:
595:
580:
571:
561:
554:
547:
540:
528:
516:Please help
511:verification
508:
481:
473:
472:
453:
449:Papaveraceae
448:
446:
434:
403:
300:
299:
289:
283:
278:
244:
224:introduction
204:Papaveraceae
195:
191:
186:
185:
184:
169:
167:
151:
150:
138:
128:Papaveraceae
118:Ranunculales
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
8255:kew-2561497
8139:NatureServe
8077:iNaturalist
7833:Wikispecies
7748:Herb garden
7555:Opium poppy
7468:medical use
7283:Kelatorphan
7260:Candoxatril
7149:Antagonists
7100:Racemorphan
7067:NNC 63-0532
7052:Lexanopadol
7047:Levorphanol
6925:Quadazocine
6910:Pawhuskin A
6905:Noribogaine
6895:Navacaprant
6885:Naltrindole
6805:Epicatechin
6770:Clocinnamox
6653:Antagonists
6615:desipramine
6582:Samidorphan
6552:Racemorphan
6537:Phenazocine
6527:Pentazocine
6507:Norketamine
6502:Noribogaine
6462:Nalfurafine
6427:Mirtazapine
6417:Metkefamide
6377:Lexanopadol
6372:Levorphanol
6352:Laudanosine
6337:ICI-204,448
6332:ICI-199,441
6302:Hemorphin-4
6262:Erinacine E
6247:Eluxadoline
6237:Dynorphin A
6182:Cyclazocine
6157:Butorphanol
6142:Bremazocine
6117:Asimadoline
6107:Allomatrine
6097:Akuammicine
6006:Quadazocine
6001:Pawhuskin A
5996:Noribogaine
5981:Naltrindole
5921:Epicatechin
5916:Eluxadoline
5891:Clocinnamox
5819:Antagonists
5750:Samidorphan
5740:Racemorphan
5720:Oxymorphone
5680:Mitragynine
5675:Metkefamide
5655:Lexanopadol
5650:Levorphanol
5635:Laudanosine
5600:Hydrocodone
5595:Hemorphin-4
5495:Cyclazocine
5470:Butorphanol
5445:β-Endorphin
5364:Samidorphan
5359:Quadazocine
5349:Pawhuskin A
5339:Noribogaine
5329:Naltrindole
5264:Naldemedine
5194:Epicatechin
5151:Clocinnamox
5039:Antagonists
5010:Tubotaiwine
4995:Trimebutine
4925:Racemorphan
4895:Piritramide
4880:Phenazocine
4865:Pentazocine
4838:Oxymorphone
4803:Oliceridine
4788:Norketamine
4773:Nicocodeine
4758:Naltalimide
4723:Mitragynine
4713:Metkefamide
4683:Loxicodegol
4673:Lexanopadol
4668:Levorphanol
4643:Laudanosine
4608:Hydrocodone
4603:Hodgkinsine
4593:Hemorphin-4
4583:Frakefamide
4543:Embutramide
4538:Dynorphin A
4498:Eluxadoline
4488:Dimenoxadol
4423:Carfentanil
4408:Butorphanol
4383:Bezitramide
4353:β-Endorphin
4343:Anileridine
4333:Akuammidine
4328:Akuammicine
4298:α-Narcotine
4083:30 December
3920:30 December
3846:5 September
3769:5 September
3728:5 September
3698:5 September
3539:2 September
3446:30 December
3420:30 December
3382:Richter S.
