Conducting - Knowledge (XXG)

1307: 533: 305:, or a keyboard player (often harpsichordist) using their hands, and would direct the tempo/rhythm of the music in patterns similar to those we are familiar with today. Although effective in smaller ensembles, the increasing size of instrumental ensembles in opera and symphonic performances meant the players were increasingly less able to follow along. Solutions to this issue were temporarily addressed by the use of two conductors, with the keyboard player in charge of the singers while the principal violinist or leader was in charge of the orchestra, however this did not prove to be a sustainable effort in the long run. Moving out of the eighteenth century, it was clear that music was growing too complicated and performances too refined, to rely purely on aural skills to stay in time. 571:(1957–69) and later frequent guest conductor in Europe. Karajan's technique was highly controlled, and eventually he conducted with his eyes often closed, as he often memorized scores; Bernstein's technique was demonstrative, with highly expressive facial gestures and hand and body movements; when conducting vocal music, Bernstein would often mouth the words along with the vocalists. Karajan could conduct for hours without moving his feet, while Bernstein was known at times to leap into the air at a great climax. As the music director of the Berlin Philharmonic, Karajan cultivated warm, blended beauty of tone, which has sometimes been criticized as too uniformly applied; by contrast, in Bernstein's only appearance with the Berlin Philharmonic in 1979—performing Mahler's 1458:

become a professor of conducting. Doctor of musical arts (referred to as D.M.A., DMA, D.Mus.A. or A.Mus.D) degrees in conducting provide an opportunity for advanced study at the highest artistic and pedagogical level, requiring usually an additional 54+ credit hours beyond a master's degree (which is about 30+ credits beyond a bachelor's degree). For this reason, admission is highly selective. Examinations in music history, music theory, ear training/dictation, and an entrance examination and conducting audition are required. Students perform conducted concerts, including a combination lecture-conducted concert with an accompanying doctoral dissertation, and advanced coursework. Students must typically maintain a minimum B average. A DMA in conducting is a

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conductor. The primary responsibilities of the conductor are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble, and control the interpretation and pacing of the music. Communication is non-verbal during a performance; however, in rehearsal frequent interruptions allow directions as to how the music should be played. During rehearsals the conductor may stop the playing of a piece to request changes in the phrasing or request a change in the

337:), it became the norm to have a dedicated conductor who did not also play an instrument during the performance. While some orchestras protested the introduction of the conductor, since they were used to having a concertmaster or keyboard player act as leader, eventually the role of a conductor was established. The size of the usual orchestra expanded during this period, and the use of a baton became more common as it was easier to see than bare hands or rolled-up paper. Among the earliest notable conductors were 884: 847: 795: 579:

in his life, but in them he did not talk. Both made numerous recordings, but their attitudes toward recording differed: Karajan frequently made new studio recordings to take advantage of advances in recording technique, which fascinated him—he played a role in setting the specifications of the compact disc—but Bernstein, in his post-New York days, came to insist on (for the most part) live concert recordings, believing that music-making did not come to life in a studio without an audience.

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point it goes in a 45-degree angle to the inside. The third beat is when the arm is coming back from the angle to the focal point at the angle and hits the point and goes to the outside at the same 45-degree angle. The last beat, fourth, goes from the outside angle back to the focal point. Then the process repeats. It is typical for drum majors to use smaller, simpler patterns to accommodate faster tempos for endurance and clarity, emphasizing beats 1 and 3 and minimizing beats 2 and 4.

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conductor then looks at the different sections of the orchestra (winds, strings, etc.) or choir to ensure that all the orchestra members are ready to play and choir members are ready. In some choral works, the conductor may signal to a pianist or organist to play a note or chord so that the choir members can determine their starting notes. Then the conductor gives one or more preparatory beats to commence the music. The preparatory beat before the orchestra or choir begins is the

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directed toward the specific players. An inhalation, which may or may not be an audible "sniff" from the conductor, is a common element in the cueing technique of some conductors. Mere eye contact or a look in the general direction of the players may be sufficient in many instances, as when more than one section of the ensemble enters at the same time. Larger musical events may warrant the use of a larger or more emphatic cue designed to encourage emotion and energy.

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courses in music history, music theory, and liberal arts courses (e.g., English literature), which give the student a more well-rounded education. Students do not usually specialize in conducting at the B.Mus. stage; instead, they usually develop general music skills such as singing, playing an orchestral instrument, performing in a choir, playing in orchestra, and playing a keyboard instrument such as the piano or the organ.

4580: 1129:. Phrasing may be indicated by wide overhead arcs or by a smooth hand motion either forwards or side-to-side. A held note is often indicated by a hand held flat with palm up. The end of a note, called a "cutoff" or "release", may be indicated by a circular motion, the closing of the palm, or the pinching of finger and thumb. A release is usually preceded by a preparation and concluded with a complete stillness. 521:

Furtwängler, whom many regard as the greatest interpreter of Wagner (although Toscanini was also admired in this composer) and Bruckner, conducted Beethoven and Brahms with a good deal of inflection of tempo—but generally in a manner that revealed the structure and direction of the music particularly clearly. He was an accomplished composer as well as performer; and he was a disciple of the theorist

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French, Italian and Latin, among others) and they must understand the correct diction of these languages in a choral singing context. The opposite is also true: a choral conductor will be expected to rehearse and lead a string orchestra or full orchestra when performing works for choir and orchestra. As such, a choral conductor needs to know how to rehearse and lead instrument sections.

596: 4567: 1519: 4553: 1446:, a skill that helps them to be able to analyze symphonies and try out their interpretations before they have access to an orchestra to conduct. Many conductors get experience playing in an orchestra or singing in a choir, an experience which gives them good insights into how orchestras and choirs are conducted and rehearsed. 1314:

The roles of a conductor vary a great deal between different conducting positions and different ensembles. In some cases, a conductor will also be the musical director of the symphony, choosing the program for the entire season, including concerts by guest conductors, concerto soloists, pop concerts,

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Both Karajan and Bernstein made extensive use of advances in media to convey their art, but in tellingly different ways. Bernstein hosted major prime-time national television series to educate and reach out to children and the public at large about classical music; Karajan made a series of films late

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Conductors act as guides to the orchestras or choirs they conduct. They choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make certain adjustments (such as in tempo, articulation, phrasing, repetitions of sections), work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the

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of a symphony, concerto or dance suite. This brief pause gives orchestra or choir members time to turn the pages of their part and ready themselves for the start of the next movement. String players may apply rosin or wipe sweat off their hands with a handkerchief. Reed players may take this time to

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that he was particularly renowned and influential, favoring stricter and faster tempi than a conductor like Bülow or Wagner. Still, his style shows more inflection than his reputation may suggest, and he was particularly gifted at revealing detail and getting orchestras to play in a singing manner.

