288:
217:. Parties agree to recognise the competence of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to consider complaints "by or on behalf of" individuals or groups who claim their rights under the Convention have been violated. If a complaint is submitted on behalf of a victim, then this requires their consent, unless the submitter can justify acting without it. What constitutes "justification" in such a case is up to the committee. The ability for complaints to be submitted on behalf of victims is seen as vital in allowing NGOs such as women's organizations and human rights groups to use the Protocol to enforce the convention.
427:. This found "serious lapses in compliance" by the Mexican government and tolerance of severe and systematic abuses of women's rights. The Committee recommended the involvement of federal as well as state authorities in the investigation of the murders, the punishment of negligent or complicit officials and those involved in the persecution of victims' relatives, and increased violence prevention plans.
250:
366:. It recommended that the complainant be immediately protected from her abusive former partner, and that Hungary improve its handling of domestic violence cases and immediately adopt the committee's previous recommendation for a law allowing protection and exclusion orders. The recommendations were implemented by the time of Hungary's sixth periodic report to the Committee in 2006.
444:
policy-making. It found that there had been some limited success in highlighting the importance of effective policies to protect women from domestic violence and forced sterilization, but that outside these areas, the protocol "has not led to a breakthrough in advancing women's rights." It concludes that unless greater efforts are made to highlight
2032:
326:
Not every state which is a party to CEDAW is a party to the
Protocol, and several major states still remain outside the Protocol. The United States has not become a signatory because it has not yet ratified CEDAW. Japan does not participate in any of the individual communications mechanisms for human
220:
Complainants must have exhausted all domestic remedies, and anonymous complaints and complaints referring to events which occurred before the country concerned joined the
Optional Protocol are not permitted. The committee can request information from and make recommendations to a party, though these
181:". An independent expert group produced a draft in 1994, containing a complaint procedure and an inquiry procedure, and this was adopted for further study by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in early 1995. The idea of an Optional Protocol was further endorsed by the
322:
have exercised their right under
Article 10 of the Protocol not to recognise the jurisdiction of the committee to investigate "grave or systematic violations" of the convention. Colombia declares that neither the Protocol nor the committee can require it to decriminalise "offences against life or
224:
Articles 8–10 create an inquiry mechanism. Parties may permit the committee to investigate, report on and make recommendations on "grave or systematic violations" of the convention. The
Committee may invite the relevant party to respond and inform it of any measures taken as a result of such an
443:
On the second measure, the number of complaints dealt with by the committee has been limited. A 2008 assessment for the UK government found that the protocol had hardly been used by NGOs as originally expected, that the reasoning of the committee was unpredictable, and that it had not affected
435:
The impact of an international treaty can be measured in two ways: by its acceptance, and by its implementation. On the first measure, the
Optional Protocol has gained widespread international acceptance. Most major states are parties, and the protocol is the second most-accepted enforcement
201:
The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women outlaws discrimination on the basis of gender, and obliges its parties to repeal discriminatory laws and guarantee equality in the fields of health, employment, and education. The Optional Protocol is a subsidiary
1992:
1233:"Views of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women under article 7, paragraph 3, of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Communication No. 3/2004: Dung Thi Thuy Nguyen v. The Netherlands"
1917:
1338:"Views of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women under article 7, paragraph 3, of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Communication No. 6/2005: Fatma Yildirim (deceased) v. Austria"
1303:"Views of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women under article 7, paragraph 3, of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Communication No. 5/2005: Ĺžahide Goekce (deceased) v. Austria"
1268:"Views of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women under article 7, paragraph 3, of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Communication No.: 4/2004, Ms. A. S. v. Hungary"
1166:"Views of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women under article 7, paragraph 3, of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Communication No.: 2/2003, Ms. A. T. v. Hungary"
487:
1927:
2012:
477:
437:
206:
1897:
381:. It recommended the Dutch government collect further information on the number of women combining part-time salaried employment with self-employment, and review the law if this revealed that a significant number of women were disadvantaged.
459:. The voluntary nature of the protocol and the non-binding nature of its "recommendations" are seen as key limits on its effectiveness. Despite this, these critics tend to view the protocol as a valuable, if flawed, instrument for realizing
482:
210:
411:, the Committee ruled that the Austrian government was failing to protect women from domestic violence. It recommended strengthening the implementation and monitoring of existing domestic violence laws and greater training for police.
1882:
1779:
225:
inquiry, either directly or through the normal reporting process under the convention. Parties may opt out of this obligation on signature or ratification, but only
Bangladesh, Belize, Colombia, Cuba and Tajikistan have done so.