3303:30 December
3281:30 December
3259:30 December
3193:2 September
3126:2 September
3074:15 November
3048:15 November
2990:28 November
2726:10261/94915
1789:21 November
1437:Chinese tea
1395:Rhine River
1298:South Korea
1270:New Zealand
1172:In most of
801:Cultivation
719:hypertrophy
296:Description
267:hydrocodone
247:poppy seeds
232:naturalized
228:cultivation
212:poppy seeds
192:opium poppy
95:Angiosperms
18:Opium Poppy
8396:Entheogens
8370:Categories
8250:Plant List
7913:Calflora:
7768:Homeopathy
7758:Herbal tea
7610:Umckaloabo
7585:Star anise
7565:Peppermint
7530:Lemon balm
7525:Goldenseal
7458:Astragalus
7378:Kyotorphin
7323:Spinorphin
7204:SB-612,111
7199:Nocistatin
7169:BAN-ORL-24
7120:SCH-486757
7115:SCH-221510
6954:Nociceptin
6915:PF-4455242
6890:Naringenin
6880:Naltrexone
6840:LY-2795050
6835:LY-2459989
6830:LY-2444296
6825:LY-2196044
6810:Hyperoside
6725:Aticaprant
6619:imipramine
6542:Proxorphan
6517:Oxilorphan
6487:Niravoline
6477:Nalorphine
6452:Nalbuphine
6437:Moxazocine
6412:Metazocine
6382:Lofentanil
6347:Ketazocine
6307:Herkinorin
6287:Gemazocine
6277:Fedotozine
6257:Eptazocine
6187:Cyclorphan
6172:Ciprefadol
5991:Naringenin
5971:Naltrexone
5966:Nalorphine
5941:LY-2196044
5931:ICI-174864
5926:ICI-154129
5871:Bevenopran
5846:α-Santolol
5810:Zenazocine
5790:Tonazocine
5745:RWJ-394674
5730:Proglumide
5670:Metazocine
5660:Lofentanil
5590:Fluorophen
5354:Rimonabant
5344:Oxilorphan
5334:Naringenin
5324:Naltrexone
5289:Naloxazone
5279:Nalorphine
5244:LY-2196044
5214:Hyperoside
5204:Gemazocine
5199:Eptazocine
5136:Bevenopran
4980:Tianeptine
4955:Tapentadol
4950:Sufentanil
4945:Sinomenine
4935:Salsolinol
4890:Piminodine
4808:Oxycodegol
4798:Octreotide
4793:Nufenoxole
4743:Nalbuphine
4698:Meptazinol
4678:Loperamide
4648:Lefetamine
4598:Herkinorin
4578:Fluorophen
4533:Dipipanone
4458:Dermorphin
4348:Apparicine
4338:Alfentanil
4261:(abridged;
4241:modulators
3796:(2): 12–23
3500:produced."
3344:31 October
3044:(2): 35–47
2895:19 January
2575:(2): 392.
2184:: 103–107.
2156:1 November
1757:17 October
1704:References
1647:somniferum
1636:papaverine
1546:press cake
1544:The poppy
1501:Poppy seed
1488:Monticello
1421:Qing China
1371:See also:
957:Production
872:Ornamental
766:Umbravirus
761:Carlavirus
690:pesticides
646:laciniatum
610:subspecies
544:newspapers
410:amino acid
400:Metabolism
339:appearance
8033:220009871
8007:220009871
7989:FloraBase
7763:Herbalism
7535:Liquorice
7495:Fenugreek
7490:Chaparral
7485:Chamomile
7438:Aloe vera
7333:Tynorphin
7328:Thiorphan
7308:Opiorphan
7250:Amastatin
7179:J-113,397
7140:TH-030418
7110:Ro65-6570
7105:Ro64-6198
7032:Etorphine
6940:Zyklophin
6930:Taxifolin
6820:LY-255582
6780:Cyclofoxy
6730:Axelopran
6644:Xorphanol
6634:U-54,494A
6602:Tifluadom
6592:TH-030418
6522:Oxycodone
6512:Oripavine
6482:Naltriben
6467:Nalmefene
6422:Mianserin
6392:Lufuradom
6297:GR-103545
6272:Etorphine
6252:Enadoline
6152:Butorphan
6147:BRL-52537
6112:Apadoline
6021:Taxifolin
6016:SoRI-9409
5976:Naltriben
5961:Nalmefene
5936:LY-255582
5866:Axelopran
5805:Xorphanol
5775:TH-030418
5755:SB-235863
5715:Oxycodone
5710:Oripavine
5575:Etorphine
5465:Butorphan
5430:Amoxapine
5369:Taxifolin
5294:Naloxegol
5269:Nalmefene
5239:LY-255582
5169:Cyprodime
5164:Cyclofoxy
5131:Axelopran
5111:Alvimopan
5106:Akuammine
5091:α-Gliadin
5030:Xorphanol
5020:Valorphin
4965:TH-030418
4823:Oxycodone
4818:Oripavine
4753:Nalmexone
4708:Methadone
4688:LS-115509
4568:Etorphine
4558:Eseroline
4403:Butorphan
4264:full list
4039:3 January
3971:8 January
3945:8 January
3876:7 January
3800:23 August
3640:2045-2322
3585:: 23–29.
