215:) organized crime groups still generate substantial profits from the business of trafficking heroin within Southeast Asia. Latest findings from 2020 show that domestic heroin consumption of 6 tons was valued at US$ 144 - 315 million, while the export of heroin from Myanmar to neighbouring countries was worth between US$ 0.5 and 1.6 billion locally. Heroin also continues to pose a significant public security and health challenge for neighbouring countries as Myanmar remains the major supplier of opium and heroin in East Asia, Southeast Asia, as well as Oceania. According to the latest estimates, there are more than 3 million heroin users in the region consuming approximately US$ 10 billion worth of the drug annually.
200:(CIA) in 1956. In more recent years, following a spike in production until 2014, opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar has declined year-on-year since 2015. According to latest data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), an estimated 405 metric tons (mt) of opium were produced in Myanmar in 2020, representing less than half of the estimate of 2013 (870 mt), while the area of opium poppy cultivation declined by 11% from 33,100 in 2019 to 29,500 hectares (ha). As in previous years, the majority of opium continues to be cultivated in northern Myanmar's
88:), organized crime groups still generate substantial profits from the business of trafficking heroin within Southeast Asia. Latest findings from 2020 show that domestic heroin consumption of 6 tons was valued at US$ 144 - 315 million, while the export of heroin from Myanmar to neighboring countries was worth between US$ 0.5 and 1.6 billion locally. Heroin also continues to pose a significant public security and health challenge for neighboring countries, as Myanmar remains the major supplier of opium and heroin in
1649:
1673:
307:
17:
1661:
274:. Most of the money earned from opium sales go into the drug barons' pockets; the amount left is used to sustain the livelihood of the farmers. Economic specialists indicate that recent trends in growth have the potential to widen the gap between the rich and the poor in the country, empowering politically powerful criminal rackets at the expense of democracy.
163:
132:
helicopters from the US for opium caravan interception. In 1990, Myanmar was producing more than half of the world's opium. The percentage dropped to one third by 1998. In 1999, the country reported a goal to become opium-free by 2014. As of 2012, some 300,000 households in
Myanmar were involved in the industry.
294:
Government reports claim that in 2012, a fourfold increase of elimination of poppy fields has been effected, amounting to 24,000 hectares of poppy fields. According to the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) land poppy cultivation registered an increase of 17 percent, the highest increase in eight
290:
With the establishment of the democratic government after the rule of a military junta, there is hope that opium eradication would be a serious public policy. The new government has taken steps to reform the system, but the ground situation is otherwise as there is an upsurge in its production and
286:
provincial government of China established a poppy substitution development program for
Myanmar. Yunnan subsidized Chinese businesses to cultivate cash crops like rubber and banana in Myanmar and allow for their importation to China without tariffs. The program reduced poppy cultivation in Myanmar
108:
has raised concerns over the continued shift away from opium cultivation and heroin production in
Myanmar towards synthetic drugs. More specifically, countries in Southeast Asia, and particularly the Mekong region, have collectively witnessed sustained increases in seizures of methamphetamine over
83:
states. Due to poverty, opium production is attractive to impoverished farmers as the financial return from poppy is estimated to be 17 times more than that of rice. In spite of the continuing shift within
Myanmar towards synthetic drug production (specifically methamphetamine in areas around the
131:
Opium has been present in
Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) since as early as the 1750s, during which the Kongbaug Dynasty was in power. The United States provided economic aid to the country then known as Burma in 1948 to reduce the opium trade. Between 1974 and 1978, Burma received eighteen
122:
totaling what was believed to be 193 million methamphetamine tablets, hundreds of kilogrammes of crystal methamphetamine as well as some heroin, and over 162,000 litres and 35.5 tons of drug precursors as well as sophisticated production equipment and several staging and storage facilities.
63:
manufacture. While opium poppy cultivation in
Myanmar had declined year-on-year since 2015, cultivation area increased by 33% totalling 40,100 hectares alongside an 88% increase in yield potential to 790 metric tonnes in 2022 according to latest data from the
154:
72:(UNODC) has also warned that opium production in Myanmar may rise again if the economic crunch brought on by COVID-19 and the country's February 1 military coup persists, with significant public health and security consequences for much of Asia.
139:
with
Thailand and Laos forming the other two arms, where opium production accounted for about 50% of the world's consumption in 1990 but was reduced to about 33% by 1998. Myanmar part of this triangle is reported to be a lawless region.
