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776:. Under those hedges and adjacent areas, soil physical properties, nitrogen, and organic matter are considerably improved. The structural stability of the soil is enhanced, runoff and erosion are reduced, and water storage capacity and permeability are enhanced. Prickly pear plantations also positively impact the plant growth of other species by improving severe environmental conditions, which facilitate the colonization and development of herbaceous species.
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753:, both as a feed source for cattle and a boundary fence. Cattle are normally fed a spineless variety of the cactus. The cactus pads are low in dry matter and crude protein but useful as a supplement in drought conditions. In addition to the food value, the moisture content adequately eliminates watering the cattle during
967:
is above 60%, and saturation deficit occurs. It is absent in regions where less than 40% humidity occurs for more than a month. Mean daily temperature required to develop is at least 1.5–2.0 °C. At −10 to −12 °C, prickly pear growth is inhibited even if it is exposed to these temperatures
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Factors that limit the growth of prickly pear are rainfall, soil, atmospheric humidity, and temperature. Its minimum rainfall requirement is 200 mm per year as long as the soils are sandy and deep. The ideal growth conditions regarding rainfall are 200–400 mm (7.9–15.7 in) per year.
2342:
Dok-Go Hyang; Heun Lee Kwang; Ja Kim Hyoung; Ha Lee Eun; Lee Jiyong; Seon Song Yun; Lee Yong-Ha; Jin
Changbae; Sup Lee Yong; Cho Jungsook (2003). "Neuroprotective effects of antioxidative flavonoids, quercetin, (+)-dihydroquercetin, and quercetin 3-methyl ether, isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica
554:
The plants flower in three distinct colours: white, yellow, and red. The flowers first appear in early May through the early summer in the
Northern Hemisphere, and the fruits ripen from August through October. The fruits are typically eaten, minus the thick outer skin, after chilling in a
685:
is consumed widely as food. The fruits are commercialized in many parts of the world, eaten raw, and have one of the highest concentrations of vitamin C of any fruit. The young "leaves" (actually cladodes, which technically are stems) are cooked and eaten as a vegetable known as
1020:. However, the seeds contained in the fruits can be unpleasant to chew because of their hardness and can lead to constipation. For this reason, some agronomic studies in Italy and Mexico have focused on decreasing the seed content of
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production, spineless cultivars are preferred, but wild plants are also used as fodder. In these cases, the spines must be removed from the pads to avoid animal damage. Primarily, this is achieved by burning the spines off the pads.
1741:
Plevri, N & Demertzis, Panagiotis & Akrida-Demertzi, Konstantoula. (2017). Microbiological
Evaluation of Fruits of the Prickly Pear (Opuntia Ficus Indica L. Miller) Collected In Greece. 10. 31-38. 10.9790/2380-1010043138.
694:, served as a breakfast treat. They have a texture and flavor like green beans. The fruits or leaves can be boiled, used raw, or blended with fruit juice, cooked on a frying pan, used as a side dish with chicken, or added to
2296:
Butera D, Tesoriere L, Di Gaudio F, et al. (November 2002). "Antioxidant activities of sicilian prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) fruit extracts and reducing properties of its betalains: betanin and indicaxanthin".
980:
are delicate, they need to be carefully harvested by hand. The small spines on the fruits are removed by rubbing them on an abrasive surface or sweeping them through the grass. Before consumption, they are peeled.
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tribute rolls. The plant spread to many parts of the
Americas in pre-Columbian times. Since Columbus, it has spread to many parts of the world, especially the Mediterranean, where it has become naturalized.
1512:
1580:
Neffar S, Chenchouni H, Beddiar A, Redjel N (2013). "Rehabilitation of
Degraded Rangeland in Drylands by Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) Plantations: Effect on Soil and Spontaneous Vegetation".
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tr. 1852 by Ross, Thomasina: "The following are
Haytian words, in their real form, which have passed into the Castilian language since the end of the 15th century... Tuna". Quoted in OED 2nd ed.