3529:The Times
3371:: 778–80.
3097:(1): 4–9.
3069:Index Box
2872:0043-1737
2813:0967-0874
2772:0143-6147
2734:0378-3774
2683:1214-1178
2626:0304-8608
2591:0191-2917
2544:cite book
2484:1364-5072
2448:0931-1785
2395:1932-6203
2294:1479-2621
2220:0014-2336
2200:Euphytica
2086:0036-8075
1914:7 January
1822:8 January
1682:cultivars
1640:noscapine
1632:oripavine
1614:known as
1612:alkaloids
1608:seed pods
1574:Singapore
1563:When the
1556:to heat.
1399:Neolithic
1168:as a weed
1142:oripavine
1083:genotypes
1073:, led by
858:congeners
723:chlorosis
626:cultivars
622:varieties
618:setigerum
574:July 2018
318:stigmatic
271:oxycodone
263:oripavine
255:alkaloids
146:Species:
65:Kingdom:
8386:Morphine
8325:VicFlora
8314:VASCAN:
8307:24000140
8302:Tropicos
8178:NSWFlora
8144:2.158703
8108:11129602
8095:673724-1
7890:BioLib:
7818:Wikidata
7686:Shiitake
7615:Valerian
7605:Turmeric
7575:Rosemary
7540:Marigold
7505:Flaxseed
7500:Feverfew
7480:Cardamom
7463:Cannabis
7448:Borututu
7219:Trap-101
7209:SR-16430
7130:SR-16435
6984:(PheΨ(CH
6964:Agonists
6875:Naloxone
6785:Dezocine
6755:Catechin
6710:Apigenin
6639:U-69,593
6432:Morphine
6402:MB-1C-OH
6342:Ketamine
6327:Ibogaine
6292:GR-89696
6282:Fentanyl
6162:BW373U86
6050:Agonists
6040:κ-opioid
5986:Naloxone
5881:Catechin
5856:Apigenin
5795:Tramadol
5780:Thebaine
5690:Morphine
5610:Ibogaine
5580:Fentanyl
5560:DPI-3290
5530:Dezocine
5475:BW373U86
5455:Biphalin
5420:ADL-5859
5393:Agonists
5383:δ-opioid
5309:Naloxone
5234:Lobeline
5219:Ibogaine
5141:Catechin
5121:Apigenin
4990:Tramadol
4985:Tilidine
4970:Thebaine
4940:SC-17599
4910:Propiram
4870:Pericine
4813:OM-3-MNZ
4738:Morphine
4628:Ketamine
4573:Fentanyl
4483:Dezocine
4418:BW373U86
4388:Biphalin
4273:3-HO-PCP
4259:Agonists
4249:μ-opioid
4147:57007969
3866:AlterNet
3683:Almanack
3658:33219318
3203:cite web
2821:83721260
2642:16114366
2634:26514844
2536:30544395
2500:33398558
2492:28186676
2413:24806292
2365:PLOS ONE
2346:76179514
2302:88963681
2228:25242061
2102:52137369
2094:30166436
1935:(2019).
