1180:
538:
1179:
365:
574:
522:
389:
562:
550:
54:
69:
506:
521:
412:
are computerised techniques for imaging various structures of the eyes, including the optic disc. They quantify the nerve fiber layer of the disc and surrounding retina and statistically correlate the findings with a database of previously screened population of normals. They are useful for baseline
460:
A systematic review of 106 studies and 16,260 eyes compared the performance of the imaging techniques, and found that all three imaging tests performed very similarly when detecting for glaucoma. The review found that in 1,000 patients subjected to imaging tests, with 200 having manifest glaucoma,
1215:
1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and
396:
Traditional colour-film camera images are the reference standard in imaging, requiring an expert ophthalmic photographer, ophthalmic technician, optometrist or ophthalmologist for taking standardised pictures of the optic disc. Stereoscopic images offer an excellent investigative tool for serial
417:. Imaging will not provide conclusive evidence for clinical diagnosis however, and the evidence needs to be supplanted by serial physiological testing for functional changes. Such tests may include visual field charting and final clinical interpretation of the complete
456:
in human eyes. Furthermore, the
Doppler spectrum asymmetry reveals the local direction of blood flow with respect to the optical axis. This directional information is overlaid on standard grayscale blood flow images to depict flow in the central artery and vein.
737:
Puyo, Léo, Michel Paques, Mathias Fink, José-Alain Sahel, and
Michael Atlan. "Waveform analysis of human retinal and choroidal blood flow with laser Doppler holography." Biomedical Optics Express 10, no. 10 (2019):
1216:
veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina
479:: a unilateral congenital deformity resulting from failure of the optic nerve to completely form in utero. The term was coined in 1970 by Kindler, noting a resemblance of the malformed optic nerve to the
537:
1459:
95:
Optic disk, optic disc, optic nerve head, blind spot, Mariotte blind spot, Mariotte's blind spot, optic papilla, discus nervi optici , papilla nervi optici, porus opticus)
321:), sharpness of edge, swelling, hemorrhages, notching in the optic disc and any other unusual anomalies. It is useful for finding evidence corroborating the diagnosis of
728:
Puyo, L., M. Paques, M. Fink, J-A. Sahel, and M. Atlan. "In vivo laser
Doppler holography of the human retina." Biomedical optics express 9, no. 9 (2018): 4113-4129.
1199:
158:
1196:
1022:
505:
248:. It is a vertical oval, with average dimensions of 1.76mm horizontally by 1.92mm vertically. There is a central depression, of variable size, called the
527:
Local direction of blood flow with respect to the optical axis revealed by the
Doppler spectrum asymmetry in out-of-plane retinal vessels by holographic
1197:
1202:
1211:
561:
461:
the best imaging tests would miss 60 cases out of the 200 patients with glaucoma, and incorrectly refer 50 out of 800 patients without glaucoma.
1198:
1203:
1183:
1059:
573:
473:: a non-progressive condition in which the optic disc is enlarged (diameter exceeding 2.1 mm) with no other morphological abnormalities.
317:
A biomicroscopic exam can indicate the health of the optic nerve. In particular, the eye care physician notes the colour, cupping size (as a
134:
1189:
970:
Graefe's
Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie
380:
is an optic disc which varies in colour from a pale pink or orange colour to white. A pale disc is an indication of a disease condition.
1027:
330:
647:
1194:
372:, with the optic disc, or blind spot, at the lower left. Shown is a horizontal cross section of the right eye, viewed from above.
