315:, including Cuba, never embraced de Morais' autonomous job creation and income generation method. Revolutionary Nicaragua did allow the 1980 COPERA or "Capacitation Project for the Organization of Producers and Job Creation" OW pilot project, sponsored by the ILO and the Nicaraguan Institute for Agrarian Reform, which was to become the mould for a nationwide Nicaraguan SIPGER (Job & Income Generation System), on the Honduran model, but the Sandinista government cut short the project on 29 December 1980, with a memorandum critical of the OW: "those Experimental Laboratories contribute to the bourgeois mindset in capitalist countries" while "surplus production serves the particular group and not the national interest". Van Dam concurs by noting that a revolutionary Sandinista government, beset by internal economic crisis, conflict with neighboring States and a Contra uprising, felt that it needed to be strongly 'in control' of the political process, including 'popular participation'.
83:, Brazil) event which he attended, a large group of activists had gathered in an ordinary town house, where "the cramped conditions of the house, combined with the need for secrecy so as not to arouse the suspicion of the police, ... imposed on the group a strict organizational discipline in terms of division and synchronization of all the tasks needed for such an event". The subsequent finding that little was learned about the event's supposed topic but instead, "an enormous lot about organization" became the inspiration and starting point for the design of what eventually was to become the organization workshop. Building on this, subsequent Moraisean practitioners corroborated de Morais' original finding that "organization" is not taught but "achieved" by a properly composed large group.
157:) and in Land Reform at the ICIRA (Capacitation and Research Institute for Agrarian Reform Institute), de Morais became consultant for international and national development institutions and NGOs. Since then, the organization workshop has become a constant in a number of agrarian reform efforts in Latin America and (community) development projects elsewhere. From Chile, the OW spread to Costa Rica, Mexico, Panamá, Colombia, El Salvador, Venezuela, Ecuador, Honduras, Peru, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Brazil, the Caribbean, a number of African countries as well as Europe. In 2015, for the first time in the UK, a pilot OW took place at 'Marsh Farm' urban housing Estate, Luton (near London) as part of a government supported Enterprise and Job creation project.
263:
ought to be the OW's default mode: 110,946 people participated in 282 OWs in Brazil from 2000 to 2002. The report further cites 3,194 resulting enterprise start-ups and 25,077 new jobs; 22,000 participated in 104 São Paulo PAE (Self-Employment) Program from 1996 to 1998, resulting in 711 new enterprises, including People's Banks. 27,000 Hondurans and other nationals participated in more than 200 OWs during the 1973–1976 national PROCCARA Program in
Honduras which led to the creation of 1,053 new enterprises, some of the bigger ones still operating today (see e.g. Hondupalma below). 6,000 Cooperative (INSCOOP) workers graduated under the 1979 POR/OIT/PNUD/007 Program (Portugal). The Costa Rica (2010–13)
60:. It is aimed at large groups of unemployed and underemployed, a large number of whom sometimes may be persons with lower levels of education (LLEs). The OW addresses locally identified problems which can only be solved by collaborating groups. During a Workshop participants form a temporary enterprise which they themselves manage, an enterprise which contracts to do work at market rates. Once the workshop temporary enterprise is over, organizational, management and vocational skills gained can be used to form new businesses or social enterprises.
121:"Activity-based" means that for people to learn, a real object has to be actually present; as Jacinta Correia puts it: "to learn how to ride a bike, you need a bike to ride on". Thus, for a large group to learn how to manage a complex enterprise, it has to have a complex enterprise to manage. In the OW context, this means that a group averaging 150, many of whom often with lower levels of education, are actively engaged, for an entire month, in (a) productive or service provision enterprise(s). For all the apparent, e.g.,
67:. The main elements of the workshop are a large group of people (stipulated originally by de Morais as "minimum 40, with no upper limit") the freedom to organize themselves within the law and all necessary resources in the hands of the group. de Morais' OW guidelines, originally distributed in mimeographed form, were (re)printed in several countries, languages and formats (including popular cartoon) over the years. The text was first translated into English by Ian Cherrett for use in anglophone Africa.