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Another topic that conducting students study is the languages used in classical music opera. Orchestral conductors are expected to be able to rehearse and lead choirs in works for orchestra and choir. As such, orchestral conductors need to know the major languages used in choral writing (including

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degrees in conducting. In addition, there are a variety of other training programs such as classical summer camps and training festivals, which give students the opportunity to conduct a wide range of music. Aspiring conductors need to obtain a broad education about the history of music, including

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Conductors aim to maintain eye contact with the ensemble as much as possible, encouraging eye contact in return and increasing the dialogue between players/singers and conductor. Facial expressions may also be important to demonstrate the character of the music or to encourage the players. In some

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in Amsterdam until the end of World War II had had extensive rehearsal time to mold orchestras very precisely and thus could have idiosyncratic techniques; modern conductors, who spend less time with any given orchestra, must get results with much less rehearsal time. A more standardized technique

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A small number of conductors become professionals without formal training in conducting. These individuals often have achieved renown as instrumental or vocal performers, and they have often undertaken a great deal of training in their area of expertise (instrumental performance or singing). Some

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cases, such as where there has been little rehearsal time to prepare a piece, a conductor may discreetly indicate how the bars of music will be beat immediately before the start of the movement by holding up their fingers in front of their chest (so only the performers can see). For example, in a

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The indication of entries, when a performer or section should begin playing (perhaps after a long period of rests), is called "cueing". A cue must forecast with certainty the exact moment of the coming ictus, so that all the players or singers affected by the cue can begin playing simultaneously.

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Drum majors may each have a different style of conducting. Some may be smoother, but others are more rigid. The most commonly used pattern is called the "Down-in-out-up" pattern. The pattern is shown by the first beat being straight down and normal. The second beat goes down then after the focal

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encourages health problems. The Alexander Technique is meant to help performers and musicians identify and release tension in the body. Conductors are often trained with similar techniques, focusing on maintaining relaxation and balance in the upper body, as forcing movements can lead to jarred

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Master of music degrees (M.mus. or M.M.) in conducting consist of private conducting lessons, ensemble experience, coaching, and graduate courses in music history and music theory, along with one or two conducted concerts. A M.mus. is often the required minimum credential for people who wish to

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Orchestra conductors typically hold a master's degree in music, and choir conductors in the U.S. typically hold a bachelor's degree in music. Bachelor's degrees (referred to as B.Mus. or B.M) are four-year programs that include conducting lessons, amateur orchestra experience, and a sequence of

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In addition to memorizing the music (between six and nine minutes of music is typical for high school marching bands, college bands and drum corps may have that much or more, up to more than eleven minutes of music) a drum major must memorize dynamics as well as tempo in order to provide proper

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with string players, when a section has been playing the pedal point for a lengthy period; a cue is important to indicate when they should change to a new note. Cueing is achieved by "engaging" the players before their entry (by looking at them) and executing a clear preparation gesture, often

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Conducting is a means of communicating artistic directions to performers during a performance. Although there are many formal rules on how to conduct correctly, others are subjective, and a wide variety of different conducting styles exist depending upon the training and sophistication of the

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The two men had very different techniques: Toscanini's was Italianate, with a long, large baton and clear beats (often not using his left hand); Furtwängler beat time with less apparent precision, because he wanted a more rounded sound (although it is a myth that his technique was vague; many

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suggests the Alexander Technique aids pain-relief: "long-term back pain – lessons in the technique may lead to reduced back pain-associated disability and reduce how often you feel pain for up to a year or more; long-term neck pain – lessons in the technique may lead to reduced neck pain and

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At the beginning of a piece of music, the conductor raises their hands (or hand if they only use a single hand) to indicate that the piece is about to begin. This is a signal for the orchestra members to ready their instruments to be played or for the choristers to be ready and watching. The

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for new members of the orchestra, to ensure that the candidates have the playing style and tone that the conductor prefers and that candidates meet the performance standards. Some choral conductors are hired to prepare a choir for several weeks which will subsequently be directed by another

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Some conductors may have a significant public relations role, giving interviews to the local news channel and appearing on television talk shows to promote the upcoming season or particular concerts. On the other hand, a conductor hired to guest conduct a single concert may only have the

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with the Berlin Philharmonic in November 1913. Nikisch was the first conductor to have his art captured on film—alas, silently. The film confirms reports that he made particularly mesmerizing use of eye contact and expression to communicate with an orchestra; such later conductors as

1215:; with the arrival of increasingly higher drum major platforms and thus greater visibility this has become both dangerous and unnecessary. Current drum majors use a variety of conducting patterns and styles that suit the needs of their respective marching bands and/or drum corps. 548:

musicians have attested that he was easy to follow in his own way). In any event, their examples illustrate a larger point about conducting technique in the first half of the 20th century: it was not standardized. Great and influential conductors of the middle 20th century like

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are indicated in various ways. The dynamic may be communicated by the size of the conducting movements, larger shapes representing louder sounds. Changes in dynamic may be signalled with the second hand to indicate the beat: an upward motion (usually palm-up) indicates a

271:, there is evidence that points to many early societies utilizing visual and aural cuing to maintain a sense of beat, rhythm, and shape. The earliest documented forms of conducting arose out of a variety of different musical needs in varying regions around the world. 281:

As notated rhythm and beat as well as more complex rhythmic figures became more prominent in the early baroque era, performers relied on other indications to be able to understand the intent behind their parts. Beginning in the sixteenth century, the role of the