1892:
472:
163:
108:
3593:
2912:
192:
established an open-ended working group to produce a formal draft. This reported back after three years of deliberation in early 1999. The
Optional Protocol was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 6 October 1999.
2832:
214:
1741:
2002:
1942:
1805:
400:
in cases of sterilisation to ensure it complied with international human rights standards, and ongoing monitoring of
Hungarian medical facilities to ensure that any changes were put into practice.
1370:"Report on Mexico produced by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women under article 8 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention, and reply from the Government of Mexico"
112:
2407:
2422:
2412:
115:
to hear complaints from individuals or inquire into "grave or systematic violations" of the convention. The
Protocol has led to a number of decisions against member states on issues such as
327:
rights treaties, but is currently considering joining while observing how these procedures are functioning. China is currently "studying the problem of accession to the Optional Protocol".
335:
The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has considered eleven complaints against seven countries since the Optional Protocol came into force, on subjects such as
2857:
1811:
2027:
526:
3623:
2852:
2837:
2402:
1907:
1274:
1937:
1849:
1828:
1734:
2532:
351:. Six complaints were rejected for lack of jurisdiction or because the complainants had not exhausted all domestic remedies. The other five decisions are summarised below:
859:
3603:
681:"The Optional Protocol for the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Strengthening the Protection Mechanisms of Women's Human Rights"
3158:
3000:
2862:
2417:
2847:
2747:
2101:
1552:"The Optional Protocol to the United Nations Convention for the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): The Experience of the United Kingdom"
189:
1551:
1075:
3608:
3298:
2842:
1972:
1817:
1727:
231:
Article 13 requires parties to inform their citizens about the convention, the Optional Protocol, and the rulings of the committee, so as to facilitate complaints.
2907:
1932:
1344:
1309:
1204:
792:
3598:
2076:
1100:
396:
woman in Hungary violated the convention. It recommended compensating the complainant for the breach of her rights, a full review of legislation surrounding
3033:
2792:
2782:
2777:
2507:
2086:
3203:
3113:
2812:
2797:
2732:
2722:
2552:
2427:
2081:
1902:
1376:
3508:
3463:
2882:
2667:
2652:
2482:
2467:
1838:
1790:
170:
2887:
2802:
2682:
2607:
2587:
2582:
2452:
1887:
1833:
1036:
185:
in 1995, which called for "the elaboration (of) a draft optional protocol to the Women's Convention that could enter into force as soon as possible."
166:(CEDAW). The Convention outlawed discrimination against women, but did not include any mechanism by which this prohibition could be legally enforced.
3493:
3058:
2902:
2827:
2737:
2692:
2637:
2557:
2517:
2497:
548:
3613:
3563:
3193:
2954:
2924:
2892:
2877:
2767:
2727:
2712:
2707:
2672:
2622:
2577:
2512:
2492:
2487:
2472:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2432:
1101:"Responses to the list of issues and questions for consideration of the combined fifth and sixth periodic report of China (CEDAW/C/CHN/Q/6/Add.1)"
83:
3038:
3233:
3213:
2872:
2867:
2822:
2772:
2757:
2742:
2702:
2687:
2662:
2627:
2562:
2522:
2502:
2437:
2377:
2138:
1800:
1750:
169:
An individual complaints mechanism was suggested during the original drafting of CEDAW, but was rejected at the time. Fifteen years later, the
1512:
202:
agreement to the convention. It does not establish any new rights, but rather allows the rights guaranteed in the convention to be enforced.
3168:
2995:
2897:
2817:
2807:
2717:
2677:
2657:
2642:
2632:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2572:
2567:
2547:
2537:
2527:
1912:
1784:
1136:
724:
228:
Article 11 requires parties to ensure that those complaining under the Optional Protocol are not subjected to ill-treatment or intimidation.
1690:
1610:
Kwong-leung Tang (2004). "Internationalizing Women's Struggle against Discrimination: The UN Women's Convention and the Optional Protocol".
1069:"Responses to the list of issues and questions with regard to the consideration of the sixth periodic report: Japan (CEDAW/C/JPN/Q/6/Add.1)"
522:
3533:
3413:
3373:
2762:
2752:
2617:
2612:
2542:
1140:
287:
420:
128:
3628:
728:
3618:
3028:
2462:
2019:
1987:
1267:
3303:
3258:
2477:
2279:
2096:
1997:
1612:
299:
828:
3553:
3483:
3318:
3133:
2990:
2284:
1823:
1461:
769:
1239:
1172:
3518:
3488:
3428:
3378:
3178:
3023:
863:
182:
174:
3538:
3523:
3468:
3453:
3358:
3343:
3313:
3288:
3283:
3173:
3153:
3088:
3083:
2309:
2238:
2228:
448:
of the Optional Protocol and build trust in the rulings of the committee, the complaints mechanism will remain under-utilized.