220:
after they leave the eye. The optic disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of retinal
1187:
1206:
1205:
750:
Puyo, L., M. Paques, and M. Atlan. "Retinal blood flow reversal in out-of-plane vessels imaged with laser
Doppler holography"
549:
1186:
1185:
401:
153:
1705:
1650:
1618:
1455:
409:
1193:
1603:
1572:
1564:
1244:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1756:
1399:
1389:
615:
476:
441:
405:
1201:
1200:
1184:
1052:
249:
444:, and the possibility to perform unambiguous identification of retinal arteries and veins on the basis of their
1207:
1081:
295:
Almost all eye structures can be examined with appropriate optical equipment and lenses. Using a modern direct
117:
228:
from the eye toward the brain. The optic disc is also the entry point for the major arteries that supply the
30:
This article is about the anatomical feature of the eye. For digital storage media such as CDs and DVDs, see
1394:
1350:
1208:
364:
1534:
1427:
1158:
165:
141:
129:
1710:
1515:
1439:
1377:
1365:
1320:
528:
512:
437:
433:
353:
338:
265:
191:
1210:
352:
should be screened by an ophthalmoscopic examination of the optic disc for early evidence of a rise in
1191:
766:
Michelessi M, Lucenteforte E, Oddone F, Brazzelli M, Parravano M, Franchi S, Ng SM, Virgili G (2015).
400:
Automated techniques have also been developed to allow for more efficient and less expensive imaging.
1700:
1045:
414:
225:
1209:
672:
388:
1725:
1431:
1382:
1370:
1360:
1315:
1249:
1212:
1163:
1110:
1032:
284:
210:
1190:
1695:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1415:
1138:
1001:
708:
1254:
1105:
1735:
1451:
1355:
1272:
1188:
1143:
1069:
993:
985:
946:
889:
854:
836:
797:
700:
692:
653:
643:
590:
421:
by an eye care physician. Ophthalmologists and optometrists are able to provide this service.
342:
318:
638:
Tasman, William; Jaeger, Edward A (2006). "Chapter 4: Anatomy of the Visual
Sensory System".
61:
photograph showing the optic disc as a bright area on the right where blood vessels converge.
1720:
1658:
1495:
1148:
1100:
977:
938:
881:
844:
828:
787:
779:
684:
1633:
1592:
1588:
1510:
1033:
Retinal Vein
Pulsation Is in Phase with Intracranial Pressure and Not Intraocular Pressure
418:
303:
245:
38:
964:
Georgalas, Ilias; Ladas, Ioannis; Georgopoulos, Gerasimos; Petrou, Petros (August 2011).
397:
follow-up of suspected changes in the hands of an expert optometrist or ophthalmologist.
1037:
885:
815:
Amador-Patarroyo, Manuel J.; Pérez-Rueda, Mario A.; Tellez, Carlos H. (1 January 2015).
1638:
1628:
1613:
1608:
1305:
1297:
1277:
1153:
1128:
849:
816:
792:
767:
326:
296:
58:
671:
Heidary, Fatemeh; Gharebaghi, Reza; Wan Hitam, Wan
Hazabbah; Shatriah, Ismail (2010).
1750:
1663:
1598:
1435:
942:
480:
470:
349:
1005:
712:
376:
A normal optic disc is orange to pink in colour and may vary based on ethnicity. A
1623:
1447:
1282:
1264:
783:
490:
453:
311:
31:
908:
929:
Kindler (1970). "Morning glory syndrome: unusual congenital optic disk anomaly".
688:
122:
1715:
1584:
1541:
1479:
1443:
832:
610:
334:
299:
gives a view of the optic disc using the principle of reversibility of light. A
224:
cells come together. The optic disc in a normal human eye carries 1–1.2 million
217:
74:
17:
1287:
981:
989:
840:
696:
657:
252:. This depression can be a variety of shapes from a shallow indentation to a
146:
1505:
1500:
1419:
1073:
872:
Magrath, GN; Cheeseman EW; Sarrica RA (2013). "Morning Glory Disc
Anomaly".
486:
369:
300:
280:
272:
206:
78:
997:
965:
893:
858:
801:
704:
27:
Optic nerve head, the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye
950:
171:
53:
1423:
449:
432:
in the optic disc region can be revealed non invasively by near-infrared
322:
307:
276:
221:
202:
543:
Three dimensional image of a healthy optic disc in a 24-year-old female.
1675:
1576:
1520:
1236:
445:
429:
256:—this shape can be significant for diagnosis of some retinal diseases.
1670:
1580:
1334:
1120:
1092:
425:
229:
751:
68:
1310:
768:"Optic nerve head and fibre layer imaging for diagnosing glaucoma"
387:
268:
244:
The optic disc is located 3 to 4 mm to the nasal side of the
105:
41:, a nearby structure that also carries signals to the optic nerve.