117:
Office on Drugs and Crime, more than any other part of the world, with
Myanmar representing one of the world's largest sources of the drug. In April and May 2020, Myanmar authorities reported Asia's largest ever drug operation in
103:
Economic specialists indicate that recent trends in growth have the potential to widen the gap between the rich and the poor in the country, empowering politically powerful criminal rackets at the expense of democracy. The
263:, including the banking, airline, hotel and infrastructure industries. Their investment in infrastructure have allowed them to generate more profits, facilitate drug trafficking and money laundering.
291:
this is attributed in a report by the UN as due to "the resurgence in opium production in
Southeast Asia is the demand for opiates, both locally and in the region in general".
208:
at 12% (3,600 ha), with both decreasing by 12% and 6% respectively from 2019. Areas with opium cultivation in Kayah and Chin States (1,200 ha) accounted for 4% of the total.
100:. According to the latest estimates, there are more than 3 million heroin users in the region, consuming approximately US$ 10 billion worth of the drug annually.
185:. In the past, it was "the world's unrivaled leader in opiate production", and producing some 25% of the world's opium. Production is mainly concentrated in the
748:
441:
47:. The opium industry was a monopoly during colonial times and has since been illegally tolerated, encouraged and informally taxed by corrupt officials in the
419:
1108:
959:
345:
105:
69:
65:
1128:
196:
On an annual rate, the production of opium in the country was estimated to be some 150 tonnes (150 long tons; 170 short tons), according to the
1709:
1588:
1315:
1714:
899:
838:
809:
545:
1143:
1334:
765:
731:
458:
1138:
475:
1253:
1118:
1356:
1207:
865:
715:
688:
518:
1465:
212:
136:
85:
44:
21:
1704:
1460:
178:
1103:
1222:
1133:
1399:
1344:
1187:
1475:
1419:
1327:
1288:
1273:
1227:
1202:
1098:
1073:
952:
320:
267:
56:
1608:
1533:
1433:
1192:
1167:
405:
197:
211:
In spite of the intensifying shift towards synthetic drug production in
Myanmar (specifically methamphetamine in the
1613:
1500:
915:
562:
1719:
1351:
1212:
1197:
1172:
223:
Prior to the 1980s, heroin was typically transported from Myanmar to Thailand, before being trafficked by sea to
1310:
1182:
1623:
1495:
1450:
1389:
1278:
1258:
945:
891:
588:
1384:
1283:
259:
The prominence of major drug traffickers have allowed them to penetrate and permeate other sectors of the
32:
633:
1548:
1528:
1263:
1093:
1006:
489:
1618:
1480:
1455:
1414:
1339:
1300:
1268:
1155:
1066:
228:
52:
1665:
1628:
1485:
1241:
1217:
1051:
1672:
1683:
1593:
1510:
1409:
1372:
1322:
1177:
1123:
1056:
998:
972:
260:
270:, many farmers have little alternative but to engage in opium production, which is used to make
204:, accounting for 84% (24,700 ha) of the total opium poppy cultivation area in 2020, followed by
1578:
1553:
1470:
1026:
895:
861:
855:
834:
805:
711:
705:
684:
678:
541:
535:
514:
508:
1653:
1603:
1598:
1573:
1558:
1538:
1490:
1445:
1295:
1078:
593:
325:
287:
but reception was mixed because most of the economic benefits flowed to Chinese businesses.
1583:
1563:
1061:
1036:
1011:
110:
783:
1677:
1543:
1518:
1088:
1041:
1016:
312:
232:
114:
93:
1698:
1568:
1113:
1046:
1031:
1021:
476:"Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: Latest Developments and Challenges 2022"
1523:
1404:
205:
190:
80:
827:
784:"The Chinese Connection: Cross-border Drug Trafficking between Myanmar and China"
379:
346:"Myanmar overtakes Afghanistan as world's biggest opium producer, UN report says"
227:, which was and still remains the major transit point at which heroin enters the
1083:
749:"Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: Latest Developments and Challenges"
442:"Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: Latest Developments and Challenges"
655:
302:
201:
186:
119:
76:
251:) because of a growing market for drugs in China, before reaching Hong Kong.