159:
139:
3588:
3583:
3503:
3328:
3308:
3253:
3073:
3063:
2697:
2647:
2059:
1870:
680:
2037:
3568:
3528:
3478:
3473:
3423:
3403:
3348:
3163:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3118:
2333:
1068:
601:
3578:
3573:
3558:
3543:
3458:
3438:
3433:
3388:
3363:
3353:
3293:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3238:
3218:
3208:
3198:
3183:
3108:
3098:
3093:
3078:
3068:
3048:
3043:
2787:
2397:
2243:
1477:
Heyns, Christof; Viljoen, Frans (2001). "The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level".
1337:
1302:
1198:"Sixth periodic report of Hungary under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women"
1197:
785:
753:"The Leadership Role of International Law in Enforcing Women's Rights: The Optional Protocol to the Women's Convention"
419:
The committee has also conducted one inquiry into "grave or systematic violations" under Article 8, in relation to the
3548:
3513:
3448:
3443:
3418:
3398:
3393:
3338:
3333:
3248:
3223:
3188:
3148:
3123:
3103:
3053:
2985:
2233:
1107:
523:"Parties to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women"
3498:
3383:
3368:
3278:
3243:
3228:
2326:
2131:
3408:
3323:
1369:
1978:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
1883:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
2338:
1558:
2975:
2372:
2007:
1795:
456:
1043:
2919:
2382:
2321:
2304:
2212:
2013:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
636:
Meron, Theodor (1990). "Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Prohibition of Discrimination Against Women".
552:
2980:
2168:
2124:
1844:
1106:. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. 8 June 2006. p. 28. Archived from
602:"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York, 18 December 1979"
2314:
2163:
1922:
1774:
389:
344:
340:
124:
2259:
2071:
2038:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
1711:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
1666:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (OP-CEDAW)"
1516:
1133:"Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Optional Protocol: Decisions/Views"
452:
451:
The protocol has been criticised by legal academics such as Bal Sokhi-Bulley and feminists such as
101:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
27:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
2367:
2091:
1494:
1132:
786:"Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (Fourteenth Session)"
661:
653:
1695:
362:
had violated numerous articles of the convention by failing to adequately protect women against
1918:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
720:
234:
Articles 12 and 14 govern the procedure and reporting of the Committee in handling complaints.
142:
on 6 October 1999, and in force from 22 December 2000. As of October 2023, the Protocol has 80
2173:
1457:
765:
761:
752:
460:
445:
363:
336:
307:
178:
116:
2387:
1621:
1486:
955:
645:
424:
397:
238:
132:
1074:. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. 14 April 2009. p. 65.
1977:
824:
378:
1719:
1232:
1165:
177:
suggested that new procedures were needed to implement the convention, and suggested a "
2362:
488:
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
374:
348:
120:
1928:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
1700:
1665:
3017:
1498:
665:
393:
1923:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
1706:
2202:
2158:
2147:
2033:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
1707:
Introductory note by Jane Connors, procedural history note and audiovisual material
478:
First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
438:
First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
291:
207:
First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
147:
1893:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
1515:. University College London School of Public Policy. 1 August 2009. Archived from
695:
862:. Association for Women's Rights in Development. 12 February 2008. Archived from
270: Signed and ratified, but does not recognise competence for Articles 8 and 9
2934:
2207:
2197:
1715:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
1714:
249:
205:
Articles 1–7 create an individual complaints mechanism similar to those of the
605:
483:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
311:
211:
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1780:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
825:"Claiming Women's rights: the Optional Protocol to the UN Women's Convention"
2959:
1454:
The U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
143:
1625:
1490:
959:
473:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
164:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
109:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
2392:
319:
946:
Bal Sokhi-Bulley (2006). "The Optional Protocol to CEDAW: First Steps".
860:"The Optional Protocol to CEDAW & its applicability "on the ground""
2949:
2944:
657:
359:
310:
and interpretative declarations to their application of the Protocol.
2929:
906:
MacKinnon, Catherine (2004). "CEDAW's Optional Protocol Procedures".
455:
who view the complaints mechanism as difficult, lengthy, and lacking
315:
104:
649:
1898:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
215:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
295:
286:
248:
2939:
849:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 54/4, 6 October 1999.
