Oppression - Knowledge (XXG)

2812:, which their platform inherently supported, they were often considered the primary feminist movement. Revolutionary feminists, on the other hand, included Black and LGBTQ issues in their platform, wanting not to work within the current system simply to improve the rights of already privileged women, but to rework the system to be more supportive of all women from other marginalized groups. The American feminist movement was polarized by these two groups. Many women, and often privileged white women, forgot about the promise of revolutionary feminism when they began to gain economic power as a result of the reformist movements partial success. This further set back those who wished to fight sexism and other kinds of oppression at the same time. Revolutionary feminist thinking was further pushed aside as even academic circles would not discuss it easily. Furthermore, reformist feminists, upon finding a route to class mobility, refused to acknowledge the now niche revolutionary feminist movement, as they had found a way to live in an economically powerful way in the current social system. 2699:. Restrictions on women's access to and participation in the workforce like the wage gap is an "inequality most identified with industrialized nations with nominal equal opportunity laws; legal and cultural restrictions on access to education and jobs, inequities most identified with developing nations; and unequal access to capital, variable but identified as a difficulty in both industrialized and developing nations". In the United States, the median weekly earnings for women were 82 percent of the median weekly earnings for men in 2016. Some argue women are prevented from achieving complete gender equality in the workplace because of the "ideal-worker norm," which "defines the committed worker as someone who works full-time and full force for forty years straight," a situation designed for the male sex. 2548: 2395:

based on their income, wealth, property ownership, job status, education, skills, or power in the economic and political sphere. The most commonly used class categories include upper class, middle class, working class, and poor class. Class is also experienced differently depending on race, gender, ethnicity, global location, disability, and more. Class oppression of the poor and working class can lead to deprivation of basic needs and a feeling of inferiority to higher-class people, as well as shame towards one's traditional class, race, gender, or ethnic heritage. In the United States, class has become racialized leaving the greater percentage of people of color living in poverty.

2604:

but not exclusively— racial minorities". For example, "blacks are: approximately four times more likely to be targeted for police use of force than their white counterparts; arrested and convicted for drug-related criminal activities at higher rates than their overall representation in the U.S. population; and are more likely to fear unlawful and harsh treatment by law enforcement officials". The International Association of Chiefs of Police collected data from police departments between the years 1995 and 2000 and found that 83% of incidents involving use-of-force against subjects of different races than the officer executing it involved a white officer and a Black subject.

2281:, one of the most common characteristics of social oppression is the "double-bind", a situation where the oppressed are exposed to limited options, all of which incurring social penalty. An example of said situation exists for young women in the 21st century regarding sexual activity. Both sexual inactivity and sexual activity might incur a penalty. If a woman is sexually inactive, her parents might worry that she is abnormal, and men will complain that she is "frigid" and "uptight", while in the latter situation she may be condemned for being a whore. This scenario reveals how oppression may not necessarily be caused by individual oppressors, following Young's conclusions. 2264:, due to its pluralistic character, it is difficult to construct a definition that applies to all forms of oppression. Therefore, she argues one should focus on the characteristics different forms of oppression might exhibit or have in common. In order to do so, Young develops five characteristics or 'faces' of oppression. Each form of oppression possesses at least one of these characteristics which are: exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence. Young's conception of oppression does not involve an "active oppressor". This means that oppression can occur without people actively oppressing others. Specifically, Young argues that 2288:, as defined by Lynn Weber, is "an individual's or a group's social 'place' in the race, class, gender and sexuality hierarchies, as well as in other critical social hierarchies such as age, ethnicity, and nation". An individual's social location often determines how they will be perceived and treated by others in society. Three elements shape whether a group or individual can exercise power: the power to design or manipulate the rules and regulations, the capacity to win competitions through the exercise of political or economic force, and the ability to write and document social and political history. 2183:, psychology, philosophy, and political science. Nonetheless, more fully understanding the problem remains an extremely complicated challenge for scholars. Improved understanding will require, for example, comprehending more completely the historical antecedents of current social oppression; the commonalities — and lack thereof — among the various social groups damaged by social oppression and the individual human beings who make up those groups; and the complex interplay between and amongst sociocultural, political, economic, psychological, and legal forces that cause and support oppression. 2298:, on the other hand, believes that there cannot be any hierarchy of oppression due to her experiences as both a Black and lesbian woman. In "There is no Hierarchy of Oppressions," she suggests that all oppressed groups share the same issue. She writes that "any attack against black people is a lesbian and gay issue", promoting the idea that due to intersectionality within a given group, all of its members and their respective groups are under threat, viewing the concept of oppression as originating from a root source which seeks to alienate all groups not in power. 2688:, and governmental corruption". This allows for a dominant social group to maintain and maximize its wealth through the intentional exploitation of economically inferior subordinates. With indirect forces (also known as oppression by choice), "the oppressed are co-opted into making individual choices that add to their own oppression". The oppressed are faced with having to decide to go against their social good, and even against their own good. If they choose otherwise, they have to choose against their interests, which may lead to resentment by their group. 2774: 2333:

not fighting the presuppositions of racism, these actors in the women's movement failed to address their oppression at its root, simultaneously fighting for the issues of white women and accepting the societal structures which held Black women down. Even when Black feminists bring up issues of both gender and class, they often fail to account for heterosexual privilege amidst Black women, still supporting homophobic assumptions about sexuality and leaving many members of the movement behind.

2274:

oppression, where an identifiable oppressing group is assumed. Another example of social oppression given by Young is when a specific social group is denied access to education that may hinder their lives in later life. Economic oppression is the divide between two classes of society. These were once determined by factors such slavery, property rights, disenfranchisement, and forced displacement of livelihood. Each divide yielded various treatments and attitudes towards each group.

2762:

to capture the macro-level systemic nature of intersectional oppression. In other words, Crenshaw's concept of intersectionality captures the individual experiences of oppressed persons that do not solely fall under one header of sexism, racism, or something else. However, it is not suited to capture the way, for example, sexism and racism work together at a (macro) societal level. Both conjoin to influence the unique experience of oppression as felt by, for example, Black women.

2161:

affects social groups. ... occurs when a particular social group is unjustly subordinated, and where that subordination is not necessarily deliberate but instead results from a complex network of social restrictions, ranging from laws and institutions to implicit biases and stereotypes. In such cases, there may be no deliberate attempt to subordinate the relevant group, but the group is nonetheless unjustly subordinated by this network of social constraints.

2703: 2203: 2321:" refers to a sociopolitical immunity one group has over others derived from particular societal benefits. Many of the groups who have privilege over gender, race, or sexuality, for example, can be unaware of the power their privilege holds. These inequalities further perpetuate themselves because those who are oppressed rarely have access to resources that would allow them to escape their maltreatment. This can lead to 7262: 2832:, and interpersonal domains. Each of these domains works to sustain current inequalities faced by marginalized, excluded, or oppressed groups. The structural, disciplinary, and hegemonic domains all operate on a macro level, creating social oppression through macro structures such as education, or the criminal justice system, which play out in the interpersonal sphere of everyday life through micro-oppressions. 2531: 58: 2423:

for any one woman, the interweaving of many of said actions through each day and each year eventually builds a net which very well might hold a woman in place, and keep her in the role she is ordered to maintain. One simple example the custom of men holding the door for woman, which is well-intentioned, but also implies that women are unable to do this a simple thing themselves.

2170:

several different contexts (such as racism, classism, and sexism) ... Analyzing what is involved in civilized oppression includes analyzing the kinds of mechanisms used, the power relations at work, the systems controlling perceptions and information, the kinds of harms inflicted on the victims, and the reasons why this oppression is so hard to see even by contributing agents.

7272: 2727:: she may enter work under conditions of constraint; her work may bear no part of reflectively held life goals; and she may not even have the: freedom of bodily movement at work. Her work may also fail to permit a meaningful measure of economic independence or to help her support herself or her family, which she identifies as the very purpose of her working. 2711:

home. Others believe that this difference in wage earnings is likely due to the supply and demand for women in the market because of family obligations. Eber and Weichselbaumer argue that "over time, raw wage differentials worldwide have fallen substantially. Most of this decrease is due to better labor market endowments of females".

2419:

be done consciously or even intentionally. As Young argues, oppression can occur without an active "oppressor". This definition of oppression attempts to address the concern that feminist theories unjustly blame men for the oppression of women. Men can sympathize with feminism, but still be complicit in the oppression of women.

2789:

intersect with each other and with the privileges held by others. Racial, economic, class-based, religious, gender-based, authoritarian, and social oppression in general often intersect in many different ways and co-exist with opposited forms of privilege to create novel and unique forms of oppression.

2460:, and after doing so they eventually passed laws in order to prevent other religions from prospering in their colony. The Pilgrims and the leaders of other communities where Protestants were in the majority used their power over legislatures to oppress followers of other religions in the United States. 2807:

discusses the intersectional challenges of the early feminist movements in the 20th century. She divides female activists into groups labeled the "reformist" and "revolutionary" feminists. Reformist feminists were often at the forefront of the media, primarily as a result of their unspoken support of

2718:

employees, working abroad generally little to no bargaining power not only with their employers, but with immigration authorities as well. They could be forced to accept low wages and work in poor living conditions. And by working abroad, an outsourced employee contributes to the economy of a foreign

2603:

are "employed to control a population thought to be undesirable, undeserving, and under punished by established law". In both situations, police officers "rely on legal authority to exonerate their extralegal use of force; both respond to perceived threats and fears aroused by out-groups, especially—

2594:

amendments freed African Americans, gave them citizenship, and provided them the right to vote, institutions such as some police departments continue to use oppressive systems against minorities. They train their officers to profile individuals based upon their racial heritage, and to exert excessive

2543:

Institutional oppression occurs when established laws, customs, and practices systemically reflect and produce inequities based on one's membership in targeted social identity groups. If oppressive consequences accrue to institutional laws, customs, or practices, the institution is oppressive whether

2418:

relationship, women often take care of unpaid households chores and child care labor, which benefits both the man as the woman. In this sense, women are performing labor from which the man benefits and thus at least part of the value of this labor is transferred to the man. This exploitation need not

2394:

Class oppression, sometimes referred to as classism, can be defined as prejudice and discrimination based on social class. Class is a social ranking system which is based on income, wealth, education, status, and power. A class is a large group of people who share similar economic or social positions

2937:

This description of authoritarian governments is somewhat simplistic in that it describes the epitome of authoritarianism, i.e., the worst-case scenario, which still exists in some countries today, but has gradually become less prevalent over the last two centuries or so. See the five books cited at

2710:

Women, in contrast, are still expected to fulfill the caretaker role and take time off for domestic needs such as pregnancy and ill family members, preventing them from conforming to the "ideal-worker norm". With the current norm in place, women are forced to juggle full-time jobs and family care at

2413:

Young argues that women in particular suffer from gender-based exploitation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence. To illustrate, gender exploitation relates to how the common labor division between men and women can be exploitative. She argues that "gender exploitation has two aspects,

2256:

A common conception of social oppression is seen as when a single group in society unjustly takes advantage of, and exercises power over, another group using dominance and subordination. This then results in the socially supported mistreatment and exploitation of a group of individuals by those with

2160:

Oppression is a form of injustice that occurs when one social group is subordinated while another is privileged, and oppression is maintained by a variety of different mechanisms including social norms, stereotypes and institutional rules. A key feature of oppression is that it is perpetrated by and

2761:

This intersectional approach has been influential in academic fields studying different forms of social oppression. However, although Crenshaw argues her intersectional approach captures important differences within certain oppressed groups, Patricia Hill Collins objects that her approach is unable

2422:

In her article on oppression, Marilyn Frye suggests a myopic approach is necessary to understand how in society at large, women are sequestered to a second class role. Though individual barriers, such as small actions resulting of social roles and expectations, may not provide too much of a barrier

2347:

Race or racial oppression is defined as "burdening a specific race with unjust or cruel restraints or impositions. Racial oppression may be social, systematic, institutionalized, or internalized. Social forms of racial oppression include exploitation and mistreatment that is socially supported." In

2332:

disproportionately focused on white women and their respective issues rather than women as a whole. This led to Black women and the higher level of economic challenges they were faced with being unaddressed, and often uplifted women only in a racially privileged position. According to Saraswati, by

2301:

One aspect of social oppression's effectiveness is the stigmatization of "resistance": Resistance to oppression has been linked to a moral obligation, an act deemed necessary for the preservation of self and society. Resistance is sometimes labeled as "lawlessness, belligerence, envy, or laziness".

2169:

It is harder still to become aware of what I call 'civilized Oppression,' that involves neither physical violence nor the use of law. Yet these subtle forms are by far the most prevalent in Western industrialized societies. This work will focus on issues that are common to such subtle oppression in

2753:

to refer to the various ways in which race and gender interact to shape the multiple dimensions of Black women's employment experiences. Elena Ruiz defines intersectionality as a form of oppression containing multiple social vectors and overlapping identity categories such as sex, race, and class

2463:

The second category of oppression, exploitation, has been seen in many different forms around the world when it comes to religion. The definition of exploitation is the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work. For example, during, and particularly after, the

2409:

Gender oppression is a form of social oppression, which occurs due to belonging or seeming to belong to a specific gender. Historically, gender oppression occurred through actual legal domination and subordination of men over women. Even key aspects of social life traditionally seen as "neutral",

2268:

oppression is the inhibition of a group through a vast network of everyday practices, attitudes, assumptions, behaviors, and institutional rules. Oppression is structural or systemic. The systemic character of oppression implies that an oppressed group need not have a correlate oppressing group.

2273:

Structural or systemic refers to "the rules that constitute and regulate the major sectors of life such as family relations, property ownership and exchange, political powers and responsibilities, and so on". Young's conception of oppression is therefore in contrast with other common notions of

2757:

An intersectional approach to oppression requires attending to the differential ways different grounds for oppression such as gender, race, sexuality, class, religion, and so forth work together to create a unique situation for certain oppressed people. Crenshaw argues that viewing feminism as

2096:

use oppression to subjugate the people, they want their citizenry to feel that "pressing down", and to live in fear that if they displease the authorities they will, in a metaphorical sense, be "squeezed" and "suffocated". Such governments oppress the people using restriction, control, terror,

2788:

Jennifer Nash also argues that so far, intersectional approaches have focused either on intersections between forms or grounds for oppression or privilege, whereas the two can also work together. The value of an intersectional approach on oppression is to see how different forms of oppression

2683:

describes the main forces of economic oppression as oppressive economic systems and direct and indirect forces. Even though capitalism and socialism are not inherently oppressive, they "lend themselves to oppression in characteristic ways". She defines direct forces of economic oppression as

2769:

explore what the limits of intersectionality. For instance, does this approach only concern marginalized groups, or is everyone intersectional in some way. Guiding questions in this regard concern in what way an intersectional approach might bring to the surface certain previously obscured

6288: 1017: 2067:

No universally accepted model or terminology has yet emerged to describe oppression in its entirety, although some scholars cite evidence of different types of oppression, such as social oppression, cultural, political, religious/belief, institutional oppression, and

2566:

Institutionalized oppression allows for government, religious, and business organizations and their employees to systematically favor specific groups of people based upon group identity. Dating back to colonization, the United States implemented the annihilation of

2380:. Blauner states that even after civil rights legislation abolished legally-sanctioned segregation, racial oppression remained a reality in the United States and "racial groups and racial oppression are central features of the American social dynamic". 2488:, because of this the Chinese were considered different and therefore not equal to white Americans. Due to this view Chinese workers were denied equal pay, and they also suffered many hardships during the time which they spent working on the railroad. 2055:

over, a group of individuals, often in the form of governmental authority or cultural opprobrium. It is related to regimentation, class, society, and punishment. Oppression may be overt or covert, depending on how it is practiced. Oppression refers to

2410:

such as language, can sustain gender oppression according to Gertrude Postl. This is due to sexist language and the lack of terms that relate to experiences specific to women. For example, the term "sexual harassment" was only coined in 1975.

2174:

Research and theory development on social oppression has advanced apace since the 1980s with the publication of seminal books and articles, and the cross-pollination of ideas and discussion among diverse disciplines, such as

2316:

Lynn Weber, among some other political theorists, argues that oppression persists because most individuals fail to recognize it; that is, discrimination is often not visible to those who are not in the midst of it.

6262: 983: 2440:

is the systematic mistreatment of individuals because of their religious beliefs. According to Iris Young oppression can be divided into different categories such as powerlessness, exploitation, and violence.

2993: 2998:(Revised & Updated ed.). K Dictionaries Ltd, by arrangement with Random House Information Group, an imprint of The Crown Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc. 2010. Archived from 2758:

categorizing all women as one cohesive category of oppressed people obscures differences of experiences of oppression within such groups. A Black woman is not just the sum of the two categories.

2684:"restrictions on opportunities that are applied from the outside on the oppressed, including enslavement, segregation, employment discrimination, group-based harassment, opportunity inequality, 7308: 6751: 2633: 1486: 5812: 4314:

Magnusson, Charlotta. (2010). "Why Is There A Gender Wage Gap According To Occupational Prestige?" Acta Sociologica (Sage Publications, Ltd.) 53.2: 99-117. Academic Search Complete.

525: 4323:

Weichselbaumer, D. and Winter-Ebmer, R. (2005). A Meta-Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap. Journal of Economic Surveys, 19: 479–511. Doi: 10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00256.x

2587: 2583: 2527:

because they felt that Muslims "'push their beliefs on everyone else'". Acts of religious violence are also committed against practitioners of other religions in addition to Islam.

2591: 6015: 4070: 736: 7146: 6529: 1895: 1258: 2213: 5966: 3265: 2027: 687: 7301: 2999: 3961:

Blumenfeld, Warren. "Christian Privilege and the Promotion of "Secular" and Not-So "Secular" Mainline Christianity in Public Schooling and in the Larger Society".

7615: 5887: 4136: 2607:

Institutionalized oppression is not only experienced by people of racial minorities, but can also affect those in the LGBT community. In April 1953, US President

600: 2808:

other forms of oppression, and more easily met requests. The reformists represented the white female population, and as a result of existing within a world of

6534: 1263: 7564: 7395: 6504: 6108: 5650: 1233: 829: 355: 7294: 5797: 2097:

hopelessness, and despair. The tyrant's tools of oppression include, for example, extremely harsh punishments for "unpatriotic" statements; developing a

510: 7415: 7400: 7605: 2257:

relative power. In a social group setting, oppression may be based on many ideas, such as poverty, gender, class, race, caste, or other categories.

7551: 5732: 5620: 5363: 3651: 437: 325: 7441: 2646: 2328:

Scholar L. Ayu Saraswati highlights the potency of privilege hidden within groups generally considered oppressed. Such can occur within women, as

7247: 5971: 5742: 5570: 5555: 5550: 5396: 5230: 2064:

does not target and may not directly afflict everyone in society, but instead targets or disproportionately impacts specific groups of people.

1996: 692: 447: 275: 260: 255: 85: 7342: 7275: 5802: 5535: 4917: 4890: 4840: 4813: 4784: 4753: 4722: 4695: 4667: 4509: 3821: 3785: 3431: 3193: 2113:; controlling the monetary system and economy; and imprisoning or killing activists or other leaders who might pose a threat to their power. 515: 240: 7518: 6310: 5625: 5447: 2020: 1039: 330: 144: 6956: 6626: 6539: 6430: 6098: 5918: 5560: 5545: 1699: 1355: 1268: 1159: 819: 637: 265: 250: 3980: 7390: 6524: 5998: 3945: 3216: 2568: 2294:

suggests that there are four predominant social hierarchies, race, class, gender and sexuality, that contribute to social oppression.

2156:

There is no single, widely accepted definition of social oppression. Philosopher Elanor Taylor defines social oppression in this way:

1253: 719: 6172: 4260:

Mupepi, Mambo (Ed.). (2016). Effective Talent Management Strategies for Organizational Success. Hershey: Business Science Reference.

2731:

By deciding to work abroad, laborers are "reinforcing the forces of economic oppression that presented them with such poor options".

893: 7380: 6003: 5499: 5477: 4650: 4621: 4604: 4573: 4548: 4410: 4302: 4245: 3479: 3381: 3249: 3164: 3131: 3098: 3062: 3029: 2973: 2243: 724: 196: 174: 4059: 2325:, where subordinate groups essentially give up the fight to get access to equality, and accept their fate as a non-dominant group. 3571: 7500: 7433: 6909: 6746: 6646: 6103: 5993: 4277:

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, "Women's median earnings 82 percent of men's in 2016.