1034:(slowing down the pace of the music), a conductor may introduce beat subdivisions. While some conductors use both hands to indicate the beat, with the left hand mirroring the right, formal education discourages such an approach. The second hand can be used for 1010:) and is usually indicated by a sudden (though not necessarily large) click of the wrist or change in baton direction. In some instances, "ictus" is also used to refer to a horizontal plane in which all the ictuses are physically located, such as the top of a 1753:

David Mutch: "The gathering critical judgement of Hortense von Gelmini, Germany's only woman conductor, is that she has not only the talent but the education, energy, and persistance to make her mark in this difficult and competitive profession" – 1976 in:

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Conductors of the generations after Nikisch often left extensive recorded evidence of their arts. Two particularly influential and widely recorded figures are often treated, somewhat inaccurately, as interpretive antipodes. They were the Italian conductor

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conductor. Wagner was largely responsible for shaping the conductor's role as one who imposes his own view of a piece onto the performance rather than one who is just responsible for ensuring entries are made at the right time and that there is a unified

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During an instrumental solo section (or, in an opera orchestra during a vocalist's unaccompanied solo), some conductors stop counting out all the subdivisions and simply tap the baton down once per bar, to aid performers who are counting bars of rests.

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responsibility of rehearsing the orchestra for several pieces and conducting one or two concerts. While a handful of conductors have become well-known celebrities, such as Leonard Bernstein, most are only known within the classical music scene.

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Bülow raised the technical standards of conducting to an unprecedented level through such innovations as separate, detailed rehearsals of different sections of the orchestra ("sectional rehearsal"). In his posts as head of (sequentially) the

477:, said it was "quite exemplary, it's impossible to hear it any better." Nikisch took the London Symphony Orchestra on tour through the United States in April 1912, the first American tour by a European orchestra. He made one of the earliest 353:, all of whom were also composers. Mendelssohn is claimed to have been the first conductor to utilize a wooden baton to keep time, a practice still generally in use today. Prominent conductors who did not or do not use a baton include 290:, rolled sheet of paper, or other object and took many other forms throughout Europe. Having an audible source of beat allowed ensemble members to maintain consistency and execute rhythms with precision before the invention of the 140:

while also conducting the orchestra. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance. However, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how music should be performed.

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and as such qualifies the holder to teach in colleges, universities and conservatories. In addition to academic study, another part of the training pathway for many conductors is conducting amateur orchestras, such as

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What is "appropriate" conducting has evolved over the decades. During the 1970s and prior it was not uncommon for a stationary drum major to do a high-lift mark time on the podium for an audible and visual

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allows communication to be much more rapid. Nonetheless, conductors' techniques still show a great deal of variety, particularly with the use of the left hand, facial and eye expression, and body language.

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in a piece, a strength of Furtwängler's conducting. Along with his interest in the large-scale, Furtwängler also shaped the details of the piece in a particularly compelling and expressive manner.

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nerves, muscles, and joints. Many conductors forcefully throw their right arm when conducting beats, which can lead to back pain and neck tension, and especially puts the conductor at risk for

1027:, a conductor will sometimes indicate "subdivisions" of the beats. The conductor can do this by adding a smaller movement in the same direction as the movement for the beat that it belongs to. 410: 1417:

Classical choral and instrumental conducting have established comprehensive systems of instruction and training. Aspiring conductors can study at colleges, conservatories, and universities.

421:(1830–1894) was particularly celebrated as a conductor, although he also maintained his initial career as a pianist, an instrument on which he was regarded as among the greatest performers. 992:

indicates the first beat of the bar, and the upbeat indicates the beat before the first note of the piece and the last beat of the bar. The instant at which the beat occurs is called the

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he brought a level of nuance and subtlety to orchestral performance previously heard only in solo instrumental playing, and in doing so made a profound impression on young artists like

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The beginnings of conducting as a form of beat-keeping can be traced back to ancient times in the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman societies. Through examining historical records- notably

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associated disability for up to a year or more." Cultivating wholistic body awareness will allow conductors to maintain longevity in their careers with minimal pain and injuries.

86:, and may use other gestures or signals such as facial expression and eye contact. A conductor usually supplements their direction with verbal instructions to their musicians in 567:

Karajan and Bernstein formed another apparent antipode in the 1960s–80s, Karajan as music director of the Berlin Philharmonic (1955–89) and Bernstein as music director of the

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change to a new reed. In some cases, woodwind or brass players will use the pause to switch to a different instrument (e.g., from trumpet to cornet or from clarinet to E

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of a certain section. In amateur orchestras, the rehearsals are often stopped to draw the musicians' attentions to performance errors or transposition mistakes.

4416: 3597: 3218: 985:, indicating each beat with a change from downward to upward motion. The images show the most common beat patterns, as seen from the conductor's point of view. 1805: 1014:

where a baton is tapped at each ictus. The gesture leading up to the ictus is called the "preparation", and the continuous flow of steady beats is called the "

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The median salary of conductors in the U.S. in 2021 was $ 49,130. A 5% growth rate is forecast for conducting jobs from 2021 to 2031, an average growth rate.

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but may sometimes be spontaneous. A distinction is sometimes made between orchestral conducting and choral conducting. Typically, orchestral conductors use a

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reported that in a list of the world's 150 top conductors that year, only five were women." While Mexico has produced several major international conductors,

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In the last third of the 20th century, conducting technique—particularly with the right hand and the baton—became increasingly standardized. Conductors like

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for all the instruments or voices. Since the mid-19th century, most conductors have not played an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of

62:. It has been defined as "the art of directing the simultaneous performance of several players or singers by the use of gesture." The primary duties of the 3667: 1398: 4406: 516:

as the greatest of all Verdi conductors. But Toscanini's repertory was wide, and it was in his interpretations of the German symphonists Beethoven and

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Cueing is most important for cases where a performer or section has not been playing for a lengthy time. Cueing is also helpful in the case of a

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conductors learn on the job by conducting amateur orchestras, school orchestras, and community orchestras (or the equivalent choral ensembles).

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in the music industry". A 2013 article states that in France, out of 574 concerts only 17 were conducted by women and no women conducted at the

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and expression through gestures is also beneficial. Conducting gestures are preferably prepared beforehand by the conductor while studying the

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of the music is typically indicated with the conductor's right hand, with or without a baton. The hand traces a shape in the air in every

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who was thematic director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra from 1973 until 2002 after holding similar posts in San Francisco and Toronto.