3594:
Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions
2120:
2116:
2056:
1959:
1867:
1761:
1723:
1537:
As of December 2009, OP-ICCPR had 113 parties to OP-CEDAW's 99.
1943:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1806:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
1696:
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
113:
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
107:
which establishes complaint and inquiry mechanisms for the
1812:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
1456:. Sijthoff & Noordhoff International. p. 165.
1513:"Nominal Commitments to Human Rights: A Global Survey"
93:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
1908:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1824:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
1227:
1225:
2003:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
1938:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1829:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
688:
Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law
373:, the Committee expressed concerns about aspects of
2968:
2355:
2293:
2272:
2252:
2221:
2182:
89:
79:
71:
63:
55:
47:
39:
31:
26:
2913:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
751:
3001:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
2102:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
1818:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1399:
1397:
1332:
1330:
1297:
1295:
1262:
1260:
1160:
1158:
941:
939:
1933:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
298:'s instrument of accession to OP-CEDAW at the
3624:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
2132:
2077:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
1735:
819:
817:
815:
813:
8:
2087:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
1973:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
901:
899:
21:
2082:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
1903:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
111:(CEDAW). Parties to the Protocol allow the
2297:
2190:
2139:
2125:
2117:
2053:
1956:
1864:
1839:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
1791:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
1758:
1742:
1728:
1720:
1545:
1543:
241:, and amendment of the Optional Protocol.
171:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
20:
3604:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
1764:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
721:"CEDAW: History of the Optional Protocol"
549:"Discrimination Against Women Statistics"
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
3159:Treaties of the Central African Republic
1993:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
2833:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
499:
371:Dung Thi Thuy Nguyen v. The Netherlands
127:, as well as an investigation into the
3609:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
3299:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
2925:List of human rights abuses by country
2413:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
2378:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
1801:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
1751:International human rights instruments
1350:from the original on 28 September 2011
1315:from the original on 28 September 2011
1210:from the original on 28 September 2011
798:from the original on 28 September 2011
2996:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1913:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1850:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
1785:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1137:Division for the Advancement of Women
831:from the original on 22 November 2018
725:Division for the Advancement of Women
638:American Journal of International Law
7:
3599:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
529:from the original on 11 October 2016
409:Fatma Yildirim (deceased) v. Austria
237:Articles 15–21 govern ratification,
3034:Treaties entered into force in 2000
2020:American Convention on Human Rights
405:Ĺžahide Goekce (deceased) v. Austria
3204:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
3114:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2423:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
2285:National human rights institutions
2280:List of human rights organisations
1998:European Convention on Nationality
1613:The British Journal of Social Work
1280:from the original on 12 March 2008
551:. 21 December 2000. Archived from
14:
3509:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3464:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
1988:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
1382:from the original on 26 July 2008
1143:from the original on 11 July 2008
1081:from the original on 5 March 2012
253:Global participation in OP-CEDAW
190:Commission on the Status of Women
2408:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp
1703:made under the Optional Protocol
1245:from the original on 21 May 2011
1178:from the original on 21 May 2011
731:from the original on 15 May 2008
183:Fourth World Conference on Women
175:World Conference on Human Rights
138:The Protocol was adopted by the
3494:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
3059:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
2533:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
2239:Natural rights and legal rights
2229:Claim rights and liberty rights
827:. Amnesty International. 2001.
756:. In Sweetman, Caroline (ed.).
388:, the Committee ruled that the
276: Only signed, not ratified
160:United Nations General Assembly
140:United Nations General Assembly
103:(OP-CEDAW) is an international
3614:Treaties extended to Greenland
3564:Treaties of the United Kingdom
3194:Treaties of the Czech Republic
2403:against Palestinians by Israel
2060:International humanitarian law
760:. Oxford, UK: Oxfam. pp.
306:A number of parties have made
1:
3234:Treaties of Georgia (country)
3214:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
2028:to Prevent and Punish Torture
933:OP-CEDAW, Articles 6 & 7.
694:(2): 291–321 . Archived from
3169:Treaties of the Cook Islands
2244:Negative and positive rights
1647:Sokhi-Bulley (2006), p. 158.
1600:Sokhi-Bulley (2006), p. 157.
1203:. 15 June 2006. p. 50.