3689: 2979: 1652: 1481: 1375: 824: 714: 2121:

Oppression also refers to the subjugation and marginalization of specific groups of people within a country or society, such as

7451: 6499: 6010: 5772: 5575: 4986: 2496: 2013: 1228: 731: 485: 280: 5777: 490: 5635: 4590: 4265: 4226:

Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hull, G. H. (2012). Understanding Generalist Practice. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

2623:

passed laws in 2014 giving religious-based businesses "the right to refuse service to LGBT customers". In 2018 and 2023, the

2361: 340: 7487: 2754:

that are not ready visible in single identities, but have to be taken into account as an integral, robust human experience.

2653:

because students are denied access to resources and the privileged class is signaled that its denial of goods is justified.

7533: 7178: 6894: 5615: 5260: 5011: 2907: 2414:

transfer of the fruits of material labor to men and transfer of nurturing and sexual energies to men". Specifically, in a

2318: 1927: 1637: 320: 3849:"Stop Blaming me for What Others Did to you: New Alternative Masculinity's Communicative Acts Against Blaming Discourses" 2149:, cultural, political, legal, and social oppression can occur in every country, culture, and society, including advanced 6457: 6405: 5386: 5356: 5310: 4009: 3806: 2369: 2357: 2052: 1186: 1134: 75: 2547: 7375: 7089: 6941: 6360: 5961: 5907: 2377: 2284:

Social oppression derives from power dynamics and imbalances related to the social location of a group or individual.

1840: 1684: 1089: 682: 620: 31: 7510: 4472:

Collins, P. H. (1995). Symposium On West and Fenstermaker's "Doing Difference." Gender & Society, 9(4), 491–513.

7630: 7495: 7198: 5983: 5670: 5401: 5275: 3405: 2639: 2516: 2445: 1947: 704: 375: 90: 3718: 2773: 2615:, which permitted non-binary sexual behaviors to be investigated by federal agencies. In addition, states such as 7620: 7523: 6551: 6365: 6267: 6152: 5819: 5787: 5457: 5391: 5280: 5220: 3772:, 1 . | New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Routledge philosophy companions: Routledge, pp. 292–302, 2847: 2692: 2473: 1280: 1094: 988: 873: 532: 500: 154: 80: 7625: 6811: 6699: 6546: 6315: 6252: 6080: 6035: 5897: 5782: 5764: 5700: 5630: 5514: 5295: 5041: 4034: 2852: 2719:

country instead of their own. Veltman and Piper describe the effects of outsourcing on female laborers abroad:

1546: 1434: 1275: 1044: 973: 801: 756: 610: 495: 475: 405: 335: 211: 4636: 7595: 7265: 7094: 7074: 6936: 6926: 6884: 6514: 6355: 6217: 6187: 6182: 6162: 6125: 6060: 6045: 5978: 5951: 5936: 5349: 4179:

Fiel, Jeremy E. “Decomposing School Resegregation: Social Closure, Racial Imbalance, and Racial Isolation.”

3740: 2322: 1845: 1825: 1679: 1669: 1627: 1243: 1084: 938: 908: 903: 883: 846: 781: 766: 699: 672: 657: 41: 7610: 7193: 7166: 7156: 6636: 6616: 6479: 6350: 6247: 6197: 6167: 6147: 6075: 6055: 6030: 6025: 6020: 5931: 5902: 5875: 5851: 5846: 5442: 5432: 1942: 1915: 1905: 1365: 1345: 1208: 1079: 968: 918: 888: 868: 796: 776: 751: 746: 741: 652: 615: 588: 564: 559: 139: 129: 4167:

Violence against Queer People : Race, Class, Gender, and the Persistence of Anti-LGBT Discrimination

3643: 3633:

Saraswati, L. Ayu, and Barbara L. Shaw. "Introduction to Women', Gender & Sexuality Studies." (2018).

7161: 7121: 7054: 6951: 6899: 6826: 6581: 6345: 6257: 6232: 6227: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6142: 6090: 6050: 5956: 5926: 5829: 5452: 5265: 5080: 5016: 4491: 4099:

Seabrook, Renita; Wyatt-Nichol, Heather. "The Ugly Side of America: Institutional Oppression and Race".

3536: 2867: 2821: 2612: 2559: 2437: 2432: 1910: 1870: 1805: 1694: 1642: 1561: 1310: 1074: 978: 953: 948: 933: 928: 923: 863: 811: 771: 677: 647: 542: 149: 4332:

Veltman, A., & Piper, M. (Eds.). (2014). Autonomy, Oppression, and Gender. Oxford University Press.

2677:, employment discrimination, and economic discrimination based on sex, nationality, race, or religion. 3592:

Freibach-Heifetz, Dana; Stopler, Gila (June 2008). "On conceptual dichotomies and social oppression".

7032: 6566: 6440: 6157: 6115: 6065: 6040: 5861: 5824: 5565: 5427: 5300: 2892: 2825: 2777: 2750: 2608: 2508: 2389: 2373: 2329: 2110: 1783: 1295: 1169: 878: 836: 786: 761: 574: 537: 270: 124: 2714:

Indirect economic oppression is exemplified when individuals work abroad to support their families.

7352: 7208: 7069: 6704: 6606: 6586: 6375: 6283: 6242: 6222: 6192: 6085: 5880: 5695: 5210: 5137: 5112: 4979: 3826: 2828:". The matrix maps the interrelated nature of four domains of power: the structural, disciplinary, 2650: 2165:

Philosopher Jean Harvey, suggests the term "civilized oppression", which he introduces as follows:

2102: 2069: 1957: 1820: 1439: 1335: 1315: 1104: 1012: 963: 943: 913: 806: 593: 400: 4390: 4344:""Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color"" 4281: 7600: 6981: 6976: 6966: 6914: 6904: 6879: 6821: 6779: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6591: 5892: 5290: 5182: 5132: 5085: 5053: 5036: 4952: 4455: 4447: 4371: 4363: 4130: 3609: 3399: 3259: 3086: 2912: 2500: 2465: 1724: 1719: 1709: 1657: 1647: 1622: 1556: 1514: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1320: 605: 4501: 4495: 4428:"Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color" 4213:

Lawrence, Charles R. III. (2005) "Forbidden conversations: On race, privacy, and community..."

3906: 2938:

the end of this paragraph for a more nuanced discussion. Also see the Knowledge (XXG) article,

7240: 7151: 7079: 7064: 6863: 6806: 6611: 6519: 6410: 6330: 6177: 5482: 5315: 5070: 4923: 4913: 4896: 4886: 4867: 4846: 4836: 4819: 4809: 4790: 4780: 4759: 4749: 4728: 4718: 4701: 4691: 4663: 4646: 4617: 4600: 4586: 4569: 4559: 4544: 4515: 4505: 4406: 4298: 4261: 4241: 3941: 3888: 3870: 3800: 3781: 3485: 3475: 3437: 3427: 3387: 3377: 3280:

Human behavior and the social environment, macro level: Groups, communities, and organizations

3245: 3222: 3212: 3170: 3160: 3137: 3127: 3104: 3094: 3068: 3058: 3035: 3025: 2969: 2917: 2902: 2882: 2781: 2746: 2740: 2670: 2499:, violence is "the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy". Acts of 2449: 2261: 2192: 2130: 2106: 1989: 1900: 1830: 1815: 1598: 1541: 1340: 1248: 1139: 1059: 898: 179: 7286: 2519:

has greatly increased. One such incident occurred on August 5, 2017, when three men bombed a

7569: 7203: 7188: 7116: 7037: 7007: 6838: 6674: 6380: 5946: 5941: 5792: 5690: 5177: 5152: 5063: 5058: 4944: 4439: 4398: 4355: 4152:

Law and the Gay Rights Story : The Long Search for Equal Justice in a Divided Democracy

3988: 3878: 3860: 3773: 3601: 2939: 2872: 2862: 2702: 2624: 2600: 2596: 2311: 2093: 1952: 1937: 1865: 1788: 1758: 1573: 1409: 1109: 667: 662: 505: 395: 4196:

Lane, Ginny G., and Amy E. White. “The Roots of Resegregation: Analysis and Implications.”

3937: 3931: 3124:

The Protestant ethic and the spirit of authoritarianism: Puritanism, democracy, and society

7218: 7126: 7022: 6971: 6831: 6816: 6796: 6761: 6474: 6385: 6320: 6120: 6070: 5715: 5245: 5162: 4935:

Deutsch, Morton (March 2006). "A Framework for Thinking about Oppression and Its Change".

4566:

Confronting injustice and oppression: Concepts and strategies for social workers (2nd ed.)

4285: 3549: 2809: 2469: 2415: 2285: 2225: 2126: 1967: 1875: 1773: 1714: 1566: 1551: 1531: 1496: 1203: 1114: 1049: 841: 791: 420: 5856: 4742: 4297:

Kinnear, Karen L. (2011). Women in Developing Countries: a Reference Handbook. ABC-Clio.

569: 4882:

The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79

2503:

which are committed against people who practice a particular religion are classified as

7590: 7213: 7171: 7141: 7131: 7049: 7042: 7027: 7017: 6853: 6789: 6731: 6726: 6711: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6370: 6305: 5834: 5807: 5660: 5372: 5320: 5250: 5235: 5225: 5215: 5142: 5046: 4972: 4803: 4773: 4645:(2011 reissue; foreword by Danielle Allen). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 3883: 3848: 3563: 2842: 2696: 2685: 2572: 2365: 2057: 1962: 1920: 1890: 1880: 1800: 1793: 1778: 1768: 1588: 1524: 1466: 1461: 1446: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1099: 1034: 547: 520: 365: 49: 3681: 2963: 7584: 7317: 7225: 6848: 6784: 6769: 6631: 6596: 6576: 6447: 6390: 6325: 5737: 5640: 5325: 5031: 4956: 4880: 4860: 2766: 2674: 2666: 2476:

During this time it was common for the Chinese immigrants to follow the religions of

2457: 2453: 2098: 1974: 1583: 1519: 1504: 1360: 1325: 1305: 1176: 1119: 1054: 442: 345: 4459: 4375: 3613: 7469: 7362: 7337: 7321: 7059: 6946: 6774: 6741: 6721: 6651: 6641: 6621: 6601: 6237: 6135: 6130: 5866: 5841: 5705: 5645: 5610: 5580: 5255: 5187: 5167: 5157: 5147: 5117: 2575:

wanted, and condoned the institution of slavery where Africans were brought to the

2551: 2485: 2291: 2278: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2044: 1810: 1689: 1509: 1476: 1456: 1380: 1370: 1350: 1330: 958: 856: 851: 579: 554: 410: 350: 315: 285: 3055:

Non-democratic politics : authoritarianism, dictatorship, and democratization

4497:

Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment

7347: 6961: 6921: 6889: 6756: 6716: 6556: 6469: 6420: 6395: 6295: 5988: 5727: 5710: 5665: 5585: 5330: 5305: 5127: 5102: 5092: 5075: 5026: 4862:

The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation, I–VII

3456:

Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Social Class: Dimensions of Inequality and Identity

2887: 2877: 2715: 2544:

or not the individuals maintaining those practices have oppressive intentions."