195:
171:
203:
current patterns and models of organization, as well as insights in individual and collective behavior. Skills acquired include practical enterprise organization and management skills including labor and time management, financial record-keeping and reporting, planning, quoting and tendering for work, vocational skills such as e.g. building, welding, tailoring, farming, catering or IT skills, and literacy and numeracy development.
251:
187:
87:
22:
334:" stream of practice, which de Morais encountered when working with the MST (Landless Workers) Movement in Brazil. Morais (sometimes also spelled "Moraes") – typically is criticized by this group for, among other things, being too "rigid and dogmatic". The latter's critical views tend to express a preference for Freirean-inspired
2368:
Marburg BdWi-Verlag – NB. Although
Engeström, – since 1987 a key internationally renowned Activity authority – does not have any known associations with the activity-based OW --, his 'Activity Triangle' goes a long way in elucidating OW processes – re: 'Engeström's Third Generation Contributions: a
307:
is couched, "felt that his ideas needed rejecting". Nonetheless, his format was readily accepted by international organizations over the decades. Van Dam adds that the Latin
American "bourgeois establishment" clearly saw peasant autonomy brought about by the OW as "a threat to the established order"
262:
The OW's "massive" claim – (re: Capacitación 'Masiva' in
Spanish/Portuguese) – is at its most visible when, as in the case of Brazil, Honduras or Costa Rica, it is run on a regional or national basis (known as PROGER/PRONAGER or National Job & Income Generation Program) which, in de Morais' mind,
246:
Correia considers drawing up a correct quantitative, let alone qualitative balance sheet of the OW experience a "virtually impossible" task. Based on results of qualitative research into the OW she conducted, she tentatively "ventures some conservative estimates": 15% of OW participants are estimated
178:
Running an OW requires both a facilitators' enterprise (FE) and a participants' enterprise (PE), originally called "primary" and "secondary" structures by de Morais and called respectively "crew" and "team" in, for example, the SABC-televised Kwanda OWs in South Africa in the noughties. The FE is the
129:
parallels, the OW's defining features are not only the need for a cooperative large group and the creation of (a) complex, real enterprise(s), but, principally, the position of the trainer and the way in which training messages are communicated. In OW-learning, the trainer's role is merely subsidiary
202:
Lectures on the "theory of organization" (TO) are an integral and compulsory part of the OW process. These lectures (1 ½ hours a day for two weeks) are meant to enable members of the PE to gain a perspective on their historical, social and economic context, on the working of the market economy, on
348:
Sobrado points to another source of resistance to the OW, which does not necessarily come from either left or right, but is rooted, instead, in the status quo, perceived to be threatened by "a sure fire way of developing the capacities of the poor". This "annoys the organizations and institutions
179:
framework set up for all organizational and learning activities before, during and after the
Workshop. It is created before the workshop and remains in place after it closes. The participants' first job, in turn, is to set up a PE which, usually after a period of trial and error referred to as
258:
An additional estimated 30% (equivalent to 8,000 persons) subsequently find work. Counting in family members, she arrives at 27,000 persons who, in her research sample, "have drawn some economic benefit from the OW, ... at an estimated unit cost of a mere $ 16 per person". Andersson similarly
364:
can be counted as a critique of the OW. Fisher argues that "the most illuminating aspect of the Génesis OW...is not its success or failure, narrowly defined, but rather the unintended consequences that have originated in large part from the space between the actual existing social and
1536:
Labra, Isabel; Labra, Ivan (2008). "Der
Organisationsworkshop-Ansatz: eine Großgruppenintervention für die Arbeit mit Basisgruppen" [The Organization Workshop approach to Work: a Large Group intervention with Base Groups]. In Königswieser, Roswita; Keil, Marion (eds.).
735:
1538:
2376:
Community Work
Program (CWP), poverty alleviation and collective trauma healing in a marginal community in: Daniel J, Naidoo P, Pillay D and Southall R (eds.) New South African Review Two. Johannesburg: Wits University
267:
GERMINADORA Project was decreed a "Project of Public
Interest" by President Chinchilla Miranda in 2012. In 2015, 411 persons participated in the Westonaria (S. Africa) Organization Workshop, originally planned for 350.