248:
224:
153:
89:
16:
616:
1305:
48:
968:
589:"The Spike In Myanmar's Opium Production Could Destabilize All Of Asia"
244:
240:
109:
the last decade, totaling over 171 tons and a record of over 1 billion
97:
36:
707:
History of the Opium Problem: The Assault on the East, Ca. 1600 – 1950
766:"Myanmar Opium Survey 2020: Cultivation, Production and Implications"
732:"Myanmar Opium Survey 2020: Cultivation, Production and Implications"
459:"Myanmar Opium Survey 2020: Cultivation, Production and Implications"
420:"Myanmar's Economic Meltdown Likely to Push Opium Output Up, Says UN"
406:"Myanmar Opium Survey 2021: Cultivation, Production and Implications"
283:
271:
236:
60:
162:
937:
182:
40:
20:
A world map of the world's primary opium or heroin producers. The
43:, producing some 25% of the world's opium, and forms part of the
941:
383:
888:
The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia
656:"Myanmar overtakes Afghanistan as world's top opium producer"
490:"Huge fentanyl haul seized in Asia's biggest-ever drugs bust"
231:. In the 21st century, drug trafficking has circumvented to
24:
region, which Myanmar is part of, is pinpointed in this map.
31:
has historically been a major contributor to the country's
802:
The Golden Triangle: inside Southeast Asia's drug trade
634:"Myanmar opium output rises despite eradication effort"
68:(UNODC) Myanmar Opium Survey 2022. With that said, the
825:
Lyman, Michael D.; Gary W. Potter (14 October 2010).
510:
Security and Sustainable Development in Myanmar/Burma
1509:
1432:
1371:
1240:
1154:
997:
826:
268:ongoing, rural-based insurgencies within Myanmar
75:Opium production is mainly concentrated in the
916:"Opium Production In Myanmar On Rise, Says UN"
829:Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control
804:. Cornell University Press. pp. 239–240.
683:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 186–.
563:"Opium Production In Myanmar On Rise, Says UN"
380:"UN report: Opium cultivation rising in Burma"
171:Left: A field of opium. Right: Poppy seed pods
135:Myanmar is also one of three countries of the
953:
782:Chin, Ko-lin; Sheldon X. Zhang (April 2007).
8:
857:Ethnic Politics in Burma: States of Conflict
540:. Harvard University Press. pp. 109–.
537:Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy
1438:
1377:
1246:
1160:
980:
960:
946:
938:
496:. 18 May 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
789:. U.S. Department of Justice. p. 98.
628:
626:
619:. Irrwaddy organization. 31 October 2012.
617:"UN Says Burmese Opium Production Rising"
680:Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future
106:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
70:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
66:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
15:
881:
879:
877:
374:
372:
370:
368:
366:
337:
583:
581:
579:
7:
1660:
1119:State Peace and Development Council
181:as the world's largest producer of
39:is the world's largest producer of
113:tablets in 2021, according to the
14:
561:Pitman, Todd (October 31, 2012).
1671:
1659:
1648:
1647:
305:
161:
152:
636:. Reuters.com. 31 October 2012
534:Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2009).
177:Since 2021, Myanmar overtakes
1:
1710:Illegal drug trade in Myanmar
255:The Burmese economy and opium
59:, primarily as the basis for
1715:Internal conflict in Myanmar
1328:State Administration Council
1074:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
860:. Routledge. pp. 145–.
321:Internal conflict in Myanmar
1129:2011–2015 political reforms
677:Rotberg, Robert I. (1998).
513:. Routledge. pp. 94–.
198:Central Intelligence Agency
51:(Armed forces of Myanmar),
29:Opium production in Myanmar
1736:
1643:
1441:
1380:
1249:
1163:
985:Myanmar is also known as
983:
979:
1254:Administrative divisions
710:. BRILL. pp. 428–.
1624:Twelve Auspicious Rites
1405:Myanmar kyat (currency)
892:Oxford University Press
1705:Agriculture in Myanmar
854:South, Ashley (2008).
33:gross domestic product
25:
800:Chin, Ko-lin (2009).
507:James, Helen (2012).
278:Eradication programme
19:
1461:Environmental issues
1420:Units of measurement
1067:First Toungoo Empire
704:Derks, Hans (2012).
229:international market
53:Myanmar Police Force
1099:Japanese occupation
1052:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1684:Outline of Myanmar
1400:Telecommunications
1316:commander-in-chief
1109:Socialist Republic
1057:Kingdom of Mrauk U
886:Han, Enze (2024).