1037:"CEDAW in the United States"
16:1999 United Nations protocol
3534:Treaties of North Macedonia
3414:Treaties of the Philippines
3374:Treaties of the Netherlands
2986:List of human rights awards
2858:in the United Arab Emirates
2234:Individual and group rights
1557:. p. 1. Archived from
421:systematic killing of women
358:, the Committee ruled that
245:Reservations and membership
129:systematic killing of women
3645:
3619:Treaties extended to Aruba
3039:Women's rights instruments
3029:Treaties concluded in 1999
2908:of the Marcos dictatorship
2024:Inter-American Convention
1888:Convention against Torture
791:. UN CEDAW. pp. 2–5.
604:. UN OHCHR. Archived from
264: Acceded or succeeded
3304:Treaties of Liechtenstein
3259:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
2853:in the State of Palestine
2838:in the Dominican Republic
2418:during the Gaddafi regime
2300:
2193:
2154:
2067:
2052:
1968:
1955:
1878:
1863:
1770:
1757:
750:Kwong-leung Tang (2000).
679:Felipe GĂłmez Isa (2003).
403:In 2007, in the cases of
258: Signed and ratified
3554:Treaties of Turkmenistan
3484:Treaties of South Africa
3319:Treaties of the Maldives
3134:Treaties of Burkina Faso
1638:Isa (2003), pp. 319–320.
1591:Isa (2003), pp. 320–321.
425:Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
384:In 2006, in the case of
369:In 2006, in the case of
354:In 2005, in the case of
133:Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
3629:1999 in women's history
3519:Treaties of Switzerland
3489:Treaties of South Sudan
3429:Treaties of South Korea
3379:Treaties of New Zealand
3179:Treaties of Ivory Coast
3024:United Nations treaties
2976:History of human rights
2383:Enforced disappearances
2373:Crimes against humanity
1796:Declaration of Montreal
948:Human Rights Law Review
423:in the Mexican city of
131:in the Mexican city of
3539:Treaties of East Timor
3524:Treaties of Tajikistan
3469:Treaties of Seychelles
3454:Treaties of San Marino
3359:Treaties of Mozambique
3344:Treaties of Montenegro
3314:Treaties of Luxembourg
3289:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
3284:Treaties of Kazakhstan
3174:Treaties of Costa Rica
3154:Treaties of Cape Verde
3089:Treaties of Bangladesh
3084:Treaties of Azerbaijan
2920:Incitement to genocide
2213:Universal jurisdiction
1582:Murdoch (2008), p. 27.
1479:Human Rights Quarterly
1452:Lérner, Natán (1980).
1042:. AAUW. Archived from
303:
284:
213:and Article 14 of the
3589:1999 in New York City
3584:Treaties of Venezuela
3504:Treaties of Sri Lanka
3329:Treaties of Mauritius
3309:Treaties of Lithuania
3254:Treaties of Guatemala
3074:Treaties of Australia
3064:Treaties of Argentina
2981:List of global issues
1845:Yogyakarta Principles
1656:Tang (2004), p. 1185.
1491:10.1353/hrq.2001.0036
1026:OP-CEDAW, Article 12.
1017:OP-CEDAW, Article 14.
1008:OP-CEDAW, Article 13.
999:OP-CEDAW, Article 11.
990:OP-CEDAW, Article 10.
591:OP-CEDAW, Article 21.
582:OP-CEDAW, Article 20.
573:OP-CEDAW, Article 16.
331:Individual complaints
323:personal integrity".
290:
252:
3569:Treaties of Tanzania
3529:Treaties of Thailand
3479:Treaties of Slovenia
3474:Treaties of Slovakia
3424:Treaties of Portugal
3404:Treaties of Paraguay
3349:Treaties of Mongolia
3164:Treaties of Colombia
3144:Treaties of Cameroon
3139:Treaties of Cambodia
3129:Treaties of Bulgaria
3119:Treaties of Botswana
2863:in the United States
2638:in Jammu and Kashmir
2184:Fundamental concepts
1775:Brazilian Resolution
1550:Jim Murdoch (2008).
981:OP-CEDAW, Article 9.
972:OP-CEDAW, Article 8.
924:OP-CEDAW, Article 4.
893:OP-CEDAW, Article 2.
884:OP-CEDAW, Article 1.