318:
A second strand of "left" criticism tends to come, on the one hand, from the ideological 'hard' left "whose trenchant criticism of de Morais derives partly from apparent neglect of the exploitative features of the
279:
growing and processing plants
Hondupalma, Salama and Coapalma. In 1999 the Costa Rican Coopesilencio cooperative celebrated its 25th year of operation with a book by Barrantes. Since then, Coopesilencio has added
275:, where failure rates allegedly may be as high as 80% in their first year of operation).—are exemplified by e.g.: 13 surviving—in 2000—Costa-Rican cooperatives; the Honduran—(ex-1970s PROCCARA campaign)—
568:
Comunicación y
Capacitación en Empresas Autogestionarias surgidas de Laboratorios Organizacionales – Communication and Capacitation in the Selfmanaging Enterprises resulting from Organization Workshops
292:
The activity-based OW approach stands out from mainstream behaviorism-based small group approaches. That is by itself a potential source of controversy in both academia and accepted field practice.
795:
2029:
910:
EL LABORATORIO EXPERIMENTAL DE C. SANTOS DE MORAIS – UNA PEDAGOGIA PARA LA ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL – The Experimental Workshop of C. Santos de Morais – a pedagogy for social organization
486:
A Metodologia da Capacitação Massiva como Instrumento de inclusão social: Estudo de caso – The Large Group Capacitation Methodology as an Instrument of social inclusion: a case study
587:
1991:
quote: "This creates the conditions for the failure of those microenterprises (the failure rate in the first year is over 80 percent) and deepens the desperation of participants."
259:
estimates the impact of the 2009–10 Kwanda program in South Africa: 5,000 participants; 200,000 community member beneficiaries; 2,000,000 viewers and listeners reached per week.
484:
865:
America Latina: crisis del Estado clientelista y la construcción de repúblicas ciudadanas – Latin America: crisis of the clientelist state and building the citizen republics
183:
by de Morais, starts organizing work, subject to negotiation of a contract with the FE. Work delivered during the OW is then paid from the development fund at market rates.
1972:
254:
Closing Ceremony Laurel OW 2005. Among the Vocational courses the 543 participants chose were English (see banner), Carpentry, Electronics, Confectionery, IT, and others.
247:
to subsequently start an enterprise of one kind or another which, in the case of Brazil – (anno 2000, the publication year of 'A Future') – amounts to 9,000 enterprises.
1669:
815:
786:
751:
641:
899:
782:
320:
75:
de Morais' initial observation was that people, forced by circumstances and sharing one single resource base, learn to organize in a complex manner, involving a
2268:, p. 148. Andersson singles out Kate Truscott's vocal criticism of de Morais at a SACNET -(Southern Africa Cooperative Network)- Seminar held in Harare in 1990.
908:
621:(in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica 12-16 Dec. 1977: PRACA Training and Study Program on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development in the Central American Isthmus.
2206:: "LE/EW" – (or "EWTO" – Experimental Workshop on Theory of Organization) – was the early, and subsequently gradually abandoned name for the LO/OW see, e.g.
243:, Redd Barna and, recently e.g. in South Africa, the Soul City Institute and government departments such as South Africa's Department of Social Development.
153:
of March 1964, de Morais went into a 23-year exile in Chile, and the OW spread from there in the late sixties. After specializing in Cultural Anthropology (
1773:
1715:
677:
463:
53:
801:
515:
Learning from Brazil. Proceedings of the Manchester Conference of 23rd March 1998 & the Synchronous & Asynchrononous online virtual conferencing
863:
211:
Sponsoring bodies since the 1960s have ranged from United Nations organizations to local and international development agencies and NGOs, among them
963:
955:"or, as many as local conditions and the amount of 'common pool resources' that can be put at the disposal of the participants allow": de Morais in
652:
2026:
2281:
A ORGANIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHO CAMPONÊS NA VISÃO DE CLODOMIR SANTOS DE MORAIS – The Organization of rural labor according to Clodomir Santos de Morais
2430:
616:
2467:
365:
organizational dynamics in the Génesis cooperative before the workshop, on the one hand, and the OW's model for those dynamics, on the other."