1224:
233:
194:
1041:
310:
focusing lens (+66D, +78D or +90D) is required for a detailed
198:
413:
and serial follow-up to monitor minute changes in optic disc
1178:
264:
The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for
489:: congenital excavation of the optic disc resulting from a
314:
view of the optic disc and structures inside the eye.
511:
Blood flow in the optic disc revealed by holographic
567:
Tilted optic disc in left eye of a 20-year-old male.
283:
overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small
209:
overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small
1688:
1649:
1563:
1554:
1488:
1408:
1343:
1333:
1296:
1263:
1235:
1223:
1119:
1091:
1080:
642:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
152:
140:
128:
116:
104:
99:
91:
86:
46:
909:"An Introduction to Diseases of the Optic nerve"
1182:
392:Optic disc cross-sections imaged by an SD-OCT.
1053:
348:Women in an advanced stage of pregnancy with
337:(i.e. optic disc swelling produced by raised
8:
761:
759:
746:
744:
1560:
1340:
1232:
1088:
1060:
1046:
1038:
67:
52:
848:
817:"Congenital anomalies of the optic nerve"
791:
724:
722:
363:
602:
501:
232:with blood, and the exit point for the
169:
43:
7:
555:Optic disc showing microvasculature.
886:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.05.015
1023:Diagram at Moorfields Eye Hospital
331:anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
25:
216:The ganglion cell axons form the
752:https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.09813
579:Optic disc edema and haemorrhage
572:
560:
548:
536:
520:
504:
440:can enable mapping of the local
821:Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology
784:10.1002/14651858.CD008803.pub2
493:during development of the eye.
452:variations, and reveal ocular
325:and other optic neuropathies,
1:
673:"Nerve fiber layer thickness"
402:Heidelberg retinal tomography
1706:Optical coherence tomography
1460:Photosensitive ganglion cell
943:10.1016/0002-9394(70)92269-5
689:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.05.024
410:optical coherence tomography
73:The terminal portion of the
37:Not to be confused with the
1456:Giant retina ganglion cells
1245:Capillary lamina of choroid
833:10.1016/j.sjopt.2014.09.011
1773:
1400:Retinal pigment epithelium
1390:External limiting membrane
1028:Diagram at Ballard Optical
966:"Optic disc pit: a review"
772:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
477:Morning glory disc anomaly
442:arterial resistivity index
406:scanning laser polarimetry
306:along with an appropriate
77:and its entrance into the
36:
29:
1176:
982:10.1007/s00417-011-1698-5
368:Schematic diagram of the
190:is the point of exit for
164:
66:
51:
301:slit lamp biomicroscopic
81:, in horizontal section.
1395:Layer of rods and cones
1351:Inner limiting membrane
616:Encyclopædia Britannica
275:. Because there are no
201:. Because there are no
1217:
393:
373:
166:Anatomical terminology
1711:Eye care professional
1516:Foveal avascular zone
1378:Outer plexiform layer
1366:Inner plexiform layer
1321:Iris sphincter muscle
1214:
640:Duane's Ophthalmology
529:laser Doppler imaging
513:laser Doppler imaging
438:Laser Doppler imaging
434:laser Doppler imaging
391:
367:
354:intracranial pressure
339:intracranial pressure
291:Clinical significance
226:afferent nerve fibers
1731:Physiological Optics
1701:Ocular immune system
1440:Retina ganglion cell
1555:Anatomical regions
1416:Photoreceptor cells
1383:Outer nuclear layer
1371:Inner nuclear layer
1361:Ganglion cell layer
1316:Iris dilator muscle
1111:Trabecular meshwork
874:Pediatric Neurology
111:discus nervi optici
1218:
424:Blood flow in the
394:
374:
1757:Human eye anatomy
1744:
1743:
1736:Visual perception
1684:
1683:
1651:Posterior segment
1619:Posterior chamber
1550:
1549:
1452:Bistratified cell
1356:Nerve fiber layer
1329:
1328:
1273:Ciliary processes
1174:
1173:
591:Optic disc pallor
343:optic disc drusen
319:cup-to-disc ratio
236:from the retina.
