563:(DHT) which stimulates the growth of prostate cells. This leads to normal prostate growth in adolescents but contributes to abnormal cell growth in older men." Reducing the amount of testosterone in a person is one way in which prostate cancer is treated. If the prostate cancer is in fact metastatic, then orchiectomy may be used "...to abolish the stimulation of cancer cells by inhibiting testicular testosterone production and thereby reducing androgen levels in the blood: so-called androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)." Castration or orchiectomy is a suitable option for androgen deprivation therapy, and it should be used if a very quick reduction in testosterone levels is needed. However, in recent years, orchiectomy is not commonly used since medical castration is a viable option. Medical castration means that drugs or medications are used to suppress the production of androgens such as testosterone. Some examples of medications used in medical castration include, euprolide, goserelin (Zoladex), buserelin, and triptorelin (Trelstar). Some of the side effects of these medications include but are not limited to "Reduced sexual desire and libido, Impotence, reduced size of testes and penis, hot flashes, growth of breast tissue (gynaecomastia) and pain across the breasts, thinning of the bones or osteoporosis and risk of fracture, anemia, loss of muscle mass, weight gain, fatigue and memory problems, and depression."
370:
are feelings of shame and loss, which are more evident in young and single men than older and non-single men. As many as one third of individuals who will undergo orchiectomy are not offered the option of having a testicular prosthesis. Data shows that simply offering testicular prosthesis to individuals undergoing orchioectomy is psychologically beneficial. While some individuals do not mind losing a testicle, studies have shown that there is a change in body image in testicular cancer survivors who have undergone orchiectomy and an improvement in body image in 50-60% of individuals who undergo testicular prosthesis placement. One year after testicular prosthesis placement, there are reports of increase in self-esteem and psychological well-being during sexual activity in a study that followed up on post-orchiectomy individuals including adolescents. On the other hand, there is a current debate whether children undergoing orchiectomy should be offered testicular prosthesis to be inserted at the time of orchiectomy procedure.
588:. Most malignant tumors found in pre-pubertal individuals are pure yolk sac tumors. There is a difference in pre-pubertal, post-pubertal, and adult testis tumors in their histology and their level of malignancy with malignant tumors being rare in the pre-pubertal pediatric population. There has been a consideration to switch to testes sparing surgery (TSS) such as partial orchiectomy specifically for the pre-puberty pediatric populations who lack signs of malignant tumors. Partial orchiectomy allows the ability to preserve hormone function and the possibility of reproduction in the future. It has also been found to increase the quality of life. In the case that an individual is pediatric (<18 years of age) and is a post-pubertal with a malignant testes tumor, they must follow the adult recommended standard guidelines and proceed with radical inguinal orchiectomy.
49:
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297:) and complete a fertility assessment prior to surgery. In addition, testicular prosthesis placement counseling and education is encouraged to be given before an individual undergoes orchiectomy or before inguinal exploration with possibility of orchiectomy. This is an elective surgery which can be done at the time of orchiectomy. Testicular prosthesic placement has known psychological benefits (see below). Although risks for complications with prosthesis is low, individuals should also be informed of the possibility of infection, rotation, and replacement of prosthesis.
597:
presence of a benign tumor. Although partial orchiectomy is controversial for this group of individuals, it has been found to be a successful procedure for benign masses such as stromal tumors, epidermoid cysts, and fibrous pseudotumors. There is greater use of partial orchiectomy with individuals who have small, benign testicular mass usually < 2 cm which indicate the tumors being benign. There is limited data on the size of tumors of the pediatric population, therefore, size cannot be used as a predictor of a tumor being benign.
491:
individual may avoid the need of the surgical approach of inguinal orchiectomy. Inguinal orchiectomy is the gold standard treatment approach for those with confirmed malignancy of testicular cancer. Thus, it is imperative to diagnose the individual as having benign tumor vs. malignant tumor. Benign tumors are cancerous masses typically outside the testicle or surrounding it (extratesticular), whereas the malignant tumors typically lie within/inside the testicle (intratesticular).
