90:
1408:
63:
3104:
2812:
261:
1186:
925:
1541:
725:
1552:
476:
1720:
1344:
386:
1386:
While Muscat of
Hamburg is used mostly as a table grape throughout the world, there are two notable exceptions. The first is in California, where nearly all of the 102 hectares (250 acres) of Black Muscat in cultivation in 2009 were destined for wine production, primarily to produce dessert wines.
1530:
1223:
Like most Muscat varieties, Muscat of
Alexandria is notable for being a desirable raisin and table grape. This is due in part to the grape's high tolerance of heat and drought conditions. While it is used in wine production (most notably on the island of
264:
While there are theories that the origin of the Muscat family date back to ancient antiquity, there is no solid historical evidence that Muscat grapevines were among the grape varieties cultivated by civilizations such as the ancient
Egyptians
1315:" and was the fourth-most widely planted white wine grape variety in the country until the early 2000s. While some of the plantings were used for wine production, particularly for fortified wine, many plantings were used for the production of
1377:) with the White Muscat of Alexandria. In 2003, DNA analysis confirmed that Muscat of Hamburg was, indeed, a crossing of Muscat of Alexandria and Schiava Grossa, which makes the grape a full sibling to the central Italian grape
815:) trait has caused some confusion as varieties that are wholly unrelated to the Muscat family are often erroneously associated with Muscat grapes (often by naming and synonyms) due to their aromatic character. These include the
1331:. As in many other places in the world, the grape had a long history of use in the United States as a raisin variety, though in the 1920s, plantings of Muscat of Alexandria began to decline as producers turned to more popular
1066:
and Italy can both make compelling cases due to the proliferation of clones, mutations and offspring. Today, the grape is found throughout the wine-producing world, making a wide range of wine, from light, sweet
1351:
Even though the vast majority of the members of the Muscat family are dark skinned grapes, most of the major varieties used in wine production are white or "pale skinned", with the one significant exception of
893:
The "Muscat family" is highly populous, with more than 200 distinct members. However, among these many different grapes only a handful of Muscat varieties are widely used in wine production. These include
209:
and unfortified examples of Muscat blanc tend to exhibit the characteristic Muscat "grapey" aroma as well as citrus, rose and peach notes. Fortified and aged examples (particularly those that have been
1809:
While each individual Muscat variety has its own set of synonyms, the general prefix of "Muscat" has its own unique translation around the globe. In Greece, the grapes are usually known as "
393:
Because the exact origins of the Muscat family cannot be pinpointed, theories as to the origin of the name "Muscat" are numerous. The most commonly cited is that it is derived from the
493:
Of the more than 200 grape varieties sharing "Muscat" (or one of its synonyms) in their name, the majority are not closely related to each other. The exception are the members of the
732:, made in a winemaking style that emphasizes the varietal aromas of the grape, rather than aromas derived from winemaking processes like oak aging or autolysis on the lees
147:. The breadth and number of varieties of Muscat suggest that it is perhaps the oldest domesticated grape variety, and there are theories that most families within the
1216:, Muscat of Alexandria tends to produce large, moderately loose clusters of large oval-shaped berries that are distinctive from the much smaller, round berries of
1730:
1513:, where it is used to produce both dry and off-dry styles. In Austria, it is also the most widely planted Muscat variety, where it is used to produce
1212:
has also been historically grown in
Sardinia and Malta, the precise location and origins of Muscat of Alexandria cannot be determined. Compared to
3038:
669:
has been identified as one of the parent grapes of several varieties, though with which crossing partner is currently unknown. These include the
541:
and Muscat of
Alexandria, themselves, have crossed and have produced at least 14 different grape varieties, 5 of which are mostly cultivated in
1971:
736:
Despite the vast diversity in the Muscat family, one common trait that can be seen in most all Muscat members is the characteristic floral, "
2860:
3154:
3164:
1323:, there is still more plantings of Muscat of Alexandria than any other Muscat variety, with most of these grapes going into anonymous
1292:, though the majority of the country's plantings are used for table grapes and raisins, rather than for wine production. Likewise, in
748:
in the grapes. More than 40 different monoterpenes have been discovered in Muscat grapes (as well as in other aromatic varieties like
1397:
species that are native to the region to produce wine grapes that are better adapted to the climate of various
Chinese wine regions.