180:
179:
175:
16:(Redirected from
1764:
1721:Refractive error
1659:Vitreous chamber
1604:Anterior chamber
1565:Anterior segment
1561:
1341:
1250:Bruch's membrane
1233:
1225:Uvea / vascular
1181:
1101:Episcleral layer
1089:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1010:
1009:
976:(8): 1113–1122.
961:
955:
954:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
907:Barnard, Simon.
904:
898:
897:
869:
863:
862:
852:
812:
806:
805:
795:
778:(11): CD008803.
763:
754:
748:
739:
735:
729:
726:
717:
716:
683:(9): 1861–1862.
668:
662:
661:
635:
629:
628:
626:
624:
607:
576:
564:
552:
540:
524:
508:
188:optic nerve head
172:edit on Wikidata
71:
56:
44:
21:
18:Optic nerve head
1772:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1680:
1645:
1634:Capsule of lens
1589:Lacrimal system
1556:
1546:
1506:Parafoveal area
1501:Perifoveal area
1484:
1428:Horizontal cell
1404:
1325:
1292:
1259:
1255:Sattler's layer
1226:
1219:
1213:
1170:
1115:
1106:Schlemm's canal
1084:
1076:
1068:Anatomy of the
1066:
1019:
1014:
1013:
963:
962:
958:
931:Am J Ophthalmol
928:
927:
923:
913:
911:
906:
905:
901:
871:
870:
866:
814:
813:
809:
765:
764:
757:
749:
742:
736:
732:
727:
720:
670:
669:
665:
650:
637:
636:
632:
622:
620:
609:
608:
604:
599:
587:
580:
577:
568:
565:
556:
553:
544:
541:
532:
525:
516:
509:
500:
467:
419:eye examination
386:
362:
293:
262:
242:
176:
82:
62:
42:
39:fovea centralis
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1639:Zonule of Zinn
1636:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Aqueous humour
1606:
1601:
1596:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1503:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1278:Ciliary muscle
1275:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1017:External links
1015:
1012:
1011:
956:
921:
899:
864:
807:
755:
740:
730:
718:
663:
648:
630:
601:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
571:
569:
566:
559:
557:
554:
547:
545:
542:
535:
533:
526:
519:
517:
510:
503:
499:
496:
495:
494:
484:
474:
466:
463:
385:
382:
361:
358:
327:optic neuritis
297:ophthalmoscope
292:
289:
261:
258:
241:
238:
178:
177:
168:
162:
161:
156:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
84:
83:
72:
64:
63:
59:Ophthalmoscopy
57:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1769:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:Accommodation
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:Vitreous body
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Fibrous tunic
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:Amacrine cell
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:Fibrous tunic
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:(3): 376–84.
936:
932:
925:
922:
910:
903:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
865:
860:
856:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
808:
803:
799:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
760:
756:
753:
747:
745:
741:
734:
731:
725:
723:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Ophthalmology
674:
667:
664:
659:
655:
651:
649:9780781768559
645:
641:
634:
631:
618:
617:
612:
606:
603:
596:
592:
589:
588:
584:
575:
570:
563:
558:
551:
546:
539:
534:
530:
523:
518:
514:
507:
502:
497:
492:
488:
485:
482:
481:morning glory
478:
475:
472:
471:Megalopapilla
469:
468:
465:Abnormalities
464:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
411:
407:
403:
398:
390:
383:
381:
379:
371:
366:
359:
357:
355:
351:
350:pre-eclampsia
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
290:
288:
287:in each eye.
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
266:ganglion cell
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
239:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
213:in each eye.
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
192:ganglion cell
189:
185:
173:
167:
163:
160:
157:
155:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
121:
119:
115:
112:
109:
107:
103:
98:
94:
90:
85:
80:
76:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
1730:
1624:Ciliary body
1529:
1464:Diencephalon
1463:
1448:Parasol cell
1432:Bipolar cell
1283:Pars plicata
1265:Ciliary body
1133:
973:
969:
959:
934:
930:
924:
912:. Retrieved
902:
877:
873:
867:
827:(1): 32–38.
