31:
53:
251:
374:
penetrate the nematode and spontaneously differentiate into functional structures, known as traps, which will ultimately digest the nematode's internal contents. There are 5 types of trap mechanisms recognized in this family:
1080:
Webster, John (June 2011). "Convergent evolution and the functional significance of spore shape in aquatic and semi-aquatic fungi". In Rayner, A. D. M.; Brasier, C. M.; Moore, David (eds.).
1113:
Li Y, Hyde KD, Jeewon R, Cai L, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang K (2005). "Phylogenetics and evolution of nematode-trapping fungi (Orbiliales) estimated from nuclear and protein coding genes".
1029:
386:
Adhesive knob: a roughly spherical cell, attached to the hyphae either directly or on an erect stalk. Adhesive knobs are typically closely spaced along a section of hyphae.
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1608:
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1804:
1582:
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Nonconstricting rings: always found with the adhesive network traps, and formed from thickening hyphae that curve and fuse to the supporting stalk.
1843:
1621:
1386:
713:"Evolution of nematode-trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA-encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences"
1089:
926:
590:
560:
531:
Y. Zhang, Z.F. Yu, H.O. Baral & K.Q. Zhang, was placed into its own genus in the
Orbiliaceae to accommodate its distinctive features.
806:
695:
640:
615:
395:
Constricting rings: these are rings of hyphae that swell rapidly inwards upon contact with the nematode, quickly (in 1–2 seconds) "
1918:
1696:
1461:
1961:
444:
in a gelatinous matrix, and an ectal excipulum (the outer surface of a cup-like apothecium) of horizontal textura prismatica.
1066:
1848:
1626:
1391:
1082:
Evolutionary
Biology of the Fungi: Symposium of The British Mycological Society Held at the University of Bristol April 1986
1647:
1412:
917:
Webster, J; Descals, E. (1979). "The teleomorphs of water-borne
Hyphomycetes from fresh water". In Kendrick, Bryce (ed.).
1035:
1951:
1269:
52:
1874:
1665:
1430:
942:
Pfister, Donald H. (1 May 1994). "Orbilia fimicola, a nematophagous discomycete and its
Arthrobotrys anamorph".
519:
In 2007, a new species was described from southwestern China with morphological features intermediate between
1222:
889:
39:
30:
350:, and have an oval or ellipsoidal shape. Species are usually found in wood on both wet and dry habitats.
770:
Drechsler, Charles (1 July 1937). "Some
Hyphomycetes that Prey on Free-Living Terricolous Nematodes".
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habitats. This hypothesis has been borne out by recent phylogenetic and morphological studies.
1892:
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311:
260:, showing adhesive nets that it uses to trap nematodes. Numbered ticks are 122 μm apart.
1378:
1260:
408:
According to the most recent classification of
Ascomycota, the Orbiliaceae contain only two (
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Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A., eds. (2008).
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355:
306:. Members of this family have a widespread distribution, but are more prevalent in
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Pfister, Donald H. (1997). "Castor, Pollux and life histories of fungi".
513:
447:
351:
315:
273:
1158:
Zhang, Ying; Yu, Ze-Fen; Baral, H.-O.; Qiao, Min; Zhang, Ke-Qin (2007).
383:
outgrowths that recurve into themselves to form nematode-trapping loops.
326:
Orbiliaceae do not have stromata, dense structural tissue that produces
1135:
994:
869:
Wu, Mei-Lee; Su, Yu-Chih; Baral, Hans-Otto; Liang, Shih-Hsiung (2007).
509:
437:
420:
392:
Adhesive column: a layer of cells on a hyphae with an adhesive surface.
371:
347:
299:
234:
1822:
1600:
1365:
1861:
1639:
1018:"A preliminary discomycete flora of Macaronesia: Part 8, Orbiliaceae"
969:
Thakur, S.; Zachariah, K. (1 November 1989). "Response of the fungus
504:. It has been suggested that the anamorph specialization illustrates
327:
74:
1587:
1404:
1352:
1216:
711:
Yang, Ying; Yang, Ence; An, Zhiqiang; Liu, Xingzhong (15 May 2007).
1809:
1783:
1561:
1326:
842:
Baral, HO (1994). "Comments on 'Outline of the ascomycetes-1993'".