2353: 2295: 1704: 1664: 1632: 1491: 1451: 1285: 1198: 1149: 1124: 1024: 709: 432: 415: 370: 290: 3471:

Social dominance : an intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression

3299:

Five Faces of Oppression (Chapter 2). In Justice and the politics of difference

2530: 2444:

An example of religious powerlessness existed during the 17th century when the

7541: 7235: 7230: 7106: 7002: 6986: 6843: 6736: 6694: 6656: 6464: 6452: 6425: 6415: 6335: 5754: 5749: 5720: 5655: 5504: 5285: 5107: 5097: 4948: 4554:

Deutsch, M. (2006). A framework for thinking about oppression and its change.

3865: 3765: 2804: 2724: 2512: 2504: 1984: 1979: 1857: 1753: 1729: 1578: 1471: 1429: 1385: 1193: 1181: 1154: 1144: 1064: 459: 454: 425: 360: 201: 4927: 4900: 4823: 4794: 4763: 4705: 4519: 4481:

Nash, J. C. (2008). Re-thinking Intersectionality. Feminist Review, 89, 1–15.

4402: 3981:"exploitation | Definition of exploitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries" 3874: 3777: 3605: 3441: 3174: 3141: 3108: 3072: 3039: 7136: 7084: 6801: 6400: 5530: 4850: 4779:. Translated by Bennett, Arnold. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 4732: 3489: 3391: 3376:. Anne Minas (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. 2000. 3226: 2857: 2576: 2555: 2524: 2180: 2150: 2061: 2048: 1885: 1835: 1536: 1129: 235: 57: 4871: 3892: 4671: 4653: 4607: 4597:

Connected by commitment: Oppression and our responsibility to undermine it

4576: 7423: 7101: 6931: 6858: 6509: 6435: 6340: 6300: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5600: 5595: 5540: 5172: 5021: 4625: 3469: 3371: 2829: 2798: 2680: 2628: 2492: 2477: 2176: 1852: 1674: 1593: 1238: 1164: 1069: 1029: 390: 385: 380: 305: 300: 245: 3424:

Understanding Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality: A Conceptual Framework

2661:

Economic oppression can take many forms, including, but not limited to,

2579:

to be a source of free labor to expand the cotton and tobacco industry.

5605: 5509: 5489: 5462: 5437: 5122: 4451: 4367: 4343: 4240:

Cudd, Ann E. (2006). Analyzing Oppression. Oxford University Press US.

4201: 4184: 3710: 2820:

Addressing social oppression on both a macro and micro level, feminist

2662: 2616: 2134: 2117:

Socioeconomic, political, legal, cultural, and institutional oppression

310: 206: 186: 159: 134: 17: 4058:

Cheney, Carol; LaFrance, Jeannie; Quinteros, Terrie (25 August 2006).

3847:

Schubert, Tinka; Aguilar, Consol; Kim, Kyung Hi; Gómez, Aitor (2021).

3126:. New York City, NY: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 15–18. 6561: 5590: 5494: 5472: 5467: 5417: 5240: 2897: 2620: 2520: 2481: 2456:. The Pilgrims created their own religion, which was another form of 2404: 2342: 1290: 295: 191: 169: 164: 114: 4616:(Intolerance: a general survey). Montréal (Québec), Canada: Boréal. 4443: 4359: 3531:

Cudd, Ann. "Strikes, Housework, and the Moral Obligation to Resist".

4912:. Studies in feminist philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4866:. Translated by Whitney, Thoman P. (1st ed.). Harper and Row. 4631:

Opotow, S. (1990). Moral exclusion and injustice: an introduction.

3747:(Fall 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7477: 7370: 7332: 6571: 5422: 5193: 5003: 4995: 4805:

Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s

4427: 2772: 2701: 2546: 2529: 2122: 1300: 119: 5341: 2092:, ("to press against", "to squeeze", "to suffocate"). Thus, when 7559: 7385: 7183: 7012: 4035:"3 Suspects in Bombing of Minnesota Mosque Face Weapons Charges" 3024:. New York City, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–13. 1932: 1763: 7290: 5345: 4968: 4690:. Critical studies in racism and migration. London: Routledge. 3022:

Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War

7459: 7405: 5270: 2196: 3474:. Felicia Pratto. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3244:. United States of America: Sage Publication Inc. p. 1. 3057:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–21, 39–61, 130–141. 2212:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

3157:

The new authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa

3373:

Gender basics : feminist perspectives on women and men

3242:

Political Sociology: Oppression, Resistance, and the State

3091:

Democracy and authoritarianism in the post-communist world

2558:- The Monroe Doctrine (1823), plus a quote from President 4964: 2634:

Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission

4010:"Chinese immigration and the Transcontinental railroad" 3093:. Cambridge, England (UK): Cambridge University Press. 2221: 4278: 3502:

Lorde, Audre. "There is no hierarchy of oppressions."

2723:

Her work may be oppressive first in respects of being

2691:

An example of direct forces of economic oppression is

4256: 4254: 2491:

The third and most extreme category of oppression is

4123:

Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force

3323:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 41. 2965:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2356:

proposes five primary forms of racial oppression in

7550: 7532: 7509: 7486: 7468: 7450: 7432: 7414: 7361: 6995: 6872: 6665: 6276: 5916: 5763: 5523: 5410: 5379: 5203: 5002: 3516:Hay, Carol. "The Obligation to Resist Oppression". 3426:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 2995:

Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary

4859: 4772: 4741: 4715:Dismantling Privilege: An Ethics of Accountability 3211:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–2. 2706:A mother taking care of her child by feeding them. 27:Malicious or unjust treatment or exercise of power 7386:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) 7147:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 3301:. NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 39–65. 2968:(5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2016. 1896:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 4568:. New York City, NY: Columbia University Press. 4101:Journal of Public Management & Social Policy 3822:"Who came up with the term 'sexual harassment'?" 7396:People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) 6807:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 2745:A different approach on oppression, called the 2649:is observed by some educators as oppression or 1542:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6289:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 4599:. New York City, NY: Oxford University Press. 3770:The Routledge Companion to Feminist Philosophy 3278:Van Wormer, K., & Besthorn, F. H. (2010). 1018:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 7302: 5357: 4980: 4500:(2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 4395:The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Race 3338:(2nd ed.). MA: Polity Press. p. 37. 3159:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 2210:The examples and perspective in this section 2021: 8: 4121:Skolnick, Jerome H.; Fyfe, James J. (1994). 3264:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6505:List of people killed for being transgender 4748:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 4662:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 4183:, vol. 78, no. 5, 2013, pp. 828–48. JSTOR, 3766:"Language, Writing, and Gender Differences" 3089:; McFaul, Michael; Stoner, Kathryn (2010). 1234:List of people killed for being transgender 7309: 7295: 7287: 5364: 5350: 5342: 4987: 4973: 4965: 4135:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4060:"Institutionalized Oppression Definitions" 2228:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 2028: 2014: 36: 7542:Department of State Security (Securitate) 7391:Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) 4614:L'Intolérance. Une problématique générale 3882: 3864: 3240:Glasberg, Shannon, Davita, Deric (2011). 3192:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTaylor2016 ( 2244:Learn how and when to remove this message 7424:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi) 7381:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) 5621:Social determinants of health in poverty 4585:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 4200:, vol. 17, no. 3/4, 2010, p. 84. JSTOR, 3417: 3415: 3353:. Princeton University Press. p. 1. 3020:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010). 326:Social determinants of health in poverty 4154:. Rutgers University Press. p. 14. 3936:. Princeton University Press. pp. 3907:"What does religious persecution mean?" 3745:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2955: 2930: 2647:School segregation in the United States 2448:, who wanted to escape the rule of the 48: 7560:Department of National Security (OZNA) 5231:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 4643:Justice and the politics of difference 4637:doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x 4128: 3933:Justice and the Politics of Difference 3798: 3545: 3534: 3397: 3351:Justice and the Politics of Difference 3321:Justice and the Politics of Difference 3257: 3187: 7616:Power (social and political) concepts 7565:Directorate for State Security (UDBA) 7343:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 4831:Feagin, Joe R.; Vera, Hernan (1995). 4802:Omi, Michael; Winant, Howard (1994). 4236: 4234: 4232: 4116: 4114: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4076:from the original on 7 September 2012 3663: 3661: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3292: 3290: 3288: 2472:used Chinese immigrants to build the 7: 7519:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP) 7271: 6311:Capital punishment for homosexuality 5626:Social determinants of mental health 4885:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4342:Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams (2008). 4202:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41674753 4185:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43187507 2803:In her article "Feminist Politics," 2534:Different types of religious symbols 1040:Capital punishment for homosexuality 331:Social determinants of mental health 7478:Ministry for State Security (Stasi) 6431:Genital modification and mutilation 3820:Swenson, Kyle (November 22, 2017). 1160:Genital modification and mutilation 7406:Committee for State Security (KGB) 4858:Solzhenitsyn, Alexandr I. (1973). 4688:Racism, Sexism, Power and Ideology 3963:Equity and Excellence in Education 3504:Bulletin: Homophobia and education 2515:which have been committed against 25: 7570:Counterintelligence Service (KOS) 7442:Committee for State Security (DS) 7376:State Political Directorate (GPU) 3711:"Class Action » About Class" 2376:, non-citizen labor, and diffuse 7501:Ministry of Internal Affairs III 7496:State Protection Authority (ÁVH) 7401:Ministry of State Security (MGB) 7371:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka) 7270: 7261: 7260: 6910:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 6747:Law for Protection of the Nation 6647:White genocide conspiracy theory 4740:Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (1996). 4717:. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press. 4713:Hobgood, Mary Elizabeth (2000). 4658:Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (1996). 3654:from the original on 2017-04-25. 2982:from the original on 2017-11-25. 2735:Oppression and intersectionality 2201: 1653:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1482:Law for Protection of the Nation 1376:White genocide conspiracy theory 56: 6752:MSM blood donation restrictions 6500:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 4033:Stevens, Matt (14 March 2018). 3721:from the original on 2017-07-03 3692:from the original on 2017-04-25 3594:Philosophy and Social Criticism 3574:from the original on 2017-09-20 3454:Ferguson, S. J. (Ed.). (2015). 2631:'s anti-discrimination laws in 2452:came to what is now called the 1487:MSM blood donation restrictions 1229:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 6765:(as religious or racial quota) 4543:. Oxford University Press US. 4348:The Feminist Philosophy Reader 4069:. Portland Community College. 3764:Postl, Gertrude (2017-09-19), 3336:World Poverty and Human Rights 2824:discusses what she calls the " 1500:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 7179:Second-generation gender bias 6895:Constitutional colorblindness 5616:Social determinants of health 5012:Adverse childhood experiences 4775:Intolerance, A General Survey 4560:doi:10.1007/s11211-006-9998-3 3985:Oxford Dictionaries | English 3743:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 2908:Privilege (social inequality) 2051:treatment of, or exercise of 1928:Second-generation gender bias 1638:Constitutional colorblindness 321:Social determinants of health 4686:Guillaumin, Colette (1995). 4633:Journal of Social Issues, 46 4181:American Sociological Review 3671:. Harpercollins College Div. 3669:Racial oppression in America 3644:"What is Racial Oppression?" 3518:Journal of Social Philosophy 2539:Institutionalized oppression 2517:Muslims in the United States 2497:Merriam-Webster's dictionary 2350:Racial Oppression in America 7606:Majority–minority relations 7090:Medical model of disability 6942:Hate speech laws by country 4556:Social Justice Research, 19 4426:Crenshaw, Kimberle (1991). 4391:"Framing Intersectionality" 4169:. Rutgers University Press. 3319:Young, Iris Marion (1990). 3297:Young, Iris Marion (1990). 2780:introducing her concept of 2474:transcontinental railroads. 2224:, discuss the issue on the 1841:Medical model of disability 1685:Hate speech laws by country 32:Oppression (disambiguation) 7647: 7199:Social model of disability 5671:Discrimination against men 3282:. Oxford University Press. 3122:Zafirovski, Milan (2007). 2796: 2770:experiences of oppression. 2738: 2640:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis 2430: 2402: 2387: 2340: 2309: 2190: 1948:Social model of disability 376:Discrimination against men 29: 7328: 7256: 6552:Opposition to immigration 5473:Race / Ethnicity 5221:Abusive power and control 4949:10.1007/s11211-006-9998-3 4744:The Anatomy of Prejudices 4660:The anatomy of prejudices 3866:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673900 3564:"Definition of PRIVILEGE" 3155:King, Stephen J. (2009). 2848:Abusive power and control 2793:Feminism and equal rights 2693:employment discrimination 2366:geographical displacement 2094:authoritarian governments 1281:Opposition to immigration 170:Race / Ethnicity 6547:Occupational segregation 6316:Compulsory sterilization 5296:Psychological projection 5158:Referee and umpire abuse 4833:White Racism: The Basics 4403:10.4324/9781315884424-24 4288:(visited April 21, 2017) 4198:Race, Gender & Class 4067:The Illumination Project 3805:: CS1 maint: location ( 3778:10.4324/9781315758152-25 3682:"Definition of CLASSISM" 3606:10.1177/0191453708089197 3053:Xavier, Márquez (2017). 2853:Anti-oppressive practice 2595:force to restrain them. 2374:second-class citizenship 2076:Authoritarian oppression 1276:Occupational segregation 1045:Compulsory sterilization 7075:Internalized oppression 6937:Fighting Discrimination 6927:Fat acceptance movement 6885:Anti-discrimination law 6525:Native American mascots 4937:Social Justice Research 4835:. New York: Routledge. 4808:. New York: Routledge. 4204:. Accessed 6 Feb. 2024. 4187:. Accessed 6 Feb. 2024. 4125:. New York. p. 24. 3853:Frontiers in Psychology 3739:McAfee, Noëlle (2018), 3568:www.merriam-webster.com 2747:intersectional approach 2669:, low wages, denial of 2323:internalized oppression 1826:Internalized oppression 1680:Fighting Discrimination 1670:Fat acceptance movement 1628:Anti-discrimination law 1254:Native American mascots 7194:Social identity threat 7167:Reverse discrimination 7157:Racial color blindness 6637:Violence against women 6617:Sex-selective abortion 4564:Gil, David G. (2013). 4492:Collins, Patricia Hill 4150:Walker, Frank (2014). 4014:www.uscitizenship.info 3969:– via Ebscohost. 3544:Cite journal requires 3468:Sidanius, Jim (1999). 3404:: CS1 maint: others ( 3334:Pogge, Thomas (2008). 2785: 2784:at one of her lectures 2729: 2707: 2563: 2535: 2271: 2172: 2163: 1943:Social identity threat 1916:Reverse discrimination 1906:Racial color blindness 1366:Violence against women 1346:Sex-selective abortion 7524:Security Service (SB) 7162:Religious intolerance 7122:Political correctness 6952:Intersex human rights 6900:Cultural assimilation 6582:Religious persecution 6346:Disability hate crime 6131:Jewish / Antisemitism 5266:Just-world hypothesis 5017:Anti-social behaviour 4908:Cudd, Ann E. (2006). 4879:Kiernan, Ben (1996). 4539:Cudd, Ann E. (2006). 3991:on September 29, 2016 3741:"Feminist Philosophy" 3207:Harvey, Jean (1999). 2868:Civil rights movement 2822:Patricia Hill Collins 2776: 2721: 2705: 2613:Executive Order 10450 2560:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2550: 2533: 2438:Religious persecution 2433:Religious persecution 2427:Religious persecution 2378:racial discrimination 2358:United States history 2266: 2167: 2158: 2131:religious communities 2088:, past participle of 2084:comes from the Latin 1911:Religious intolerance 1871:Political correctness 1695:Intersex human rights 1643:Cultural assimilation 1311:Religious persecution 1075:Disability hate crime 852:Jewish / Antisemitism 7460:State Security (StB) 6567:Political repression 5576:Anti-left handedness 5566:Anti-intellectualism 5301:Psychological trauma 4910:Analyzing Oppression 4641:Young, Iris (1990). 