309:. While the piano note, then, can only decay, the organ note may increase in volume or undergo other dynamic changes. Some modern electronic instruments allow for volume to vary with the force applied to the key and permit the organist to sustain the note and alter both its attack and decay in a variety of ways. For example, Hammond organs often have an expression pedal, which enables the performer to increase or decrease the volume of a note, chord, or passage. All of these variables mean that both the technique of organ playing and the resulting music are quite different from those of the piano. Nevertheless, the trained pianist may play a basic organ repertoire with little difficulty, although more advanced organ music will require specialized training and practice, as the musician has to learn to play on multiple manuals, set stops and other controls while performing, and play the
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289:, etc.). When depressed, an organ key continues to sound its note at the same volume until the organist releases the key, unlike a piano key, whose note gradually fades away as the string vibrations fade away. On the other hand, while the pianist may allow the piano notes to continue to sound for a few moments after lifting their hands from the keys by depressing the sustain pedal, most organs have no corresponding control; the note invariably ceases when the organist releases the key. The exception is some modern electronic instruments and relatively contemporary upgrades to theatre pipe organ consoles, which may have a knee lever which sustains the previous chords or notes. The knee lever enables an organist to hold a chord or note during a
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355:, which group together a series of different tones. Divisions are usually standardised within pipe organs belonging to certain regions; in the English school of organ building, common divisions include the Great, Swell, Choir, Solo and Echo, while French organs commonly include Grand Orgue, Positif, Récit and Echo. German organ divisions include the Hauptwerk, Rückpositiv, Brustwerk and Oberwerk, while in Dutch, common divisions are Hoofdwerk, Rugwerk, Borstwerk and Bovenwerk. Finally,
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261:" (e.g., 16 ft, 8 ft, 4 ft 2 ft, etc.) they wish to use. Synthesizers can program separate manuals to emulate sounds of various orchestral sections or instruments, using imitative digital sounds or sampling of real instruments, or using entirely synthesized sounds. On digital synthesizer instruments a performer can produce the sounds of an entire
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169:(a keyboard on which notes are played with the feet), such as an organ; or when referring to one of the keyboards on an instrument that has more than one hand-operated keyboard, such as a two- or three-manual harpsichord. (On instruments that have neither a pedalboard nor more than one hand-operated keyboard, the word "manual" is
364:
pulled out or pushed in automatically. This is of particular benefit in pieces where a number of stops have to be pulled out or pushed in between sections. Devices known as couplers are sometimes available to link the manuals, so that the stops (and pipes) normally played on one can be played from another.
244:
On smaller electronic organs and synthesizers, the manuals may span fewer octaves, and they may also be offset, with the lower one an octave to the left of the upper one. This arrangement encourages the organist to play the melody line on the upper manual while playing the harmony line, chords or
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Various other controls, such as stops, pistons, and registration presets are usually located adjacent to the manuals to allow the organist ready access to them while playing. This further increases the instrument's versatility, as a piston or other preset function can cause multiple stops to be
257:) can emulate this style of play. Hammond organs differ from pipe organs in that pipe organs can only pull a stop out (that is, turn on a stop) or push it in (turning off this stop); in contrast, Hammond organs typically have drawbars, so that the player can control how much of each "
359:
are usually composed of Great, Accompaniment, Solo, Bombarde and
Orchestral divisions. Organ builders choose different divisions to accommodate the type of music played, the space in which the organ is installed, as well as the desired character and tone of the instrument.
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Organs and synthesizers can, and usually do, have more than one manual; most home instruments have two manuals, while most larger organs have two or three. Elaborate pipe organs and theater organs can have four or more manuals. The manuals are set into the
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have fewer keys, such as 61 or 73 keys. Some smaller electronic organs may have manuals of four octaves or less (25, 49, 44, or even 37 keys). Changes in registration through use of drawknobs, stop tabs, or other mechanisms to control
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Another difference is that of dynamic control. Unlike the case of piano keys, the force with which the organist depresses the key has no relation to the note's resonance; instead, the organist controls the volume through use of the
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273:
Despite the superficial resemblance to piano keyboards, organ manuals require a very different style of playing. Organ keys often require less force to depress than piano keys; however, the keys on
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allow such instruments to achieve an aggregate range well in excess of pianos and other keyboard instruments even with manuals of shorter pitch range and smaller size.
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through the use of all available manuals in conjunction with the pedalboard and the various registration controls.
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Music written to be played only on the manuals (and not using the pedals) can be designated by the word
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keyboard, with long, usually ivory or light-colored keys for the natural notes of the
Western
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161:" is used instead of the word "keyboard" when referring to any hand-operated keyboard on a
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Different manuals on pipe organs are usually used to play stops from a variety of
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180:(first attested in 1511, but particularly common in the 17th and 18th centuries).
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on the lower manual. On pipe organs each manual plays a specific subset of the
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297:, thus freeing their hands to turn a page in the sheet music, change stops,
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216:, or 61 keys. Piano keyboards, by contrast, normally have 88 keys; some
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a choir or orchestra, or shift hands to another manual.