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were almost unheard of in the ranks of leading orchestral conductors through most of the 19th and 20th centuries, but today, artists like

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and universities offer a range of conducting programs, including courses in conducting as part of bachelor's degrees, a small number of

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attained greatness as conductors, and they wrote two of the earliest essays dedicated to the subject. Berlioz is considered the first

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In instrumental music throughout the 18th century, a member of the ensemble usually acted as the conductor. This was sometimes the

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the entrances of individual players or sections and to aid indications of dynamics, phrasing, expression, and other elements.

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performers. They may also attend to organizational matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing

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Similarly, conductors of East Asian descent have become more prominent within the contemporary orchestral landscape—notably

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where appropriate. Conductors communicate with their musicians primarily through hand gestures, usually with the aid of a

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clarinet). If the conductor wishes to immediately begin one movement after another for musical reasons, this is called

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in 1886, filling in at the last minute for an indisposed conductor. He is to this day regarded by such authorities as

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Introduction to the Orchestral Conducting Technique in Accordance with the Orchestral Conducting School of Ilya Musin

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A military conductor leads the U.S. Navy band during Memorial Day ceremonies held at Arlington National Cemetery.

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There is a difference between the "textbook" definition of where the ictus of a downbeat occurs and the actual

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conductor. The choral conductor is usually acknowledged for their preparatory work in the concert program.

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in 1828, though Berlioz was later alarmed at Habeneck's loose standards of rehearsal. Pianist and composer

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Changes to the tempo are indicated by changing the speed of the beat. To carry out and to control a

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Technical standards were brought to new levels by the next generation of conductors, including

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F.M. : the life of Frederick Matthias Alexander : founder of the Alexander technique

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piece that the conductor will beat "in two" (two ictus points or beats per bar, as if it were

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Articulation may be indicated by the character of the ictus, ranging from short and sharp for

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direction and cues, particularly in area where the drum major has some discretion, such as a

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more often than choral conductors. The grip of the baton varies from conductor to conductor.

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and selecting members, and promoting their ensemble in the media. Orchestras, choirs,

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in Germany represented someone who audibly tapped the beat on a hard surface using a

283: 229: 225: 187: 133: 114: 106: 2325:, as he demonstrates and discusses the role of a conductor, rehearsing Stravinsky's 2018: 17: 4557: 3298: 3172: 3058: 2969: 2953: 2918: 2828: 2755: 2640: 2463: 1861: 1556: 1435: 1418: 989: 974: 970: 622: 513: 487: 402: 362: 221: 150: 2232:, book and DVD in English, German, Italian, Spanish (Milan: Edizioni Curci, 2007). 673:

has become the first Mexican-born woman to attain distinction in the profession.

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in 2007—the first woman appointed to head a major U.S. orchestra—and also of the

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stated that this aspect of his technique had a strong influence on their own.

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Conductors in Britain, 1870–1914: Wielding the Baton at the Height of Empire

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Conducting requires an understanding of the elements of musical expression (

905: 634: 291: 244:. Respected senior conductors are sometimes referred to by the Italian word 166: 87: 52: 2334: 1189:

When a marching band is performing a field show, there will typically be a

599:

Conductor's score and batons on a lit, extra-large conductor's music stand

2913: 2875: 2710: 2481: 2033: 1885:"The Maestro's Mojo – Breaking Conductors' Down by Gesture and Body Part" 1316: 1114: 1107: 1035: 525:, who emphasized concern for underlying long-range harmonic tensions and 397: 154: 146: 137: 105:

history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In

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in 2012, and Alsop was the first woman to conduct on the last night of

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in a way that reflects the specific indications in that score, set the

59: 994: 220:, particularly for choirs associated with an orchestra. Conductors of 2989: 2725: 2680: 2645: 2630: 1125:, while relaxed hands and soft movements may correspond to legato or 1118: 930: 274:

An early example of utilizing gesture to influence a performance was

94: 1163:), the conductor would hold up two fingers in front of their chest. 3207: 3155: 2843: 2765: 2695: 2564: 2496: 1439: 1438:. Many conductors learn to play a keyboard instrument such as the 1397: 1305: 1212: 1098: 937: 904: 882: 845: 793: 684:, who has held major posts in Germany and France, is bringing the 594: 531: 312: 205: 170: 122: 71: 56: 45: 29: 2191:(2nd revised and updated edition, New York: Citadel Press, 2001). 1405:, a music educator, composer and conductor, (far left) leads the 2994: 2785: 508: 322: 117:), an approach that in modern times has been revived by several 97:

with a large music stand for the full score, which contains the

3372: 2537: 2338: 1969:"Music Directors and Composers: Occupational Outlook Handbook" 1331: 1239: 727: 2126:(Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1959); English edition as 1992:

Alternative Medicine: A Critical Assessment of 150 Modalities

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If the tempo is slow or slowing, or if the time signature is

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in 2005; she is also the first woman conductor to record the

1315:

and so on. A senior conductor may attend some or all of the

625:

lead orchestras. Alsop was appointed music director of the

1734:

A History of Orchestral Conducting: In Theory and Practice

637:. Young scored similar firsts when she became head of the 2171:

A History of Orchestral Conducting in Theory and Practice

1053:

chord, a professional orchestra will often play slightly

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conducting the band. This is known as field conducting.

121:

for music from this period. Conducting while playing a

2189:

The Maestro Myth: Great Conductors in Pursuit of Power

1425:

degrees in conducting, and an even smaller number of

1057:

the striking of the ictus point of the baton stroke.

