Optical illusion - Knowledge (XXG)

1396: 1009: 1420: 1576: 1408: 1435: 1327: 1381: 1339: 1366: 1564: 1499: 1530: 1549: 440: 74: 1463: 61: 1297: 810:. If a medical work-up does not reveal a cause of the pathological visual illusions, the idiopathic visual disturbances could be analogous to the altered excitability state seen in visual aura with no migraine headache. If the visual illusions are diffuse and persistent, they often affect the patient's quality of life. These symptoms are often refractory to treatment and may be caused by any of the aforementioned etiologies, but are often idiopathic. There is no standard treatment for these visual disturbances. 4179: 4430: 528: 477: 1351: 1312: 1514: 628: 47: 930: 293: 892: 238:), are presumed to be the effects on the eyes or brain of excessive stimulation or interaction with contextual or competing stimuli of a specific type—brightness, color, position, tile, size, movement, etc. The theory is that a stimulus follows its individual dedicated neural path in the early stages of visual processing and that intense or repetitive activity in that or interaction with active adjoining channels causes a 942: 824: 452: 864:, or an individual's sense of their own body and its parts, progressively adapts to the post-amputation state. Essentially, the amputees were learning to no longer respond to sensations near what had once been their arm. As a result, many have suggested the use of RHI as a tool for monitoring an amputee's progress in reducing their phantom limb sensations and adjusting to the new state of their body. 1155: 954: 657: 619:. The spinning dancer appears to be moving clockwise or counterclockwise depending on spontaneous activity in the brain where perception is subjective. Recent studies show on the fMRI that there are spontaneous fluctuations in cortical activity while watching this illusion, particularly the parietal lobe because it is involved in perceiving movement. 648:

that is 3D volumetric in appearance. Coloration consists of an assimilation of color radiating from a thin-colored edge lining a darker chromatic contour. The water-color illusion describes how the human mind perceives the wholeness of an object such as top-down processing. Thus, contextual factors play into perceiving the brightness of an object.

540: 1434: 644:

an unfamiliar object is changed. The luminosity of the object will appear brighter against a black field (that reflects less light) than against a white field, even though the object itself did not change in luminosity. Similarly, the eye will compensate for color contrast depending on the color cast of the surrounding area.

1395: 871:

limbs. After prolonged exposure to RHI, the amputees gradually stopped feeling a dissociation between the prosthetic (which resembled the rubber hand) and the rest of their body. This was thought to be because they adjusted to responding to and moving a limb that did not feel as connected to the rest

859:

with the syndrome actually responded to RHI more strongly than controls, an effect that was often consistent for both the sides of the intact and the amputated arm. However, in some studies, amputees actually had stronger responses to RHI on their intact arm, and more recent amputees responded to the

691:

Changizi asserts that the human visual system has evolved to compensate for neural delays by generating images of what will occur one-tenth of a second into the future. This foresight enables humans to react to events in the present, enabling humans to perform reflexive acts like catching a fly ball

647:

In addition to the gestalt principles of perception, water-color illusions contribute to the formation of optical illusions. Water-color illusions consist of object-hole effects and coloration. Object-hole effects occur when boundaries are prominent where there is a figure and background with a hole

643:

and brightness constancy are responsible for the fact that a familiar object will appear the same color regardless of the amount of light or color of light reflecting from it. An illusion of color difference or luminosity difference can be created when the luminosity or color of the area surrounding

268:

of the retina receptor signals from light and dark areas compete with one another, has been used to explain why we see bands of increased brightness at the edge of a color difference when viewing Mach bands. Once a receptor is active, it inhibits adjacent receptors. This inhibition creates contrast,

1251:

The hypothesis claims that visual illusions occur because the neural circuitry in our visual system evolves, by neural learning, to a system that makes very efficient interpretations of usual 3D scenes based in the emergence of simplified models in our brain that speed up the interpretation process

129:

is useful as an orientation. According to that, there are three main classes: physical, physiological, and cognitive illusions, and in each class there are four kinds: Ambiguities, distortions, paradoxes, and fictions. A classical example for a physical distortion would be the apparent bending of a

607:

is based on the illusion that the brain perceives a series of slightly varied images produced in rapid succession as a moving picture. Likewise, when we are moving, as we would be while riding in a vehicle, stable surrounding objects may appear to move. We may also perceive a large object, like an

687:

in New York has a more imaginative take on optical illusions, saying that they are due to a neural lag which most humans experience while awake. When light hits the retina, about one-tenth of a second goes by before the brain translates the signal into a visual perception of the world. Scientists

715:

visual illusion is a distortion of a real external stimulus and is often diffuse and persistent. Pathological visual illusions usually occur throughout the visual field, suggesting global excitability or sensitivity alterations. Alternatively visual hallucination is the perception of an external

696:

looks like bicycle spokes around a central point, with vertical lines on either side of this central, so-called vanishing point. The illusion tricks us into thinking we are looking at a perspective picture, and thus according to Changizi, switches on our future-seeing abilities. Since we are not

514:

of perception govern the way different objects are grouped. Good form is where the perceptual system tries to fill in the blanks in order to see simple objects rather than complex objects. Continuity is where the perceptual system tries to disambiguate which segments fit together into continuous

664:

Just as it perceives color and brightness constancies, the brain has the ability to understand familiar objects as having a consistent shape or size. For example, a door is perceived as a rectangle regardless of how the image may change on the retina as the door is opened and closed. Unfamiliar

2838:

Christ, Oliver; Reiner, Miriam (2014-07-01). "Perspectives and possible applications of the rubber hand and virtual hand illusion in non-invasive rehabilitation: Technological improvements and their consequences". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. Applied Neuroscience: Models, methods,

1255:

Research indicates that 3D vision capabilities emerge and are learned jointly with the planning of movements. That is, as depth cues are better perceived, individuals can develop more efficient patterns of movement and interaction within the 3D environment around them. After a long process of

701:

Evolution has seen to it that geometric drawings like this elicit in us premonitions of the near future. The converging lines toward a vanishing point (the spokes) are cues that trick our brains into thinking we are moving forward—as we would in the real world, where the door frame (a pair of

518:

The double-anchoring theory, a popular but recent theory of lightness illusions, states that any region belongs to one or more frameworks, created by gestalt grouping principles, and within each frame is independently anchored to both the highest luminance and the surround luminance. A spot's

1407: 1419: 1252:

but give rise to optical illusions in unusual situations. In this sense, the cognitive processes hypothesis can be considered a framework for an understanding of optical illusions as the signature of the empirical statistical way vision has evolved to solve the inverse problem.

515:

lines. Proximity is where objects that are close together are associated. Similarity is where objects that are similar are seen as associated. Some of these elements have been successfully incorporated into quantitative models involving optimal estimation or Bayesian inference.

1479: 1956:

King, Daniel J.; Hodgekins, Joanne; Chouinard, Philippe A.; Chouinard, Virginie-Anne; Sperandio, Irene (2017-06-01). "A review of abnormalities in the perception of visual illusions in schizophrenia". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 24 (3): 734–751.

150:

illusion. Physical illusions are caused by the physical environment, e.g. by the optical properties of water. Physiological illusions arise in the eye or the visual pathway, e.g. from the effects of excessive stimulation of a specific receptor type.