2300:, which includes 'critical' consciousness re: Ch. 4 -From Freire to Clodomir Santos de Morais: from Critical to Organizational Consciousness.
1684:
1747:
1140:
2190:
1409:
220:
2228:
2045:
1392:
1901:
596:
1913:
797:
Metodologias de Capacitação – Cefe, Gespar, Capacitação Massiva – Methods of Capacitatio – Cefe, Gespar, Large Group Capacitation Method
706:
414:
103:
2380:
Ramafoko, L., Andersson, G., Weiner R. (2012) "Reality Television for Community Development. The Kwanda Initiative in South Africa" in:
2279:
2074:
1552:
876:
556:
523:
493:
473:
216:
212:
425:
150:
2373:
1969:
1643:
2477:
2400:
2199:
666:
449:
2497:
618:
Seminario de Analisis y Evaluación de Laboratorios Experimentales – Experimental Workshops Analysis and Evaluation Seminar
1952:
632:
389:
323:, while there is open admiration for organizing method" and, on the other hand, from what could be broadly termed the "
2014:
2492:
56:-based learning event where participants master new organizational as well as social knowledge and skills through a
917:
708:
A Critique of the Social Psychology of Small Groups & an Introduction to a Social Psychology of the Large Group
303:, the latter, wary of de Morais' conceptual mode and language "throwback to the 50s" in which de Morais' original
2482:
2472:
2231:[Points of consideration on the implementation of Experimental Laboratories] (in Spanish). Archived from
379:
240:
64:
1782:
1722:
643:
Laboratorio Experimental de Capacitación en Organización – Experimental Workshop on Organizational Capacitation
232:
138:
2381:
686:
595:. Goa (India): Presentation made in Jan 2006 at the 'African Diaspora in India 'TADIA' meeting. Archived from
25:
Part of the group of 850 who took part in the 1992 Matzinho "field" organization workshop (FOW), in war-torn
2323:
Fisher, Josh (2010). "Building Consciousness: The Organization Workshop Comes to a Nicaraguan Cooperative".
882:
137:
In South America, its place of origin, this approach is known as the Método de Capacitación Masiva (MCM) or
1368:. Rome,Italy: FAO FFHC –Freedom from Hunger Campaign – IDEAS & ACTION No. 175 (1987/4). pp. 8–17.
1315:, pp. xv–xix "Translating 'latino' terms into English" & p.208: Capacitation and Discapacitation.
832:
542:
338:
331:
960:
2487:
1663:
384:
57:
1008:
823:
Sobrado, Miguel; Stoller, Richard (September 2002). "Organizational Empowerment versus Clientelism".
342:
130:(known as "scaffolding" in activity theory). In other words, it is not the trainer/instructor, but "
837:
547:
1698:
457:. Seriti, S.A.: (pre-booklaunch) chapter from Unbounded Organization:Embracing Societal Enterprise.
374:
324:
300:
154:
45:
2354:
1751:
1387:
194:
2388:
2287:(in Portuguese). São Paulo, Brazil: XIXth Meeting of the Agrarian Geography group. pp. 1–16.
1277:
893:
850:
809:
776:
745:
626:
296:
90:
Part of the shared resource base ('Inventory') at the Ntambanana OW (South Africa) November 2012
2363:
2232:
2218:, pp. 69–72 5.6: Nature and reason for the artificial aspect of the Experimental Workshop.
170:
2396:
2195:
2164:
2070:
1847:
1548:
1424:
1369:
1207:
1037:
872:
764:
662:
552:
519:
469:
436:
335:
228:
95:
76:
1928:
715:
2332:
842:
272:
224:
49:
654:
Psicología Social: Responsabilidad y Necesidad – Social Psychology. Responsibility and Need
492:(in Portuguese). Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil: Ceará State University, Br. Archived from
2033:
1976:
1396:
967:
126:
345:-finding approaches whereas de Morais' method focuses on "organizational" consciousness.