530:. Individuals with seminomas are 80-85% likely to have a stage 1 diagnosis and the individual must undergo surveillance every 3–6 months in the first year following their orchiectomy, with an abdominal/pelvic CT at 3, 6 and 12 months. Additional treatment such as chemotherapy may be given if they have risk factors for a relapse. Men with stage 1 seminoma after orchiectomy have been shown to be free from a relapse for five years following orchiectomy.
391:. Bilateral orchiectomy is considered first before undergoing vaginoplasty. Vaginoplasty can still be administered after undergoing bilateral orchiectomy, as the orchiectomy preserves the penoscrotal skin that can later be transformed into a skin flap. Additionally, it is an option for those who are unable to undergo vaginoplasty due to the risk of complications.
609:
596:
The post-pubertal pediatric population and adults are at higher risk of malignant tumors and usually have a histology of a mixed germ cell tumor. Their first line of treatment is radical orchiectomy; however, they may be candidates for testis-sparing surgery such as partial orchiectomy, if there is a
522:
Partial orchiectomy, also known as testis-sparing surgery, is another treatment option for smaller testicular masses which is becoming widely popular in recent years. This treatment option is an alternative to remove testicular cancer masses which are <20 mm, have a high probability of being
369:
The loss of one or both testicles from orchiectomy can have severe implications in a male's identity and self-image surrounding masculinity, such that it can lead to an individual having thoughts of hopelessness, inadequacy, and loss. Among testicular cancer survivors who have lost a testicle, there
292:
Guidelines state that fertility counseling should be offered to all patients undergoing inguinal orchiectomy, as there is a risk of reduced fertility or infertility. Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) accounts for 95% of cases of testicular cancer in young men. TGCT is associated with abnormal semen
271:
Partial orchiectomy is an option for individuals with testicular masses that want to preserve their testes and their function. During surgery, the testis is exposed in a similar way to inguinal orchiectomy. Once the testis is exposed and the spermatic cord is clamped, there is a current debate as to
262:
is removed, as well as the testicle(s). A long, non-absorbable suture may be left in the stump of the spermatic cord in case later surgery is deemed necessary. After the cord and testicle(s) have been removed, the surgeon washes the area with saline solution and closes the layers of tissues and skin
439:
Criteria from the World
Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) are used as a framework to guide health care professionals in approving or denying an orchiectomy. When a transgender individual wants to complete an orchiectomy, they are in a state of gender incongruence and they must
330:
Risks and complications should be discussed with an individual pre-operatively. Risks and complications for inguinal orchiectomy include scrotal hematoma (accumulation of blood in the scrotum), infection, post-operative pain (60% initially, 1.8% one year after), phantom testis syndrome (pain in the
571:
Until the mid-1980s, pediatric testis tumors were managed in accordance with adult guidelines where the standard therapy was radical inguinal orchiectomy. It was later discovered that this procedure was being overused in the pediatric population, particularly those in pre-puberty, because it was
490:
The
American Urological Association (AUA) and European Association of Urology (EAU) 2019 guidelines recommend imaging with testicular ultrasound in any individual suspected of having testicular cancer following a physical examination. The ultrasound aids in differentiating diagnoses so that the
494:
An orchiectomy is used not only as a treatment option, but also as a diagnostic tool for testicular cancer. Before an orchiectomy is deemed necessary, liver function tests, tumor markers, and various blood panels are taken to confirm the presence of testicular cancer. Tumor markers that may be
305:
Following orchiectomy, those who have undergone the procedure are advised to avoid bathing, swimming, and heavy lifting for at least one month. If an individual had previously been taking hormone and/or hormone-blocking medications, modifications to their medication would be needed after the
457:
Additionally, persons wishing to go through with the procedure are required to obtain referrals from two independent qualified mental health professionals. This referral should include "the individual's demographic information, psychosocial assessment results, duration of the therapeutic
558:
Prostate cancer, if non-metastatic, is commonly treated with radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. Less often, orchiectomy is used to treat prostate cancer. Prostate cancer grows in the presence of testosterone. When testosterone is present, " it is metabolized and converted into
284:. Following enucleation, biopsies are taken of the tissues surrounding the testicle where the mass once was. Afterwards, each layer or tunica of the testis is sutured up and the testis is placed back in the scrotum. The skin layers are also closed up with sutures.