1200:
and suggest an ancient
Egyptian origin, DNA analysis has shown that Muscat of Alexandria is the result of a natural crossing between
545:
and 9 still found in Italy though none are of major use in wine production. More notable and widely planted offspring have come from
2122:
2047:
2007:
1919:
1895:
1169:
was made from this variety of Muscat and while today Muscat of
Alexandria is more widely planted in South Africa, producers around
1407:
3149:
89:
2411:
2097:
1678:
896:
155:
67:
2578:
1745:
1671:
1788:
3159:
3064:
1462:
1162:
1760:
1043:
siring clusters of berries in nearly every shade possible though most commonly the grape berries are a deep yellow after
863:
is often mistaken for a Muscat variety due to its aromatic qualities. While made from a more aromatically neutral grape,
3069:
1112:
1466:
1328:
1767:
2989:
2956:
2785:
1106:
1371:. Snow described the grape as a seedling that he created from crossing the Black Hamburg grape (an old synonym of
3079:
2969:
1649:
3144:
3074:
2853:
2795:
2724:
2616:
2217:
2200:
1617:
1281:
686:
136:
62:
1774:
1254:
that can be easily overcropped as well as a more assertive aroma profile due to a higher concentration of the
1454:
has the most pale skin color, and tends to produce the most neutral wines and is also the grape variety that
3139:
2964:
2337:
2173:
1031:" in the grape's name accurately describes the small, round berries of the vine, some wine experts, such as
801:
712:
567:
433:
31:
2827:
2750:
2195:
1642:
1602:
1588:
1442:
1129:
646:
636:
389:
The "musky" aroma of ripe Muscat grapes has been known to attract bees (pictured), flies and other insects
202:
1756:
1502:
350:), there is no solid historical evidence that these early wine grapes were members of the Muscat family.
3134:
2765:
2534:
2178:
1862:
1474:
1170:
877:
Lastly, the Muscat grape can be confused (in name only; the grapes themselves are quite different) with
515:
358:
1595:
1560:
1498:
692:
1660:
252:
and parts of
Central Europe, Muscat Ottonel is used to produce usually dry and highly perfumed wines.
2416:
2168:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1628:
1367:
of
England, where it was first described in 1858 as being propagated by Seward Snow, gardener to the
1118:
960:
901:
805:
561:
221:
1685:
1655:
2994:
2946:
2846:
2396:
2090:
1665:
1575:
1565:
980:
670:
451:. Another city that is sometimes suggested as a potential birthplace/namesake is the Greek city of
305:
1570:
2984:
2489:
1514:
1379:
878:
864:
608:
417:
394:
245:
232:, where it is used to make many of the fortified Spanish Moscatels. Elsewhere it is used to make
2938:
2885:
2469:
2406:
2043:
2003:
1967:
1915:
1891:
1849:" in Hungary. In the northern African wine regions of Tunisia, the grapes are often known as "
1490:
1427:
1353:
1320:
1316:
1166:
1079:
905:
753:
614:
603:
370:
301:
278:
233:
185:
3103:
2811:
2729:
2656:
2519:
2421:
1139:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1068:
996:
823:
which, despite its name, is not related to the Muscat family and is, instead, a crossing of
793:
502:
402:
1964:
Wine Grapes: A Complete Guide to 1,368 Vine Varieties, Including Their Origins and Flavours
1189:
The berries of Muscat of Alexandria clusters are larger and more oval-shaped than those of
1145:
Nearly all the most notable sweet Muscats of Greece, particularly those from the island of
3084:
2905:
2822:
2608:
2436:
2371:
2314:
2277:
2157:
1781:
1581:
1470:
1393:
1361:
1301:
1285:
1040:
836:
832:
532:
460:
332:
241:
190:
173:
112:
102:
1825:". On the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese and Spanish Muscat grapes are often prefixed as "
1250:. This is partly because Muscat of Alexandria is very vigorous and prone to produce high
573:
851:
which can add confusion to their relationship with the Muscat family. Additionally, the
277:
Theories about the origins of Muscat grapes date ancestors of the varieties back to the
2979:
2974:
2923:
2877:
2734:
2706:
2681:
2602:
2591:
2586:
2484:
2451:
2267:
2245:
2212:
2188:
2083:
1609:
1529:
1506:
1494:
1478:
1373:
1332:
1124:
1008:
1004:
910:
785:
777:
680:
620:
550:
353:
The first documented mention of grapes called "muscat" was in the works of the English
324:
293:
282:
198:
194:
180:
162:
132:
128:
107:
80:
1185:
3128:
3004:
2913:
2719:
2714:
2391:
2207:
2183:
1518:
1510:
1486:
1455:
1251:
1084:
1063:
988:
956:
852:
585:
578:
542:
510:
439:
Other theories suggest that the grape family originated in the West Asian country of
320:
316:
206:
177:
144:
924:
2790:
2381:
2319:
2309:
2262:
1867:
1482:
1388:
1368:
1293:
1243:
1173:
are trying to reclaim some of the region's viticultural acclaim by replanting more
1016:
972:
820:
797:
781:
745:
625:
589:
528:
498:
448:
429:
297:
229:
159:
140:
2539:
1540:
724:
260:
728:
The characteristic floral, "grapey" aroma of Muscat can be seen in wines such as
70:
and Muscat Noir showing the white and black-skinned color mutation of the variety
3108:
3059:
3022:
2816:
2671:
2661:
2559:
2441:
2324:
2255:
2114:
1719:
1634:
1364:
1297:
1276:
In France, Muscat of Alexandria is most prominent as a blending component (with
1255:
1225:
1154:
1134:
1073:
874:
is sometimes mistakenly believed to be made from a member of the Muscat family.