261:economy of Myanmar
26:
1692:
1691:
1639:
1638:
1476:Human trafficking
1428:
1427:
1367:
1366:
1335:Political parties
1274:Foreign relations
1236:
1235:
1027:Myinsaing Kingdom
993:
992:
922:. 31 October 2012
901:978-0-19-769659-0
840:978-1-4377-4450-7
811:978-0-8014-7521-4
597:. 1 November 2012
547:978-0-674-05134-8
386:. 31 October 2012
137:golden "triangle"
1727:
1720:Opium by country
1675:
1663:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1609:National symbols
1439:
1395:Opium production
1378:
1247:
1161:
1079:Konbaung dynasty
981:
962:
955:
948:
939:
932:
931:
929:
927:
912:
906:
905:
890:. New York, NY:
883:
872:
871:
851:
845:
844:
832:
822:
816:
815:
797:
791:
790:
788:
779:
773:
772:
771:. February 2021.
770:
762:
756:
755:
753:
745:
739:
738:
737:. February 2021.
736:
728:
722:
721:
701:
695:
694:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
652:
646:
645:
643:
641:
630:
621:
620:
613:
607:
606:
604:
602:
594:Business Insider
585:
574:
573:
571:
569:
558:
552:
551:
531:
525:
524:
504:
498:
497:
486:
480:
479:
472:
466:
465:
464:. February 2021.
463:
455:
449:
448:
446:
438:
432:
431:
429:
427:
416:
410:
409:
408:. February 2022.
402:
396:
395:
393:
391:
376:
361:
360:
358:
357:
342:
326:Crime in Myanmar
315:
310:
309:
308:
165:
156:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1635:
1614:Public holidays
1505:
1501:Sex trafficking
1424:
1363:
1301:Law enforcement
1232:
1208:Protected areas
1150:
1062:Toungoo dynasty
1037:Sagaing Kingdom
1012:Pyu city-states
989:
975:
966:
936:
935:
925:
923:
920:Huffington Post
914:
913:
909:
902:
885:
884:
875:
868:
853:
852:
848:
841:
824:
823:
819:
812:
799:
798:
794:
786:
781:
780:
776:
768:
764:
763:
759:
751:
747:
746:
742:
734:
730:
729:
725:
718:
703:
702:
698:
691:
676:
675:
671:
661:
659:
654:
653:
649:
639:
637:
632:
631:
624:
615:
614:
610:
600:
598:
587:
586:
577:
567:
565:
560:
559:
555:
548:
533:
532:
528:
521:
506:
505:
501:
488:
487:
483:
474:
473:
469:
461:
457:
456:
452:
444:
440:
439:
435:
425:
423:
418:
417:
413:
404:
403:
399:
389:
387:
378:
377:
364:
355:
353:
344:
343:
339:
334:
311:
306:
304:
301:
280:
257:
221:
213:Golden Triangle
175:
174:
173:
172:
168:
167:
166:
158:
157:
146:
129:
111:methamphetamine
86:Golden Triangle
45:Golden Triangle
22:Golden Triangle
12:
11:
5:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1415:Transportation
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1352:Prime Minister
1349:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:Women's rights
1286:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1104:Union of Burma
1101:
1096:
1091:
1089:Karenni States
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1042:Kingdom of Ava
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:Thaton Kingdom
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
990:
984:
977:
976:
967:
965:
964:
957:
950:
942:
934:
933:
907:
900:
873:
866:
846:
839:
817:
810:
792:
774:
757:
740:
723:
716:
696:
689:
669:
647:
622:
608:
575:
553:
546:
526:
519:
499:
481:
467:
450:
433:
411:
397:
362:
336:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
323:
317:
316:
313:Myanmar portal
300:
297:
279:
276:
256:
253:
233:southern China
220:
217:
170:
169:
160:
159:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
145:
142:
128:
125:
115:United Nations
94:Southeast Asia
57:rebel fighters
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1732:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:Ethnic groups
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:military rule
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:Deforestation
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:2007 protests
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:8888 Uprising
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:Prome Kingdom
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:Pinya Kingdom
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:Pagan Kingdom
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
988:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
958:
956:
951:
949:
944:
943:
940:
921:
917:
911:
908:
903:
897:
893:
889:
882:
880:
878:
874:
869:
867:9780203895191
863:
859:
858:
850:
847:
842:
836:
831:
830:
821:
818:
813:
807:
803:
796:
793:
785:
778:
775:
767:
761:
758:
750:
744:
741:
733:
727:
724:
719:
717:9789004221581
713:
709:
708:
700:
697:
692:
690:9780815791690
686:
682:
681:
673:
670:
657:
651:
648:
635:
629:
627:
623:
618:
612:
609:
596:
595:
590:
584:
582:
580:
576:
564:
557:
554:
549:
543:
539:
538:
530:
527:
522:
520:9781134253937
516:
512:
511:
503:
500:
495:
491:
485:
482:
477:
471:
468:
460:
454:
451:
443:
437:
434:
422:. 31 May 2021
421:
415:
412:
407:
401:
398:
385:
381:
375:
373:
371:
369:
367:
363:
351:
347:
341:
338:
331:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
314:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
285:
282:In 2000, the
277:
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
219:Drug movement
218:
216:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
164:
155:
143:
141:
138:
133:
126:
124:
121:
116:
112:
107:
101:
99:
96:, as well as
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
23:
18:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1496:Prostitution
1451:Demographics
1394:
1390:Central bank
1279:Human rights
1259:Constitution
1094:British rule
986:
924:. Retrieved
919:
910:
887:
856:
849:
833:. Elsevier.