426:. Orchiectomy allows individuals to stop taking these medications and avoid these adverse effects. It is also an alternative for trans women who have contraindications to antiandrogens and is a minimally invasive procedure to eliminate testosterone levels.
257:
An inguinal orchiectomy can be either unilateral (one testicle) or bilateral (both testicles). The surgeon makes an incision in the groin area (in contrast to an incision in the scrotum, as is done in both simple and subcapsular orchiectomies). The entire
572:
assumed that the tumor was malignant. It was discovered that the majority of the pediatric tumor registries over reported malignant tumors and had biased reporting. It has now been found that most tumors are benign lesions and the majority are cases of
357:. It has been discovered that some individuals with a history of prostate cancer who had bilateral orchiectomy had effects on their new bone production, resulting in increased risk of bone fractures due to testosterone deficiency after the procedure.
360:
Bilateral orchiectomy also reduces the use of exogenous medications for transgender women; the reduction in testosterone eliminates the need for testosterone-blocking medications and can contribute to feminizing features such as breast enlargement.
466:
An individual seeking to undergo orchiectomy is evaluated by a healthcare provider to ensure that the procedure is safe. Many candidates for orchiectomy are on estrogen therapy before the operation, which increases risk of intraoperative
546:) and suspected to no longer be a functioning testicle (no fertility). Delays in diagnosis and treatment increase the risk of orchiectomy, with diagnosis in the first four to eight hours of symptoms being critical to prevent permanent
741:
Washington, S.; Bayne, D.; Butler, C.; Garcia, M. (February 2017). "Bilateral
Orchiectomy For Transgender Patients: An Efficient Surgical Technique That Anticipates Future Vaginoplasty and is Associated with Minimal Morbidity".
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that surrounds each testicle is removed rather than the entire testis itself. This type of orchiectomy is performed to remove testosterone-producing glandular tissue while maintaining the appearance of an ordinary scrotum.
398:, the procedure allows trans women to stop taking testosterone-blocking medications, which may cause unwanted side effects. Some common testosterone-blocking medications that most use before undergoing orchiectomy are
314:, are stopped, and estrogen hormones can be resumed at the doctor's discretion. Post-operative pain management includes icing the surgical site, wearing supportive underwear, and the use of pain relief medications (
542:, the orchiectomy rate is as high as 42%. Though the goal during surgery is to correct the twist of the spermatic cord, orchiectomy is performed if the testicle is examined during the surgery to have dead tissue (
519:. An inguinal orchiectomy is the primary treatment for any cancerous tumor that is found in the testicles; however, in cases where tumors are small, testis- or testes-sparing surgery may be performed instead.
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kidney as a result from trauma from the testicle), reduced fertility, and with the more rare complications being inguinal hernia, ilioinguinal nerve injury, tumor spillage, and hypogonadism.
479:
are at higher risk of developing VTE. For these high-risk populations, the use of sequential compression devices during the operation is recommended to prevent VTE complications.
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parameters. Because testicular cancer is commonly diagnosed in young, fertile men, it is critical that these individuals be educated on preserving their semen through freezing (
210:
A subcapsular orchiectomy is also commonly performed for treatment of prostate cancer. The operation is similar to that of a simple orchiectomy, with the exception that the
2024:
1723:
1234:
Cappuccio, F.; Rossetti, S.; Cavaliere, C.; Iovane, G.; Taibi, R.; D’Aniello, C.; Imbimbo, C.; Facchini, S.; Abate, V.; Barberio, D.; Facchini, G. (February 2018).
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which means submitting the organ, in this case the testis, into a cold/freezing environment. Whether or not it is submerged and frozen, the next step is to cut the
475:(prevention) is necessary. Current smokers, individuals with limited mobility, individuals older than the age of 40, and individuals who have a medical history of
1793:
512:
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relationship, type of evaluation and therapy performed, if the criteria for surgery have been met and if informed consent has been obtained from the patient."
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Ferreira U, Netto Júnior NR, Esteves SC, Rivero MA, Schirren C (1991). "Comparative study of the fertility potential of men with only one testis".