875:
is for the large, sweet fruits called tunas. An area with a significant tuna-growing cultivation is Mexico. The cactus grows wild and cultivated to heights of 12–16 feet (3.7–4.9 m). In
1908:
El
Kossori Radia Lamghari; Villaume Christian; El Boustani Essadiq; Sauvaire Yves; Méjean Luc (1998). "Composition of pulp, skin and seeds of prickly pears fruit (Opuntia ficus indica sp.)".
2249:"Selenium Accumulation, Distribution, and Speciation in Spineless Prickly Pear Cactus: a Drought- and Salt-Tolerant, Selenium-Enriched Nutraceutical Fruit Crop for Biofortified Foods"
1859:
Monjauze, A. & Le Houérou, H. N. (1965). "Le rôle des
Opuntia dans l’économie agricole nord africaine." Bulletin de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Agronomie de Tunis, 8–9: 85–164.
559:. The bright red/purple or white/yellowish flesh contains many tiny hard seeds that are usually swallowed but should be avoided by those who have problems digesting seeds.
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to slow and direct sand movement and enhance the restoration of vegetative cover, thus minimizing deterioration of built terraces with its deep and strong rooting system.
1545:
Le Houérou H. N. (1996). "The role of cacti (Opuntiaspp.) in erosion control, land reclamation, rehabilitation and agricultural development in the
Mediterranean Basin".
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3088:
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1598:
Nefzaoui, A., Ben Salem, H., & Inglese, P. (2001). "Opuntia-A strategic fodder and efficient tool to combat desertification in the Wana region." Cactus, 73–89.
757:. Numerous wildlife species use the prickly pear for food. In severe drought years, the spines of wild prickly pear are sometimes burned off for emergency feed.
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species grow in semiarid environments, the main limiting factor in their environment is water. They have developed several adaptations to dry conditions, notably
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The pads of the plant (mainly used as fodder) also must be harvested by hand. The pads are cut with a knife, detaching the pad from the plant in the joint. If
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2102:"The Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Emasculation Treatments on Seed and Fruit Production in the Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) cv. "Gialla""
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2179:"Supplementation with cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) fruit decreases oxidative stress in healthy humans: a comparative study with vitamin C"
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for human and animal consumption is valuable for its water content in an arid environment, containing about 85% water as a water source for
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2100:
Marini, Lorenzo; Grassi, Chiara; Fino, Pietro; Calamai, Alessandro; Masoni, Alberto; Brilli, Lorenzo; Palchetti, Enrico (2020-08-17).
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2153:"Prickly Pear Fruit Development and Quality in Relation to Gibberellic Acid Applications to Intact and Emasculated Flower Buds"
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698:. Jams and jellies are produced from the fruit, which resemble strawberries and figs in color and flavor. Mexicans may use
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731:(the Maltese name for prickly pear) is made from this fruit, which grows wild in almost every field. On the island of
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1155:. It is also the official plant of Texas by legislation from 1995. In Israel it symbolizes Jews born in Israel -
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Bañuelos GS, Fakra SC, Walse SS, Marcus MA, Yang SI, Pickering IJ, Pilon-Smits EA, Freeman JL (January 2011).
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species, which are not salt-tolerant in their root zone, and growth may cease under high salt concentration.
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Novoa, Ana; Le Roux, Johannes J.; Robertson, Mark P.; Wilson, John R.U.; Richardson, David M. (2015-02-05).
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551:. Cladodes 1–2 years old produce flowers, with the fruit's colours ranging from pale green to deep red.
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Baron F. H. A. von
Humboldt's personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of America
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is sensitive to lack of oxygen in the root zone, requiring well-drained soils. It is similar to
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and other uses. Cacti are good crops for dry areas because they efficiently convert water into
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2386:
Kuti Joseph O. (2004). "Antioxidant compounds from four Opuntia cactus pear fruit varieties".
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only for a few minutes. The maximum temperature limit of prickly pear is above 50 °C.
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is the most widespread and most commercially important cactus. It is grown primarily as a
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is likely to have been in central Mexico, where its closest genetic relatives are found.