4595:Marin, Mara (2017). 4583:Civilized oppression 4541:Analyzing oppression 4389:Ruiz, Elena (2017). 4165:Meyer, Doug (2015). 3930:Young, Iris (1990). 3667:Blauner, B. (1972). 3458:. SAGE Publications. 3422:Weber, Lynn (2010). 3349:Young, Iris (1990). 3209:Civilized oppression 2893:Political repression 2826:matrix of domination 2609:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2509:September 11th, 2001 2390:Class discrimination 2384:Class discrimination 2330:second-wave feminism 2222:improve this section 2111:freedom of the press 1296:Political repression 281:Anti-left handedness 271:Anti-intellectualism 30:For other uses, see 7353:Inner German border 7070:Historical eugenics 6607:Segregation academy 6587:Religious terrorism 6376:Enemy of the people 6284:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 5803:Jehovah's Witnesses 5696:Perpetual foreigner 5211:Abusive supervision 5138:Psychological abuse 5113:Institutional abuse 4771:Noël, Lise (1994). 4612:Noël, Lise (1989). 4581:Harvey, J. (1999). 4432:Stanford Law Review 4279:https://www.bls.gov 3911:www.definitions.net 3827:The Washington Post 3686:merriam-webster.com 3190:, pp. 520–521. 2695:in the form of the 2657:Economic oppression 2495:. According to the 2135:citizens in poverty 2103:freedom of assembly 2101:force; prohibiting 2070:economic oppression 1821:Historical eugenics 1336:Segregation academy 1316:Religious terrorism 1105:Enemy of the people 1013:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 516:Jehovah's Witnesses 401:Perpetual foreigner 6982:Social integration 6977:Self-determination 6967:Racial integration 6915:Diversity training 6905:Cultural pluralism 6880:Affirmative action 6780:Racial segregation 6690:Crime of apartheid 6592:Religious violence 6095:Indigenous people 5500:Sexual orientation 5291:Playing the victim 5183:Surveillance abuse 5133:Professional abuse 5054:Cruelty to animals 4378:– via JSTOR. 4284:2017-11-23 at the 4039:The New York Times 2913:Racial segregation 2786: 2749:was introduced by 2708: 2564: 2554:- oil painting by 2536: 2501:religious violence 2466:American Civil War 2143:youth and children 1725:Social integration 1720:Self-determination 1710:Racial integration 1658:Diversity training 1648:Cultural pluralism 1623:Affirmative action 1515:Racial segregation 1425:Crime of apartheid 1321:Religious violence 816:Indigenous people 197:Sexual orientation 7631:Social inequality 7578: 7577: 7284: 7283: 7152:Racism by country 7080:Intersectionality 7065:Heteronormativity 6864:Voter suppression 6612:Sexual harassment 6411:Forced conversion 6331:Cultural genocide 5994:African Americans 5813:post–Cold War era 5798:Eastern Orthodoxy 5561:Anti-drug addicts 5556:Anti-homelessness 5483:Scientific racism 5339: 5338: 5316:Traumatic bonding 4919:978-0-19-518743-4 4892:978-0-300-06113-0 4842:978-0-415-90918-1 4815:978-0-415-90864-1 4786:978-0-7735-1160-6 4755:978-0-674-03190-6 4724:978-0-8298-1374-6 4697:978-0-415-09385-9 4668:978-0-674-03190-6 4511:978-0-415-92483-2 3787:978-1-315-75815-2 3650:. 4 August 2015. 3506:14.3/4 (1983): 9. 3433:978-0-19-538024-8 2918:Triple oppression 2903:Police oppression 2883:Intersectionality 2816:Domination theory 2782:intersectionality 2778:Kimberlé Crenshaw 2751:Kimberlé Crenshaw 2741:Intersectionality 2671:equal opportunity 2450:Church of England 2399:Gender oppression 2337:Racial oppression 2262:Iris Marion Young 2254: 2253: 2246: 2193:Infrahumanisation 2187:Social oppression 2145:, and more. This 2107:freedom of speech 2038: 2037: 1901:Racism by country 1831:Intersectionality 1816:Heteronormativity 1599:Voter suppression 1341:Sexual harassment 1140:Forced conversion 1060:Cultural genocide 715:African Americans 526:post–Cold War era 511:Eastern Orthodoxy 266:Anti-drug addicts 261:Anti-homelessness 180:Scientific racism 16:(Redirected from 7638: 7621:Social privilege 7320:agencies in the 7311: 7304: 7297: 7288: 7274: 7273: 7264: 7263: 7204:Social privilege 7189:Social exclusion 7117:Police brutality 7038:Multiculturalism 7008:Amatonormativity 6839:Social exclusion 6675:Age of candidacy 6475:Homeless dumping 6381:Ethnic cleansing 5366: 5359: 5352: 5343: 5178:Structural abuse 5153:Police brutality 5059:Disability abuse 4989: 4982: 4975: 4966: 4960: 4931: 4904: 4875: 4865: 4854: 4827: 4798: 4778: 4767: 4747: 4736: 4709: 4524: 4523: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4438:(6): 1241–1299. 4423: 4417: 4416: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4295: 4289: 4275: 4269: 4258: 4249: 4238: 4227: 4224: 4218: 4211: 4205: 4194: 4188: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4134: 4126: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4096: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4075: 4064: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3987:. Archived from 3977: 3971: 3970: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3868: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3678: 3672: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3618: 3617: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3395: 3368: 3355: 3354: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3303: 3302: 3294: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3263: 3255: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3007: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2960: 2943: 2940:Authoritarianism 2935: 2873:Ethnic cleansing 2863:Authoritarianism 2765:Authors such as 2625:US Supreme Court 2601:police brutality 2597:Racial profiling 2571:from lands that 2569:Native Americans 2511:, the number of 2312:Social privilege 2249: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2030: 2023: 2016: 1953:Social privilege 1938:Social exclusion 1866:Police brutality 1789:Multiculturalism 1759:Amatonormativity 1574:Social exclusion 1410:Age of candidacy 1204:Homeless dumping 1110:Ethnic cleansing 60: 37: 21: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7626:Social concepts 7581: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7546: 7528: 7505: 7482: 7464: 7446: 7428: 7410: 7357: 7324: 7315: 7285: 7280: 7252: 7127:Polyculturalism 7023:Civil liberties 6991: 6972:Reappropriation 6873:Countermeasures 6868: 6797:Racial steering 6763:Numerus clausus 6667: 6661: 6386:Ethnic conflict 6321:Corrective rape 6272: 5912: 5759: 5651:HIV/AIDS stigma 5519: 5468:Mental disorder 5406: 5375: 5370: 5340: 5335: 5311:Rationalization 5246:Destabilisation 5199: 5163:Religious abuse 4998: 4993: 4963: 4934: 4920: 4907: 4893: 4878: 4857: 4843: 4830: 4816: 4801: 4787: 4770: 4756: 4739: 4725: 4712: 4698: 4685: 4681: 4679:Further reading 4536: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4512: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4444:10.2307/1229039 4425: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4360:10.2307/1229039 4341: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4296: 4292: 4286:Wayback Machine 4276: 4272: 4259: 4252: 4239: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4215:Yale Law Review 4212: 4208: 4195: 4191: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4127: 4120: 4119: 4112: 4098: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4062: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4043: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3992: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3832: 3830: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3748: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3722: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3695: 3693: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3659: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3621: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3543: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3482: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3449: 3434: 3421: 3420: 3413: 3396: 3384: 3370: 3369: 3358: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3317: 3306: 3296: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3256: 3252: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3219: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3167: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3134: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3101: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3065: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3032: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3005: 3003: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2976: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2838: 2818: 2810:white supremacy 2801: 2795: 2743: 2737: 2659: 2541: 2470:white Americans 2435: 2429: 2407: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2348:his 1972 work, 2345: 2339: 2314: 2308: 2286:Social location 2250: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2219: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2189: 2127:people of color 2119: 2078: 2034: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1876:Polyculturalism 1774:Civil liberties 1746: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1715:Reappropriation 1615: 1614:Countermeasures 1607: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1532:Racial steering 1498:Numerus clausus 1402: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1115:Ethnic conflict 1050:Corrective rape 1005: 997: 996: 995: 994: 993: 640: 629: 628: 627: 626: 625: 478: 468: 467: 466: 465: 464: 356:HIV/AIDS stigma 228: 220: 219: 218: 217: 216: 165:Mental disorder 107: 99: 98: 97: 96: 95: 68: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7644: 7642: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7596:Discrimination 7593: 7583: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7556: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7515: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7492: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7474: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7456: 7454: 7452:Czechoslovakia 7448: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7291: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7268: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7172:Reverse racism 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7142:Prisoner abuse 7139: 7134: 7132:Power distance 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7050:Ethnic penalty 7047: 7046: 7045: 7043:Neurodiversity 7040: 7030: 7028:Dehumanization 7025: 7020: 7018:Cisnormativity 7015: 7010: 7005: 6999: 6997: 6996:Related topics 6993: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6854:State religion 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6790:Nuremberg Laws 6787: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6732:Ghetto benches 6729: 6727:Gerrymandering 6724: 6719: 6714: 6712:Gender pay gap 6709: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6666:Discriminatory 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6495:Lavender scare 6492: 6490:Kill Haole Day 6487: 6485:Indian rolling 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6371:Eliminationism 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6306:Cancel culture 6303: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6280: 6278: 6277:Manifestations 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6173:Middle Eastern 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5908:Zoroastrianism 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5835:Untouchability 5832: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5661:Leprosy stigma 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5373:Discrimination 5371: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5346: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5321:Victim blaming 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5251:Discrimination 5248: 5243: 5238: 5236:Dehumanization 5233: 5228: 5226:Child grooming 5223: 5218: 5216:Abuse of power 5213: 5207: 5205: 5204:Related topics 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5143:Physical abuse 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5073: 5071:Domestic abuse 5068: 5067: 5066: 5064:military draft 5056: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4962: 4961: 4932: 4918: 4905: 4891: 4876: 4855: 4841: 4828: 4814: 4799: 4785: 4768: 4754: 4737: 4723: 4710: 4696: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672:OCLC 442469051 4656: 4654:OCLC 778811811 4639: 4629: 4610: 4608:OCLC 989519441 4593: 4579: 4577:OCLC 846740522 4562: 4552: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4510: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4418: 4411: 4381: 4354:(6): 279–309. 