1380: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1485: 922:, affect schizophrenic patients. Additionally, evaluating the differences between how schizophrenic patients and unaffected individuals see illusions may enable researchers to better identify where specific illusions are processed in the 1498: 1256:

learning, an internal representation of the world emerges that is well-adjusted to the perceived data coming from closer objects. The representation of distant objects near the horizon is less "adequate". In fact, it is not only the

1548: 692:

and to maneuver smoothly through a crowd. In an interview with ABC Changizi said, "Illusions occur when our brains attempt to perceive the future, and those perceptions don't match reality." For example, an illusion called the

1326: 1779:

In the scientific literature the term "visual illusion" is preferred because the older term gives rise to the assumption that the optics of the eye were the general cause for illusions (which is only the case for so-called

2341: 553:

is an example of an illusion which uses monocular cues of depth perception to fool the eye. But even with two-dimensional images, the brain exaggerates vertical distances when compared with horizontal distances, as in the

1483: 1296: 1563: 502:

and the fact that in order to survive it was important to see form and edges. The use of perceptual organization to create meaning out of stimuli is the principle behind other well-known illusions including

1350: 1529: 1275: 3683:

Renier, L.; Laloyaux, C.; Collignon, O.; Tranduy, D.; Vanlierde, A.; Bruyer, R.; De Volder, A. G. (2005). "The Ponzo illusion using auditory substitution of vision in sighted and early blind subjects".

1930:

DeCastro, Thiago Gomes; Gomes, William Barbosa (2017-05-25). "Rubber Hand Illusion: Evidence for a multisensory integration of proprioception". Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana. 35 (2): 219.

1462: 1575: 790:

These symptoms may indicate an underlying disease state and necessitate seeing a medical practitioner. Etiologies associated with pathological visual illusions include multiple types of

1338: 996:, who experienced motion induced blindness. The schizophrenic test subjects demonstrated impaired cognitive organization, meaning they were less able to coordinate their processing of 494:. A floating white triangle, which does not exist, is seen. The brain has a need to see familiar simple objects and has a tendency to create a "whole" image from individual elements. 1280: 1279: 1276: 1281: 1365: 3230: 319:

Cognitive illusions are assumed to arise by interaction with assumptions about the world, leading to "unconscious inferences", an idea first suggested in the 19th century by the

2557:

Bernal, B., Guillen, M., & Marquez, J. (2014). The spinning dancer illusion and spontaneous brain fluctuations: An fMRI study. Neurocase (Psychology Press), 20(6), 627-639.

929: 284:. More recent empirical approaches to optical illusions have had some success in explaining optical phenomena with which theories based on lateral inhibition have struggled. 1133:

Tourists attractions employing large-scale illusory art allowing visitors to photograph themselves in fantastic scenes have opened in several Asian countries, such as the

1482: 465:

believe one way this is done is by perceiving individual sensory stimuli as a meaningful whole. Gestalt organization can be used to explain many illusions including the

1260:

when we perceive it near the horizon. In a photo of a distant scene, all distant objects are perceived as smaller than when we observe them directly using our vision.

1008: 2318: 1311: 1413:

Pinna's illusory intertwining effect and Pinna illusion (scholarpedia). The picture shows squares spiralling in, although they are arranged in concentric circles.

1278: 688:

have known of the lag, yet they have debated how humans compensate, with some proposing that our motor system somehow modifies our movements to offset the delay.

269:

highlighting edges. In the Hermann grid illusion, the gray spots that appear at the intersections at peripheral locations are often explained to occur because of

2776: 2199:

Bach, Michael (2008). "Die Hermann-Gitter-Täuschung: Lehrbucherklärung widerlegt (The Hermann grid illusion: the classic textbook interpretation is obsolete)".

1513: 989:(MIB) illusion (pictured right), schizophrenic patients continued to perceive stationary visual targets even when observing distracting motion stimuli, unlike 3092: 3925: 799: 507:. The brain makes sense of shapes and symbols putting them together like a jigsaw puzzle, formulating that which is not there to that which is believable. 3414: 1814: 125:. Illusions come in a wide variety; their categorization is difficult because the underlying cause is often not clear but a classification proposed by 2860:

Dima, Danai; Roiser, Jonathan P.; Dietrich, Detlef E.; Bonnemann, Catharina; Lanfermann, Heinrich; Emrich, Hinderk M.; Dillo, Wolfgang (2009-07-15).

1428:

which is spun displaying the illusion of motion of a man bowing and a woman curtsying to each other in a circle at the outer edge of the disc, 1833

1401:

Subjective cyan filter, left: subjectively constructed cyan square filter above blue circles, right: small cyan circles inhibit filter construction

549:

Illusions can be based on an individual's ability to see in three dimensions even though the image hitting the retina is only two dimensional. The

52:

The checker shadow illusion. Although square A appears a darker shade of gray than square B, in the image the two have exactly the same luminance.

2472: 176:

Optical illusions, as well as multi-sensory illusions involving visual perception, can also be used in the monitoring and rehabilitation of some

635:

and progresses from dark gray to light gray. The horizontal bar appears to progress from light grey to dark grey, but is in fact just one color.

196:

A familiar phenomenon and example for a physical visual illusion is when mountains appear to be much nearer in clear weather with low humidity (

2688: 82: 906:, also decreases a person's ability to perceive high-order optical illusions. This is because schizophrenia impairs one's capacity to perform 3898: 3146: 2312: 974: 211:

The classical example of a physical illusion is when a stick that is half immersed in water appears bent. This phenomenon was discussed by

2696:, Jeanna Bryner, Senior Writer, LiveScience.com 6/2/08. His research on this topic is detailed in the May/June 2008 issue of the journal 1453: 3393: 3245: 2627: 895:

Top-down processing involves using action plans to make perceptual interpretations and vice versa. (This is impaired in schizophrenia.)

2082: 1277: 965:

One study on schizophrenic patients found that they were extremely unlikely to be fooled by a three dimensional optical illusion, the

2987: 2456: 2370: 2042: 1984: 1238: 1172: 4153: 555: 532: 4301: 702:

vertical lines) seems to bow out as we move through it—and we try to perceive what that world will look like in the next instant.

684: 3918: 1219: 4446: 2609: 612:

is yet another example of how the brain perceives motion, which is most often created by blinking lights in close succession.

2712: 1639: 1191: 1176: 780: 2099: 1492:

A set of colorful spinning disks that create illusion. The disks appear to move backwards and forwards in different regions.

978: 907: 608:

airplane, to move more slowly than smaller objects, like a car, although the larger object is actually moving faster. The

358: 3489: 961:: while fixating on the flashing dot, the stationary dots may disappear due to the brain prioritizing motion information. 860:

illusion better than amputees who had been missing an arm for years or more. Researchers believe this is a sign that the

3113: 2024: 1699: 1198: 665:

objects, however, do not always follow the rules of shape constancy and may change when the perspective is changed. The

2862:"Understanding why patients with schizophrenia do not perceive the hollow-mask illusion using dynamic causal modelling" 2768: 1507:: the two circles seem to move when the viewer's head is moving forwards and backwards while looking at the black dot. 716:

visual stimulus where none exists. Visual hallucinations are often from focal dysfunction and are usually transient.

2658: 4492: 4487: 3911: 3723:"Vertical-horizontal illusion present for sighted but not early blind humans using auditory substitution of vision" 3170:

Bangio Pinna; Gavin Brelstaff; Lothar Spillman (2001). "Surface color from boundaries: a new watercolor illusion".

993: 470: 444: 3570: 3043: 1205: 1165: 1124:

is a style of art that uses optical illusions to create an impression of movement, or hidden images and patterns.

4108: 3938: 1674: 934: 724: 461:

To make sense of the world it is necessary to organize incoming sensations into information which is meaningful.

2342:"An optical illusion that seems to be both a circle and a square is baffling the internet — here's how it works" 1689: 466: 455: 4222: 4214: 3429: 1829: 1618: 986: 958: 840: 660:"Shepard tables" deconstructed. The two tabletops appear to be different, but they are the same size and shape. 591: 407: 401: 73: 35: 31: 1504: 595:

exploits rules of depth and proximity and our understanding of the physical world to create an illusion. Like

3003: 2492: 2302: 1359:: if the viewer focuses on the black cross in the center, the location of the disappearing dot appears green. 1187: 4078: 3993: 2156:

Geier J, Bernáth L, Hudák M, Séra L (2008). "Straightness as the main factor of the Hermann grid illusion".