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that has long been a domesticated crop plant grown in agricultural economies throughout
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Most culinary references to the "prickly pear" refer to this species. The Spanish name
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insects, which produce desirable red and purple dyes, a practice dating to the
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2015:
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from prickly pear may work as a natural, non-toxic dispersant for oil spills.
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2000:"Fecal Impaction in Adults: Report of 30 Cases of Seed Bezoars in the Rectum"
1976:
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690:. They are sliced into strips, skinned or unskinned, and fried with eggs and
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Eitan, Arie; Katz, Israel M.; Sweed, Yechiel; Bickel, Amitai (2007-06-01).
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spp., Cactaceae): A Source of Human and Animal Food in Semiarid Regions".
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The cattle industry of the Southwest United States has begun to cultivate
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1953:"Fecal impaction in children: report of 53 cases of rectal seed bezoars"
1031:(containing 25–30 mg per 100 g), it was once used to mitigate
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can grow up to 5 m in height, with thick, succulent, and oblong to
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602: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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735:, the prickly pear also gives its name to locally distilled liqueur,
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1318:
Griffith, M. P. (2004). "The Origins of an Important Cactus Crop,
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Tesoriere L, Butera D, Pintaudi AM, Allegra M, Livrea MA (2004).
1515:. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University
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refrigerator for a few hours. They have a taste similar to sweet
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365:
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2427:
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2160:
Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development
1998:
Eitan, Arie; Bickel, Amitai; Katz, Israel M. (November 2006).
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Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development
1608:
Kiesling, R. (1999). "Origen, Domesticación y Distribución de
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571:
465:, among many others. In Mexican Spanish, the plant is called
1795:"prickly pear – Weed Identification – Brisbane City Council"
895:. It is naturalized with widespread distribution in Greece.
1655:"This Mexican company is making biofuel from cactus plants"
898:
Prickly pears are a massive weed problem for some parts of
1810:"Introduced and invasive cactus species: a global review"
1725:"Opuntia ficus-indica, tree prickly pear cactus, fruit"
1869:
Russel, Felkner; C.E., P. (1987). "The Prickly-pears (
1163:. The Palestinians also view it as a national symbol.
768:
is planted in hedges to provide a cheap but effective
2059:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
445:
Common English names for the plant and its fruit are
442:
origin taken into the Spanish language around 1500.
51:
Opuntia ficus-indica community growing naturally in
2988:
2436:
547:. It has a water-repellent and sun-reflecting waxy
719:In Sicily, a prickly pear-flavored liqueur called
428:is also used for the fruit of this cactus and for
1313:
1311:
1309:
1205:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T151706A121563254.en
723:is produced, flavored somewhat like a medicinal
1452:Mondragón-Jacobo and Pérez-González, C. and S.
1180:Arreola, H.; Ishiki, M.; Terrazas, T. (2017) .
1046:The red color of the fruit and juice is due to
1731:(8th ed.). 1768 – via Opuntia Web.
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1458:FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 169
8:
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1408:
1406:
883:is a common drought-resistant fodder plant.
835:Mexico has a semicommercial pilot plant for
1855:
1853:
2424:
798:The plant may be used as an ingredient in
73:
42:
31:
2318:
2272:
2204:
2194:
2151:Mejía, Alfredo; Cantwell, Marita (2003).
2127:
2117:
2055:"Fecal Impaction Containing Cactus Seeds"
1833:
1394:
1203:
662:Learn how and when to remove this message
1124:
702:fruit to make an alcoholic drink called
1680:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2003.
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1377:Vázquez Ruiz, José (30 December 1957).
1248:United States Department of Agriculture
1239:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1172:
1322:(Cactaceae): New Molecular Evidence".
1282:
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1093:species native to central Mexico. The
477:terms. Peninsular Spanish mostly uses
7:
3169:IUCN Red List data deficient species
2955:5d813169-20fd-410f-99a8-0b307cdb51ea
2815:9047426c-be84-43b5-89b1-4ea783b3af9a
600:adding citations to reliable sources
3214:Crops originating from the Americas
1691:Rothauge, Axel (25 February 2014).