828:
816:
773:
757:
697:
365:
written between 1230 and 1240 while Anglicus was studying in what is now modern
249:
120:
1551:
1288:
region. The grape is the primary Muscat variety in Spain, where it is known as
1051:
are known to produce clusters of berries of different colors that change every
475:
3012:
2928:
2918:
2869:
2775:
2770:
2755:
2691:
2686:
2651:
2549:
2544:
2504:
2431:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2348:
2304:
2292:
2282:
2240:
2066:
2002:, Third Edition, pp. 35, 100, 450, 453, 463-466. Oxford University Press 2006
1431:
1343:
1197:
1101:
868:
856:
844:
741:
655:
594:
354:
211:
124:
17:
2890:
2780:
2760:
2696:
2676:
2666:
2626:
2564:
2446:
2386:
2287:
1436:
1324:
1032:
882:
860:
840:
789:
660:
385:
328:
165:
1246:
under the name of "Zibibbo"), the grape lags far behind the reputation of
549:
and Muscat of Alexandria crossing with other grape varieties, such as the
2636:
2631:
2621:
2514:
2494:
2461:
2426:
2356:
2272:
2235:
2147:
2142:
2127:
1622:
1461:
While varieties such as Muscat of Alexandria tend to thrive in very warm
1262:
1258:
1044:
871:
824:
765:
761:
749:
674:
452:
1426:
is a relatively recent addition to the Muscat family, being bred in the
3089:
2895:
2646:
2499:
2474:
2401:
2250:
2137:
2056:
1238:
1233:
1052:
702:
1737:
1509:. It is also the primary Muscat variety grown in the French region of
3054:
3017:
2641:
2529:
2524:
1229:
1150:
630:
555:
456:
444:
366:
116:
224:
is another Muscat variety commonly used in the production of French
1039:" is misleading, since the grapevine is notorious for its frequent
158:, which is the primary grape variety used in the production of the
2554:
2509:
2479:
2132:
1550:
1539:
1528:
1406:
1342:
1305:
1266:
1184:
1146:
923:
769:
737:
723:
474:
384:
344:
268:
259:
215:
143:). Muscat grapes and wines almost always have a pronounced floral
88:
46:
1469:, and has found a home in many Central European nations, such as
1465:, Muscat of Ottonel has shown an affinity for ripening in cooler
2106:
2062:
1360:. This dark-skinned grape is believed to have originated in the
1270:
440:
2842:
2079:
2060:
1713:
1300:
most of the Moscatel in both countries is used to produce the
497:
and Muscat of Alexandria families. In the early 21st century,
425:
2838:
428:
could also be one possibility with the sweet aroma and high
218:
with aroma notes of coffee, fruit cake, raisins and toffee.
1430:
region of France in the 1850s. The grape is a cross of the
772:. This characteristic "musk" aroma can be best observed in
1177:
and making wines in the style of the original Constantia.
327:
in ancient Egypt and Persia and classical writers such as
644:
is the result of a crossing between one Muscat variety, "
176:
region. It is also used in the production of many of the
335:
did describe very "muscat-like" grape varieties such as
193:, this is also the main grape used in the production of
154:
Among the most notable members of the Muscat family are
2075:
1741:
1347:
Muscat of Hamburg from an 1895 German viticultural text
788:
heavily influenced by other winemaking techniques like
467:
being a common synonym in Greece for Muscat varieties.