1091: 569:

is farther away, therefore, the brain perceives the image to be larger, although the two images hitting the

499: 439: 367: 147: 66:

Drawing a connecting bar between the two squares breaks the illusion and shows that they are the same shade.

3889: 1389:: this shape's yellow and blue border create the illusion of the object being pale yellow rather than white 1305:: the orange circle on the left appears smaller than that on the right, but they are in fact the same size. 697:

actually moving and the figure is static, we misperceive the straight lines as curved ones. Changizi said:

4359: 4178: 4028: 3653: 2583: 2054:

Lingelbach B, Block B, Hatzky B, Reisinger E (1985). "The Hermann grid illusion -- retinal or cortical?".

1684: 1644: 1569:

Building rooms where the furniture is attached to the ceiling makes it appear the two men are upside down.

1557:: Dark dots seem to appear and disappear rapidly at random intersections, hence the label "scintillating". 527: 235: 177: 4384: 1539: 1067: 911: 469:

where the image as a whole switches back and forth from being a duck then being a rabbit and why in the

324: 156: 93:

between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray as soon as they come in contact with one another.

60: 3988: 2569:"Probing Perceptual Antinomies with the Watercolor Illusion and Explaining How the Brain Resolves Them" 1332:

Checker version: the diagonal checker squares at the larger grid points make the grid appear distorted.

1317: 1130:

uses realistic imagery to create the optical illusion that depicted objects exist in three dimensions.

491: 480: 363: 338:

are pictures or objects that elicit a perceptual "switch" between the alternative interpretations. The

3231:"Neural Dynamics of Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization: From Grouping to Shape and Meaning" 2797:

Gersztenkorn, D; Lee, AG (Jul 2, 2014). "Palinopsia revamped: A systematic review of the literature".

498:

means "form" or "shape" in German. However, another explanation of the Kanizsa's triangle is based in

411:. The triangle is an illusion dependent on a cognitive misunderstanding that adjacent edges must join. 4451: 4394: 4344: 4294: 4248: 4113: 4088: 4053: 3866: 3806: 3658: 3585: 3325: 3058: 2922: 2861: 2401: 2255: 1869: 1714: 1669: 1059: 966: 946: 836: 143: 2685: 2588: 134:(where, despite movement, position remains unchanged). An example for a physiological fiction is an 4168: 4158: 4018: 4013: 3978: 1704: 1629: 1601: 1386: 1302: 1138: 1043: 740: 736: 732: 728: 616: 562: 362:

are characterized by distortions of size, length, position or curvature. A striking example is the

301: 3644:

Purves, D.; Williams, M. S.; Nundy, S.; Lotto, R. B. (2004). "Perceiving the intensity of light".

910:

processing and a higher-level integration of visual information beyond the primary visual cortex,

4456: 4419: 4404: 4048: 4023: 4003: 3781: 3709: 3557: 3520: 3448: 3385: 3294: 3195: 3152: 2958: 2918: 2897: 2425: 2224: 2181: 2127: 1900: 1762: 1664: 1582: 1535: 1287: 1115: 1047: 803: 784: 511: 504: 462: 274: 270: 261: 131: 4199: 3269:

Pinna, B.; Gregory, R.L.; Spillmann, L. (2002). "Shifts of Edges and Deformations of Patterns".

1126: 3024: 914:. Understanding how this specifically occurs in the brain may help in understanding how visual 4389: 4364: 4253: 4073: 4008: 3894: 3832: 3773: 3744: 3701: 3671: 3611: 3549: 3512: 3473: 3377: 3286: 3187: 3142: 3084: 2983: 2977: 2950: 2942: 2889: 2881: 2844: 2814: 2601: 2540: 2452: 2417: 2366: 2308: 2283: 2216: 2173: 2119: 2078: 2038: 1980: 1962: 1935: 1892: 1754: 1596: 1212: 1103: 997: 977:

data, researchers concluded that this resulted from a disconnection between their systems for

844: 807: 600: 578: 487: 422: 392: 382: 166: 98: 90: 4349: 4263: 4133: 4103: 4093: 4058: 3874: 3822: 3814: 3765: 3734: 3693: 3663: 3632: 3601: 3593: 3541: 3504: 3463: 3369: 3354: 3333: 3278: 3179: 3132: 3124: 3074: 3066: 2934: 2873: 2840: 2806: 2635: 2593: 2530: 2522: 2409: 2392: 2273: 2263: 2208: 2165: 2111: 1958: 1931: 1884: 1793: 1746: 1111: 1075: 1039: 615:

The ambiguity of direction of motion due to lack of visual references for depth is shown in

596: 582: 388: 347: 205: 201: 2511:"The Place of White in a World of Grays: A Double-Anchoring Theory of Lightness Perception" 2073:

Geier J, Bernáth L (2004). "Stopping the Hermann grid illusion by simple sine distortion".

627: 292: 4429: 4414: 4399: 4369: 4354: 4334: 4287: 4268: 4148: 4143: 4128: 4043: 3963: 3447:

Changizi, Mark A.; Hsieh, Andrew; Nijhawan, Romi; Kanai, Ryota; Shimojo, Shinsuke (2008).

2692: 2496: 1792:

as a branch of modern physics. A regular scientific source for illusions are the journals

1624: 1520: 1449: 1425: 1371: 1134: 1063: 772: 693: 640: 418: 328: 265: 126: 1634: 1290:: this video produces a distortion illusion when the viewer looks away after watching it. 1095: 234:

following bright lights, or adapting stimuli of excessively longer alternating patterns (

3870: 3810: 3589: 3329: 3062: 3051:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

2405: 2259: 891: 169:

mechanisms causing the aforementioned types of illusions; they are discussed e.g. under

46: 4409: 4163: 4138: 4118: 4098: 3998: 3973: 3827: 3794: 3606: 3485: 3079: 2278: 2243: 1445: 1079: 1051: 1023: 941: 876: 776: 768: 666: 632: 609: 550: 543: 371: 139: 81: 3373: 3183: 2810: 2467:

Yoon Mo Jung and Jackie (Jianhong) Shen (2008), J. Visual Comm. Image Representation,

1888: 823: 4481: 4379: 4374: 4038: 3983: 3524: 3298: 2877: 2839:

theories, reviews. A Society of Applied Neuroscience (SAN) special issue. 44: 33–44.

2135: 1554: 1257: 1099: 1087: 1071: 1035: 982: 923: 919: 903: 899: 680: 281: 278: 249: 239: 185: 170: 114: 3795:"Scale-Invariance in brightness illusions implicates object-level visual processing" 3713: 3389: 3199: 3156: 2962: 2901: 2185: 2131: 1904: 451: 417:

are when a figure is perceived even though it is not in the stimulus, like with the

4461: 4441: 4339: 4329: 4063: 4033: 3857: 3561: 2738: 2568: 2429: 2228: 1766: 1709: 1659: 1649: 1612: 1441: 1356: 1055: 1031: 1019: 1015: 990: 970: 852: 828: 566: 396: 181: 3785: 2938: 2360: 519:

lightness is determined by the average of the values computed in each framework.

17: 4324: 4083: 3667: 2526: 1469: 1154: 1083: 861: 791: 748: 744: 720: 586: 339: 669:

illusion is an example of an illusion based on distortions in shape constancy.

476: 4206: 4123: 4068: 3953: 3879: 3852: 3468: 3338: 3313: 2923:"Reduced perception of the motion-induced blindness illusion in schizophrenia" 2212: 1654: 1607: 953: 915: 868: 856: 343: 304: 297: 253: 242: 231: 197: 135: 118: 86: 2946: 2885: 2597: 2016: 4230: 3968: 3137: 2268: 1694: 1107: 981:

processing of visual cues and top-down interpretations of those cues in the

760: 756: 752: 712: 656: 604: 539: 152: 130:

stick half immerged in water; an example for a physiological paradox is the

30:

This article is about visual perception. For the album by Time Requiem, see

3903: 3836: 3777: 3748: 3705: 3675: 3597: 3516: 3477: 3381: 3290: 3191: 3070: 2954: 2893: 2818: 2605: 2544: 2421: 2287: 2220: 2177: 2123: 1896: 387:) are generated by objects that are paradoxical or impossible, such as the 3756:

Yang, Z.; Purves, D. (2003). "A statistical explanation of visual space".