411:

Orchestre de la Société des concerts du Conservatoire

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Conducting Technique for Beginners and Professionals

1771:"Here's Why You Seldom See Women Leading a Symphony" 1073:; a downward motion (usually palm-down) indicates a 4450: 4379: 3365: 3216: 3126: 3008: 2949: 2871: 2849:

Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries

2814: 2744: 2621: 2571: 1590:(Fifth ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1917:The Art of Conducting Technique: A New Perspective 1713:The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music 1615: 1583: 502:(1886–1954). Toscanini played in orchestras under 1798:"Une main ferme à l'Orchestre national de France" 1049:in professional orchestras. With an abrupt, loud 417:was also a conductor. Wagner's one-time champion 405:. Predecessors who focused on conducting include 1857:"Black conductor fears he will remain exception" 1020:" (the German word for bar, measure and beat). 153:, and other sizable musical ensembles, such as 1582:; Bourne Kennedy, Joyce (2007). "Conducting". 1467:, school orchestras and community orchestras. 1166:In most cases, there is a short pause between 254:), which translates as "master" or "teacher". 2549: 2350: 2220: 2135:A Guide to Successful Instrumental Conducting 2128:The Conductor: His Artistry and Craftsmanship 1566:A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Volume 1 441:, who at age 20 served as his assistant, and 8: 2153:: Musique, spectacle et folie au XIXe siècle 2067:Services, Department of Health & Human. 1015: 199: 193: 185: 2201:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); 1995:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 1609: 1607: 1366:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1274:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1000: 762:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 93:The conductor typically stands on a raised 3369: 2618: 2556: 2542: 2534: 2520: 2357: 2343: 2335: 2242:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 320. 2225:) (Moscow: Muzyka Publishing House, 1967). 1963: 1961: 631:Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo 109:, the group would typically be led by the 3193:Music technology (electronic and digital) 2525:List of principal conductors by orchestra 1538:List of principal conductors by orchestra 1386:Learn how and when to remove this message 1294:Learn how and when to remove this message 782:Learn how and when to remove this message 208:or choruses are sometimes referred to as 1502:A review of evidence provided by the UK 1769:Hannah Levintova (September 23, 2013). 1685:. ABDO Publishing Company. p. 44. 1548: 1407:Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra 232:and other bands may hold the title of 2731:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc 2293:(New York: Macmillan, 2nd ed. 1981); 1830:. Classical-Music.com. Archived from 1796:Victor Tribot Laspière (2013-10-02). 1622:The Cambridge Companion to Conducting 498:(1867–1957) and the German conductor 7: 2133:Larry G. Curtis and David L. Kuehn: 1828:"11 of today's top women conductors" 1413:awards ceremony and concert in 2008. 1364:adding citations to reliable sources 1272:adding citations to reliable sources 760:adding citations to reliable sources 688:to international attention. Notable 2173:(New York: Pendragon Press, 1988); 2130:(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1961). 657:called conducting "one of the last 4407:Classical and art music traditions 2839:History of lute-family instruments 2656:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat 2236:Palmer, Fiona M. (17 March 2017). 1586:Oxford Concise Dictionary of Music 25: 1971:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1883:Wakin, Daniel J. 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In Bowen, José Antonio (ed.). 1517: 1336: 1244: 732: 473:, after hearing him conduct his 469:, who greatly admired his work; 4427:Jazz and popular music glossary 2137:(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992); 1826:Pentreath, Rosie (2015-03-06). 1653:Espie Estrella (6 March 2017). 157:are usually led by conductors. 27:Directing a musical performance 3668:Federated States of Micronesia 1679:Lusted, Marcia Amidon (2011). 1561:John Alexander Fuller Maitland 506:and made his debut conducting 165:The principal conductor of an 1: 2711:Philippine art songs—Kundiman 2631:Afghan classical music—Klasik 2155:(Biarritz: Atlantica, 2006); 1757:The Christian Science Monitor 1617:"The technique of conducting" 541:Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 331: 4572:Record production portal 4417:Cultural and regional genres 2676:Indonesian art music—Gamelan 686:Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra 627:Baltimore Symphony Orchestra 481:of a complete symphony: the 449:was also a noted conductor. 173:company is referred to as a 74:, ensure correct entries by 3188:Music technology (electric) 2726:Thai classical music—Piphat 2681:Japanese court music—Gagaku 2217:The Technique of Conducting 2073:www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au 1732:Galkin, Elliott W. (1988). 981:(measure) depending on the 330:By the early 19th century ( 263:Middle Ages to 18th century 4647: 2834:History of the harpsichord 2721:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka 1626:Cambridge University Press 44:is the art of directing a 4545: 3379: 2661:Chinese traditional music 2517: 2454: 2436: 2376: 2291:The Grammar of Conducting 2221: 2038:. London: Little, Brown. 2001:10.1007/978-3-030-12601-8 1711:Libbey, Theodore (2006). 1490:based on the notion that 431:Meiningen Court Orchestra 184:, or by the German words 78:members, and "shape" the 3543:Central African Republic 3086:Computational musicology 2636:Andalusi classical music 1614:Holden, Raymond (2003). 1499:from repetitive motion. 