1829:", while in Germany, the grapes are usually known as "
571:, stemming from a cross of Muscat of Alexandria with "
361:
who wrote of wine made from Muscat grapes in his work
720:
Characteristic aromas and confusion with other grapes
373:
in 1372 with the wine being described by Anglicus as
369:
in Germany. Anglicus' Latin work was translated into
323:. However, while domestic wine production had a long
151:
grape variety are descended from the Muscat variety.
584:
Muscat of Alexandria has also been crossed with the
3047:
3031:
3003:
2955:
2937:
2904:
2876:
2743:
2705:
2600:
2577:
2460:
2347:
2335:
2228:
2156:
2113:
1311:
In South Africa, Muscat of Alexandria is known as "
300:, believe that the family of Muscat varieties were
75:
39:
1914:, pp. 6–9, Second Revised Edition (2012), London,
1411:A bowl of table grapes that includes a mixture of
509:and a black-skinned table grape variety from the
1837:". The family of Muscat varieties are known as "
1391:, where Muscat of Hamburg is often crossed with
501:showed that Muscat of Alexandria was, itself, a
267:(papyrus image from the 15th-century BC tomb of
706:as the second parent variety that crossed with
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1196:While the grape's name harkens to the city of
2854:
2091:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
343:that were very sweet and attractive to bees (
8:
1912:Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality
1746:introducing citations to additional sources
951:is known by many names worldwide, including
744:that is caused by the high concentration of
432:of Muscat grapes attracting insects such as
93:White Muscat – early ripening "July" variety
1962:J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz:
214:aged) tend to be very dark in color due to
123:around the globe for many centuries. Their
2861:
2847:
2839:
2344:
2098:
2084:
2076:
2057:
61:
36:
1450:). Of all of the major Muscat varieties,
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1736:Relevant discussion may be found on the
835:of several wine grape varieties such as
696:. DNA analysis was able to identify the
3039:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1879:
831:. Likewise, the highly aromatic clonal
236:to sweet white wines, often labeled as
1906:
1904:
1817:", while in Italy, they are known as "
811:However, this common "musky" (French:
7:
1910:Wine & Spirits Education Trust:
932:is often used to produce fortified "
2042:, pp. 146-153. Harcourt Books 2001
612:, and with the Italian wine grapes
486:"), one of the parent varieties of
1265:scent, and lower concentration of
1132:in Australia, to dry wines in the
25:
2123:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1113:Muscat de Saint-Jean de Minervois
938:Muscat de Saint-Jean de Minervois
519:. Rarely seen outside of Greece,
3102:
2810:
1890:, p. 183. Mitchell Beazley 1986
1729:relies largely or entirely on a
1718:
1481:and many former republic of the
881:, which is commonly known as a "
859:that is used for both sweet and
443:and was named after the city of
401:. Similar etymology follows the
375:"vin extrait de raisins muscats"
1966:, pp. 678–696. Allen Lane 2012
690:(Pink Moscato of Trentino) and
111:species that have been used in
2000:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1383:which has the same parentage.
1047:. In some vineyards, vines of
1:
3065:Glossary of viticulture terms
1165:, the famous dessert wine of
1163:history of South African wine
309:
286:
3070:Glossary of winemaking terms
1679:Muscat Rouge à Petits Grains
1278:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
1248:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
1218:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
1214:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
1202:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
1191:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
1175:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
1159:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
1100:(VdN) in southern France in
1060:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
1049:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
949:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
936:" dessert wines such as the
930:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
919:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
897:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
708:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
667:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
547:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
539:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
507:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
495:Muscat blanc à Petits Grains
447:located on the coast of the
381:Origins of the name "Muscat"
156:Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains
68:Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains
1841:" in Bulgaria and Turkey, "
1672:Muscat Rose à Petits Grains
3181:
3155:White wine grape varieties
2990:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1387:The other exception is in
1269:with a more fresh, sweet
1107:Muscat de Beaume de Venise
942:Muscat de Beaume de Venise
228:, but it is also found in
127:range from white (such as
29:
3165:Grape varieties of Greece
3098:
3080:History of the wine press
2970:Sparkling wine production
2804:
2073:
1618:Moscato rosa del Trentino
1356:, which is also known as
1204:and the Greek wine grape
1035:, believe that the term "
784:which have not had their
687:Moscato rosa del Trentino
471:Closely related varieties
137:Moscato Rosa del Trentino
60:
44:
3075:Wine tasting descriptors
2796:Wine tasting descriptors
2725:Phenolic content in wine
2617:Alternative wine closure
2201:Great French Wine Blight
1888:Vines Grapes & Wines
1422:Like Muscat of Hamburg,
1417:Chasselas Rouge de Foncé
1282:Muscat de Rivesaltes AOC
847:are often suffixed with
716:(Red Muscat of Madère).