758:Women and leadership
436:mechanism after the
431:Impact and criticism
390:forced sterilization
345:forced sterilization
341:division of property
125:forced sterilization
84:UN Secretary-General
3579:Treaties of Vanuatu
3574:Treaties of Uruguay
3559:Treaties of Ukraine
3544:Treaties of Tunisia
3459:Treaties of Senegal
3439:Treaties of Romania
3434:Treaties of Moldova
3389:Treaties of Nigeria
3364:Treaties of Namibia
3354:Treaties of Morocco
3294:Treaties of Lesotho
3274:Treaties of Ireland
3269:Treaties of Iceland
3264:Treaties of Hungary
3239:Treaties of Germany
3219:Treaties of Finland
3209:Treaties of Ecuador
3199:Treaties of Denmark
3184:Treaties of Croatia
3109:Treaties of Bolivia
3099:Treaties of Belgium
3094:Treaties of Belarus
3079:Treaties of Austria
3069:Treaties of Armenia
3049:Treaties of Andorra
3044:Treaties of Albania
2848:in the Soviet Union
2748:in Papua New Guinea
2398:Human rights abuses
2356:Human rights abuses
2260:Corporal punishment
2072:Genocide Convention
1626:10.1093/bjsw/bch135
1375:. 27 January 2005.
1171:. 26 January 2005.
960:10.1093/hrlr/ngi029
908:Interights Bulletin
453:Catharine MacKinnon
23:
3549:Treaties of Turkey
3514:Treaties of Sweden
3449:Treaties of Rwanda
3444:Treaties of Russia
3419:Treaties of Poland
3399:Treaties of Panama
3394:Treaties of Norway
3339:Treaties of Monaco
3334:Treaties of Mexico
3249:Treaties of Greece
3224:Treaties of France
3189:Treaties of Cyprus
3149:Treaties of Canada
3124:Treaties of Brazil
3104:Treaties of Belize
3054:Treaties of Angola
2843:in the Philippines
2368:Crime of apartheid
2092:Geneva Conventions
1273:. 29 August 2006.
1238:. 14 August 2006.
701:on 29 October 2013
555:on 3 February 2012
525:. United Nations.
304:
285:
188:In March 1996 the
3499:Treaties of Spain
3384:Treaties of Niger
3369:Treaties of Nepal
3279:Treaties of Italy
3244:Treaties of Ghana
3229:Treaties of Gabon
3009:
3008:
2991:Three generations
2351:
2350:
2268:
2267:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2097:Hague Conventions
2048:
2047:
1951:
1950:
1871:International law
1859:
1858:
1343:. 6 August 2007.
1308:. 6 August 2007.
626:CEDAW, Article 2.
608:on 25 August 2009
364:domestic violence
337:domestic violence
221:are not binding.
179:right of petition
117:domestic violence
97:
96:
3636:
3409:Treaties of Peru
3324:Treaties of Mali
2763:in Punjab, India
2388:Forced migration
2298:
2191:
2186:and philosophies
2141:
2134:
2127:
2118:
2054:
1957:
1865:
1834:Paris Principles
1759:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1564:on 22 March 2011
1563:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1449:
1443:
1440:Report on Mexico
1437:
1431:
1428:Report on Mexico
1425:
1419:
1416:Report on Mexico
1413:
1407:
1404:Report on Mexico
1401:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
991:
988:
982:
979:
973:
970:
964:
963:
943:
934:
931:
925:
922:
916:
915:
903:
894:
891:
885:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
856:
850:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
821:
808:
807:
805:
803:
797:
790:
782:
776:
775:
755:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
717:
711:
710:
708:
706:
700:
685:
676:
670:
669:
633:
627:
624:
618:
617:
615:
613:
598:
592:
589:
583:
580:
574:
571:
565:
564:
562:
560:
545:
539:
538:
536:
534:
519:
398:informed consent
282: Not signed
281:
275:
269:
263:
257:
239:entry into force
59:10 ratifications
51:22 December 2000
24:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3005:
2964:
2793:in South Africa
2783:in Sierra Leone
2778:in Saudi Arabia
2508:in Burkina Faso
2463:in Azad Kashmir
2347:
2289:
2264:
2248:
2217:
2187:
2185:
2178:
2169:Intersex people
2150:
2145:
2115:
2106:
2063:
2044:
1964:
1947:
1874:
1855:
1766:
1753:
1748:
1691:List of parties
1687:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1049:on 1 April 2010
1046:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
985:
980:
976:
971:
967:
945:
944:
937:
932:
928:
923:
919:
905:
904:
897:
892:
888:
883:
879:
869:
867:
858:
857:
853:
848:
844:
834:
832:
823:
822:
811:
801:
799:
795:
788:
784:
783:
779:
772:
749:
748:
744:
734:
732:
719:
718:
714:
704:
702:
698:
683:
678:
677:
673:
650:10.2307/2203022
635:
634:
630:
625:
621:
611:
609:
600:
599:
595:
590:
586:
581:
577:
572:
568:
558:
556:
547:
546:
542:
532:
530:
521:
520:
501:
496:
469:
433:
417:
386:A.S. vs Hungary
379:The Netherlands
356:A.T. v. Hungary
333:
300:UN Headquarters
283:
279:
277:
273:
271:
267:
265:
261:
259:
255:
247:
199:
156:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3642:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:in Switzerland
2810:
2805:
2800:
2798:in South Korea
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:in North Korea
2730:
2725:
2723:in New Zealand
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:in Kyrgyzstan‎
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:in El Salvador
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:in Balochistan
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:in Afghanistan
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Atrocity crime
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2008:Social Charter
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1704:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1685:External links
1683:
1682:
1681:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1539:
1530:
1519:on 5 June 2011
1504:
1485:(3): 483–535.