1117:, to long and fluid for 467:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 4432:Music genres and styles 2736:Western classical music 2706:Persian classical music 2446:Conductorless orchestra 2032:Bloch, Michael (2004). 1946:method-behind-the-music 1533:Conductorless orchestra 1504:National Health Service 663:National Opéra in Paris 4631:Positions of authority 4412:Classical music genres 3488:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3029:Doctor of Musical Arts 2854:History of the trumpet 2666:Indian classical music 1989:Ernst, Edzard (2019). 1525:Classical music portal 1427:doctor of musical arts 1414: 1328:Training and education 1311: 1110: 1095:Other musical elements 1016: 1001: 925: 902: 880: 843: 643:Philharmoniker Hamburg 600: 544: 327: 301:, who could use their 200: 194: 186: 129:may also be done with 38: 4238:São Tomé and Príncipe 4113:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4093:Republic of the Congo 2859:History of the violin 2222:Техника дирижирования 2124:The Art of Conducting 2093:"Alexander technique" 2069:"Alexander technique" 1942:"Advanced Conducting" 1736:, p. 521. Pendragon. 1430:the major periods of 1401: 1309: 1102: 908: 886: 849: 797: 598: 569:New York Philharmonic 535: 347:Louis-Antoine Jullien 320:conducting his opera 316: 66:are to interpret the 33: 4626:Occupations in music 4308:United Arab Emirates 3081:Cognitive musicology 1569:, p. 581. Macmillan. 1360:improve this section 1268:improve this section 1219:Assisting musicality 1047:performance practice 756:improve this section 608:Hortense von Gelmini 427:Bavarian State Opera 381:(for a period), and 343:Carl Maria von Weber 113:or first violinist ( 18:Orchestral conductor 4621:Musical terminology 4458:Aesthetics of music 4273:Trinidad and Tobago 3408:Antigua and Barbuda 2892:Band (rock and pop) 2816:Musical instruments 2691:Lao classical music 1497:rotator cuff injury 1488:alternative therapy 1484:Alexander Technique 1197:Conducting patterns 671:Alondra de la Parra 639:Hamburg State Opera 558:Herbert von Karajan 500:Wilhelm Furtwängler 435:Berlin Philharmonic 383:Dimitri Mitropoulos 35:Herbert von Karajan 4611:Artistic directors 4606:Conductors (music) 4520:Musical instrument 4488:Music and politics 3618:Dominican Republic 3366:By sovereign state 2686:Korean court music 2646:Azerbaijani Mugham 2313:The New York Times 2269:Frederik Prausnitz 1890:The New York Times 1855:(10 August 2004). 1853:Higgins, Charlotte 1715:, p. 44. Workman. 1415: 1312: 1111: 926: 903: 881: 844: 716:' 2004 article in 601: 545: 409:, who founded the 328: 294:many years later. 198:(in the feminine, 39: 37:conducting in 1941 4616:Music performance 4593: 4592: 4478:Music and fashion 4473:Music and emotion 4375: 4374: 3643:Equatorial Guinea 3139:A-side and B-side 3044:Music archaeology 3019:Bachelor of Music 2867: 2866: 2801:Psychedelic music 2796:Progressive music 2716:Scottish Ceòl Mór 2531: 2530: 2167:Elliott W. Galkin 2010:978-3-030-12600-1 1927:978-1-4574-6032-6 1912:Farberman, Harold 1478:Injury prevention 1396: 1395: 1388: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1206:Controlling tempo 792: 791: 784: 714:Charlotte Higgins 584:Willem Mengelberg 562:Leonard Bernstein 550:Leopold Stokowski 537:Leonard Bernstein 523:Heinrich Schenker 443:Felix Weingartner 407:François Habeneck 371:Leopold Stokowski 351:Felix Mendelssohn 204:). Conductors of 16:(Redirected from 4638: 4582: 4581: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4558:Music portal 4556: 4555: 4554: 4510:Music technology 4498:Environmentalism 4451:Related articles 4058:Papua New Guinea 3923:Marshall Islands 3370: 3316:Central American 3054:Music psychology 2939:Backing vocalist 2776:Electronic music 2619: 2573:History of music 2558: 2551: 2544: 2535: 2523: 2522: 2509:Women conductors 2504:Black conductors 2359: 2352: 2345: 2336: 2273:Score and Podium 2265: 2263: 2261: 2256:on 29 March 2017 2252:. Archived from 2224: 2223: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2029: 2023: 2022: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1965: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1920:. Alfred Music. 1908: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1766: 1760: 1751: 1745: 1730: 1724: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1619: 1611: 1602: 1601: 1589: 1580:Kennedy, Michael 1576: 1570: 1553: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1465:youth orchestras 1411:NEA Jazz Masters 1391: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1340: 1332: 1299: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1248: 1240: 1185:Field conducting 1176: 1175: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1019: 1004: 923: 922: 921: 920: 900: 899: 898: 897: 878: 877: 876: 875: 863: 862: 861: 860: 841: 840: 839: 838: 826: 825: 824: 823: 811: 810: 809: 808: 787: 780: 776: 773: 767: 736: 728: 690:black conductors 682:Myung-Whun Chung 616: 604:Women conductors 560:(1908–1989) and 496:Arturo Toscanini 336: 333: 203: 197: 191: 99:musical notation 21: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4566: 4564: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4468:Fictional music 4446: 4371: 4178:Solomon Islands 4023:North Macedonia 3375: 3361: 3223: 3221:regional genres 3220: 3212: 3178:Record producer 3122: 3111:Sociomusicology 3096:Ethnomusicology 3024:Master of Music 3004: 2963: 2945: 2902:All-female band 2885: 2863: 2810: 2747: 2740: 2696:Mandé art music 2671:Byzantine music 2617: 2567: 2562: 2532: 2527: 2513: 2450: 2432: 2372: 2363: 2308: 2259: 2257: 2250: 2235: 2228:Ennio Nicotra: 2195:Brock McElheran 2185:Norman Lebrecht 2116: 2114:Further reading 2111: 2102: 2100: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2075: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2046: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2011: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1959: 1950: 1948: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1837: 1835: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1779: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1752: 1748: 1731: 1727: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1655:"The Conductor" 1652: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1563:, eds. 