3615: 3553: 3088: 1758: 4258: 3958: 2535: 1012: 795: 764: 312: 257: 110: 3128: 2979:

Masters of Deception: Escher, Dalí & the Artists of Optical Illusion

3739: 3722: 3636: 1799: 1179: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 875:

RHI may also be used to diagnose certain disorders related to impaired

574: 320: 308: 212: 122: 3818: 4310: 4193: 3508: 2413: 2037:

Pinel, J. (2005) Biopsychology (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

1789: 1679: 1268:

Some images need to be viewed in full resolution to see their effect.

1121: 570: 3623:

Purves, D.; Lotto, R.B.; Nundy, S. (2002). "Why We See What We Do".

3545: 3282: 2451:

Myers, D. (2003). Psychology in Modules, (7th ed.) New York: Worth.

1750: 1070:. Contemporary artists who have experimented with illusions include 3769: 2387: 937:: alternating lines appear to be moving horizontally left or right. 535:

where the vertical line is thought to be longer than the horizontal

3697: 2487: 2169: 2115: 1788:= "seeing", so the term refers to an "illusion of seeing", not to 1007: 952: 940: 928: 890: 880: 848: 822: 655: 626: 538: 526: 475: 450: 438: 291: 80: 72: 2486:

Yoon Mo Jung and Jackie (Jianhong) Shen (2014), arXiv:1406.1265,

331:, distorting illusions, paradox illusions, or fiction illusions. 3008: 2474:

First-order modeling and stability analysis of illusory contours

162: 4283: 3907: 3159:– via American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 1468:

An ancient Roman geometric mosaic. The cubic texture induces a

867:

Other research used RHI in the rehabilitation of amputees with

2244:"The Poggendorff illusion explained by natural scene geometry" 1448:(left inset) and high-frequency components of a photograph of 1148: 949:

which makes concave masks appear to be jutting out (or convex)

3532:

Gregory, Richard (1991). "Putting illusions in their place".

1737:

Gregory, Richard (1991). "Putting illusions in their place".

1444:

constructed from low-frequency components of a photograph of

1344:

Checker version with horizontal and vertical central symmetry

2713:"Optical Illusions: When Your Brain Can't Believe Your Eyes" 1320:: the parallel horizontal lines in this image appear sloped. 1114:. Optical illusion is also used in film by the technique of 27:

Visually perceived images that differ from objective reality

3449:"Perceiving the Present and a Systematization of Illusions" 4279: 2242:

Howe, Catherine Q.; Yang, Zhiyong; Purves, Dale (2005).

222:) and was often a prototypical example for an illusion. 2510: 1030:

Artists who have worked with optical illusions include

603:

is responsible for a number of sensory illusions. Film

486:

In addition, gestalt theory can be used to explain the

260:

that are often explained using a biological approach.

1523:

appears to move both clockwise and counter-clockwise.

581:

also exploits assumptions based on monocular cues of

273:

by the surround in larger receptive fields. However,

165:

arise from pathological changes in the physiological

3121:

AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference

2769:"Approach to the patient with visual hallucinations" 631:

Simultaneous contrast illusion. The background is a

4317: 4241: 4186: 3946: 1374:: contrasting colors create the illusion of motion. 200:) than they are. This is because haze is a cue for 2921:; Schuler, Daniela; Junghan, Ulrich (2006-01-31). 573:are the same size. The optical illusion seen in a 3721:Renier, L.; Bruyer, R.; De Volder, A. G. (2006). 2098:Schiller, Peter H.; Carvey, Christina E. (2005). 1538:: the man is made to appear to be supporting the 639:Perceptual constancies are sources of illusions. 558:where the two lines are exactly the same length. 342:is a well-known example; other instances are the 3025:"3-D art wows visitors | the Straits Times" 1784:). "Optical" in the term derives from the Greek 1452:(right inset). The Einstein image is clearer in 827:A visual representation of what an amputee with 327:. Cognitive illusions are commonly divided into 3004:"3-D museums: Next big thing for Asia tourism?" 1934::10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.3430. 473:illusion the figure and ground are reversible. 204:, signalling the distance of far-away objects ( 3215:Visual Intelligence. How we create what we see 138:. Three typical cognitive distortions are the 4295: 3919: 8: 3112:Sweet, Barbara; Kaiser, Mary (August 2011). 2567:Tanca, M.; Grossberg, S.; Pinna, B. (2010). 2359:Petry, Susan; Meyer, Glenn E. (2012-12-06). 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 565:tell the brain that the image higher in the 3853:"Visual illusions:An Empirical Explanation" 800:hallucinogen persisting perception disorder 707:Pathological visual illusions (distortions) 4302: 4288: 4280: 3926: 3912: 3904: 3890:Understanding Human Minds and Their Limits 3355:"A new visual illusion of relative motion" 3353:Baingio Pinna; Gavin J. Brelstaff (2000). 3878: 3826: 3738: 3657: 3605: 3467: 3337: 3229:Stephen Grossberg; Baingio Pinna (2012). 3136: 3078: 2681: 2679: 2587: 2534: 2365:. Springer; 1987th edition. p. 696. 2277: 2267: 1732: 1730: 1239:Learn how and when to remove this message 159:and are perhaps those most widely known. 3413:Bach, Michael; Poloschek, C. M. (2006). 2762: 2760: 2447: 2445: 2077:. Malden Ma: Blackwell. pp. 33–53. 1813:Bach, Michael; Poloschek, C. M. (2006). 3793:Dixon, E.; Shapiro, A.; Lu, Z. (2014). 3114:"Depth Perception, Cueing, and Control" 2686:Key to All-Optical Illusions Discovered 2659:"Scientist: Humans Can See Into Future" 2304:Incogito: The Secret Lives of the Brain 1726: 1270: 3571:"Knowledge in perception and illusion" 3044:"Knowledge in perception and illusion" 814:Connections to psychological disorders 3107: 3105: 2913: 2911: 2855: 2853: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2100:"The Hermann grid illusion revisited" 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 561:In the Ponzo illusion the converging 230:Physiological illusions, such as the 121:that arguably appears to differ from 77:Gregory's categorization of illusions 7: 2489:Illusory shapes via phase transition 2321:from the original on 12 October 2013 1177:adding citations to reliable sources 902:, a mental disorder often marked by 443:Reversible figures and vase, or the 3490:"Visual Illusions and Neurobiology" 2362:The Perception of Illusory Contours 155:visual illusions are the result of 3851:Purves, Dale; et al. (2008). 2843::10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.013. 719:Types of visual illusions include 430:Explanation of cognitive illusions 25: 2811:10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.003 2626:Bach, Michael (4 January 2010) . 277:as an explanation of the Hermann 236:contingent perceptual aftereffect 4428: 4177: 3399:from the original on 2013-10-05. 3098:from the original on 2005-04-04. 2878:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.033 2628:"Shepard's "Turning the Tables"" 2615:from the original on 2017-09-21. 2027:from the original on 2015-04-22. 1979:. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth. 1574: 1562: 1547: 1528: 1512: 1497: 1477: 1461: 1433: 1418: 1406: 1394: 1379: 1364: 1349: 1337: 1325: 1310: 1295: 1273: 1153: 741:prolonged indistinct afterimages 685:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 623:Color and brightness constancies 366:. Other examples are the famous 59: 45: 2779:from the original on 2014-08-26 2711:NIERENBERG, CARI (2008-02-07). 2307:. Vintage Books. pp. 33–. 1164:needs additional citations for 350:'s ambiguous cylinder illusion. 3727:Perception & Psychophysics 3244:(3+4): 399–482. Archived from 2634:. Michael Bach. Archived from 2340:Gili Malinsky (22 July 2019). 1640:Flashed face distortion effect 1145:Cognitive processes hypothesis 819:The rubber hand illusion (RHI) 781:blue field entoptic phenomenon 226:Physiological visual illusions 117:and characterized by a visual 1: 3374:10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00072-9 3184:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00105-5 3123:. NASA Ames Research Center. 3023:Seow, Bei Yi (13 June 2014). 2301:David Eagleman (April 2012). 1889:10.1016/s1364-6613(97)01060-7 1870:"Visual illusions classified" 1655:Human reactions to infrasound 1581:Illusion on the floor of the 1026:to reveal letters upside down 851:, has been used to study how 359:geometrical-optical illusions 346:and the "squircle", based on 216: 163:Pathological visual illusions 3578:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 3422:Adv. Clin. Neurosci. Rehabil 3213:Hoffmann, Donald D. (1998). 3042:Gregory, Richard L. (1997). 2939:10.1016/j.schres.2005.08.012 1975:Goldstein, E. Bruce (2002). 1961::10.3758/s13423-016-1168-5. 1877:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1868:Gregory, Richard L. (1997). 1822:Adv. Clin. Neurosci. Rehabil 855:affects amputees over time. 617:the spinning dancer illusion 556:vertical–horizontal illusion 533:vertical–horizontal illusion 3668:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.142 3497:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2527:10.1037/0033-295x.113.3.526 2005:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2003:A natural history of vision 1555:Scintillating grid illusion 1000:and stationary image cues. 887:Illusions and schizophrenia 523:Depth and motion perception 4509: 3428:(2): 20–21. Archived from 2001:Wade, Nicholas J. (1998). 1828:(2): 20–21. Archived from 1267: 985:. In another study on the 29: 4437: 4426: 4175: 3893:. Publisher Bookboon.com 3880:10.4249/scholarpedia.3706 3569:Gregory, Richard (1997). 3469:10.1080/03640210802035191 3339:10.4249/scholarpedia.6656 2982:. Sterling. p. 320. 2213:10.1007/s00347-008-1845-5 1675:List of optical illusions 935:peripheral drift illusion 872:of their body or senses. 192:Physical visual illusions 4215:Ascending and Descending 2598:10.1163/187847510x532685 1977:Sensation and Perception 1619:Closed-eye hallucination 1615:(stopped-clock illusion) 1505:Pinna-Brelstaff illusion 987:motion-induced blindness 959:motion induced blindness 843:illusion involving both 402:Ascending and Descending 323:physicist and physician 245:that alters perception. 36:Optical Illusions (film) 32:Optical Illusion (album) 3887:David Cycleback. 2018. 3312:Pinna, Baingio (2009). 2799:Survey of Ophthalmology 2576:Seeing & Perceiving 2386:Gregory, R. L. (1972). 2269:10.1073/pnas.0502893102 1472:-like optical illusion. 500:evolutionary psychology 435:Perceptual organization 4360:Gerhard von Graevenitz 3598:10.1098/rstb.1997.0095 3071:10.1098/rstb.1997.0095 2927:Schizophrenia Research 1685:Multistable perception 1645:Fraser spiral illusion 1258:Moon that seems larger 1027: 962: 950: 938: 896: 832: 704: 661: 636: 546: 536: 483: 458: 448: 395:seen, for example, in 316: 157:unconscious inferences 94: 78: 4385:Arnold Alfred Schmidt 1540:Leaning Tower of Pisa 1068:Charles Allan Gilbert 1011: 973:volunteers. Based on 956: 944: 932: 894: 879:or impaired sense of 853:phantom limb syndrome 829:phantom limb syndrome 826: 699: 659: 630: 542: 530: 479: 463:Gestalt psychologists 454: 442: 296:"The Organ Player" – 295: 182:phantom limb syndrome 180:disorders, including 171:visual hallucinations 84: 76: 4345:Richard Anuszkiewicz 4249:Accidental viewpoint 3646:Psychological Review 2737:Barile, Margherita. 