226:) organized crime groups still generate substantial profits from the business of trafficking heroin within Southeast Asia. Latest findings from 2020 show that domestic heroin consumption of 6 tons was valued at US$ 144 - 315 million, while the export of heroin from Myanmar to neighbouring countries was worth between US$ 0.5 and 1.6 billion locally. Heroin also continues to pose a significant public security and health challenge for neighbouring countries as Myanmar remains the major supplier of opium and heroin in East Asia, Southeast Asia, as well as Oceania. According to the latest estimates, there are more than 3 million heroin users in the region consuming approximately US$ 10 billion worth of the drug annually.
211:(CIA) in 1956. In more recent years, following a spike in production until 2014, opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar has declined year-on-year since 2015. According to latest data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), an estimated 405 metric tons (mt) of opium were produced in Myanmar in 2020, representing less than half of the estimate of 2013 (870 mt), while the area of opium poppy cultivation declined by 11% from 33,100 in 2019 to 29,500 hectares (ha). As in previous years, the majority of opium continues to be cultivated in northern Myanmar's
99:), organized crime groups still generate substantial profits from the business of trafficking heroin within Southeast Asia. Latest findings from 2020 show that domestic heroin consumption of 6 tons was valued at US$ 144 - 315 million, while the export of heroin from Myanmar to neighboring countries was worth between US$ 0.5 and 1.6 billion locally. Heroin also continues to pose a significant public security and health challenge for neighboring countries, as Myanmar remains the major supplier of opium and heroin in
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1684:
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285:. Most of the money earned from opium sales go into the drug barons' pockets; the amount left is used to sustain the livelihood of the farmers. Economic specialists indicate that recent trends in growth have the potential to widen the gap between the rich and the poor in the country, empowering politically powerful criminal rackets at the expense of democracy.
174:
143:
helicopters from the US for opium caravan interception. In 1990, Myanmar was producing more than half of the world's opium. The percentage dropped to one third by 1998. In 1999, the country reported a goal to become opium-free by 2014. As of 2012, some 300,000 households in
Myanmar were involved in the industry.
305:
Government reports claim that in 2012, a fourfold increase of elimination of poppy fields has been effected, amounting to 24,000 hectares of poppy fields. According to the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) land poppy cultivation registered an increase of 17 percent, the highest increase in eight
301:
With the establishment of the democratic government after the rule of a military junta, there is hope that opium eradication would be a serious public policy. The new government has taken steps to reform the system, but the ground situation is otherwise as there is an upsurge in its production and
297:
provincial government of China established a poppy substitution development program for
Myanmar. Yunnan subsidized Chinese businesses to cultivate cash crops like rubber and banana in Myanmar and allow for their importation to China without tariffs. The program reduced poppy cultivation in Myanmar
119:
has raised concerns over the continued shift away from opium cultivation and heroin production in
Myanmar towards synthetic drugs. More specifically, countries in Southeast Asia, and particularly the Mekong region, have collectively witnessed sustained increases in seizures of methamphetamine over
94:
states. Due to poverty, opium production is attractive to impoverished farmers as the financial return from poppy is estimated to be 17 times more than that of rice. In spite of the continuing shift within
Myanmar towards synthetic drug production (specifically methamphetamine in areas around the
142:
Opium has been present in
Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) since as early as the 1750s, during which the Kongbaug Dynasty was in power. The United States provided economic aid to the country then known as Burma in 1948 to reduce the opium trade. Between 1974 and 1978, Burma received eighteen
133:
totaling what was believed to be 193 million methamphetamine tablets, hundreds of kilogrammes of crystal methamphetamine as well as some heroin, and over 162,000 litres and 35.5 tons of drug precursors as well as sophisticated production equipment and several staging and storage facilities.