48:
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Haupt, Claudia; Henke, Miriam; Kutschmar, Alexia; Hauser, Birgit; Baldinger, Sandra; Saenz, Sarah
Rafaela; Schreiber, Gerhard (28 November 2020).
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182:. The nurse shaves a small area for the incision. After anesthetic has been administered, the surgeon makes an incision in the midpoint of the
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Testicular cancer most commonly occurs in males ages 15 to 34. In 2017, there were 8,850 new cases and 410 deaths in the United States.
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causes infertility and greatly reduced testosterone levels. This can lead to side effects including loss of sexual interest,
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is suspected, in order to prevent a possible spread of cancer from the spermatic cord into the lymph nodes near the kidneys.
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which act benign in pre-puberty pediatric individuals along with other benign tumors that have been reported such as:
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benign, and with negative serum tumor markers. Its benefits include preserving fertility and normal hormone function.
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2014:
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Less frequently, orchiectomy may be performed following a trauma, or due to wasting away of one or more testicles.
1236:"Health-related quality of life and psychosocial implications in testicular cancer survivors. A literature review"
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and an ultrasound is used to find the tumor. After, the tumor is scraped away from the testis in a process called
2009:
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Woo LL, Ross JH (2016). "The role of testis-sparing surgery in children and adolescents with testicular tumors".
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406:. Common side effects caused by spironolactone are drowsiness, confusion, headache, fatigue, nausea/vomiting,
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can be inserted before the incision is closed to present an outward appearance of a pre-surgical scrotum.
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500:
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1136:"Antiandrogen or estradiol treatment or both during hormone therapy in transitioning transgender women"
969:"The Association Between Testis Cancer and Semen Abnormalities Before Orchiectomy: A Systematic Review"
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1285:"The modern testicular prosthesis: patient selection and counseling, surgical technique, and outcomes"
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507:. These markers are rechecked after orchiectomy to stage the testicular cancer. Imaging, including
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Unilateral orchiectomy results in decreased sperm count but does not reduce testosterone levels.
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918:"Radical inguinal orchidectomy: the gold standard for initial management of testicular cancer"
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for transgender women. It may be performed as a standalone procedure or at the same time as a
251:
156:
109:
67:
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Prater, J. M.; Overdorf, B. S. (September 1991). "Testicular torsion: a surgical emergency".
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Schepisi G, De Padova S, De Lisi D, Casadei C, Meggiolaro E, Ruffilli F, et al. (2019).
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and cuts through the underlying tissue. The surgeon removes the testicles and parts of the
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Hehemann MC, Walsh TJ (2019). "Orchiectomy as Bridge or
Alternative to Vaginoplasty".
2003:
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Holm, Henriette Veiby; Dahl, Alv A.; Klepp, Olbjørn Harald; Fosså, Sophie D. (2017).
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may be needed. A follow-up appointment to monitor recovery and healing is routine.
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471:(VTE); thus, the provider must take this risk into account and determine whether
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meet the criteria before having the procedure done. The criteria are as follows:
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Sharp, Victoria J.; Kieran, Kathleen; Arlen, Angela M. (15 December 2013).
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with sutures. The wound is then covered with sterile gauze and bandaged.
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1473:[Modern treatment of prostate cancer with distant metastases].
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Baird, Drew C.; Meyers, Garrett J.; Hu, Jocelyn S. (15 February 2018).
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696:"A Simple Guide for Simple Orchiectomy in Transition-Related Surgeries"
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For the procedure, the person lies flat on an operating table with the
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1422:
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World
Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) criteria
422:). Cyproterone can cause side effects such as fatigue, low mood, and
447:(ii) capacity to make informed decisions and consent to treatment,
1512:"The role of LHRH antagonists in the treatment of prostate cancer"
450:(iii) well-controlled medical or mental health comorbidities, and
217:
1185:"Psychosocial Issues in Long-Term Survivors of Testicular Cancer"
967:
Djaladat H, Burner E, Parikh PM, Beroukhim Kay D, Hays K (2014).