1469:
1462:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1393:
1361:
1326:
1291:
1256:
1221:
1189:
1154:
1124:
1113:on 5 June 2012
1092:
1060:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
965:
935:
926:
917:
895:
886:
877:
866:on 14 May 2014
851:
842:
809:
777:
770:
742:
712:
671:
644:(1): 213–217.
628:
619:
593:
584:
575:
566:
540:
498:
497:
495:
492:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
468:
465:
461:women's rights
432:
429:
416:
413:
377:provisions in
375:parental leave
349:parental leave
332:
329:
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
246:
243:
198:
195:
155:
152:
121:parental leave
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
35:6 October 1999
33:
29:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3641:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3012:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:in Uzbekistan
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:in the Russia
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:in Kazakhstan
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:in Bangladesh
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:in Azerbaijan
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:South America
2332:
2330:
2328:
2327:North America
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:Organizations
2271:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1463:90-286-0160-0
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1174:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
940:
936:
930:
927:
921:
918:
914:(4): 173–174.
913:
909:
902:
900:
896:
890:
887:
881:
878:
865:
861:
855:
852:
846:
843:
830:
826:
820:
818:
816:
814:
810:
794:
787:
781:
778:
773:
771:0-85598-452-X
767:
763:
759:
754:
746:
743:
730:
726:
722:
716:
713:
697:
693:
689:
682:
675:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
629:
623:
620:
607:
603:
597:
594:
588:
585:
579:
576:
570:
567:
554:
550:
544:
541:
528:
524:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
500:
493:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
441:
439:
430:
428:
426:
422:
414:
412:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
302:in March 2019
301:
297:
293:
289:
251:
244:
242:
240:
235:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
216:
212:
208:
203:
196:
194:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
158:In 1979, the
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3011:
2888:in Venezuela
2803:in Sri Lanka
2683:in Lithuania
2608:in Indonesia
2588:in Hong Kong
2583:in Guatemala
2453:in Australia
2443:in Argentina
2294:By continent
2222:Distinctions
2203:Positive law
2148:Human rights
2058:
1962:Regional law
1961:
1869:
1763:
1710:
1673:. Retrieved
1652:
1643:
1634:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1559:the original
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1507:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1384:. Retrieved
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1317:. Retrieved
1282:. Retrieved
1247:. Retrieved
1212:. Retrieved
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1145:. Retrieved
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1108:the original
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
951:
947:
929:
920:
911:
907:
889:
880:
868:. Retrieved
864:the original
854:
845:
833:. Retrieved
800:. Retrieved
780:
757:
745:
733:. Retrieved
715:
703:. Retrieved
696:the original
691:
687:
674:
641:
637:
631:
622:
610:. Retrieved
606:the original
596:
587:
578:
569:
557:. Retrieved
553:the original
543:
531:. Retrieved
457:transparency
450:
442:
434:
418:
408:
404:
402:
385:
383:
370:
368:
355:
353:
334:
325:
308:reservations
305:
292:Helena Dalli
236:
233:
230:
227:
223:
219:
204:
200:
187:
173:of the 1993
168:
162:adopted the
157:
137:
100:
98:
18:
2935:Persecution
2903:in Zimbabwe
2828:in Thailand
2738:in Pakistan
2693:in Malaysia
2558:in Ethiopia
2518:in Cambodia
2498:in Botswana
2310:Middle East
2208:Sovereignty
2198:Natural law
1675:16 December
1620:(8): 1182.