1657:. The European Sting. 25 March 2019
1191:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2004:Diseases of the Colon & Rectum
1481:. 27 February 2013. Archived from
891:areas of the world, including the
843:biomass, in operation since 2016.
25:
2890:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1151735-2
2228:Carl Zimmer (December 10, 2013).
2053:Bartha, Gregory W. (1976-11-22).
1693:"Staying afloat during a drought"
1633:"Cactus a Natural Oil Dispersant"
1479:"Are prickly pear leaves edible?"
1454:"Cactus (Opuntia spp.) as Forage"
1379:"Etimología de chumbera y chumbo"
1108:dye (which must be cultivated on
380:crop, and also for the vegetable
3120:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:315896-2
2071:10.1001/jama.1976.03270220012003
1147:The prickly pear appears in the
1097:, and other early sources, show
914:, and south-eastern and eastern
782:is being advantageously used in
576:
98:
1910:Plant Foods for Human Nutrition
963:usually grows in regions where
587:needs additional citations for
412:easily, but the wild origin of
3219:Garden plants of North America
3194:Natural history of Mesoamerica
1969:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.01.048
1396:10.3989/rfe.1957.v41.i1/4.1055
802:to bind and waterproof roofs.
1:
3209:Crops originating from Mexico
2400:10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00184-5
2357:10.1016/S0006-8993(02)04150-1
1678:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C
1631:University of South Florida.
1383:Revista de Filología Española
1244:Agricultural Research Service
818:to serve as a host plant for
806:(as well as other species in
727:. In Malta, a liqueur called
469:, a name that may be used in
2119:10.3390/horticulturae6030046
1957:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
1547:Journal of Arid Environments
997:Nutrients and phytochemicals
957:crassulacean acid metabolism
3239:Taxa named by Philip Miller
3234:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3184:North American desert flora
1781:"Atlas of Living Australia"
1058:). The plant also contains
936:The plant is considered an
3255:
1324:American Journal of Botany
1136:
1008:. The seeds contain 3–10%
2230:"Vitamins' Old, Old Edge"
2016:10.1007/s10350-006-0713-0
1294:. CABI. 27 September 2018
434:in general; according to
238:
231:
209:
202:
95:Scientific classification
93:
71:
62:
50:
41:
34:
3229:Plants described in 1753
1729:The Gardeners Dictionary
1922:10.1023/A:1008000232406
1198:: e.T151706A121563254.
972:Harvest and preparation
906:, some inland parts of
761:Soil erosion prevention
291:Opuntia ficus-barbarica
1753:"Opuntia ficus-indica"
1567:10.1006/jare.1996.0053
1336:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1915
1149:coat of arms of Mexico
1139:Opuntia § Culture
1134:
1131:coat of arms of Mexico
1089:was domesticated from
1027:As the fruit contains
933:
893:Southern United States
863:
716:
679:
611:"Opuntia ficus-indica"
506:
498:
436:Alexander von Humboldt
2414:"Texas State Symbols"
2265:10.1104/pp.110.162867
2196:10.1093/ajcn/80.2.391
1826:10.1093/aobpla/plu078
1513:"Pricklypear ecology"
1151:which appears on the
1128:
1121:Cultural significance
924:
854:
714:
677:
504:
496:
331:Opuntia paraguayensis
2841:Opuntia ficus-indica
2639:Opuntia ficus-indica
2561:Opuntia_ficus-indica
2468:Opuntia ficus-indica
2438:Opuntia ficus-indica
1610:Opuntia ficus-indica
1511:Darrell N. Ueckert.
1421:Opuntia ficus-indica
1320:Opuntia ficus-indica
1290:Opuntia ficus-indica
1232:Opuntia ficus-indica
1184:Opuntia ficus-indica
1022:Opuntia ficus-indica
940:in northern Africa.
904:southeast Queensland
596:improve this article
372:parts of the world.