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through the incision. The incision is closed with two layers of
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Francis C, Grober E, Potter E, Blodgett N, Krakowsky Y (2020).
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are removed. The surgery can be performed for various reasons:
30:"Orchi" redirects here. For the village in Zanjan, Iran, see
483:
Orchiectomy as diagnosis and treatment for testicular cancer
318:) such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen; for more severe pain,
167:. A simple orchiectomy may also be required in the event of
786:"Testicular torsion: diagnosis, evaluation, and management"
134:
after a trauma or complex rupture of the tunica albuginea.
1471:"Moderne behandling av prostatakreft med fjernmetastaser"
1240:
European Review for
Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
882:"Surgical Procedures: Orchiectomy — radical/simple"
1053:"Osteoporosis in breast and prostate cancer survivors"
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procedure. Any androgen-blocking medications, such as
151:
A simple orchiectomy is commonly performed as part of
526:
About half of testicular cancer germ cell tumors are
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are also performed after orchiectomy to evaluate for
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Orchiectomy as a complication of testicular torsion
66:
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1658:"Overview of pediatric testicular tumors in Korea"
550:, decreased fertility, and need for orchiectomy.
1566:radical orchiectomy for pediatric testis tumors"
1374:Schick, Michael A.; Sternard, Britni T. (2022).
1510:Crawford, E. David; Hou, Amy H. (1 June 2009).
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1018:Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology
973:Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology
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827:Alberta Government and Alberta Health Services
538:Among children and adolescents diagnosed with
453:(iv) the use of hormone therapy for 12 months.
383:Bilateral simple orchiectomy is one option of
379:Orchiectomy as a gender reassignment procedure
1794:Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate
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1345:"Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment"
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53:Diagram of the incisions in an orchiectomy
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353:), weight gain, loss of muscle mass, and
27:Surgical removal of one or both testicles
845:Okoye, Eloka; Saikali, Shady W. (2022).
1777:Transurethral resection of the prostate
1475:Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening
1140:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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567:Orchiectomy for pediatric testis tumors
1750:Transurethral incision of the prostate
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1283:Hayon S, Michael J, Coward RM (2020).
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1789:Transurethral microwave thermotherapy
1093:The Urologic Clinics of North America
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222:Inguinal orchiectomy being performed
1732:Tests and procedures involving the
1570:Translational Andrology and Urology
922:Translational Andrology and Urology
347:, hot flashes, breast enlargement (
75:
1447:Mandal, Ananya (19 January 2014).
25:
1949:Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis
823:"Orchiectomy for Prostate Cancer"
497:beta human chorionic gonadotropin
1782:Radical retropubic prostatectomy
1051:Hoff AO, Gagel RF (April 2005).
607:
272:whether surgeons should deliver
250:) is performed when an onset of
554:Orchiectomy for prostate cancer
127:to remove damaged testes after
1152:10.1002/14651858.CD013138.pub2
744:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
586:juvenile granulosa cell tumors
1:
1632:10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.05.019
1449:"What is medical castration?"
418:, and electrolyte imbalance (
246:for "groin", and also called
1253:10.26355/eurrev_201802_14290
916:Koschel SG, Wong LM (2020).
643:Androgen deprivation therapy
638:Androgen replacement therapy
462:Other medical considerations
288:Pre-operative considerations
658:Gender reassignment therapy
394:In addition to alleviating
121:as management for advanced
2046:
1674:10.4111/kju.2014.55.12.789
1289:Asian Journal of Andrology
1189:Frontiers in Endocrinology
756:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.12.203
712:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.11.004
628:Index of oncology articles
230:
29:
1939:
1911:
1662:Korean Journal of Urology
1656:Chung JM, Lee SD (2014).
1403:American Family Physician
1349:American Family Physician
1105:10.1016/j.ucl.2019.07.005
1030:10.3109/00365599109024555
790:American Family Physician
623:List of surgeries by type
592:Post-pubertal populations
76:
46:
1734:male reproductive system
1560:Woo LL, Ross JH (2020).