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with three manuals. The two lower manuals are each five
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in range, while the uppermost manual spans two octaves.
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One of the key types of electromechanical organs, the
212:. A typical, full-size organ manual consists of five
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236:The organ console in St. Mary Redcliffe church in
196:The layout of a manual is roughly the same as a
439:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
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480:
8:
62:introducing citations to additional sources
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799:
791:
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428:Williams, Peter (2001). "Manualiter". In
397:A three manual digital synthesizer organ.
1207:Musical instrument parts and accessories
52:Relevant discussion may be found on the
420:
371:
129:The console of the Great Organ at the
27:Musical keyboard played with the hands
341:Types of manuals and related controls
7:
409:An Oberheim Dual Manual synthesizer.
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269:Organ manuals vs. piano keyboards
402:
390:
374:
45:relies largely or entirely on a
34:
347:Organ console § Keyboards
1:
385:synthesizer with two manuals.
253:, and electric organs (e.g.,
240:, England, with four manuals.
173:a synonym for "keyboard".)
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344:
720:
442:(2nd ed.). London:
317:Electromechanical organs
1132:Piano Technicians Guild
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275:mechanical instruments
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135:Aristide Cavaillé-Coll
331:
235:
144:
128:
1202:Keyboard instruments
1153:Amplifiers, speakers
995:Generalized keyboard
826:keyboard instruments
444:Macmillan Publishers
131:Church of St Sulpice
58:improve this article
1000:Isomorphic keyboard
990:Enharmonic keyboard
880:Electronic keyboard
697:Trompette militaire
568:Combination action
277:can be very heavy (
163:keyboard instrument
73:"Manual" music
1160:Keyboard amplifier
1080:Piano construction
750:Historical Society
338:
242:
155:
139:
1189:
1188:
788:
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577:Tubular-pneumatic
572:Electro-pneumatic
453:978-1-56159-239-5
307:expression pedals
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108:
16:(Redirected from
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547:Expression pedal
527:Eight-foot pitch
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336:has two manuals.
279:St Sulpice Paris
193:(or "keydesk").
147:electronic organ
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542:Crescendo pedal
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218:electric pianos
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222:digital pianos
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56:. Please help
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1174:Miscellaneous
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434:Tyrrell, John
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283:St Ouen Rouen
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255:Hammond organ
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251:organ's stops
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202:musical scale
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191:organ console
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114:December 2009
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85:
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75: –
74:
70:
69:Find sources:
63:
59:
55:
49:
48:
47:single source
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1032:
1010:Short octave
890:Harmonichord
702:Voix céleste
692:Registration
662:Tibia Clausa
531:
509:Construction
437:
423:
381:A 1970s-era
362:
352:
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272:
243:
195:
187:
177:
175:
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158:
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111:
101:
94:
87:
80:
68:
44:
18:Organ manual
1119:Maintenance
1092:Innovations
1038:Split sharp
1028:Frequencies
969:Synthesizer
895:Harpsichord
833:Instruments
712:Zimbelstern
496:Pipe organs
334:Hammond B-3
323:Hammond B-3
227:organ stops
165:that has a
1196:Categories
1056:Expression
925:Reed organ
920:Pipe organ
885:Fortepiano
865:Clavichord
765:Repertoire
735:Fairground
707:Vox humana
682:Ophicleide
602:En chamade
415:References
345:See also:
178:manualiter
167:pedalboard
157:The word "
84:newspapers
1087:Acoustics
875:Claviharp
755:Portative
687:Plein-jeu
559:Swell box
554:Tremulant
383:Fairlight
353:divisions
263:orchestra
259:pipe rank
133:built by
54:talk page
974:Virginal
905:Melodica
850:Carillon
845:Calliope
760:Positive
517:Builders
436:(eds.).
247:bassline
184:Overview
137:in 1862.
1102:Aliquot
1066:Sustain
983:Layouts
937:Orphica
855:Celesta
822:Musical
775:Theatre
677:Mixture
672:Gedackt
652:Bourdon
617:Voicing
612:Scaling
564:Tracker
522:Console
368:Gallery
299:conduct
295:cadence
291:fermata
238:Bristol
214:octaves
151:octaves
98:scholar
1142:Wrench
1137:Tuning
1127:Action
1097:Wiring
1048:Pedals
964:Spinet
900:Keytar
745:German
740:French
725:Barrel
667:Cornet
629:Tuning
537:Pedals
532:Manual
450:
206:sharps
159:manual
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
1107:Cross
942:Piano
910:Organ
860:Chime
780:Water
770:Shoes
730:Crawl
657:Tibia
639:Stops
594:Pipes
210:flats
198:piano
105:JSTOR
91:books
1061:Soft
1020:Keys
824:and
643:List
624:Reed
607:Flue
582:Stop
500:list
448:ISBN
220:and
208:and
77:news
293:or
171:not
145:An
60:by
1198::
446:.
432:;
332:A
285:,
281:,
814:e
807:t
800:v
645:)
641:(
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498:(
488:e
481:t
474:v
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456:.
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112:(
102:·
95:·
88:·
81:·
64:.
50:.
20:)
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