345:Opuntia ficus-indica
213:Opuntia ficus-indica
195:O. ficus-indica
36:Opuntia ficus-indica
2990:Cactus ficus-indica
2299:J. Agric. Food Chem
1559:1996JArEn..33..135L
1085:analysis indicated
871:Commercial use for
814:) is cultivated in
774:Mediterranean basin
535:A perennial shrub,
438:, it was a word of
274:Opuntia cordobensis
258:Cactus ficus-indica
65:Conservation status
2234:The New York Times
1887:10.1007/bf02859062
1582:Ecologia Balkanica
1135:
988:is cultivated for
934:
864:
717:
680:
507:
499:
481:for the fruit and
447:Indian fig opuntia
360:, is a species of
350:Indian fig opuntia
323:Opuntia megacantha
299:Opuntia gymnocarpa
3156:
3155:
2823:Open Tree of Life
2430:Taxon identifiers
2311:10.1021/jf025696p
2065:(21): 2390–2391.
2010:(11): 1768–1771.
1330:(11): 1915–1921.
976:As the fruits of
965:relative humidity
824:pre-Columbian era
672:
671:
664:
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568:Human consumption
341:
340:
335:
327:
319:
311:
307:Opuntia hispanica
303:
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278:
270:
262:
254:
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88:
27:Species of cactus
16:(Redirected from
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3224:Flora of Namibia
3189:Medicinal plants
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2410:
2404:
2403:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2351:(1–2): 130–136.
2339:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2305:(23): 6895–901.
2293:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2253:Plant Physiology
2244:
2238:
2237:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2050:
2044:
2043:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1963:(6): 1114–1117.
1948:
1942:
1941:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1701:. Archived from
1688:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1542:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1485:on 6 August 2020
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1389:(1/4): 410–417.
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1315:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1284:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1177:
938:invasive species
839:production from
667:
660:
656:
653:
647:
645:
604:
580:
572:
471:American English
463:spineless cactus
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
282:Opuntia decumana
276:
268:
266:Opuntia amyclaea
260:
252:
244:
242:Cactus decumanus
215:
103:
102:
82:
77:
76:
46:
32:
21:
18:Opuntia vulgaris
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3179:Cacti of Mexico
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2984:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2857:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2798:
2790:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2720:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2432:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2343:var. saboten".
2341:
2340:
2336:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2052:
2051:
2047:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1875:Economic Botany
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1705:on 2 March 2014
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1544:
1543:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1404:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1292:(prickly pear)"
1286:
1285:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1145:
1137:Main articles:
1123:
1087:O. ficus-indica
1080:
1002:O. ficus-indica
999:
986:O. ficus-indica
978:O. ficus-indica
974:
961:O. ficus-indica
953:O. ficus-indica
946:
926:O. ficus-indica
916:South Australia
908:New South Wales
885:O. ficus-indica
881:O. ficus-indica
873:O. ficus-indica
869:
849:
804:O. ficus-indica
796:
780:O. ficus-indica
772:control in the
766:O. ficus-indica
763:
751:O. ficus-indica
747:
683:O. ficus-indica
668:
657:
651:
648:
605:
603:
593:
581:
570:
565:
537:O. ficus-indica
510:O. ficus-indica
491:
485:for the plant.
422:
414:O. ficus-indica
390:O. ficus-indica
374:O. ficus-indica
227:
217:
211:
198:
97:
89:
78:
74:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:wfo-0000577831
3137:
3124:
3111:
3098:
3085:
3072:
3059:
3046:
3033:
3020:
3010:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2978:wfo-0000385761
2969:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2920:
2907:
2894:
2881:
2868:
2855:
2845:
2832:
2819:
2809:
2796:
2783:
2770:
2757:
2744:
2731:
2718:
2708:
2695:
2682:
2669:
2656:
2643:
2630:
2617:
2604:
2591:
2578:
2565:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2516:
2506:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2458:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2405:
2394:(4): 527–533.
2388:Food Chemistry
2378:
2345:Brain Research
2334:
2288:
2259:(1): 315–327.
2239:
2220:
2183:Am J Clin Nutr
2169:
2143:
2092:
2045:
1990:
1943:
1916:(3): 263–270.
1900:
1881:(3): 443–445.
1861:
1849:
1800:
1786:
1772:
1767:"NSW WeedWise"
1758:
1744:
1734:
1716:
1683:
1668:
1646:
1623:
1612:(Cactaceae)".