1202:10.3389/fendo.2019.00113
430:Pre-operative evaluation
385:gender-affirming surgery
153:gender-affirming surgery
116:gender-affirming surgery
1488:10.4045/tidsskr.16.0265
985:10.1089/jayao.2014.0012
935:10.21037/tau.2019.12.20
700:Sexual Medicine Reviews
326:Risks and complications
206:Subcapsular orchiectomy
1959:Penile plethysmography
1804:Prostate brachytherapy
469:venous thromboembolism
455:
242:
240:(named from the Latin
223:
194:and is covered with a
163:for advanced cases of
1562:"Partial orchiectomy
1302:10.4103/aja.aja_93_19
501:lactate dehydrogenase
477:thrombolytic disorder
442:
341:Bilateral orchiectomy
221:
118:for transgender women
100:in which one or both
2020:Male genital surgery
1944:Foreskin restoration
1765:Transurethral biopsy
1376:"Testicular Torsion"
365:Psychosocial effects
345:erectile dysfunction
238:Inguinal orchiectomy
233:Inguinal orchiectomy
227:Inguinal orchiectomy
200:prosthetic testicles
161:palliative treatment
1954:Penile Frenulectomy
1583:10.21037/tau-19-815
578:Sertolic cell tumor
561:dihydrotestosterone
424:fulminant hepatitis
320:narcotic analgesics
301:Post-operative care
267:Partial orchiectomy
248:radical orchiectomy
1989:Scrotal ultrasound
1964:Postage stamp test
1862:Vasoepididymostomy
1852:Vasectomy reversal
1760:Transrectal biopsy
884:. UrologyMatch.com
540:testicular torsion
224:
178:taped against the
169:testicular torsion
147:Simple orchiectomy
129:testicular torsion
98:surgical procedure
2015:Surgical oncology
1997:
1996:
1972:
1971:
1829:Spermatocelectomy
1620:Urologic Oncology
633:Testicular cancer
582:Leydig cell tumor
509:chest radiography
505:alpha fetoprotein
252:testicular cancer
196:surgical dressing
157:transgender women
110:testicular cancer
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
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2010:Urologic surgery
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1821:Seminal vesicles
1811:Prostate massage
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1576:(5): 2400–2407.
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1173:
1163:
1146:(11): CD013138.
1131:
1125:
1124:
1088:
1073:
1072:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1013:
1007:
1006:
996:
964:
958:
957:
947:
937:
928:(6): 3094–3102.
913:
894:
893:
891:
889:
878:
863:
862:
842:
831:
830:
819:
806:
805:
781:
768:
767:
738:
732:
731:
691:
617:
612:
611:
610:
495:checked include
396:gender dysphoria
295:cryopreservation
278:tunica vaginalis
245:
212:glandular tissue
80:edit on Wikidata
51:
39:
21:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1968:
1935:
1898:
1868:
1833:
1815:
1755:Prostate biopsy
1736:
1730:
1700:
1699:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1559:
1558:
1543:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1481:(11): 803–805.
1468:
1467:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1342:
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1177:
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1128:
1090:
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1076:
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966:
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915:
914:
897:
887:
885:
880:
879:
866:
844:
843:
834:
821:
820:
809:
796:(12): 835–840.
783:
782:
771:
740:
739:
735:
693:
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671:
666:
615:Medicine portal
613:
608:
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548:ischemic damage
536:
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464:
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381:
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290:
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165:prostate cancer
149:
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123:prostate cancer
83:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:Semen analysis
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1931:Preputioplasty
1928:
1926:Penile implant
1923:
1918:
1912:
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1721:
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1706:
1698:
1697:
1668:(12): 789–96.
1645:
1607:
1541:
1522:(7): 626–630.
1502:
1458:
1436:
1409:(3): 834–840.
1393:
1382:. StatPearls.
1366:
1355:(4): 261–268.
1326:
1275:
1246:(3): 645–661.
1226:
1175:
1126:
1099:(4): 505–510.
1074:
1043:
1008:
979:(4): 153–159.