433:
396:
380:
303:
249:
440:, a hemispherical to broadly conical, thin-walled apex, asci and
370:
species. Shortly after coming into contact with its prey, fungal
1313:
1220:
314:, and have evolved a number of specialized mechanisms to trap
1548:
921:. National Museum of Natural Sciences. pp. 419–451.
581:
Cannon, P. F.; Kirk, P. M., eds. (2007). "Orbiliaceae".
1712:
1477:
1229:
681:
679:
631:Bisby GR, Ainsworth GC, Kirk PM, Aptroot A (2001).
379:Adhesive network: the most common trap, formed by
334:, that are typically convex, brightly colored or
1084:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 191–201.
799:Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes
633:Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi
553:Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi
919:The Whole Fungus: The Sexual-asexual Synthesis
606:Blackwell M, Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW (1996).
310:regions. Some species in the Orbiliaceae are
123:Baral, O.E. Erikss., G. Marson & E. Weber
8:
690:. Guelph: Canadian Biological Publications.
576:
574:
572:
1217:
29:
20:
1134:
893:
801:. Wallingford, UK: C.A.B. International.
746:
736:
635:. Oxon: CAB International. p. 369.
539:
366:This family is well known for its many
342:are small (typically less than 10 x 1
7:
1885:cde9aed3-ea9a-419e-816f-366ba1281532
1676:d522dfd2-74c3-495a-8e2b-b86bf1f88f23
1441:25c07f71-a8c4-4b66-a4c4-7104a5fe0430
294:. The family was first described by
450:genera of the Orbiliaceae include
14:
1957:Taxa named by John Axel Nannfeldt
436:without a stalk that arise from
51:
279:. It is the only family in the
1067:Mycological Society of America
956:10.1080/00275514.1994.12026433
823:"Outline of Ascomycota - 2007"
784:10.1080/00275514.1937.12017222
670:10.1080/00275514.1997.12026750
330:. They have small disc-shaped
1:
688:The Nematode-destroying Fungi
298:in 1932 and now contains 288
583:Fungal Families of the World
1127:10.3852/mycologia.97.5.1034
1978:
686:Barron, George L. (1977).
585:. CABI. pp. 251–252.
512:fungi in aquatic and low-
171:
166:
152:
145:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
1016:Korf, Richard P (1992).
109:O.E. Erikss. & Baral
1210:Arthrobotrys oligospora
738:10.1073/pnas.0702770104
527:. This species, named
1962:Taxa described in 1932
529:Pseudorbilia bipolaris
428:is distinguished from
261:
254:A fungus of the genus
1168:) from Yunnan, China"
1049:Pfister, DH (1995). "
608:Introductory Mycology
555:. CABI. p. 485.
253:
1055:Orbilia luteorubella
971:Dactylella rhopalota
871:"Two new species of
797:Stirling GR (1991).
506:convergent evolution
40:Orbilia xanthostigma
1952:Ascomycota families
987:1989PlSoi.120...87T
844:Systema Ascomycetum
729:2007PNAS..104.8379Y
610:. New York: Wiley.
296:John Axel Nannfeldt
1212:trapping nematodes
1195:Images of various
1053:, the anamorph of
995:10.1007/BF02370294
287:and the monotypic
262:
1934:
1933:
1893:Open Tree of Life
1684:Open Tree of Life
1449:Open Tree of Life
1223:Taxon identifiers
1091:978-0-521-27925-3
928:978-0-660-00146-3
723:(20): 8379–8384.
592:978-0-85199-827-5
562:978-0-85199-826-8
312:carnivorous fungi
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369:
368:nematophagous
361:
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356:hyphomycetous
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91:Subdivision:
90:
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36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1713:
1478:
1230:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1162:Pseudorbilia
1161:
1153:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1081:
1075:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1025:
1021:
1011:
981:(1): 87–93.
978:
974:
970:
964:
947:
943:
937:
918:
912:
885:
881:
875:from Taiwan"
872:
864:
847:
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817:
798:
792:
775:
771:
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720:
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706:
687:
661:
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632:
626:
607:
601:
582:
552:
542:
528:
524:
520:
518:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
471:Dactylellina
469:
463:
459:Arthrobotrys
457:
451:
446:
429:
425:
419:
413:
407:
365:
354:species are
328:fruit bodies
325:
291:
284:
265:
263:
257:Arthrobotrys
255:
241:Pseudorbilia
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
209:
205:Duddingtonia
203:
197:
193:Dactylellina
191:
185:
181:Brachyphoris
179:
175:Arthrobotrys
173:
172:
153:
132:
118:
104:
38:
24:Orbiliaceae
18:
1818:iNaturalist
1738:Wikispecies
1596:iNaturalist
1503:Wikispecies
1361:iNaturalist
1261:Orbiliaceae
1255:Wikispecies
1231:Orbiliaceae
1201:Hyalorbilia
1166:Orbiliaceae
1164:gen. nov. (
1136:10722/53351
1100:10019290922
1028:: 503–510.