2515:Psychological Review 2388:"Cognitive Contours" 1715:Watercolour illusion 1690:Rabbit–duck illusion 1670:Kinetic depth effect 1173:improve this article 967:hollow face illusion 947:hollow face illusion 837:rubber hand illusion 725:halos around objects 467:rabbit–duck illusion 456:Rabbit–duck illusion 393:impossible staircase 368:Müller-Lyer illusion 34:. For the film, see 4154:Vertical–horizontal 3871:2008SchpJ...3.3706P 3811:2014NatSR...4E3900D 3758:Nature Neuroscience 3590:1997RSPTB.352.1121G 3584:(1358): 1121–1128. 3415:"Optical Illusions" 3330:2009SchpJ...4.6656P 3129:10.2514/6.2011-6424 3063:1997RSPTB.352.1121G 2976:Seckel, Al (2017). 2919:Tschacher, Wolfgang 2638:on 27 December 2009 2509:Bressan, P (2006). 2406:1972Natur.238...51G 2260:2005PNAS..102.7707H 1815:"Optical Illusions" 1630:Ebbinghaus illusion 1602:Barberpole illusion 1387:Watercolor illusion 1303:Ebbinghaus illusion 1139:Hong Kong 3D Museum 1044:Giuseppe Arcimboldo 918:, beyond imaginary 729:illusory palinopsia 336:Ambiguous illusions 329:ambiguous illusions 288:Cognitive illusions 85:In this animation, 4457:Hard-edge painting 4420:Jean-Pierre Yvaral 4405:Gregorio Vardanega 4254:Auditory illusions 4049:Impossible trident 3799:Scientific Reports 3740:10.3758/bf03208756 3637:10.1511/2002.9.784 3625:American Scientist 2691:2008-09-05 at the 2495:2017-11-24 at the 1782:physical illusions 1665:Infinity edge pool 1583:Florence Cathedral 1542:in the background. 1536:Forced perspective 1318:Café wall illusion 1288:Motion aftereffect 1188:"Optical illusion" 1116:forced perspective 1048:Patrick Bokanowski 1028: 963: 951: 945:An example of the 939: 933:An example of the 897: 833: 808:prescription drugs 662: 637: 547: 537: 512:gestalt principles 505:impossible objects 492:Kanizsa's triangle 484: 481:Kanizsa's triangle 459: 449: 364:Café wall illusion 317: 282:has been disproved 275:lateral inhibition 271:lateral inhibition 262:Lateral inhibition 206:Aerial perspective 132:motion aftereffect 95: 79: 4493:Optical phenomena 4488:Optical illusions 4475: 4474: 4452:François Morellet 4395:Jesús Rafael Soto 4390:Francisco Sobrino 4365:Edwin Mieczkowski 4277: 4276: 4269:Temporal illusion 4264:Tactile illusions 4234:(2015 photograph) 3935:Optical illusions 3899:978-87-403-2286-6 3819:10.1038/srep03900 3456:Cognitive Science 3368:(16): 2091–2096. 3277:(12): 1503–1508. 3178:(20): 2669–2676. 3148:978-1-62410-154-0 3029:The Straits Times 3012:. 28 August 2014. 2767:Pelak, Victoria. 2739:"Hering Illusion" 2698:Cognitive Science 2314:978-0-307-38992-3 2254:(21): 7707–7712. 2110:(11): 1375–1397. 1597:Auditory illusion 1487: 1282: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1223: 1104:Gianni A. Sarcone 1060:Oscar Reutersvärd 883:in non-amputees. 845:visual perception 673:Future perception 601:motion perception 579:false perspective 488:illusory contours 423:illusory contours 383:impossible object 378:Paradox illusions 325:Hermann Helmholtz 167:visual perception 99:visual perception 18:Optical illusions 16:(Redirected from 4500: 4467:Optical illusion 4432: 4350:Carlos Cruz-Diez 4304: 4297: 4290: 4281: 4181: 4134:Schroeder stairs 4109:Peripheral drift 4104:Penrose triangle 3928: 3921: 3914: 3905: 3884: 3882: 3840: 3830: 3789: 3752: 3742: 3717: 3679: 3661: 3659:10.1.1.1008.6441 3640: 3619: 3609: 3575: 3565: 3528: 3509:10.1038/35104092 3494: 3481: 3471: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3419: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3314:"Pinna illusion" 3309: 3303: 3302: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3235: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3140: 3138:2060/20180007277 3118: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3082: 3057:(1358): 1121–7. 3048: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2872:(4): 1180–1186. 2857: 2848: 2836: 2823: 2822: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2773:www.uptodate.com 2764: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2708: 2702: 2683: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2657:Bryner, Jeanna. 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2591: 2573: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2538: 2506: 2500: 2484: 2478: 2465: 2459: 2449: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2414:10.1038/238051a0 2383: 2377: 2376: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2281: 2271: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2134:. Archived from 2095: 2089: 2088: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2051: 2045: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1972: 1966: 1954: 1939: 1928: 1909: 1908: 1874: 1865: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1834: 1819: 1810: 1804: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1734: 1705:Troxler's fading 1578: 1566: 1551: 1532: 1516: 1501: 1489: 1488: 1465: 1437: 1422: 1410: 1398: 1383: 1368: 1353: 1341: 1329: 1314: 1299: 1284: 1283: 1244: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1181: 1157: 1149: 1112:Akiyoshi Kitaoka 1076:Sandro del Prete 597:depth perception 583:depth perception 421:triangle, using 389:Penrose triangle 348:Kokichi Sugihara 302:Neptune's Grotto 266:receptive fields 221: 218: 202:depth perception 103:optical illusion 63: 49: 21: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4433: 4424: 4415:Victor Vasarely 4400:Julian Stanczak 4370:Andrzej Nowacki 4355:Wojciech Fangor 4335:Getulio Alviani 4313: 4308: 4278: 4273: 4237: 4187:Popular culture 4182: 4173: 4144:Spinning dancer 3964:Ambiguous image 3942: 3932: 3850: 3847: 3845:Further reading 3792: 3755: 3720: 3682: 3643: 3622: 3573: 3568: 3546:10.1068/p200001 3531: 3492: 3486:Eagleman, D. M. 3484: 3451: 3446: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3404: 3396: 3362:Vision Research 3357: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3283:10.1068/p3112pp 3268: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3233: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3172:Vision Research 3169: 3168: 3164: 3149: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2917: 2916: 2909: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2837: 2826: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2693:Wayback Machine 2684: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2589:10.1.1.174.7709 2571: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2497:Wayback Machine 2485: 2481: 2466: 2462: 2450: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2400:(5358): 51–52. 2385: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2315: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2207:(10): 913–917. 2198: 2197: 2193: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2141: 2139: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2036: 2032: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1955: 1942: 1929: 1912: 1872: 1867: 1866: 1847: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1778: 1774: 1751:10.1068/p200001 1736: 1735: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1625:Contour rivalry 1604:(Barber's pole) 1592: 1585: 1579: 1570: 1567: 1558: 1552: 1543: 1533: 1524: 1521:Spinning Dancer 1517: 1508: 1502: 1493: 1490: 1478: 1473: 1466: 1457: 1450:Albert Einstein 1438: 1429: 1426:Phenakistoscope 1423: 1414: 1411: 1402: 1399: 1390: 1384: 1375: 1372:Motion illusion 1369: 1360: 1354: 1345: 1342: 1333: 1330: 1321: 1315: 1306: 1300: 1291: 1285: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1245: 1234: 1228: 1225: 1182: 1180: 1170: 1158: 1147: 1135:Trickeye Museum 1064:Victor Vasarely 1006: 983:parietal cortex 889: 821: 816: 773:dyschromatopsia 737:light streaking 733:visual trailing 709: 694:Hering illusion 675: 654: 641:Color constancy 625: 525: 437: 432: 290: 228: 219: 194: 127:Richard Gregory 107:visual illusion 105:(also called a 89:exaggerate the 71: 70: 69: 68: 67: 64: 55: 54: 53: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4506: 4504: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4410:Grazia Varisco 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4227: 4226:(1961 drawing) 4219: 4218:(1960 drawing) 4211: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4139:Shepard tables 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4099:Penrose stairs 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3994:Checker shadow 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3974:Autostereogram 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3885: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3790: 3770:10.1038/nn1059 3764:(6): 632–640. 