959:
895:
864:
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832:
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769:
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733:
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400:spironolactone
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308:spironolactone
302:
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289:
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274:cold ischaemia
268:
265:
260:spermatic cord
231:Main article:
228:
225:
207:
204:
198:. If desired,
188:spermatic cord
148:
145:
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136:
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132:
125:
119:
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108:treatment for
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1857:Vasovasostomy
1855:
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1799:Brachytherapy
1797:
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1772:Prostatectomy
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900:
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871:
869:
865:
860:
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848:
847:"Orchiectomy"
841:
839:
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833:
828:
824:
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803:
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255:
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81:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1916:Circumcision
1881:
1839:Vas deferens
1665:
1661:
1626:(2): 76–83.
1623:
1619:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1478:
1474:
1452:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1379:
1369:
1352:
1348:
1295:(1): 64–69.
1292:
1288:
1278:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1096:
1092:
1063:(5): 651–8.
1060:
1056:
1046:
1024:(4): 255–9.
1021:
1017:
1011:
976:
972:
962:
925:
921:
886:. Retrieved
850:
826:
793:
789:
747:
743:
736:
703:
699:
653:Oophorectomy
595:
570:
557:
537:
525:
521:
493:
489:
486:
465:
456:
452:
449:
446:
443:
438:
420:hyperkalemia
393:
389:vaginoplasty
382:
374:Medical uses
368:
359:
355:osteoporosis
350:gynecomastia
348:
340:
338:
329:
304:
291:
270:
256:
247:
237:
236:
209:
173:
150:
137:
94:orchidectomy
93:
92:(also named
89:
88:
62:Orchidectomy
36:
18:Orchidectomy
1977:Other tests
1882:Orchiectomy
888:26 February
473:prophylaxis
404:cyproterone
312:cyproterone
282:enucleation
114:as part of
90:Orchiectomy
59:Other names
42:Orchiectomy
2004:Categories
1894:Orchiopexy
1887:Castration
1536:A218529581
1415:4433551963
1380:StatPearls
1262:7321114216
851:StatPearls
764:6931332962
664:References
517:metastasis
416:polydipsia
316:analgesics
1921:Penectomy
1847:Vasectomy
1121:203661392
728:210841721
648:Vasectomy
528:seminomas
408:gastritis
142:Procedure
102:testicles
68:Specialty
2030:Testicle
1742:Prostate
1692:25512812
1640:26094168
1602:33209713
1528:19626830
1516:Oncology
1497:28597635
1388:28846325
1361:29671528
1321:31744995
1270:29461592
1221:30858829
1170:33251587
1113:31582025
1069:15945345
1057:Oncology
1003:25538860
954:33457282
859:32966007
802:24364548
720:31959532
601:See also
574:teratoma
544:necrosis
412:polyuria
159:, or as
1683:4265712
1593:7658131
1431:1877426
1423:5161575
1312:6958971
1212:6397854
1195:: 113.
1161:8078580
1038:1685802
994:4270136
945:7807348
511:and an
335:Effects
192:sutures
184:scrotum
180:abdomen
96:) is a
72:urology
32:Owrachi
1874:Testes
1690:
1680:
1638:
1600:
1590:
1534:
1526:
1495:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1386:
1359:
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1309:
1268:
1260:
1219:
1209:
1168:
1158:
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1111:
1067:
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1001:
991:
952:
942:
857:
800:
762:
726:
718:
503:, and
243:inguen
1904:Penis
1117:S2CID
724:S2CID
176:penis
78:[
1688:PMID
1636:PMID
1598:PMID
1532:Gale
1524:PMID
1493:PMID
1427:PMID
1419:OSTI
1411:OCLC
1384:PMID
1357:PMID
1317:PMID
1266:PMID
1258:OCLC
1217:PMID
1166:PMID
1144:2020
1109:PMID
1065:PMID
1034:PMID
999:PMID
950:PMID
890:2018
855:PMID
798:PMID
760:OCLC
716:PMID
584:and
402:and
155:for
1678:PMC
1670:doi
1628:doi
1588:PMC
1578:doi
1564:vs.
1483:doi
1479:137
1307:PMC
1297:doi
1248:doi
1207:PMC
1197:doi
1156:PMC
1148:doi
1101:doi
1026:doi
989:PMC
981:doi
940:PMC
930:doi
752:doi
708:doi
310:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