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4290: 4270: 4250: 4228: 4219: 4217:. 114, p. 377. 4206: 4189: 4172: 4157: 4142: 4110: 4086: 4050: 4025: 4001: 3972: 3953: 3947:978-0691078328 3946: 3922: 3898: 3839: 3812: 3786: 3756: 3731: 3702: 3673: 3657: 3635: 3619: 3584: 3555: 3546:|journal= 3523: 3508: 3495: 3480: 3460: 3447: 3432: 3411: 3382: 3356: 3341: 3326: 3304: 3284: 3271: 3250: 3232: 3218:978-0847692743 3217: 3199: 3180: 3165: 3147: 3132: 3114: 3099: 3087:Bunce, Valerie 3078: 3063: 3045: 3030: 3012: 2985: 2974: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2843:Abuse of power 2839: 2837: 2834: 2817: 2814: 2797:Main article: 2794: 2791: 2739:Main article: 2736: 2733: 2697:gender pay gap 2686:neocolonialism 2658: 2655: 2643:respectively. 2627:ruled against 2573:Euro-Americans 2540: 2537: 2431:Main article: 2428: 2425: 2403:Main article: 2400: 2397: 2388:Main article: 2385: 2382: 2352:, sociologist 2341:Main article: 2338: 2335: 2310:Main article: 2307: 2304: 2252: 2251: 2216:of the subject 2214:worldwide view 2209: 2207: 2200: 2188: 2185: 2118: 2115: 2077: 2074: 2058:discrimination 2036: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1921:Reverse racism 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1891:Prisoner abuse 1888: 1883: 1881:Power distance 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1801:Ethnic penalty 1798: 1797: 1796: 1794:Neurodiversity 1791: 1781: 1779:Dehumanization 1776: 1771: 1769:Cisnormativity 1766: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1745:Related topics 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1589:State religion 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1525:Nuremberg Laws 1522: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1467:Ghetto benches 1464: 1462:Gerrymandering 1459: 1454: 1449: 1447:Gender pay gap 1444: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1224:Lavender scare 1221: 1219:Kill Haole Day 1216: 1214:Indian rolling 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1100:Eliminationism 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1035:Cancel culture 1032: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1004:Manifestations 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 992: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 894:Middle Eastern 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 860: 859: 849: 844: 839: 834: 833: 832: 827: 822: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 728: 727: 722: 717: 707: 702: 697: 696: 695: 690: 685: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 644: 643: 642: 641: 635: 634: 631: 630: 624: 623: 621:Zoroastrianism 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 597: 596: 586: 585: 584: 583: 582: 577: 572: 567: 552: 551: 550: 548:Untouchability 545: 535: 530: 529: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 498: 493: 488: 482: 481: 480: 479: 474: 473: 470: 469: 463: 462: 457: 452: 451: 450: 445: 440: 430: 429: 428: 423: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 366:Leprosy stigma 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 232: 231: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 215: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 183: 182: 177: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 111: 110: 109: 108: 105: 104: 101: 100: 94: 93: 88: 83: 78: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 50:Discrimination 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7643: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7611:Neuroethology 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7318:Secret police 7312: 7307: 7305: 7300: 7298: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7277: 7269: 7267: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7226:Social stigma 7224: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6849:State atheism 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6785:Jim Crow laws 6783: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6770:One-drop rule 6768: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6685:Blood quantum 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6632:Victimisation 6630: 6628: 6627:Trans bashing 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6597:Religious war 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6577:Racialization 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448:Glass ceiling 6446: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6391:Ethnic hatred 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326:Counter-jihad 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6109:United States 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5972:United States 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5893:Protestantism 5891: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808:LDS or Mormon 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5738:Transmisogyny 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5641:Gerontophobia 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571:Anti-intersex 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5546:Anti-albinism 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Institutional 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5326:Victimisation 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651:9780691152622 4648: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4626:OCLC 20723090 4623: 4622:9782890522718 4619: 4615: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605:9780190498627 4602: 4598: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574:9780231163996 4571: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4549:0-19-518744-X 4546: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4412:9781315884424 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4303:9781598844252 4300: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4246:0-19-518744-X 4243: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3926: 3923: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3840: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3802: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3648:Reference.com 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3600:(5): 515–35. 3599: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3538: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3481:0-521-62290-5 3477: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3383:0-534-52839-2 3379: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3253: 3251:9781452238081 3247: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3166:9780253353979 3162: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3133:9780387493206 3129: 3125: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3100:9780521115988 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3064:9781137486318 3060: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3031:9780521882521 3027: 3023: 3016: 3013: 3002:on 2014-10-06 3001: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2975:9780544454453 2971: 2967: 2966: 2959: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2792: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2767:Jennifer Nash 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2667:forced labour 2664: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2582:Although the 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2458:Protestantism 2455: 2454:United States 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2277:According to 2275: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2260:According to 2258: 2248: 2245: 2237: 2234:December 2023 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2147:socioeconomic 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099:secret police 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2008: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1975:Social stigma 1973: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1611: 1610: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1584:State atheism 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1520:Jim Crow laws 1518: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505:One-drop rule 1503: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1420:Blood quantum 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1398: 1397: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1361:Victimisation 1359: 1357: 1356:Trans bashing 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1326:Religious war 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1306:Racialization 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1177:Glass ceiling 1175: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1120:Ethnic hatred 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1055:Counter-jihad 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1001: 1000: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 858: 855: 854: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 831: 830:United States 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 817: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 694: 693:United States 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 639: 633: 632: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 606:Protestantism 604: 602: 599: 595: 592: 591: 590: 587: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 557: 556: 553: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 539: 536: 534: 531: 527: 524: 522: 521:LDS or Mormon 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 477: 472: 471: 461: 458: 456: 453: 449: 446: 444: 443:Transmisogyny 441: 439: 436: 435: 434: 431: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 346:Gerontophobia 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 276:Anti-intersex 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 251:Anti-albinism 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 224: 223: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 112: 103: 102: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 76:Institutional 74: 73: 64: 63: 59: 55: 54: 51: 47: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 7470:East Germany 7363:Soviet Union 7338:Iron Curtain 7322:Eastern Bloc 7111: 7060:Gender-blind 6947:Human rights 6775:Racial quota 6762: 6742:Jewish quota 6722:Gerontocracy 6717:Gender roles 6695:Disabilities 6680:Blood purity 6652:Wife selling 6642:White flight 6622:Slut-shaming 6602:Scapegoating 6520:Murder music 6193:Palestinians 6136:Anti-Zionism 6004:South Africa 5989:Black people 5967:South Africa 5788:Christianity 5778:Baháʼí Faith 5706:Sectarianism 5646:Heterosexism 5611:Ephebiphobia 5581:Anti-Masonry 5448:Hair texture 5281:Minimisation 5276:Manipulation 5256:Exaggeration 5192: 5188:Verbal abuse 5168:Sexual abuse 5148:Social abuse 5118:Intimidation 4940: 4936: 4909: 4881: 4861: 4832: 4804: 4774: 4743: 4714: 4687: 4659: 4642: 4632: 4613: 4596: 4582: 4565: 4555: 4540: 4529: 4496: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4394: 4384: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4293: 4273: 4222: 4214: 4209: 4197: 4192: 4180: 4175: 4166: 4160: 4151: 