2443:
Capacitacion Masiva y Germinadora / Large-group Capacitation and the Germinadora Project
1646:[A Mass Capacitation Methodology: an alternative to Job and Income Generation].
250:
1822:] (in Spanish). Mexico: Centro de Estudios Superiores Tercer Milenio – CESTEM no 1.
311:
The "institutional left", broadly defined as countries identifying, pre 1989, with the
111:
1425:"Reality Television for Community Development – The Kwanda Initiative in South Africa"
186:
2461:
2336:
1813:
854:
658:
149:
The OW originated in Brazil with de Morais' 1954 Recife workshop. In the wake of the
1655:
1644:"A Metodologia da Capacitação Massiva: uma alternativa à geração de emprego e renda"
308:
and did all in their power to disrupt it, for example by withholding state support.
2425:
Ivan Labra and the Organization Workshop/Ivan Labra y el Laboratorio Organizacional
1223:
362:
Building Consciousness: The Organization Workshop Comes to a Nicaraguan Cooperative
328:
312:
2160:
271:
Long-term survival rates of OW-initiated enterprises—(as compared to conventional
2064:
576:
513:
403:
2229:"Puntos de consideracion sobre la implementacion de Laboratorios Experimentales"
2046:"Coapalma abona L15 millones a Banadesa – Coapalma pays 15m lempiras to Bandesa"
350:
281:
107:
86:
2454:
Gavin Andersson on Kurt Lewin and Lev Vygotsky – Part 1 & 2. (30 May 2013).
846:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2424:
2418:
2412:
99:
26:
1041:
440:
1851:
1373:
768:
538:
2356:
Helping People Help Themselves: Toward a Theory of Autonomy-Compatible Help
1241:
the traditional relationship between trainee and instructor ceases to apply
2101:
See also Andersson (2013) on Lewin and small group "bounded" approach in
276:
122:
115:
180:
740:(in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: PNUD, OIT-NIC/79/010, COPERA Project.
21:
1389:
The Organisation Workshop at Marsh Farm, Luton, UK. Performance Report
737:
Apuntes de teoría de la organización – Notes on theory of Organization
646:(in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: SENA Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje.
349:
that appear to operate according to a more or less cleverly disguised
295:
Critique of the OW (and, indirectly, of de Morais) has come from both
264:
80:
190:
Vocational skills course during the Laurel OW (Costa Rica) Nov 2005
1423:
Ramafoko, Lebo; Andersson, Gavin; Weiner, Renay (September 2012).
714:. IntegraTerra – Chile: (pre-booklaunch) Chapter I. Archived from
249:
236:
193:
185:
169:
85:
20:
1254:, p.221-2 "de Morais' antecedent thought: Objectivised Activity".
405:
Unbounded Governance: A Study of Popular Development Organization
2168:
2092:, p.60, p.249, p.262-9 "Small group Lewinian Social Psychology".
1846:] (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Government Printer.
1838:
Instituto Nacional Agrario-National Agrarian Institute (1974).
1968:, p. 201 quotes a 90% 1st year failure rate according to
1697:(in Portuguese). Brazil: Departamento Cultural. Archived from
1470:
862:
Sobrado, Miguel; Rojas, Juan José Herrera (2006). EUNA (ed.).
2437:
Tres años de Germinadora / Three years of Germinadora Project
2413:
Organising for Good: The Story of Westonaria's Transformation
982:, pp. 1 & 21: 850 took part in the Matzinho OW, Moz.
640:
IICA, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (1979).
615:
IICA, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (1977).
1466:
970:: current field practice sees average numbers of around 150.
685:. Seriti, S.A.: Integra Terra Network Editor. Archived from
2393:
Another Production is Possible: beyond the Capitalist Canon
2066:
La construcción de un sueño: Coopesilencio, 25 años después
1840:
Programa de Capacitación Campesina para la Reforma Agraria
1686:
Programa Nacional de Generación de Empleo y Renta PRONAGER
1465:
In South Africa, the OW was applied by, among others, the
1347:
1345:
578:
Comunicação e Capacitação – Communication and Capacitation
1474:
995:, pp. 209–10 on the nature of and need for autonomy.