1568:17 December
835:17 December
612:6 September
294:submitting
144:signatories
64:Signatories
3018:Categories
2960:War crimes
2893:in Vietnam
2878:in Ukraine
2768:in Romania
2728:in Nigeria
2713:in Myanmar
2708:in Morocco
2698:in Manipur
2673:in Lebanon
2648:in Kashmir
2623:in Ireland
2578:in Germany
2513:in Burundi
2493:in Bolivia
2488:in Belarus
2473:in Bahrain
2458:in Austria
2448:in Armenia
2433:in Algeria
1671:. UN OHCHR
1523:3 February
1117:4 February
1085:5 February
1053:4 February
954:(1): 157.
533:11 October
494:References
312:Bangladesh
80:Depositary
2873:in Uganda
2868:in Turkey
2823:in Taiwan
2758:in Poland
2743:in Panama
2703:in Mexico
2688:in Malawi
2663:in Kuwait
2628:in Israel
2563:in France
2523:in Canada
2503:in Brazil
2438:in Angola
1984:European
1701:Decisions
1499:144831485
705:9 October
666:147441085
446:awareness
415:Inquiries
90:Languages
56:Condition
48:Effective
2898:in Yemen
2818:in Syria
2808:in Sudan
2788:in Sindh
2718:in Nepal
2678:in Libya
2658:in Kenya
2643:in Japan
2633:in Italy
2603:in India
2598:in Haiti
2593:in Egypt
2573:in Ghana
2568:in Gabon
2548:in Egypt
2538:in China
2528:in Chile
2393:Genocide
2164:Children
1852:(UNDROP)
1820:(UNDRIP)
1442:, p. 46.
1430:, p. 44.
1418:, p. 43.
1406:, p. 42.
1377:Archived
1345:Archived
1310:Archived
1275:Archived
1240:Archived
1205:Archived
1173:Archived
1141:Archived
1076:Archived
829:Archived
793:Archived
729:Archived
527:Archived
467:See also
320:Colombia
146:and 115
43:New York
40:Location
22:OP-CEDAW
2969:Related
2955:Victims
2950:Torture
2945:Slavery
2753:in Peru
2618:in Iraq
2613:in Iran
2543:in Cuba
2339:Oceania
2253:Aspects
1814:(DEVAW)
1808:(DEDAW)
1713:in the
1709:on the
1386:15 July
1354:15 July
1319:16 July
1284:15 July
1249:16 July
1214:15 July
1182:15 July
1147:15 July
802:28 July
735:28 July
658:2203022
559:15 July
360:Hungary
197:Summary
154:Genesis
148:parties
72:Parties
2930:Murder
2322:Europe
2305:Africa
2159:Humans
1841:(VDPA)
1787:(UDHR)
1497:
1460:
870:14 May
768:
664:
656:
394:Romani
316:Belize
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
105:treaty
32:Signed
2174:Women
1669:(PDF)
1562:(PDF)
1555:(PDF)
1495:S2CID
1380:(PDF)
1373:(PDF)
1348:(PDF)
1341:(PDF)
1313:(PDF)
1306:(PDF)
1278:(PDF)
1271:(PDF)
1243:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
1208:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
1169:(PDF)
1135:. UN
1111:(PDF)
1104:(PDF)
1079:(PDF)
1072:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
1040:(PDF)
796:(PDF)
789:(PDF)
762:65–72
723:. UN
699:(PDF)
684:(PDF)
662:S2CID
654:JSTOR
392:of a
296:Malta
2940:Rape
2315:Asia
1677:2009
1570:2009
1525:2010
1458:ISBN
1388:2008
1356:2008
1321:2008
1286:2008
1251:2008
1216:2008
1184:2008
1149:2008
1119:2010
1087:2010
1055:2010
872:2014
837:2009
804:2008
766:ISBN
737:2008
707:2010
614:2009
561:2008
535:2016
407:and
347:and
318:and
123:and
99:The
1622:doi
1487:doi
956:doi
646:doi
75:115
3020::
1618:34
1616:.
1542:^
1493:.
1483:23
1481:.
1396:^
1329:^
1294:^
1259:^
1224:^
1157:^
1139:.
950:.
938:^
912:14
910:.
898:^
812:^
764:.
727:.
692:20
690:.
686:.
660:.
652:.
642:84
640:.
502:^
463:.
440:.
343:,
339:,
314:,
209:,
150:.
135:.
119:,
67:80
2140:e
2133:t
2126:v
1743:e
1736:t
1729:v
1679:.
1628:.
1624::
1572:.
1527:.
1501:.
1489::
1466:.
1390:.
1358:.
1323:.
1288:.
1253:.
1218:.
1186:.
1151:.
1121:.
1089:.
1057:.
962:.
958::
952:6
874:.
839:.
806:.
774:.
739:.
709:.
668:.
648::
616:.
563:.
537:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