824:
820:
810:
775:
771:
733:
680:
676:
666:
639:
633:
621:. Retrieved
614:
611:"blind spot"
605:
491:malformation
459:
454:hemodynamics
423:
399:
395:
377:
375:
347:
316:
312:stereoscopic
294:
271:leaving the
263:
253:
243:
215:
197:leaving the
187:
183:
181:
135:A15.2.04.019
110:
32:optical disc
1716:Eye disease
1696:Keratocytes
1585:Conjunctiva
1542:Ora serrata
1480:Muller glia
1444:Midget cell
1164:Endothelium
1154:Dua's layer
335:papilledema
304:examination
218:optic nerve
100:Identifiers
75:optic nerve
1557:of the eye
1530:Optic disc
1288:Pars plana
1159:Descemet's
1139:Epithelium
880:(6): 517.
738:4942-4963.
597:References
415:morphology
285:blind spot
211:blind spot
184:optic disc
47:Optic disc
1535:Optic cup
1420:Cone cell
1074:human eye
990:1435-702X
841:1319-4534
697:1549-4713
658:318288606
487:Optic pit
378:pale disc
370:human eye
360:Pale disc
250:optic cup
240:Structure
1751:Category
1424:Rod cell
1229:(middle)
1144:Bowman's
1006:25880534
998:21638030
894:24095648
859:25859137
802:26618332
713:11122001
705:20816254
623:June 21,
585:See also
450:diastole
323:glaucoma
308:aspheric
260:Function
254:bean pot
222:ganglion
92:Synonyms
1676:Choroid
1577:Eyebrow
1521:Foveola
1337:(inner)
1237:Choroid
1085:(outer)
1072:of the
951:5418855
850:4314572
793:4732281
498:Gallery
483:flower.
446:systole
430:choroid
404:(HRT),
384:Imaging
341:), and
123:D009898
87:Details
79:eyeball
1671:Retina
1581:Eyelid
1573:Adnexa
1496:Macula
1476:K cell
1472:M cell
1468:P cell
1344:Layers
1335:Retina
1306:Stroma
1149:Stroma
1134:layers
1129:Limbus
1121:Cornea
1093:Sclera
1004:
996:
988:
949:
914:30 May
892:
857:
847:
839:
800:
790:
711:
703:
695:
656:
646:
619:. 2011
426:retina
230:retina
1689:Other
1593:Orbit
1511:Fovea
1489:Other
1426:) → (
1409:Cells
1311:Pupil
1227:tunic
1070:globe
1002:S2CID
709:S2CID
281:cones
269:axons
246:fovea
234:veins
207:cones
195:axons
170:[
159:58634
106:Latin
1629:Lens
1614:Iris
1462:) →
1438:) →
1430:) →
1298:Iris
994:PMID
986:ISSN
947:PMID
916:2014
890:PMID
855:PMID
837:ISSN
798:PMID
776:2020
701:PMID
693:ISSN
654:OCLC
644:ISBN
625:2017
428:and
408:and
277:rods
203:rods
182:The
147:6788
130:TA98
118:MeSH
1434:→ (
978:doi
974:249
939:doi
882:doi
845:PMC
829:doi
788:PMC
780:doi
685:doi
681:117
333:or
279:or
273:eye
205:or
199:eye
186:or
154:FMA
142:TA2
1753::
1591:,
1587:,
1583:,
1579:,
1478:,
1474:,
1470:,
1466::
1458:,
1454:,
1450:,
1446:,
1422:,
1000:.
992:.
984:.
972:.
968:.
945:.
935:69
933:.
888:.
878:49
876:.
853:.
843:.
835:.
825:29
823:.
819:.
796:.
786:.
774:.
770:.
758:^
743:^
721:^
707:.
699:.
691:.
679:.
675:.
652:.
613:.
436:.
356:.
345:.
329:,
1595:)
1575:(
1442:(
1418:(
1061:e
1054:t
1047:v
1008:.
980::
953:.
941::
918:.
896:.
884::
861:.
831::
804:.
782::
715:.
687::
660:.
627:.
531:.
515:.
448:-
174:]
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