3753: 3733:(4): 535–542. 3718: 3692:(7): 857–867. 3680: 3652:(1): 142–158. 3641: 3631:(3): 236–242. 3620: 3566: 3529: 3482: 3462:(3): 459–503. 3444: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3345: 3304: 3261: 3238:Gestalt Theory 3221: 3205: 3162: 3147: 3101: 3034: 3015: 2995: 2988: 2968: 2933:(2): 261–267. 2907: 2849: 2824: 2789: 2756: 2729: 2703: 2675: 2649: 2632:michaelbach.de 2618: 2582:(4): 295–333. 2559: 2550: 2521:(3): 526–553. 2501: 2479: 2460: 2441: 2378: 2371: 2351: 2332: 2313: 2293: 2234: 2191: 2164:(5): 651–665. 2148: 2090: 2084:978-0631224211 2083: 2065: 2046: 2030: 2017:"After Images" 2008: 1993: 1985: 1967: 1940: 1910: 1883:(5): 190–194. 1845: 1805: 1772: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1621:/visualization 1616: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1561: 1559: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1503: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1476: 1474: 1467: 1460: 1458: 1454:the full image 1446:Marilyn Monroe 1439: 1432: 1430: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1393: 1391: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1370: 1363: 1361: 1355: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1324: 1322: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1301: 1294: 1292: 1286: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1247: 1246: 1161: 1159: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1092:Patrick Hughes 1080:Octavio Ocampo 1052:Marcel Duchamp 1024:negative space 1005: 1002: 957:An example of 920:hallucinations 904:hallucinations 888: 885: 877:proprioception 820: 817: 815: 812: 792:ocular disease 785:purkinje trees 769:metamorphopsia 708: 705: 674: 671: 667:Shepard tables 653: 650: 633:color gradient 624: 621: 610:phi phenomenon 563:parallel lines 551:Ponzo illusion 544:Ponzo illusion 524: 521: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 426: 412: 375: 372:Ponzo illusion 351: 300:phenomenon in 289: 286: 227: 224: 193: 190: 113:caused by the 65: 58: 57: 56: 51: 44: 43: 42: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4505: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447:Figure–ground 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4380:Bridget Riley 4378: 4376: 4375:Julio Le Parc 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4029:Fraser spiral 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3698:10.1068/p5219 3695: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3503:(12): 920–6. 3502: 3498: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3435:on 2021-01-20 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3262: 3251:on 2013-10-04 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2989:9781402705779 2985: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2790: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2730: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2536:11577/1560501 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2457:0-7167-5850-4 2454: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2372:9781461247609 2368: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201:Ophthalmologe 2195: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170:10.1068/p5622 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2138:on 2011-12-12 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2116:10.1068/p5447 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2091: 2086: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2043:0-205-42651-4 2040: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1986:0-534-53964-5 1982: 1978: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1835:on 2021-01-20 1831: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1577: 1572: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1495: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1416: 1409: 1404: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1335: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1253: 1243: 1240: 1232: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1190: – 1189: 1185: 1184:Find sources: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1162:This section 1160: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:Rob Gonsalves 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088:Shigeo Fukuda 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:Jonty Hurwitz 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:Salvador Dalí 1037: 1036:Bridget Riley 1033: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1003: 1001: 999: 995: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 960: 955: 948: 943: 936: 931: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900:Schizophrenia 893: 886: 884: 882: 878: 873: 870: 865: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:multi-sensory 838: 830: 825: 818: 813: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 714: 706: 703: 698: 695: 689: 686: 682: 681:Mark Changizi 677: 672: 670: 668: 658: 651: 649: 645: 642: 634: 629: 622: 620: 618: 613: 611: 606: 602: 598: 594: 593: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 552: 545: 541: 534: 529: 522: 520: 516: 513: 508: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 482: 478: 474: 472: 471:figure–ground 468: 464: 457: 453: 446: 445:figure-ground 441: 434: 429: 424: 420: 416: 413: 410: 409: 404: 403: 398: 394: 390: 386: 384: 379: 376: 373: 369: 365: 361: 360: 355: 352: 349: 345: 341: 337: 334: 333: 332: 330: 326: 322: 314: 310: 306: 303: 299: 294: 287: 285: 283: 280: 279:grid illusion 276: 272: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 250:grid illusion 246: 244: 241: 240:physiological 237: 233: 225: 223: 214: 209: 207: 203: 199: 191: 189: 187: 186:schizophrenia 183: 179: 178:psychological 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 158: 154: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 128: 124: 120: 116: 115:visual system 112: 108: 104: 100: 92: 88: 83: 75: 62: 48: 37: 33: 19: 4466: 4462:M. C. Escher 4442:Color theory 4340:Edna Andrade 4330:Josef Albers 4229: 4221: 4213: 4205: 4200:Trompe-l'œil 4198: 4064:Lilac chaser 4034:Gravity hill 3934: 3888: 3862: 3858:Scholarpedia 3856: 3802: 3798: 3761: 3757: 3730: 3726: 3689: 3685: 3649: 3645: 3628: 3624: 3581: 3577: 3537: 3533: 3500: 3496: 3459: 3455: 3437:. Retrieved 3430:the original 3425: 3421: 3365: 3361: 3348: 3321: 3318:Scholarpedia 3317: 3307: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3253:. Retrieved 3246:the original 3241: 3237: 3224: 3214: 3208: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3120: 3054: 3050: 3037: 3028: 3018: 3007: 2998: 2978: 2971: 2930: 2926: 2869: 2865: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2781:. Retrieved 2772: 2747:. Retrieved 2742: 2732: 2720:. Retrieved 2716: 2706: 2699: 2695: 2666:. Retrieved 2662: 2652: 2640:. Retrieved 2636:the original 2631: 2621: 2579: 2575: 2562: 2553: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2488: 2482: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2433:. Retrieved 2397: 2391: 2381: 2361: 2354: 2345: 2335: 2323:. Retrieved 2303: 2296: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2140:. Retrieved 2136:the original 2107: 2103: 2093: 2074: 2068: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2033: 2020: 2011: 2002: 1996: 1976: 1970: 1880: 1876: 1837:. Retrieved 1830:the original 1825: 1821: 1808: 1801:i-Perception 1800: 1794: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1742: 1738: 1710:Visual space 1660:Hidden faces 1650:Gravity hill 1635:Emmert's law 1613:Chronostasis 1442:hybrid image 1357:Lilac chaser 1254: 1250: 1235: 1226: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1195: 1183: 1171:Please help 1166:verification 1163: 1132: 1127:Trompe-l'œil 1125: 1120: 1096:István Orosz 1056:Jasper Johns 1032:M. C. Escher 1029: 1016:tessellation 991:neurotypical 971:neurotypical 964: 898: 874: 866: 834: 789: 718: 713:pathological 710: 700: 690: 678: 676: 663: 646: 638: 614: 590: 567:visual field 560: 548: 517: 509: 495: 485: 460: 414: 406: 400: 397:M. C. Escher 381: 377: 357: 353: 335: 318: 248:The Hermann 247: 229: 210: 195: 175: 161: 106: 102: 96: 4325:Yaacov Agam 4210:(1864 book) 4114:Poggendorff 4089:Oppel-Kundt 4084:Necker cube 4079:Müller-Lyer 4054:Irradiation 3865:(6): 3706. 