74:
manufacture. While opium poppy cultivation in
Myanmar had declined year-on-year since 2015, cultivation area increased by 33% totalling 40,100 hectares alongside an 88% increase in yield potential to 790 metric tonnes in 2022 according to latest data from the
165:
83:(UNODC) has also warned that opium production in Myanmar may rise again if the economic crunch brought on by COVID-19 and the country's February 1 military coup persists, with significant public health and security consequences for much of Asia.
150:
with
Thailand and Laos forming the other two arms, where opium production accounted for about 50% of the world's consumption in 1990 but was reduced to about 33% by 1998. Myanmar part of this triangle is reported to be a lawless region.
128:
Office on Drugs and Crime, more than any other part of the world, with
Myanmar representing one of the world's largest sources of the drug. In April and May 2020, Myanmar authorities reported Asia's largest ever drug operation in
114:
Economic specialists indicate that recent trends in growth have the potential to widen the gap between the rich and the poor in the country, empowering politically powerful criminal rackets at the expense of democracy. The
274:, including the banking, airline, hotel and infrastructure industries. Their investment in infrastructure have allowed them to generate more profits, facilitate drug trafficking and money laundering.
302:
this is attributed in a report by the UN as due to "the resurgence in opium production in
Southeast Asia is the demand for opiates, both locally and in the region in general".
219:
at 12% (3,600 ha), with both decreasing by 12% and 6% respectively from 2019. Areas with opium cultivation in Kayah and Chin States (1,200 ha) accounted for 4% of the total.
111:. According to the latest estimates, there are more than 3 million heroin users in the region, consuming approximately US$ 10 billion worth of the drug annually.
196:. In the past, it was "the world's unrivaled leader in opiate production", and producing some 25% of the world's opium. Production is mainly concentrated in the
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58:. The opium industry was a monopoly during colonial times and has since been illegally tolerated, encouraged and informally taxed by corrupt officials in the
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970:
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On an annual rate, the production of opium in the country was estimated to be some 150 tonnes (150 long tons; 170 short tons), according to the
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In spite of the intensifying shift towards synthetic drug production in
Myanmar (specifically methamphetamine in the
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Prior to the 1980s, heroin was typically transported from Myanmar to Thailand, before being trafficked by sea to
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The prominence of major drug traffickers have allowed them to penetrate and permeate other sectors of the
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281:, many farmers have little alternative but to engage in opium production, which is used to make
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but reception was mixed because most of the economic benefits flowed to Chinese businesses.
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487:"Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: Latest Developments and Challenges 2022"
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201:
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838:
795:"The Chinese Connection: Cross-border Drug Trafficking between Myanmar and China"
390:
357:"Myanmar overtakes Afghanistan as world's biggest opium producer, UN report says"
238:, which was and still remains the major transit point at which heroin enters the
1094:
760:"Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: Latest Developments and Challenges"
453:"Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: Latest Developments and Challenges"
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262:) because of a growing market for drugs in China, before reaching Hong Kong.
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27:
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59:
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600:"The Spike In Myanmar's Opium Production Could Destabilize All Of Asia"
255:
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120:
the last decade, totaling over 171 tons and a record of over 1 billion
108:
47:
718:
History of the Opium Problem: The Assault on the East, Ca. 1600 – 1950
777:"Myanmar Opium Survey 2020: Cultivation, Production and Implications"
743:"Myanmar Opium Survey 2020: Cultivation, Production and Implications"
470:"Myanmar Opium Survey 2020: Cultivation, Production and Implications"
431:"Myanmar's Economic Meltdown Likely to Push Opium Output Up, Says UN"
417:"Myanmar Opium Survey 2021: Cultivation, Production and Implications"
294:
282:
247:
71:
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51:
31:
A world map of the world's primary opium or heroin producers. The
54:, producing some 25% of the world's opium, and forms part of the
952:
394:
899:
The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia
667:"Myanmar overtakes Afghanistan as world's top opium producer"
501:"Huge fentanyl haul seized in Asia's biggest-ever drugs bust"
242:. In the 21st century, drug trafficking has circumvented to
35:
region, which Myanmar is part of, is pinpointed in this map.