4145: 4122: 4104: 4100: 4078:. Retrieved 4066: 4053: 4042:. Retrieved 4038: 4028: 4017:. Retrieved 4013: 4004: 3993:. Retrieved 3989:the original 3984: 3975: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3932: 3925: 3914:. Retrieved 3910: 3901: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3831:. Retrieved 3825: 3815: 3791:, retrieved 3769: 3759: 3749:, retrieved 3744: 3734: 3723:. Retrieved 3715:classism.org 3714: 3705: 3694:. Retrieved 3685: 3676: 3668: 3647: 3638: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3576:. Retrieved 3567: 3558: 3537:cite journal 3526: 3517: 3511: 3503: 3498: 3470: 3463: 3455: 3450: 3423: 3372: 3350: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3320: 3298: 3279: 3274: 3241: 3235: 3208: 3202: 3183: 3156: 3150: 3123: 3117: 3090: 3081: 3054: 3048: 3021: 3015: 3004:. Retrieved 3000:the original 2994: 2988: 2964: 2958: 2933: 2819: 2802: 2787: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2744: 2730: 2725:heteronomous 2722: 2713: 2709: 2690: 2679: 2675:bonded labor 2660: 2645: 2638: 2632: 2606: 2581: 2565: 2552:U.S. Capitol 2542: 2490: 2486:Confucianism 2462: 2443: 2436: 2421: 2416:heterosexual 2412: 2408: 2393: 2349: 2346: 2327: 2315: 2300: 2292:Jim Sidanius 2290: 2283: 2279:Marilyn Frye 2276: 2272: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2240: 2231: 2211: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2120: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2066: 2040: 2039: 1811:Gender-blind 1690:Human rights 1510:Racial quota 1497: 1477:Jewish quota 1457:Gerontocracy 1452:Gender roles 1430:Disabilities 1415:Blood purity 1381:Wife selling 1371:White flight 1351:Slut-shaming 1331:Scapegoating 1249:Murder music 914:Palestinians 857:Anti-Zionism 725:South Africa 710:Black people 688:South Africa 501:Christianity 491:Baháʼí Faith 411:Sectarianism 351:Heterosexism 316:Ephebiphobia 286:Anti-Masonry 145:Hair texture 7348:Berlin Wall 6962:Nonviolence 6957:LGBT rights 6922:Empowerment 6890:Anti-racism 6812:Segregation 6757:No kid zone 6557:Persecution 6470:Hate speech 6421:Gay bashing 6396:Ethnic joke 6351:Dog whistle 6296:Blood libel 5984:Azerbaijani 5888:Neopaganism 5881:Persecution 5847:Persecution 5830:Persecution 5793:Catholicism 5728:Transphobia 5711:Supremacism 5666:Lesbophobia 5586:Aporophobia 5551:Anti-autism 5402:Taste-based 5397:Statistical 5331:Victimology 5306:Psychopathy 5128:Persecution 5103:Humiliation 5093:Gaslighting 5076:Elder abuse 5027:Child abuse 4943:(1): 7–41. 4635:(1), 1–20. 4558:(1), 7–41. 4397:: 335–348. 3188:Taylor 2016 2888:Persecution 2878:Humiliation 2513:hate crimes 2505:hate crimes 2354:Bob Blauner 2296:Audre Lorde 2151:democracies 2139:LGBT people 1705:Nonviolence 1700:LGBT rights 1665:Empowerment 1633:Anti-racism 1547:Segregation 1492:No kid zone 1286:Persecution 1199:Hate speech 1150:Gay bashing 1125:Ethnic joke 1080:Dog whistle 1025:Blood libel 705:Azerbaijani 601:Neopaganism 594:Persecution 560:Persecution 543:Persecution 506:Catholicism 433:Transphobia 416:Supremacism 371:Lesbophobia 291:Aporophobia 256:Anti-autism 91:Taste-based 86:Statistical 7585:Categories 7552:Yugoslavia 7236:Stereotype 7231:Speciesism 7112:Oppression 7107:Oikophobia 7003:Allophilia 6987:Toleration 6844:Sodomy law 6737:Internment 6657:Witch-hunt 6535:Blackhawks 6465:Hate group 6453:Hate crime 6426:Gendercide 6416:Freak show 6406:Excellence 6366:Employment 6336:Defamation 6268:Vietnamese 6263:Venezuelan 6153:Lithuanian 5820:Falun Gong 5755:Xenophobia 5750:Vegaphobia 5733:Non-binary 5691:Pedophobia 5656:Homophobia 5478:Skin color 5438:Disability 5411:Attributes 5392:Structural 5286:Narcissism 5108:Incivility 5098:Harassment 4591:0847692744 4266:1522519610 4080:2012-08-08 4044:2018-11-19 4019:2018-11-05 3995:2018-11-05 3916:2018-11-04 3859:: 673900. 3833:2022-12-08 3793:2022-12-08 3751:2022-12-08 3725:2017-04-24 3696:2017-04-24 3578:2017-11-18 3006:2017-11-23 2950:References 2805:bell hooks 2716:Outsourced 2588:fourteenth 2584:thirteenth 2191:See also: 2041:Oppression 1985:Stereotype 1980:Speciesism 1862:Oppression 1858:Oikophobia 1754:Allophilia 1730:Toleration 1579:Sodomy law 1472:Internment 1386:Witch-hunt 1264:Blackhawks 1194:Hate group 1182:Hate crime 1155:Gendercide 1145:Freak show 1135:Excellence 1095:Employment 1065:Defamation 989:Vietnamese 984:Venezuelan 874:Lithuanian 533:Falun Gong 460:Xenophobia 455:Vegaphobia 438:Non-binary 396:Pedophobia 361:Homophobia 175:Skin color 135:Disability 106:Attributes 81:Structural 7601:Injustice 7209:Christian 7137:Prejudice 7085:Masculism 7033:Diversity 6827:religious 6802:Redlining 6401:Ethnocide 6361:Education 6253:Ukrainian 6188:Pakistani 6178:Mongolian 6099:Australia 6081:Hungarian 6036:Colombian 6016:Bulgarian 5898:Rastafari 5852:Ahmadiyya 5765:Religious 5743:Trans men 5701:Pregnancy 5636:Gayphobia 5631:Fatphobia 5536:Acephobia 5531:Arophobia 5515:Viewpoint 5261:Isolation 5081:Financial 4957:145564250 4928:702181996 4901:845153793 4824:963325772 4795:832466622 4764:442469051 4706:441154357 4520:491072106 4131:cite book 3875:1664-1078 3442:699188746 3400:cite book 3260:cite book 3175:607553768 3142:191465180 3109:340983053 3073:967148718 3040:968631692 2858:Anarchism 2830:hegemonic 2592:fifteenth 2577:New World 2556:Allyn Cox 2525:Minnesota 2319:Privilege 2306:Privilege 2226:talk page 2181:sociology 2090:opprimere 2086:oppressus 2080:The word 2062:injustice 2060:when the 2045:malicious 1958:Christian 1886:Prejudice 1836:Masculism 1784:Diversity 1562:religious 1537:Redlining 1130:Ethnocide 1090:Education 974:Ukrainian 909:Pakistani 899:Mongolian 820:Australia 802:Hungarian 757:Colombian 737:Bulgarian 611:Rastafari 565:Ahmadiyya 476:Religious 448:Trans men 406:Pregnancy 341:Gayphobia 336:Fatphobia 241:Acephobia 236:Arophobia 212:Viewpoint 7434:Bulgaria 7266:Category 7248:The talk 7184:Snobbery 7102:Net bias 6932:Feminism 6859:Ugly law 6700:Catholic 6668:policies 6515:Mortgage 6510:Lynching 6441:examples 6436:Genocide 6356:Economic 6341:Democide 6301:Bullying 6218:Romanian 6183:Nigerian 6126:Japanese 6061:Georgian 6046:Filipino 5979:Assyrian 5952:Armenian 5942:American 5937:Albanian 5919:National 5903:Yazidism 5825:Hinduism 5783:Buddhism 5686:Nepotism 5681:Misogyny 5676:Misandry 5601:Clannism 5596:Biphobia 5541:Adultism 5458:Language 5173:Stalking 5086:Marriage 5047:marriage 5042:military 5022:Bullying 4851:30399203 4733:42849654 4494:(2000). 4460:24661090 4376:24661090 4282:Archived 4071:Archived 3893:33986714 3801:citation 3719:Archived 3690:Archived 3652:Archived 3614:54587410 3572:Archived 3490:39875228 3392:43311710 3227:41528208 2980:Archived 2836:See also 2799:Feminism 2681:Ann Cudd 2629:Colorado 2507:. Since 2493:violence 2478:Buddhism 2446:Pilgrims 2362:genocide 2220:You may 2177:feminism 2082:oppress 1997:The talk 1933:Snobbery 1853:Net bias 1675:Feminism 1594:Ugly law 1435:Catholic 1401:Policies 1244:Mortgage 1239:Lynching 1170:examples 1165:Genocide 1085:Economic 1070:Democide 1030:Bullying 939:Romanian 904:Nigerian 847:Japanese 782:Georgian 767:Filipino 700:Assyrian 673:Armenian 663:American 658:Albanian 638:national 616:Yazidism 538:Hinduism 496:Buddhism 391:Nepotism 386:Misogyny 381:Misandry 306:Clannism 301:Biphobia 246:Adultism 155:Language 42:a series 40:Part of 7534:Romania 7488:Hungary 7416:Albania 7276:Commons 7055:Figleaf 6480:Housing 6248:Turkish 6198:Pashtun 6168:Mexican 6148:Kurdish 6121:Italian 6071:Haitian 6056:Finnish 6031:Chinese 6026:Chechen 6021:Catalan 6011:Bengali 5932:African 5917:Ethnic/ 5876:Judaism 5867:Sunnism 5857:Shi'ism 5773:Atheism 5606:Elitism 5505:Species 5443:Genetic 5433:Dialect 5194:more... 5123:Neglect 5032:neglect 4872:3953706 4534:Sources 4452:1229039 4368:1229039 4107:: 1–28. 3884:8111297 2663:serfdom 2651:closure 2617:Arizona 2611:issued 2562:(1940). 2370:slavery 1806:Figleaf 1209:Housing 969:Turkish 919:Pashtun 889:Mexican 869:Kurdish 842:Italian 792:Haitian 777:Finnish 752:Chinese 747:Chechen 742:Catalan 732:Bengali 653:African 636:Ethnic/ 589:Judaism 580:Sunnism 570:Shi'ism 486:Atheism 311:Elitism 202:Species 140:Genetic 130:Dialect 18:Oppress 7511:Poland 7241:threat 7095:autism 6832:sexual 6822:racial 6705:Jewish 6562:Pogrom 6540:Chiefs 6530:Braves 6258:Uyghur 6233:Somali 6228:Slavic 6213:Romani 6208:Quebec 6203:Polish 6143:Korean 6104:Canada 6091:Indian 6076:Hazara 6051:Fulani 5962:France 5927:Afghan 5862:Sufism 5591:Audism 5524:Social 5453:Height 5241:Denial 5037:sexual 4955: 4926: 4916: 4899: 4889: 4870: 4849: 4839: 4822: 4812: 4793: 4783: 4762: 4752: 4731: 4721: 4704: 4694: 4666: 4649: 4620: 4603: 4589: 4572: 4547: 4518: 4508: 4458: 4450: 4409: 4374: 4366: 4301: 4264: 4244: 3944: 3891: 3881: 3873: 3784: 3612: 3488: 3478: 3440: 3430: 3390: 3380: 3248: 3225: 3215: 3173: 3163: 3140: 3130: 3107: 3097: 3071: 3061: 3038: 3028: 2972: 2898:Sexism 2621:Kansas 2590:, and 2521:mosque 2484:, and 2482:Taoism 2405:Sexism 2343:Racism 2109:, and 2049:unjust 1990:threat 1846:autism 1567:sexual 1557:racial 1440:Jewish 1291:Pogrom 1269:Chiefs 1259:Braves 979:Uyghur 954:Somali 949:Slavic 934:Romani 929:Quebec 924:Polish 864:Korean 825:Canada 812:Indian 797:Hazara 772:Fulani 683:France 648:Afghan 575:Sufism 296:Audism 227:Social 150:Height 7591:Abuse 7333:Gulag 7219:white 6572:Purge 6238:Tatar 6163:Māori 6158:Malay 6116:Irish 6066:Greek 6041:Croat 5999:China 5957:Asian 5842:Islam 5716:White 5463:Looks 5428:Class 5423:Caste 5380:Forms 5271:Lying 5004:Types 4996:Abuse 4953:S2CID 4456:S2CID 4448:JSTOR 4372:S2CID 4364:JSTOR 4074:(PDF) 4063:(PDF) 3610:S2CID 2925:Notes 2123:women 2053:power 1968:white 1301:Purge 959:Tatar 884:Māori 879:Malay 837:Irish 787:Greek 762:Croat 720:China 678:Asian 555:Islam 421:White 160:Looks 125:Class 120:Caste 67:Forms 7214:male 7013:Bias 6458:LGBT 6243:Thai 6223:Serb 6086:Igbo 5947:Arab 5721:Male 5510:Size 5490:Rank 4924:OCLC 4914:ISBN 4897:OCLC 4887:ISBN 4868:OCLC 4847:OCLC 4837:ISBN 4820:OCLC 4810:ISBN 4791:OCLC 4781:ISBN 4760:OCLC 4750:ISBN 4729:OCLC 4719:ISBN 4702:OCLC 4692:ISBN 4664:ISBN 4647:ISBN 4618:ISBN 4601:ISBN 4587:ISBN 4570:ISBN 4545:ISBN 4516:OCLC 4506:ISBN 4407:ISBN 4299:ISBN 4262:ISBN 4242:ISBN 4137:link 3942:ISBN 3889:PMID 3871:ISSN 3807:link 3782:ISBN 3550:help 3486:OCLC 3476:ISBN 3438:OCLC 3428:ISBN 3406:link 3388:OCLC 3378:ISBN 3266:link 3246:ISBN 3223:OCLC 3213:ISBN 3194:help 3171:OCLC 3161:ISBN 3138:OCLC 3128:ISBN 3105:OCLC 3095:ISBN 3069:OCLC 3059:ISBN 3036:OCLC 3026:ISBN 2970:ISBN 2637:and 2619:and 2599:and 2364:and 1963:male 1764:Bias 1187:LGBT 964:Thai 944:Serb 807:Igbo 668:Arab 426:Male 207:Size 187:Rank 6817:age 5495:Sex 5418:Age 4945:doi 4502:295 4440:doi 4399:doi 4356:doi 3879:PMC 3861:doi 3774:doi 3602:doi 2523:in 2047:or 2043:is 1552:age 192:Sex 115:Age 7587:: 4951:. 4941:19 4939:. 4922:. 4895:. 4845:. 4818:. 4789:. 4758:. 4727:. 4700:. 4670:. 4624:. 4514:. 4504:. 4454:. 4446:. 4436:43 4434:. 4430:. 4405:. 4393:. 4370:. 4362:. 4352:43 4350:. 4346:. 4253:^ 4231:^ 4133:}} 4129:{{ 4113:^ 4105:23 4103:. 4089:^ 4065:. 4037:. 4012:. 3983:. 3967:39 3965:. 3940:. 3938:40 3909:. 3887:. 3877:. 3869:. 3857:12 3855:. 3851:. 3824:. 3803:}} 3799:{{ 3780:, 3768:, 3717:. 3713:. 3688:. 3684:. 3660:^ 3646:. 3622:^ 3608:. 3598:34 3596:. 3570:. 3566:. 3541:: 3539:}} 3535:{{ 3484:. 3436:. 3414:^ 3402:}} 3398:{{ 3386:. 3359:^ 3307:^ 3287:^ 3262:}} 3258:{{ 3221:. 3169:. 3136:. 3103:. 3067:. 3034:. 2978:. 2673:, 2665:, 2586:, 2480:, 2468:, 2372:, 2368:, 2360:: 2179:, 2153:. 2141:, 2137:, 2133:, 2129:, 2125:, 2105:, 2072:. 44:on 7310:e 7303:t 7296:v 5365:e 5358:t 5351:v 4988:e 4981:t 4974:v 4959:. 4947:: 4930:. 4903:. 4874:. 4853:. 4826:. 4797:. 4766:. 4735:. 4708:. 4674:. 4628:. 4551:. 4522:. 4462:. 4442:: 4415:. 4401:: 4358:: 4305:. 4268:. 4248:. 4139:) 4083:. 4047:. 4022:. 3998:. 3950:. 3919:. 3895:. 3863:: 3836:. 3809:) 3776:: 3728:. 3699:. 3616:. 3604:: 3581:. 3552:) 3548:( 3520:. 3492:. 3444:. 3408:) 3394:. 3268:) 3254:. 3229:. 3196:) 3177:. 3144:. 3111:. 3075:. 3042:. 3009:. 2942:. 2317:" 2247:) 2241:( 2236:) 2232:( 2218:. 2029:e 2022:t 2015:v 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index