1600:
1591:
1572:
1553:(2): 135–159.
1526:
1496:
1470:
1439:
1402:
1369:
1357:
1305:
1260:
1218:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1153:flag of Mexico
1143:Sabra (person)
1122:
1119:
1079:
1076:
998:
995:
973:
970:
945:
942:
887:grows in many
868:
865:
848:
845:
795:
792:
762:
759:
746:
743:
678:Sliced nopales
670:
669:
584:
582:
575:
569:
566:
564:
561:
518:hermaphroditic
490:
487:
421:
418:
339:
338:
337:
336:
328:
320:
315:Opuntia maxima
312:
304:
296:
288:
279:
271:
263:
255:
247:
236:
235:
229:
228:
218:
207:
206:
200:
199:
192:
190:
186:
185:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
161:Caryophyllales
158:
154:
153:
148:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
80:Data Deficient
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
59:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:Desert fruits
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:Horticulturae
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:, as well as
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:Codex Mendoza
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:indicaxanthin
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:linoleic acid
1015:
1012:and 6–13% of
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
991:
987:
982:
979:
971:
969:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
941:
939:
931:
927:
923:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
902:, especially
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
866:
862:
858:
853:
846:
844:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
744:
742:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
713:
709:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
676:
666:
663:
655:
652:December 2018
644:
641:
637:
634:
630:
627:
623:
620:
616:
613: –
612:
608:
607:Find sources:
601:
597:
591:
590:
585:This section
583:
579:
574:
573:
567:
562:
560:
558:
552:
550:
546:
543:stems called
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
503:
495:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
332:
329:
324:
321:
316:
313:
308:
305:
300:
297:
292:
289:
283:
280:
275:
272:
267:
264:
259:
256:
251:
248:
243:
240:
239:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
216:
214:
208:
205:
204:Binomial name
201:
197:
196:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:Tracheophytes
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
81:
70:
66:
61:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3204:Energy crops
2989:
2437:
2408:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2320:10447/107910
2302:
2298:
2291:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2233:
2223:
2189:(2): 391–5.
2186:
2182:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2146:
2129:2158/1203315
2109:
2105:
2095:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1789:
1775:
1761:
1747:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:the original
1698:The Namibian
1696:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1626:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1550:
1546:
1517:. Retrieved
1487:. Retrieved
1483:the original
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:
1430:. Retrieved
1427:Ecocrop, FAO
1426:
1420:
1417:Miller, =L.
1386:
1382:
1372:
1364:
1360:
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1209:. Retrieved
1195:
1189:
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1078:Biogeography
1068:isorhamnetin
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738:Tungi Spirit
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594:Please help
589:verification
586:
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459:prickly pear
458:
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358:prickly pear
357:
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298:
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286:Willd.) Haw.
281:
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181:
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2864:kew-2391911
2787:NatureServe
2699:iNaturalist
2462:Wikispecies
2206:10447/61185
1709:25 February
1519:15 February
1463:14 November
1432:14 November
1253:15 December
1211:19 December
1014:fatty acids
847:Cultivation
489:Description
479:higo chumbo
455:cactus pear
451:Barbary fig
354:fig opuntia
302:F.A.C.Weber
138:Angiosperms
3163:Categories
2859:Plant List
2519:Calflora:
1814:AoB Plants
1635:. USF News
1298:1 December
1167:References
1072:kaempferol
1062:, such as
1060:flavonoids
932:, Greece.
889:frost-free
622:newspapers
557:watermelon
530:succulence
522:autogamous
398:blue agave
3005:Q12294235
2727:1151735-2
2652:242415212
2626:242415212
2608:FloraBase
2138:2311-7524
2112:(3): 46.
2079:0098-7484
2024:0012-3706
1977:0022-3468
1676:"Beles".