828:
820:
801:
795:
777:
760:
743:
726:
706:
699:
679:
672:
660:. Retrieved
650:
638:. Retrieved
611:
599:. Retrieved
592:
566:. Retrieved
556:
536:
529:
509:
502:
493:
484:
470:
453:
436:
424:. Retrieved
414:
400:
388:. Retrieved
354:. Retrieved
352:. 2023-12-12
349:
340:
293:
289:
281:
265:
258:
222:
210:
206:Kachin State
195:
176:
134:
130:
102:
74:
28:
27:
1385:Agriculture
1223:Earthquakes
1084:Shan States
754:. May 2021.
662:12 December
478:. May 2022.
447:. May 2021.
266:Due to the
179:Afghanistan
1699:Categories
1594:Literature
1549:Censorship
1529:State Seal
1323:Parliament
1264:Corruption
1188:Ecoregions
1007:Prehistory
426:15 October
356:2023-12-13
332:References
202:Shan State
144:Production
120:Shan State
1619:Tattooing
1579:Festivals
1574:Etymology
1481:Languages
1456:Education
1340:President
1269:Elections
1228:Volcanoes
1203:Mountains
1156:Geography
1144:Civil war
1134:2021 coup
658:. UN News
350:France 24
249:Guangdong
225:Hong Kong
193:states.
90:East Asia
1654:Category
1629:Weddings
1589:Folklore
1559:Clothing
1539:Calendar
1534:Capitals
1486:Religion
1306:Military
1296:Conflict
1242:Politics
1218:Wildlife
1139:Protests
973:articles
299:See also
49:Tatmadaw
1666:Commons
1564:Cuisine
1511:Culture
1434:Society
1410:Tourism
1373:Economy
1193:Islands
1178:Climate
1168:Borders
999:History
969:Myanmar
926:13 June
640:13 June
601:10 June
568:11 June
494:Reuters
390:10 June
295:years.
245:Guangxi
241:Guizhou
127:History
98:Oceania
37:Myanmar
35:(GDP).
1678:Portal
1554:Cinema
1544:Zodiac
1524:Anthem
1471:Health
1213:Rivers
1173:Cities
971:
898:
864:
837:
808:
714:
687:
544:
517:
284:Yunnan
272:heroin
237:Yunnan
235:(from
191:Kachin
81:Kachin
61:heroin
1604:Music
1599:Media
1569:Dance
1491:Women
1446:Crime
1198:Lakes
987:Burma
787:(PDF)
769:(PDF)
752:(PDF)
735:(PDF)
462:(PDF)
445:(PDF)
183:opium
41:opium
1584:Flag
1357:list
1345:list
1284:LGBT
928:2013
896:ISBN
862:ISBN
835:ISBN
806:ISBN
712:ISBN
685:ISBN
664:2023
642:2013
603:2013
570:2013
542:ISBN
515:ISBN
428:2021
392:2013
189:and
187:Shan
92:and
79:and
77:Shan
55:and
1519:Art
384:BBC
1701::
918:.
894:.
876:^
625:^
591:.
578:^
492:.
382:.
365:^
348:.
247:,
243:,
239:,
961:e
954:t
947:v
930:.
904:.
870:.
843:.
814:.
720:.
693:.
666:.
644:.
605:.
572:.
550:.
523:.
430:.
394:.
359:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