3150:Wine grapes of Slovenia
2965:Malolactic fermentation
1525:Other notable varieties
1058:The precise origins of
802:malolactic fermentation
455:, located southwest of
363:De proprietatibus rerum
99:Muscat family of grapes
32:Muscat (disambiguation)
2040:Encyclopedia of Grapes
1650:Muscat Fleur d'Oranger
1556:
1548:
1537:
1463:Mediterranean climates
1419:
1348:
1280:) in the VdN wines of
1193:
1130:Rutherglen wine region
1062:are not known, though
1027:in France. While the "
1013:Muscat de Grano Menudo
967:in the United States,
945:
733:
713:Muscat rouge de Madère
577:" (also known as the "
490:
390:
274:
94:
2766:Wine and food pairing
1863:International variety
1554:
1543:
1532:
1410:
1346:
1188:
927:
727:
478:
388:
359:Bartholomeus Anglicus
337:Anathelicon Moschaton
304:during the period of
292:–1000 BC) while some
263:
92:
3160:Wine grapes of Italy
2417:Muscat of Alexandria
1742:improve this article
1603:Moscato di Terracina
1589:Moscatello Selvatico
1467:continental climates
1181:Muscat of Alexandria
1119:Muscat de Frontignan
1087:region of Italy and
1021:Muscat de Frontignan
902:Muscat of Alexandria
637:Moscatello Selvatico
568:Torrontés Sanjuanino
527:") is also grown in
285:of early antiquity (
222:Muscat of Alexandria
30:For other uses, see
2995:Yeast in winemaking
2947:Carbonic maceration
1757:"Muscat" grape
1643:Muscat d'Eisenstadt
1443:Muscat d'Eisenstadt
1261:, which produces a
1236:, where it makes a
1071:and semi-sparkling
971:(white Moscato) in
671:Italian wine grapes
647:Muscat d'Eisenstadt
480:Muscat d'Eisenstadt
306:classical antiquity
2985:Traditional method
2786:Wine personalities
2490:Cabernet Sauvignon
1998:J. Robinson (ed):
1845:" in Croatia and "
1557:
1549:
1538:
1515:late-harvest wines
1420:
1380:Malvasia del Lazio
1349:
1210:Axina de Tres Bias
1206:Axina de Tres Bias
1194:
1091:region of France,
955:(white Muscat) in
946:
879:Vitis rotundifolia
865:Melon de Bourgogne
734:
684:(Yellow Moscato),
650:" (also known as "
609:Malvasia del Lazio
521:Axina de Tres Bias
516:Axina de Tres Bias
491:
391:
315:to 600 AD) by the
275:
101:includes over 200
95:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:
2886:Late harvest wine
2836:
2835:
2573:
2572:
2470:Alicante Bouschet
2218:Judgment of Paris
1972:978-1-846-14446-2
1807:
1806:
1792:
1621:(Pink Moscato of
1596:Moscato di Scanzo
1561:Muscat of Bornova
1428:Loire Valley wine
1354:Muscat of Hamburg
1339:Muscat of Hamburg
1317:grape concentrate
1097:vin doux naturels
977:Muscat Frontignan
906:Muscat of Hamburg
756:); these include
693:Moscato di Scanzo
615:Catarratto bianco
604:Muscat of Hamburg
562:Torrontés Riojano
279:ancient Egyptians
186:vin doux naturels
139:) to near black (
105:belonging to the
87:
86:
16:(Redirected from
3172:
3107:
3106:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2815:
2814:
2730:Proteins in wine
2397:Grüner Veltliner
2345:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2058:
2051:
2036:
2011:
1996:
1975:
1960:
1923:
1908:
1899:
1884:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1750:
1722:
1714:
1661:Muscat of Norway
1613:(Yellow Moscato)
1555:Muscat of Norway
1536:(Yellow Moscato)
1448:Muscat de Saumur
1319:and raisins. In
1149:and the city of
1104:regions such as
1089:Clairette de Die
934:Vin doux Naturel
652:Muscat de Saumur
640:, respectively.