888:: 233–244.
873:Hyalorbilia
856:10014785631
664:(1): 1–23.
525:Hyalorbilia
477:Dicranidion
426:Hyalorbilia
415:Hyalorbilia
362:Nematophagy
336:translucent
322:Description
266:Orbiliaceae
223:Hyalorbilia
199:Dicranidion
133:Orbiliaceae
1947:Orbiliales
1941:Categories
1509:Orbiliales
1479:Orbiliales
1208:Videos of
1181:: 305–312.
828:2008-12-25
535:References
501:Trinacrium
465:Dactylella
442:paraphyses
432:by having
410:teleomorph
340:ascospores
292:Orbiliales
217:Gamsylella
211:Dwayaangam
187:Dactylella
147:Type genus
119:Orbiliales
85:Ascomycota
81:Division:
1911:100364750
1494:Q10611127
1115:Mycologia
1022:Mycotaxon
944:Mycologia
890:CiteSeerX
772:Mycologia
658:Mycologia
332:apothecia
316:nematodes
308:temperate
281:monotypic
277:sac fungi
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1906:Tropicos
1857:MycoBank
1792:Fungorum
1758:60013110
1753:AusFungi
1729:Q4135589
1723:Wikidata
1635:MycoBank
1570:Fungorum
1523:60013198
1518:AusFungi
1488:Wikidata
1400:MycoBank
1335:Fungorum
1288:60013412
1283:AusFungi
1246:Q1517480
1240:Wikidata
1145:16596955
1059:Inoculum
1003:28858277
904:90409824
757:17494736
514:nitrogen
510:mycelial
489:Helicoön
448:Anamorph
438:croziers
418:and the
397:lassoing
352:Anamorph
338:. Their
274:saprobic
129:Family:
61:Domain:
1314:6661702
1203:species
1197:Orbilia
1036:4551685
983:Bibcode
748:1895958
725:Bibcode
521:Orbilia
430:Orbilia
421:Orbilia
372:mycelia
348:hyaline
300:species
235:Orbilia
167:Genera
154:Orbilia
115:Order:
101:Class:
1924:437256
1898:972724
1882:NZOR:
1875:189478
1862:501492
1849:610638
1823:152031
1797:501492
1784:1ORBIC
1702:437257
1689:972723
1673:NZOR:
1666:189479
1640:501529
1627:610654
1601:152524
1575:501529
1562:1ORBIO
1467:437276
1454:293786
1438:NZOR:
1392:181681
1379:109366
1366:351113
1327:1ORBIF
1275:174441
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614:
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498:, and
404:Genera
381:hyphal
304:genera
302:in 12
283:class
270:family
268:are a
161:(1836)
140:(1932)
138:Nannf.
1919:WoRMS
1831:IRMNG
1697:WoRMS
1614:11927
1609:IRMNG
1462:WoRMS
1431:47021
1405:81091
1374:IRMNG
1340:81091
1301:626GZ
1171:(PDF)
1069:: 34.
1030:INIST
999:S2CID
900:S2CID
878:(PDF)
289:order
75:Fungi
1870:NCBI
1844:ITIS
1836:1219
1805:GBIF
1779:EPPO
1661:NCBI
1622:ITIS
1588:1056
1583:GBIF
1557:EPPO
1549:6099
1426:NCBI
1387:ITIS
1353:4127
1348:GBIF
1322:EPPO
1270:APNI
1199:and
1141:PMID
1096:NAID
1086:ISBN
923:ISBN
852:NAID
803:ISBN
753:PMID
692:ISBN
637:ISBN
612:ISBN
587:ISBN
557:ISBN
523:and
434:asci
264:The
1810:181
1766:CoL
1648:NBN
1544:EoL
1536:3Q7
1531:CoL
1413:NBN
1309:EoL
1296:CoL
1131:hdl
1123:doi
1057:".
991:doi
979:120
952:doi
780:doi
743:PMC
733:doi
721:104
666:doi
346:),
272:of
159:Fr.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