42:
has historically been a major contributor to the country's
813:
The Golden Triangle: inside Southeast Asia's drug trade
645:"Myanmar opium output rises despite eradication effort"
79:(UNODC) Myanmar Opium Survey 2022. With that said, the
836:
Lyman, Michael D.; Gary W. Potter (14 October 2010).
521:
Security and Sustainable Development in Myanmar/Burma
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1443:
1382:
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1165:
1008:
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279:ongoing, rural-based insurgencies within Myanmar
86:Opium production is mainly concentrated in the
927:"Opium Production In Myanmar On Rise, Says UN"
840:Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control
815:. Cornell University Press. pp. 239–240.
694:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 186–.
574:"Opium Production In Myanmar On Rise, Says UN"
391:"UN report: Opium cultivation rising in Burma"
182:Left: A field of opium. Right: Poppy seed pods
146:Myanmar is also one of three countries of the
964:
793:Chin, Ko-lin; Sheldon X. Zhang (April 2007).
8:
868:Ethnic Politics in Burma: States of Conflict
551:. Harvard University Press. pp. 109–.
548:Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy
1449:
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991:
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507:. 18 May 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
800:. U.S. Department of Justice. p. 98.
639:
637:
630:. Irrwaddy organization. 31 October 2012.
628:"UN Says Burmese Opium Production Rising"
691:Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future
117:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
81:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
77:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
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1130:State Peace and Development Council
192:as the world's largest producer of
50:is the world's largest producer of
124:tablets in 2021, according to the
25:
572:Pitman, Todd (October 31, 2012).
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1670:
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316:
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647:. Reuters.com. 31 October 2012
545:Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2009).
188:Since 2021, Myanmar overtakes
1:
1721:Illegal drug trade in Myanmar
266:The Burmese economy and opium
70:, primarily as the basis for
1726:Internal conflict in Myanmar
1339:State Administration Council
1085:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
871:. Routledge. pp. 145–.
332:Internal conflict in Myanmar
1140:2011–2015 political reforms
688:Rotberg, Robert I. (1998).
524:. Routledge. pp. 94–.
209:Central Intelligence Agency
62:(Armed forces of Myanmar),
40:Opium production in Myanmar
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996:Myanmar is also known as
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18:Opium production in Burma
1265:Administrative divisions
721:. BRILL. pp. 428–.
1635:Twelve Auspicious Rites
1416:Myanmar kyat (currency)
903:Oxford University Press
1716:Agriculture in Myanmar
865:South, Ashley (2008).
44:gross domestic product
36:
811:Chin, Ko-lin (2009).
518:James, Helen (2012).
289:Eradication programme
30:
1472:Environmental issues
1431:Units of measurement
1078:First Toungoo Empire
715:Derks, Hans (2012).
240:international market
64:Myanmar Police Force
1110:Japanese occupation
1063:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1695:Outline of Myanmar
1411:Telecommunications
1327:commander-in-chief
1120:Socialist Republic
1068:Kingdom of Mrauk U
897:Han, Enze (2024).
272:economy of Myanmar
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1285:Foreign relations
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1038:Myinsaing Kingdom
1004:
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933:. 31 October 2012
912:978-0-19-769659-0
851:978-1-4377-4450-7
822:978-0-8014-7521-4
608:. 1 November 2012
558:978-0-674-05134-8
397:. 31 October 2012
148:golden "triangle"
16:(Redirected from
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1731:Opium by country
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1406:Opium production
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901:. New York, NY:
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782:. February 2021.
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748:. February 2021.
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475:. February 2021.
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419:. February 2022.
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337:Crime in Myanmar
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1073:Toungoo dynasty
1048:Sagaing Kingdom
1023:Pyu city-states
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458:. May 2021.
277:Due to the
190:Afghanistan
1710:Categories
1605:Literature
1560:Censorship
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