598:(also known as "
523:(also known as "
503:natural crossing
484:Muscat de Saumur
482:(also known as "
416:. In Italy, the
314:
311:
291:
288:
226:vin doux naturel
65:
54:
49:
37:
27:Variety of grape
21:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3145:Portuguese wine
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3109:Wine portal
3101:
3094:
3085:History of wine
3043:
3027:
2999:
2951:
2933:
2914:Deacidification
2900:
2872:
2867:
2837:
2832:
2817:Wine portal
2809:
2800:
2739:
2701:
2606:
2596:
2569:
2456:
2437:Sauvignon blanc
2372:Cayetana blanca
2340:
2338:grape varieties
2331:
2224:
2152:
2109:
2104:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2037:
2014:
1997:
1978:
1961:
1926:
1909:
1902:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1859:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1751:
1749:
1735:
1723:
1712:
1704:Riesling Muscat
1699:New York Muscat
1693:Muškát moravský
1629:Muscat Bailey A
1582:Manzoni Moscato
1527:
1446:(also known as
1405:
1394:Vitis amurensis
1341:
1302:distilled drink
1286:Roussillon wine
1183:
1138:of Austria and
1041:color mutations
922:
891:
837:Sauvignon blanc
722:
624:to produce the
473:
383:
333:Pliny the Elder
312:
289:
258:
181:fortified wines
168:(also known as
113:wine production
103:grape varieties
71:
52:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3178:
3176:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:Fortified wine
3137:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2975:Sugars in wine
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2924:Chaptalization
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:Classification
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2735:Sugars in wine
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2707:Wine chemistry
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:Wine dispenser
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:Cabernet Franc
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2452:Welschriesling
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Müller-Thurgau
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:Ancient Greece
2171:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2012:
1976:
1924:
1900:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1805:
1804:
1740:. Please help
1726:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1686:Muscat Swenson
1682:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:Muscat Odessky
1653:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1614:
1610:Moscato Giallo
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1534:Moscato Giallo
1526:
1523:
1475:Czech Republic
1458:the earliest.
1452:Muscat Ottonel
1424:Muscat Ottonel
1413:Muscat Ottonel
1404:
1402:Muscat Ottonel
1399:
1374:Schiava Grossa
1340:
1337:
1333:seedless grape
1329:Central Valley
1182:
1179:
1157:are made from
1125:Liqueur Muscat
1080:Moscato d'Asti
969:Moscato Bianco
965:Muscat Canelli
921:
916:
911:Muscat Ottonel
890:
887:
780:wines such as
754:Gewürztraminer
730:Moscato d'Asti
721:
718:
681:Moscato Giallo
642:Muscat Ottonel
621:Bombino bianco
602:") to produce
600:Schiava Grossa
551:Argentine wine
488:Muscat Ottonel
472:
469:
382:
379:
294:ampelographers
257:
254:
240:in Australia,
199:Victorian wine
195:Liqueur Muscat
172:) made in the
170:Moscato d'Asti
163:sparkling wine
149:Vitis vinifera
141:Muscat Hamburg
133:Moscato Giallo
131:), to yellow (
129:Muscat Ottonel
108:Vitis vinifera
85:
84:
81:Vitis vinifera
77:
73:
72:
66:
58:
57:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3177:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Acids in wine
2718:
2716:
2715:Aroma of wine
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2579:Major regions
2576:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Montepulciano
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2048:0-15-100714-4
2045:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:0-19-860990-6
2005:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:9781905819157
1917:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:1-85732-999-6
1893:
1889:
1886:J. Robinson:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1801:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759: –
1758:
1754:
1753:Find sources:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1731:single source
1727:This section
1725:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1666:Muscat Oliver
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:(Blue Muscat)
1637:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1576:Golden Muscat
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:Canada Muscat
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1547:(Blue Muscat)
1546:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1519:Lake Neusiedl
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1140:Südsteiermark
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Piedmont wine
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:petits grains
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
961:United States
958:
954:
950:
944:(right) shown
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
920:
917:
915:
913:
912:
907:
903:
899:
898:
889:Key varieties
888:
886:
884:
880:
875:
873:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:Bordeaux wine
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
806:fortification
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
731:
726:
719:
717:
715:
714:
709:
705:
704:
699:
695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
682:
677:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:
662:
657:
654:"), with the
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
638:
633:
632:
627:
623:
622:
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
601:
597:
596:
591:
587:
582:
580:
579:Mission grape
576:
575:
570:
569:
564:
563:
558:
557:
552:
548:
544:
543:South America
540:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
511:Greek islands
508:
504:
500:
496:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
396:
387:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313: 800 BC
307:
303:
299:
295:
284:
280:
272:
270:
262:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
91:
83:
82:
78:
74:
69:
64:
59:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
18:Orange Muscat
3135:Dessert wine
3100:
2957:Fermentation
2808:
2791:Wine tasting
2412:Muscat blanc
2382:Chenin blanc
2179:Ancient Rome
2039:
1999:
1963:
1911:
1887:
1882:
1868:Shine Muscat
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1795:
1785:
1778:
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1677:
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1571:Early Muscat
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1503:Turkmenistan
1483:Soviet Union
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1369:Earl de Grey
1358:Black Muscat
1357:
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1289:
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1244:dessert wine
1237:
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1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:. Though as
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1117:
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1078:
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1037:Muscat blanc
1036:
1028:
1025:Muscat Lunel
1024:
1020:
1012:
1000:
993:Brown Muscat
992:
984:
981:South Africa
976:
968:
964:
953:Muscat Blanc
952:
948:
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941:
937:
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929:
918:
909:
895:
892:
876:
848:
821:Morio Muskat
812:
810:
782:Moscato Asti
774:light bodied
746:monoterpenes
735:
729:
711:
707:
701:
691:
685:
679:
673:
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659:
651:
645:
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629:
626:Marsala wine
619:
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590:Italian wine
583:
574:Listán negro
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560:
554:
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538:
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524:
520:
514:
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499:DNA analysis
494:
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449:Gulf of Oman
438:
430:sugar levels
421:
413:
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398:
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336:
298:Pierre Galet
276:
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246:South Africa
237:
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184:
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153:
148:
135:), to pink (
121:table grapes
106:
98:
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79:
51:
3060:Wine bottle
3032:Other steps
3023:Wine cellar
2980:Süssreserve
2672:Wine cellar
2662:Wine bottle
2603:accessories
2601:Packaging,
2560:Tempranillo
2189:Noah's wine
2169:Phoenicians
2115:Viticulture
2038:Oz Clarke:
1835:Muskateller
1635:Muscat bleu
1545:Muscat bleu
1365:greenhouses
1335:varieties.
1256:monoterpene
1226:Pantelleria
1155:Peloponnese
1135:Wachau wine
1001:Muskateller
940:(left) and
928:In France,
867:grape, the
829:Pinot blanc
817:German wine
758:citronellol
710:to produce
698:Tuscan wine
434:fruit flies
412:and French
290: 3000
197:, from the
3129:Categories
2939:Maceration
2929:Wine press
2919:Destemming
2870:Winemaking
2776:Wine fraud
2771:Wine fault
2756:Oenophilia
2692:Wine label
2687:Wine glass
2652:Port tongs
2550:Sangiovese
2545:Pinot noir
2505:Douce noir
2432:Rkatsiteli
2377:Chardonnay
2367:Catarratto
2341:by acreage
2315:Biodynamic
2278:Aromatized
2067:winemaking
1874:References
1823:Moscatello
1815:Moschoudia
1768:newspapers
1499:Tajikistan
1491:Kazakhstan
1485:, such as
1432:Swiss wine
1321:California
1198:Alexandria
1171:Constantia
1167:Constantia
869:Loire wine
857:Muscadelle
845:Chardonnay
742:aroma note
656:Swiss wine
595:Trollinger
553:grapes of
355:Franciscan
302:propagated
296:, such as
242:California
203:Rutherglen
201:region of
2891:Noble rot
2781:Winemaker
2761:Sommelier
2697:Wine rack
2677:Wine cork
2667:Wine cave
2657:Screw cap
2627:Corkscrew
2592:New World
2587:Old World
2565:Zinfandel
2540:Mourvèdre
2447:Trebbiano
2387:Colombard
2288:Noble rot
2268:Fortified
2246:Sparkling
2213:New World
1847:Muskotály
1738:talk page
1437:Chasselas
1362:Victorian
1327:from the
1325:jug wines
1161:. In the
1093:fortified
1069:sparkling
1033:Oz Clarke
997:Australia
885:" grape.