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1926: 1914:(1999-11-27). 1903: 1875: 1844: 1818: 1802:France Musique 1788: 1761: 1746: 1725: 1704: 1691: 1671: 1645: 1638: 1603: 1596: 1571: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1512: 1509: 1479: 1476: 1434:and regarding 1394: 1393: 1344: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1302: 1301: 1252: 1250: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1220: 1217: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1186: 1183: 1154: 1139: 1096: 1093: 1082: 1079: 1062: 1059: 983:time signature 965: 964:Beat and tempo 962: 915: 892: 870: 855: 833: 818: 803: 790: 789: 740: 738: 731: 725: 722: 710:Michael Morgan 702:James DePreist 659:glass ceilings 651:Richard Wagner 592: 589: 573:Symphony No. 9 554:Otto Klemperer 504:Giuseppe Verdi 463:Anton Bruckner 459:Arthur Nikisch 454: 451: 419:Hans von Bülow 394:Richard Wagner 390:Hector Berlioz 388:The composers 379:Eugene Ormandy 375:Vasily Safonov 318:Giuseppe Verdi 310: 307: 264: 261: 259: 256: 230:marching bands 226:military bands 176:music director 162: 159: 134:pit orchestras 111:harpsichordist 26: 24: 14: 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2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2985:Improvisation 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2934:Lead vocalist 2932: 2931: 2930: 2929:Military band 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2781:Hip hop music 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2771:Country music 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2701:Ottoman music 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2611: 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Cambridge: 1623: 1618: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597:9780199203833 1593: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1486:is a popular 1485: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:Music schools 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1390: 1387: 1379: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1345:This section 1343: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1308: 1298: 1295: 1287: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1253:This section 1251: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1205: 1203: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1169: 1164: 1157: 1142: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1106:leads a jazz 1105: 1104:Gerald Wilson 1101: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1003: 997: 996: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 963: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 918: 907: 895: 885: 873: 858: 848: 836: 821: 806: 796: 786: 783: 775: 765: 761: 757: 751: 750: 746: 741:This section 739: 735: 730: 729: 723: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 614: 609: 605: 597: 590: 588: 585: 580: 576: 574: 570: 565: 563: 559: 556:(1885–1973), 555: 552:(1882–1977), 551: 542: 538: 534: 530: 528: 524: 519: 515: 511: 510: 505: 501: 497: 491: 489: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 452: 450: 448: 447:Gustav Mahler 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 395: 391: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355:Pierre Boulez 352: 348: 344: 340: 325: 324: 319: 315: 308: 306: 304: 300: 299:concertmaster 295: 293: 289: 285: 284:Kapellmeister 279: 277: 272: 270: 269:hieroglyphics 262: 257: 255: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 235: 234:band director 231: 227: 223: 222:concert bands 219: 215: 214:chorus master 211: 207: 202: 196: 190: 189: 188:Kapellmeister 183: 179: 177: 172: 168: 160: 158: 156: 152: 151:concert bands 148: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 115:concertmaster 112: 108: 107:Baroque music 104: 100: 96: 91: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 58: 54: 51:, such as an 50: 47: 43: 36: 32: 19: 4577: 4563: 4549: 4338:Vatican City 4288:Turkmenistan 4188:South Africa 4158:Sierra Leone 4138:Saudi Arabia 3513:Burkina Faso 3173:Record label 3059:Music school 2919:Concert band 2829:Angular harp 2756:Circus music 2641:Arabic music 2475: / 2466: / 2459:Articulation 2395: 2365: 2326: 2323:Alan Gilbert 2317:, including 2312: 2290: 2272: 2258:. Retrieved 2254:the original 2238: 2229: 2216: 2198: 2188: 2170: 2149: 2134: 2127: 2123: 2101:. Retrieved 2099:. 2017-10-17 2096: 2087: 2076:. Retrieved 2072: 2062: 2034: 2027: 1991: 1984: 1973:. Retrieved 1949:. Retrieved 1945: 1936: 1916: 1906: 1894:. Retrieved 1888: 1878: 1866:. Retrieved 1862:The Guardian 1860: 1847: 1836:. Retrieved 1832:the original 1821: 1810:. Retrieved 1801: 1791: 1780:. Retrieved 1776:Mother Jones 1774: 1764: 1755: 1749: 1733: 1728: 1712: 1707: 1696:. Retrieved 1681: 1674: 1662:. Retrieved 1658: 1648: 1621: 1585: 1574: 1564: 1557:George Grove 1551: 1501: 1492:poor posture 1481: 1473: 1469: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1436:music theory 1416: 1382: 1373: 1358:Please help 1346: 1322: 1313: 1290: 1281: 1266:Please help 1254: 1222: 1209: 1200: 1188: 1165: 1155: 1140: 1131: 1112: 1084: 1064: 1054: 1044: 1040: 1029: 1022: 1007: 999: 993: 987: 967: 946:articulation 935: 927: 916: 893: 871: 856: 834: 819: 804: 778: 772:January 2020 769: 754:Please help 742: 718:The Guardian 717: 706:Paul Freeman 675: 666: 655:The Guardian 654: 623:Simone Young 602: 591:21st century 581: 577: 566: 546: 514:James Levine 507: 492: 488:Fritz Reiner 456: 453:20th century 423: 387: 363:James Conlon 329: 321: 309:19th century 296: 280: 273: 266: 251: 245: 241: 237: 233: 217: 213: 209: 181: 174: 164: 161:Nomenclature 143: 92: 63: 41: 40: 4442:Terminology 4422:Instruments 4228:Switzerland 4198:South