1933:Stace CA
1909:24033330
1658:laudanum
1651:sedative
1628:thebaine
1620:morphine
1527:nut roll
1522:makowiec
1263:Tasmania
1212:repealed
1207:esthetic
1203:culinary
1189:capsules
1138:thebaine
1134:Tasmania
1122:morphine
1116:Medicine
1050:Source:
969:Country
759:and the
711:oospores
707:oomycete
686:root rot
673:Diseases
469:Taxonomy
421:tyrosine
337:glaucous
309:glaucous
259:thebaine
257:(mainly
124:Family:
108:Eudicots
8406:Papaver
8191:NTFlora
8056:2888439
7937:Ecocrop
7824:Q131584
7676:Meshima
7671:Maitake
7635:Za'atar
7620:Verbena
7560:Oregano
7520:Ginseng
7475:Caraway
7433:Alfalfa
7375:Others:
7303:RB-3007
7255:BL-2401
7224:UFP-101
7189:NalBzOH
7184:JTC-801
7125:SR-8993
7062:MT-7716
7012:BU08070
6865:MR-2266
6845:MeJDTic
6775:CVL-354
6745:BU09059
6735:AZ-MTAB
6715:Arodyne
6675:6'-GNTI
6670:5'-GNTI
6629:U-50488
6609:(e.g.,
6457:NalBzOH
6442:MR-2034
6407:Menthol
6397:Matrine
6132:BAM-22P
6127:BAM-18P
6122:BAM-12P
6062:6'-GNTI
5831:5'-NTII
5765:SNC-162
5705:NalBzOH
5625:KNT-127
5555:DPI-221
5490:Codeine
5450:BAM-18P
5440:AZD2327
5405:6'-GNTI
5299:Naloxol
5025:Viminol
5015:U-47700
5000:TRIMU 5
4905:Prodine
4848:OxyPNPH
4763:Neopine
4748:NalBzOH
4718:Metopon
4693:Matrine
4443:Codeine
4393:BU08070
4368:BAM-22P
4363:BAM-18P
4358:BAM-12P
4323:AH-7921
3649:7679390
3618:Bibcode
3468:20 June
3255:. UNODC
2924:Bibcode
2852:Bibcode
2706:Bibcode
2404:4013089
2373:Bibcode
2064:Bibcode
2056:Science
1864:9716321
1692:Culture
1624:codeine
1616:opiates
1588:Opiates
1554:pellets
1482:raided
1385:by the
1367:History
1234:muffins
1126:codeine
1107:Germany
1054:of the
1052:FAOSTAT
1032:12,360
1014:13,666
996:26,991
715:conidia
668:Ecology
616:subsp.
558:scholar
139:Papaver
134:Genus:
114:Order:
69:Plantae
8263:PLANTS
8232:438118
8203:NZOR:
8069:406377
8043:PAPSOM
8040:FoIO:
7981:175589
7955:594796
7906:162191
7867:APDB:
7847:AoFP:
7753:Herbal
7630:Yarrow
7515:Ginkgo
7510:Ginger
7313:Selank
7298:RB-120
7293:RB-101
7237:Others
7164:AT-076
7057:MCOPPB
6720:AT-076
6566:salvia
6447:N-MPPP
6387:LPK-26
6011:SDM25N
5861:AT-076
5800:TRV250
5760:SNC-80
5630:Kratom
5410:7-SIOM
5126:AT-076
5116:AM-251
5005:TRV734
4900:PL-017
4638:Kratom
4623:IBNtxA
4145:
4135:
4106:
3837:
3656:
3646:
3638:
3508:7 July
3398:20 May
2964:14 May
2870:
2819:
2811:
2770:
2732:
2681:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2589:
2534:
2524:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2446:
2411:
2401:
2393:
2344:
2334:
2300:
2292:
2226:
2218:
2132:16 May
2100:
2092:
2084:
2021:
1996:
1968:
1943:
1907:
1862:
1686:heroin
1642:. The
1580:, and
1518:Polish
1429:Bengal
1406:asthma
1287:Kokang
1216:permit
1103:Poland
1099:Russia
1075:Turkey
1071:tonnes
1043:76,240
1025:
1007:
992:Turkey
989:
975:tonnes
897:, and
650:Sujata
638:double
560:
553:
546:
539:
531:
431:Genome
425:L-DOPA
351:Flower
313:leaves
305:annual
303:is an
236:Europe
8391:Opium
8376:Herbs
8337:WoI:
8294:58799
8268:PASO2
8239:PFI:
8196:24670
8121:18894
8103:IRMNG
8082:78346
8015:FoAO2
7976:EUNIS
7968:PAPSO
7929:4CJK3
7883:86549
7870:23678
7857:APA:
7644:Fungi
7600:Thyme
7443:Anise
7426:Herbs
7318:Semax
6957:(NOP)
6935:UPHIT
6920:RB-64
6860:ML350
6855:ML190
6815:JDTic
6790:DIPPA
6557:RB-64
6312:HS665
6177:CR665
6072:18-MC
6067:8-CAC
6043:(KOR)
5565:DSLET
5550:DPDPE
5500:DADLE
5460:BU-48
5386:(DOR)
5224:JDTic
5086:18-MC
4915:PZM21
4859:opium
4768:NFEPP
4448:DADLE
4252:(MOR)
4077:(PDF)
4070:(PDF)
4033:(PDF)
4026:(PDF)
3763:(PDF)
3679:(PDF)
3338:(PDF)
3323:(PDF)
3144:p. 48
2817:S2CID
2638:S2CID
2496:S2CID
2298:S2CID
2224:S2CID
2098:S2CID
2052:(PDF)
1885:(PDF)
1860:S2CID
1783:(PDF)
1751:(xls)
1740:(xls)
1594:Opium
1445:First
1391:Latin
1383:opion
1373:Opium
1283:Burma
1095:India
1091:stock
1079:trade
1038:World
1028:Spain
777:Pests
644:var.
632:var.
565:JSTOR
551:books
377:opium
286:latex
251:opium
208:opium
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
8340:1164
8317:7126
8276:POWO
8242:1261
8219:7143
8170:3469
8165:NCBI
8131:1900
8116:ITIS
8090:IPNI
8064:GRIN
8051:GBIF
7994:2966
7963:EPPO
7942:8296
7916:6058
7901:BOLD
7893:3500
7878:APNI
7860:2816
7850:1781
7580:Sage
7550:Neem
6705:ANTI
6322:HZ-2
5876:BNTX
5159:CTOP
5155:CTAP
4143:OCLC
4133:ISBN
4104:ISBN
4085:2011
4041:2009
3973:2018
3947:2018
3922:2011
3878:2018
3848:2018
3835:ISBN
3802:2018
3771:2018
3730:2018
3700:2018
3654:PMID
3636:ISSN
3583:1242
3541:2009
3510:2012
3470:2018
3448:2011
3422:2011
3400:2021
3346:2011
3305:2011
3283:2011
3261:2011
3239:2017
3209:link
3195:2009
3128:2009
3076:2018
3050:2018
2992:2020
2966:2021
2897:2020
2868:ISSN
2809:ISSN
2768:ISSN
2730:ISSN
2679:ISSN
2630:PMID
2622:ISSN
2587:ISSN
2550:link
2532:OCLC
2522:ISBN
2488:PMID
2480:ISSN
2444:ISSN
2409:PMID
2391:ISSN
2342:OCLC
2332:ISBN
2290:ISSN
2216:ISSN
2158:2017
2134:2023
2090:PMID
2082:ISSN
2019:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1916:2018
1905:PMID
1824:2018
1791:2020
1759:2014
1638:and
1550:molt
1525:, a
1447:and
1304:Uses
1105:and
1065:Food
864:For
856:are
852:and
684:and
624:and
537:news
269:and
261:and
240:Asia
238:and
226:and
210:and
8348:WFO
8289:RHS
8152:NBN
8028:FoC
8002:FNA
7950:EoL
7924:CoL
6800:ECG
6795:EGC
5911:EGC
5906:ECG
5585:FIT
5189:EGC
5184:ECG
3825:doi
3724:(3)
3687:doi
3644:PMC
3626:doi
3587:doi
3015:doi
2932:doi
2860:doi
2801:doi
2760:doi
2722:hdl
2714:doi
2669:doi
2614:doi
2610:161
2577:doi
2573:101
2472:doi
2468:122
2436:doi
2432:147
2399:PMC
2381:doi
2282:doi
2208:doi
2204:150
2182:107
2123:L."
2072:doi
2060:362
1897:doi
1893:150
1852:doi
1578:UAE
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