1106:cochineal
1064:quercetin
1048:betalains
1039:contains
1029:vitamin C
1016:, mainly
900:Australia
820:cochineal
816:nopalries
715:Flowering
692:jalapeños
688:nopalitos
549:epidermis
541:spatulate
514:polyploid
410:hybridize
326:Salm-Dyck
310:Griffiths
189:Species:
171:Cactaceae
108:Kingdom:
53:Gaziantep
3128:Tropicos
3094:11166379
3081:315896-2
2999:Wikidata
2950:VicFlora
2937:Tropicos
2924:Species+
2792:2.150164
2740:10203612
2556:eFloraSA
2509:BioLib:
2447:Wikidata
2365:12591129
2329:12405794
2283:21059825
2215:15277160
2166:: 72–85.
2040:34756475
2032:17036204
1985:17560231
1938:44270292
1895:37653492
1844:25471679
1661:25 April
1639:25 April
1620:: 50–60.
1489:25 April
1352:10454390
1344:21652337
1102:cladodes
1041:selenium
1024:fruits.
1006:wildlife
912:Victoria
830:Mucilage
725:aperitif
705:colonche
545:cladodes
483:chumbera
475:culinary
408:species
370:semiarid
334:K.Schum.
294:A.Berger
233:Synonyms
167:Family:
151:Eudicots
85:IUCN 3.1
3174:Opuntia
3133:5103080
3055:7385892
2942:5100164
2665:5384064
2543:Ecocrop
2453:Q144412
2373:8345824
2274:3075757
1930:9950087
1871:Opuntia
1835:4318432
1555:Bibcode
1110:Opuntia
1099:Opuntia
1091:Opuntia
1052:betanin
1037:Opuntia
1010:protein
930:Kythera
877:Namibia
841:Opuntia
837:biofuel
812:Nopalea
808:Opuntia
788:Algeria
784:Tunisia
770:erosion
755:drought
700:Opuntia
636:scholar
526:Opuntia
431:Opuntia
406:Opuntia
386:biomass
382:nopales
182:Opuntia
177:Genus:
157:Order:
112:Plantae
83: (
3107:509878
3029:198751
3013:APDB:
2872:PLANTS
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2812:NZOR:
2805:371859
2779:151706
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990:forage
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745:Fodder
729:bajtra
721:ficodi
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624:
617:
609:
520:, and
497:Flower
461:, and
402:Mexico
362:cactus
348:, the
253:Willd.
245:Willd.
57:Turkey
3089:IRMNG
2962:WoI:
2929:24120
2916:724-4
2911:SANBI
2903:11871
2848:PFI:
2766:19706
2753:37714
2735:IRMNG
2714:14151
2711:IPA:
2704:64119
2691:25840
2634:FoAO2
2613:44779
2595:EUNIS
2587:OPUFI
2535:6T3LT
2512:61909
2502:55219
2369:S2CID
2156:(PDF)
2036:S2CID
1934:S2CID
1891:S2CID
1348:S2CID
1157:sabra
1114:Aztec
861:India
800:adobe
794:Other
696:tacos
643:JSTOR
629:books
524:. As
505:Fruit
467:nopal
440:Taino
420:Names
394:maize
378:fruit
356:, or
318:Mill.
277:Speg.
250:Nopal
225:Mill.
145:Clade
132:Clade
119:Clade
3115:POWO
3102:ITIS
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3068:8253
3063:GRIN
3050:GBIF
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2885:POWO
2877:OPFI
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2800:NCBI
2774:IUCN
2761:ITIS
2722:IPNI
2686:GRIN
2673:GISD
2660:GBIF
2582:EPPO
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2497:APNI
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2479:4393
2361:PMID
2325:PMID
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2211:PMID
2134:ISSN
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2075:ISSN
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2020:ISSN
1981:PMID
1973:ISSN
1926:PMID
1840:PMID
1711:2014
1663:2019
1641:2019
1588:(2).
1521:2020
1491:2019
1465:2015
1434:2015
1340:PMID
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1196:2017
1129:The
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810:and
786:and
615:news
563:Uses
426:tuna
396:and
368:and
366:arid
269:Ten.
3141:WFO
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2898:RHS
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2647:FoC
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2530:CoL
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2201:hdl
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2067:doi
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2012:doi
1965:doi
1918:doi
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