Sudan 4193:South Korea 4118:Saint Lucia 4073:Philippines 4018:North Korea 3998:New Zealand 3993:Netherlands 3798:Ivory Coast 3638:El Salvador 3383:Afghanistan 3350:Micronesian 3151:Compilation 3064:Composition 2959:Composition 2924:Disc jockey 2897:Backup band 2824:Arched Harp 2581:Prehistoric 1409:during the 1403:David Baker 1088:pedal point 1032:rallentando 1012:music stand 694:Henry Lewis 678:Seiji Ozawa 619:Marin Alsop 611: [ 527:resolutions 415:Franz Liszt 339:Louis Spohr 335: 1820 250:(feminine, 218:choirmaster 127:synthesizer 49:performance 4600:Categories 4328:Uzbekistan 4248:Tajikistan 4153:Seychelles 4133:San Marino 3968:Mozambique 3958:Montenegro 3928:Mauritania 3893:Madagascar 3888:Luxembourg 3843:Kyrgyzstan 3818:Kazakhstan 3623:East Timor 3573:Costa Rica 3538:Cape Verde 3448:Bangladesh 3433:Azerbaijan 3355:Polynesian 3345:Melanesian 3127:Production 3106:Organology 3071:Musicology 2806:Soul music 2761:Folk music 2746:Vernacular 2477:Resolution 2441:Cheironomy 2428:Répétiteur 2386:Bandmaster 2381:Bandleader 2366:Conducting 2287:Max Rudolf 2213:Ilya Musin 2103:2022-12-06 2078:2022-12-06 1975:2023-01-16 1951:2024-06-28 1838:2016-01-20 1812:2016-10-17 1782:2016-01-20 1698:2019-01-31 1628:. p. 1544:References 1444:pipe organ 1226:ritardando 1191:drum major 1127:espressivo 1075:diminuendo 827:, or fast 698:Dean Dixon 647:Ring Cycle 479:recordings 359:Kurt Masur 276:cheironomy 242:drum major 238:bandmaster 201:Dirigentin 53:orchestral 42:Conducting 4463:Album era 4343:Venezuela 4208:Sri Lanka 4163:Singapore 4048:Palestine 4003:Nicaragua 3933:Mauritius 3883:Lithuania 3768:Indonesia 3723:Guatemala 3423:Australia 3413:Argentina 3333:Caribbean 3287:Southeast 3012:and study 3010:Education 3000:Technique 2881:Ensembles 2791:Pop music 2623:Art music 2601:Religious 2396:Conductor 2370:directing 1376:July 2020 1347:does not 1317:auditions 1284:July 2020 1255:does not 1168:movements 1071:crescendo 1051:sforzando 998:(plural: 743:does not 724:Technique 667:Bachtrack 635:The Proms 292:metronome 167:orchestra 155:big bands 147:auditions 88:rehearsal 64:conductor 4584:Category 4397:Timeline 4368:Zimbabwe 4258:Thailand 4253:Tanzania 4218:Suriname 4173:Slovenia 4168:Slovakia 4083:Portugal 4063:Paraguay 4038:Pakistan 3953:Mongolia 3908:Maldives 3903:Malaysia 3828:Kiribati 3748:Honduras 3663:Ethiopia 3658:Eswatini 3613:Dominica 3608:Djibouti 3563:Colombia 3528:Cameroon 3523:Cambodia 3508:Bulgaria 3493:Botswana 3453:Barbados 3340:Oceanian 3294:European 3250:Southern 3183:Sampling 2980:Notation 2914:Big band 2876:Musician 2606:Biblical 2492:Phrasing 2487:Dynamics 2423:Prompter 2408:Director 2260:28 March 2054:56328352 2019:34148480 1896:26 April 1806:Archived 1511:See also 1174:♭ 1115:staccato 1108:big band 1066:Dynamics 1061:Dynamics 1025:compound 990:downbeat 950:phrasing 942:dynamics 692:include 398:virtuoso 195:Dirigent 138:concerto 80:phrasing 76:ensemble 4493:Warfare 4392:Outline 4348:Vietnam 4333:Vanuatu 4323:Uruguay 4303:Ukraine 4278:Tunisia 4183:Somalia 4143:Senegal 4098:Romania 4013:Nigeria 3978:Namibia 3973:Myanmar 3963:Morocco 3943:Moldova 3868:Liberia 3863:Lesotho 3858:Lebanon 3803:Jamaica 3783:Ireland 3758:Iceland 3753:Hungary 3718:Grenada 3703:Germany 3698:Georgia 3678:Finland 3653:Estonia 3648:Eritrea 3628:Ecuador 3603:Denmark 3578:Croatia 3568:Comoros 3518:Burundi 3483:Bolivia 3463:Belgium 3458:Belarus 3443:Bahrain 3438:Bahamas 3428:Austria 3418:Armenia 3398:Andorra 3393:Algeria 3388:Albania 3267:Central 3235:Central 3230:African 2613:Secular 2596:Martial 2586:Ancient 2473:Cadence 2418:Maestro 1868:19 June 1664:9 March 1442:or the 1368:removed 1353:sources 1276:removed 1261:sources 1230:fermata 1179:attacca 1123:marcato 1008:ictuses 764:removed 749:sources 543:in 1985 326:in 1881 258:History 252:maestra 247:maestro 60:concert 46:musical 4402:Albums 4363:Zambia 4298:Uganda 4293:Tuvalu 4283:Turkey 4243:Taiwan 4223:Sweden 4148:Serbia 4108:Rwanda 4103:Russia 4078:Poland 4053:Panama 4028:Norway 3948:Monaco 3938:Mexico 3898:Malawi 3853:Latvia 3838:Kuwait 3833:Kosovo 3813:Jordan 3788:Israel 3738:Guyana 3728:Guinea 3713:Greece 3693:Gambia 3683:France 3588:Cyprus 3533:Canada 3503:Brunei 3498:Brazil 3478:Bhutan 3468:Belize 3403:Angola 3374: 3304:Nordic 3299:Balkan 3134:Single 3039:Method 2990:Lyrics 2954:Theory 2297: 2279: 2246: 2205: 2177: 2159: 2141: 2097:nhs.uk 2052: 2042: 2017: 2007: 1924: 1740: 1719: 1689: 1636: 1594: 1119:legato 1081:Cueing 1036:cueing 973:. The 971:upbeat 931:timbre 708:, and 518:Brahms 433:, and 206:choirs 95:podium 57:choral 4437:Songs 4387:Index 4380:Lists 4358:Yemen 4268:Tonga 4233:Syria 4213:Sudan 4203:Spain 4128:Samoa 4088:Qatar 4043:Palau 4008:Niger 3988:Nepal 3983:Nauru 3918:Malta 3873:Libya 3823:Kenya 3808:Japan 3793:Italy 3763:India 3743:Haiti 3708:Ghana 3688:Gabon 3633:Egypt 3558:China 3553:Chile 3473:Benin 3282:South 3262:Asian 3245:North 3208:Remix 3203:Cover 3161:Remix 2975:Genre 2844:Nafir 2766:Blues 2748:music 2591:Dance 2565:Music 2497:Tempo 2468:Meter 2401:baton 2315:video 2015:S2CID 1440:piano 1236:Roles 1213:tempo 1055:after 1002:ictūs 995:ictus 958:baton 954:score 938:tempo 909:slow 615:] 288:staff 240:, or 216:, or 192:, or 171:opera 123:piano 84:baton 72:tempo 68:score 4530:Folk 4263:Togo 4068:Peru 4033:Oman 3913:Mali 3848:Laos 3778:Iraq 3773:Iran 3673:Fiji 3583:Cuba 3548:Chad 3272:East 3255:West 3240:East 3156:Live 2995:Song 2970:Form 2786:Jazz 2464:Beat 2368:and 2295:ISBN 2277:ISBN 2262:2017 2244:ISBN 2203:ISBN 2175:ISBN 2157:ISBN 2139:ISBN 2050:OCLC 2040:ISBN 2005:ISBN 1922:ISBN 1898:2012 1870:2017 1738:ISBN 1717:ISBN 1687:ISBN 1666:2018 1634:ISBN 1592:ISBN 1555:Sir 1482:The 1351:any 1349:cite 1259:any 1257:cite 1017:takt 988:The 975:beat 924:time 901:time 879:time 842:time 747:any 745:cite 641:and 621:and 509:Aida 465:and 403:beat 392:and 349:and 323:Aida 3034:PhD 2482:Cue 2321:of 1997:doi 1362:by 1270:by 1228:or 1006:or 979:bar 864:or 758:by 665:. 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