883:muscadine
861:dry wines
841:Chasselas
794:autolysis
790:oak aging
661:Chasselas
525:Heftakilo
513:known as
329:Columella
216:oxidation
205:. Young,
191:Australia
183:known as
2906:Pressing
2828:Glossary
2744:Industry
2637:Jug wine
2632:Decanter
2622:Box wine
2520:Isabella
2515:Grenache
2495:Carignan
2442:Sémillon
2427:Riesling
2422:Palomino
2165:Ancient
2148:Vineyard
2143:Veraison
2128:Oenology
1857:See also
1827:Moscatel
1811:Moschato
1798:May 2018
1710:Synonyms
1623:Trentino
1471:Bulgaria
1313:Hanepoot
1290:Moscatel
1263:geranium
1259:geraniol
1228:between
1045:veraison
985:Moschato
959:and the
872:Muscadet
833:mutation
825:Silvaner
766:linalool
762:geraniol
750:Riesling
675:Aleatico
533:Sardinia
465:Moschato
453:Moschato
408:, Latin
357:scholar
283:Persians
174:Piedmont
3090:Terroir
3048:Related
2896:Vintage
2878:Harvest
2823:Outline
2647:Muselet
2609:storage
2500:Cinsaut
2475:Barbera
2402:Macabeo
2362:Aligoté
2320:Organic
2310:Natural
2263:Dessert
2208:Georgia
2158:History
2138:Terroir
2133:Species
1819:Moscato
1782:scholar
1517:around
1507:Ukraine
1495:Moldova
1479:Romania
1284:in the
1273:aroma.
1239:passito
1234:Tunisia
1153:on the
1128:in the
1053:vintage
1009:Austria
1005:Germany
786:bouquet
778:alcohol
703:Mammolo
463:, with
418:Italian
395:Persian
341:Apianae
325:history
256:History
238:Moscato
234:off-dry
160:Italian
115:and as
76:Species
3055:Winery
3018:Solera
2642:Kvevri
2530:Merlot
2525:Malbec
2325:Kosher
2301:Other
2256:Orange
2229:Styles
2196:France
2046:
2006:
1970:
1918:
1894:
1843:Muškat
1839:Misket
1833:" or "
1831:Muskat
1821:" or "
1813:" or "
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1511:Alsace
1487:Russia
1473:, the
1456:ripens
1434:grape
1296:, and
1252:yields
1242:style
1230:Sicily
1151:Patras
1064:Greece
1019:, and
989:Greece
957:France
855:grape
849:Musqué
819:grape
813:musqué
776:, low
738:grapey
700:grape
658:grape
631:Grillo
628:grape
592:grape
586:German
556:Cereza
461:Attica
457:Athens
445:Muscat
410:muscus
406:moskos
371:French
367:Saxony
321:Romans
317:Greeks
250:Alsace
212:barrel
207:unaged
178:French
125:colors
117:raisin
40:Muscat
3005:Aging
2555:Syrah
2510:Gamay
2480:Bobal
2392:Glera
2357:Airén
2349:White
2305:Table
2293:Straw
2283:Fruit
2241:White
2184:China
2063:Wines
1851:Meski
1789:JSTOR
1775:books
1389:China
1306:pisco
1294:Chile
1267:nerol
1147:Samos
1017:Spain
973:Italy
798:yeast
796:with
770:nerol
529:Malta
422:mosca
420:word
403:Greek
399:muchk
397:word
345:Latin
269:Nakht
248:. In
230:Spain
189:. In
145:aroma
53:Vitis
47:Grape
2607:and
2336:Top
2251:Rosé
2107:Wine
2065:and
2044:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1968:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1761:news
1505:and
1440:and
1415:and
1298:Peru
1271:rose
1232:and
1116:and
1077:and
1074:Asti
1023:and
1007:and
908:and
843:and
768:and
752:and
634:and
618:and
606:and
565:and
531:and
441:Oman
424:for
414:musc
348:apis
339:and
331:and
319:and
281:and
244:and
166:Asti
119:and
97:The
3013:Oak
2462:Red
2273:Ice
2236:Red
1853:".
1744:by
1308:".
1102:AOC
1015:in
1003:in
995:in
987:in
979:in
963:),
804:or
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505:of
459:in
426:fly
3131::
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1979:^
1927:^
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1497:,
1493:,
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1477:,
1220:.
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2010:.
1974:.
1922:.
1898:.
1800:)
1796:(
1786:·
1779:·
1772:·
1765:·
1748:.
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271:)
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