3324:(2): 6656. 2805:(1): 1–35. 2663:foxnews.com 2471:(1):42–55, 1470:Necker-cube 1084:Dick Termes 998:motion cues 916:distortions 862:body schema 804:head trauma 749:visual snow 745:akinetopsia 721:oscillopsia 679:Researcher 587:M.C. Escher 340:Necker cube 264:, where in 232:afterimages 148:Müller-Lyer 144:Poggendorff 4482:Categories 4207:Spectropia 4124:Rubin vase 4074:McCollough 4069:Mach bands 4019:Ehrenstein 4014:Ebbinghaus 3979:Barberpole 3954:Afterimage 3686:Perception 3540:(1): 1–4. 3534:Perception 3439:2017-12-29 3407:References 3271:Perception 3255:2013-07-14 2866:NeuroImage 2783:2014-08-25 2642:27 January 2435:2021-09-04 2158:Perception 2142:2011-10-03 2104:Perception 2075:Perception 2056:Perception 1965:1531-5320. 1938:2145-4515. 1839:2017-12-29 1795:Perception 1745:(1): 1–4. 1739:Perception 1608:Camouflage 1229:March 2019 1199:newspapers 869:prosthetic 775:, intense 354:Distorting 344:Rubin vase 305:stalactite 298:Pareidolia 254:Mach bands 220: 150 136:afterimage 87:Mach bands 4259:Illusions 4231:The dress 4223:Waterfall 4024:Flash lag 4004:Cornsweet 3989:Café wall 3969:Ames room 3947:Illusions 3654:CiteSeerX 3525:205023280 3299:220053062 3217:. Norton. 2947:0920-9964 2886:1053-8119 2847:0149-7634 2745:. Wolfram 2743:mathworld 2584:CiteSeerX 2325:14 August 2021:worqx.com 1991:, Chpt. 7 1700:The dress 1695:Silencing 1108:Ben Heine 979:bottom-up 969:, unlike 926:streams. 839:(RHI), a 796:migraines 761:teleopsia 757:macropsia 753:micropsia 605:animation 592:Waterfall 589:painting 408:Waterfall 385:illusions 258:illusions 243:imbalance 153:Cognitive 4009:Delboeuf 3959:Ambigram 3837:24473496 3805:: 3900. 3778:12754512 3749:16933419 3714:17265107 3706:16124271 3676:14756591 3517:11733799 3488:(2001). 3478:21635343 3394:Archived 3390:11034983 3382:10878270 3291:12916675 3200:16534759 3192:11520512 3157:16425060 3093:Archived 2963:10752733 2955:16243490 2902:10008080 2894:19327402 2819:25113609 2777:Archived 2717:ABC News 2689:Archived 2610:Archived 2606:21466146 2545:16802880 2493:Archived 2422:12635278 2319:Archived 2288:15888555 2221:18830602 2186:21028439 2178:18605141 2132:15740144 2124:16355743 2062:(1): A7. 2025:Archived 1905:42228451 1897:21223901 1590:See also 1022:" using 1013:Ambigram 994:controls 908:top-down 857:Amputees 765:pelopsia 447:illusion 415:Fictions 313:Sardinia 256:are two 111:illusion 109:) is an 91:contrast 4318:Artists 4242:Related 4169:Zöllner 4159:White's 4094:Orbison 4059:Jastrow 3867:Bibcode 3828:3905277 3807:Bibcode 3616:9304679 3607:1692018 3586:Bibcode 3562:5521054 3554:1945728 3326:Bibcode 3219:, p.174 3089:9304679 3080:1692018 3059:Bibcode 2749:13 July 2722:13 July 2668:13 July 2430:4285883 2402:Bibcode 2346:Insider 2279:1093311 2256:Bibcode 2229:1573891 1767:5521054 1759:1945728 1264:Gallery 1213:scholar 575:diorama 496:Gestalt 490:in the 419:Kanizsa 309:Alghero 213:Ptolemy 123:reality 119:percept 4311:Op art 4194:Op art 4149:Ternus 4129:Sander 4044:Hering 3984:Bezold 3897: 3835: 3825: 3786:610068 3784: 3776: 3747: 3712: 3704: 3674: 3656: 3614: 3604: 3560: 3552: 3523: 3515: 3476: 3388: 3380: 3297: 3289: 3198: 3190: 3155: 3145: 3087: 3077: 2986: 2961: 2953: 2945: 2900: 2892: 2884: 2817: 2604: 2586: 2543: 2455: 2428: 2420: 2393:Nature 2369: 2311: 2286: 2276: 2227: 2219: 2184: 2176: 2130: 2122: 2081: 2041: 1983: 1903: 1895: 1790:optics 1786:optein 1765: 1757: 1680:Mirage 1215: 1208: 1201: 1194: 1186: 1122:Op art 1020:Escher 1004:In art 924:visual 831:senses 806:, and 783:, and 652:Object 585:. The 571:retina 321:German 307:cave ( 146:, and 4164:Wundt 4119:Ponzo 3999:Chubb 3782:S2CID 3710:S2CID 3574:(PDF) 3558:S2CID 3521:S2CID 3493:(PDF) 3452:(PDF) 3433:(PDF) 3418:(PDF) 3397:(PDF) 3386:S2CID 3358:(PDF) 3295:S2CID 3249:(PDF) 3234:(PDF) 3196:S2CID 3153:S2CID 3117:(PDF) 3096:(PDF) 3047:(PDF) 2959:S2CID 2898:S2CID 2613:(PDF) 2572:(PDF) 2426:S2CID 2225:S2CID 2182:S2CID 2128:S2CID 1901:S2CID 1873:(PDF) 1833:(PDF) 1818:(PDF) 1763:S2CID 1722:Notes 1220:JSTOR 1206:books 881:touch 849:touch 777:glare 198:Foehn 140:Ponzo 101:, an 4039:Grid 3939:list 3895:ISBN 3833:PMID 3774:PMID 3745:PMID 3702:PMID 3672:PMID 3612:PMID 3550:PMID 3513:PMID 3474:PMID 3378:PMID 3287:PMID 3188:PMID 3143:ISBN 3085:PMID 3009:CNBC 2984:ISBN 2951:PMID 2943:ISSN 2890:PMID 2882:ISSN 2845:ISSN 2815:PMID 2751:2018 2724:2018 2670:2018 2644:2010 2602:PMID 2541:PMID 2453:ISBN 2418:PMID 2367:ISBN 2327:2013 2309:ISBN 2284:PMID 2248:PNAS 2217:PMID 2174:PMID 2120:PMID 2079:ISBN 2039:ISBN 1981:ISBN 1963:ISSN 1936:ISSN 1893:PMID 1798:and 1755:PMID 1519:The 1192:news 1137:and 1110:and 1066:and 975:fMRI 847:and 835:The 531:The 510:The 405:and 380:(or 370:and 252:and 184:and 3875:doi 3823:PMC 3815:doi 3766:doi 3735:doi 3694:doi 3664:doi 3650:111 3633:doi 3602:PMC 3594:doi 3582:352 3542:doi 3505:doi 3464:doi 3370:doi 3334:doi 3279:doi 3180:doi 3133:hdl 3125:doi 3075:PMC 3067:doi 3055:352 2935:doi 2874:doi 2841:doi 2807:doi 2594:doi 2531:hdl 2523:doi 2519:113 2410:doi 2398:238 2274:PMC 2264:doi 2252:102 2209:doi 2205:106 2166:doi 2112:doi 1959:doi 1932:doi 1885:doi 1747:doi 1175:by 743:), 683:of 399:'s 391:or 356:or 208:). 97:In 4484:: 3873:. 3861:. 3855:. 3831:. 3821:. 3813:. 3801:. 3797:. 3780:. 3772:. 3760:. 3743:. 3731:68 3729:. 3725:. 3708:. 3700:. 3690:34 3688:. 3670:. 3662:. 3648:. 3629:90 3627:. 3610:. 3600:. 3592:. 3580:. 3576:. 3556:. 3548:. 3538:20 3536:. 3519:. 3511:. 3499:. 3495:. 3472:. 3460:32 3458:. 3454:. 3424:. 3420:. 3392:. 3384:. 3376:. 3366:40 3364:. 3360:. 3332:. 3320:. 3316:. 3293:. 3285:. 3275:31 3273:. 3242:34 3240:. 3236:. 3194:. 3186:. 3176:41 3174:. 3151:. 3141:. 3131:. 3119:. 3104:^ 3091:. 3083:. 3073:. 3065:. 3053:. 3049:. 3027:. 3006:. 2957:. 2949:. 2941:. 2931:81 2929:. 2925:. 2910:^ 2896:. 2888:. 2880:. 2870:46 2868:. 2864:. 2852:^ 2827:^ 2813:. 2803:60 2801:. 2775:. 2771:. 2759:^ 2741:. 2715:. 2678:^ 2661:. 2630:. 2608:. 2600:. 2592:. 2580:23 2578:. 2574:. 2539:. 2529:. 2517:. 2513:. 2469:19 2444:^ 2424:. 2416:. 2408:. 2396:. 2390:. 2344:. 2317:. 2282:. 2272:. 2262:. 2250:. 2246:. 2223:. 2215:. 2203:. 2180:. 2172:. 2162:37 2160:. 2126:. 2118:. 2108:34 2106:. 2102:. 2060:14 2058:. 2023:. 2019:. 1943:^ 1913:^ 1899:. 1891:. 1879:. 1875:. 1848:^ 1824:. 1820:. 1761:. 1753:. 1743:20 1741:. 1729:^ 1440:A 1141:. 1118:. 1106:, 1102:, 1098:, 1094:, 1090:, 1086:, 1082:, 1078:, 1074:, 1062:, 1058:, 1054:, 1050:, 1046:, 1042:, 1038:, 1034:, 912:V1 802:, 798:, 794:, 787:. 779:, 771:, 767:, 763:, 759:, 755:, 751:, 747:, 739:, 735:, 727:, 723:, 711:A 599:, 311:, 217:c. 188:. 173:. 142:, 4303:e 4296:t 4289:v 3941:) 3937:( 3927:e 3920:t 3913:v 3883:. 3877:: 3869:: 3863:3 3839:. 3817:: 3809:: 3803:4 3788:. 3768:: 3762:6 3751:. 3737:: 3716:. 3696:: 3678:. 3666:: 3639:. 3635:: 3618:. 3596:: 3588:: 3564:. 3544:: 3527:. 3507:: 3501:2 3480:. 3466:: 3442:. 3426:6 3372:: 3342:. 3336:: 3328:: 3322:4 3301:. 3281:: 3258:. 3202:. 3182:: 3135:: 3127:: 3069:: 3061:: 3031:. 2992:. 2965:. 2937:: 2904:. 2876:: 2821:. 2809:: 2786:. 2753:. 2726:. 2700:. 2672:. 2646:. 2596:: 2547:. 2533:: 2525:: 2499:. 2477:. 2438:. 2412:: 2404:: 2375:. 2348:. 2329:. 2290:. 2266:: 2258:: 2231:. 2211:: 2188:. 2168:: 2145:. 2114:: 2087:. 1989:. 1907:. 1887:: 1881:1 1842:. 1826:6 1769:. 1749:: 1456:. 1242:) 1236:( 1231:) 1227:( 1217:· 1210:· 1203:· 1196:· 1169:. 1018:" 731:( 577:/ 425:. 374:. 315:) 215:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index