106:
it stands out in a field notable for a long tradition of
2389:"The Recent Rebirth of the Solidarity Economy in Brazil"
1820:
The collectivation process of the Honduran agrarian area
1781:(in Portuguese). DIEESE. 2002. p. 3. Archived from
1165:
1163:
2369:
Concept of Activity Systems' in: Andersson 2013: p38-50
761:
Objective conditions and subjective factors. PhD Thesis
570:(PhD thesis) (in Spanish). Mexico: Chapingo University.
518:. Manchester University UK: Manchester Monographs #38.
102:
and sociology. Because the OW large group approach is
2419:
The story of Munsieville, Gauteng Prov. South Africa
2391:
p. 3-42 in: Santos, Boaventura de Sousa (2006)
1130:
1128:
2359:
Washington D.C.: World Bank Policy Research WP 2693
1473:and government departments such as South Africa's
435:. AFRICANUS South Africa Vol 42, Nr 1, pp. 98-119.
63:The creator of the OW is the Brazilian sociologist
1844:Campesino Capacitation Program for Agrarian Reform
1547:] (in German). Klett-Cotta. pp. 196–208.
1411:Marsh Farm Organisation Workshop Evaluation Report
1034:Apuntes de teoría de la organización (Book, 1979)
1815:El Proceso de Colectivización del Agro Hondureño
1487:
2185:
2183:
1721:(in Portuguese). FAO. p. 7. Archived from
1399:Integraterra – the Network of OW Practitioners.
1366:Botswana, a workshop on production organization
1007:, p. 118 known also as 'the Inventory' or
512:Carmen, R; Labra, I.&I.; Davis, M. (1999).
356:The anthropologist Josh Fisher's 2010 detailed
94:The OW field of study in the broadest sense is
2189:Van Dam was translated into Dutch in 1983 re:
1988:
1691:National Program for Job and Income Generation
98:, the discipline that bridges the gap between
2310:
2297:
2114:
2001:
1965:
1889:
1799:
1617:
1580:
1336:
1312:
1236:
1182:
1154:
1119:
1082:
992:
956:
943:
916:. The Hague Netherlands: CESO. Archived from
8:
1979:(Brazilian Micro Enterprise Support Service)
1668:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1339:, p. 51. Part III – The OW in Practice.
1300:
814:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
750:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
589:Learning with Africa: the Case of Mozambique
785:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
462:Andersson, Gavin; Richards, Howard (2015).
424:Andersson, Gavin; Richards, Howard (2012).
2211:
1604:
1567:
1441:
1351:
979:
898:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
781:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
581:(in Portuguese). Brasilia, Br: IATTERMUND.
416:KWANDA. An example of Civic Driven Change?
2265:
2174:
2126:
2089:
1825:
1629:
1592:
1499:
1453:
1324:
1251:
1219:
1169:
1106:
1094:
1020:
1004:
836:
546:
110:-based "small group" approaches, such as
2027:Palm Oil Producers in Honduras Salama p3
1914:"Presidential Decree #37771 MP-MBSF QLD"
1864:
1812:Erazo, Benjamin; Fajardo, Allan (1980).
1642:Sidney, Abel, de Souza (February 2006).
1139:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLabra1994 (
794:Silveira, Caio, M.; et al. (1997).
2253:
2215:
2207:
2138:
1876:
1523:
1511:
1263:
1194:
935:
198:Contract negotiation 2012 OW (S.Africa)
2365:Learning by Expanding: Ten Years After
1661:
891:
807:
800:. Rio de Janeiro: FASE. Archived from
774:
743:
624:
533:Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000).
1134:
7:
1927:: 3. 6 December 2012. Archived from
1279:A metodologia da capacitação massiva
1054:
759:de Morais, Clodomir, Santos (1987).
734:de Morais, Clodomir, Santos (1979).
426:"Bounded and Unbounded Organization"
2102:
676:Labra, Isabel; Labra, Ivan (2012).
468:. World Dignity University Press.
14:
2372:Langa, M and Von Holdt, K (2011)
1327:, p. 166–170 "Capacitation".
1069:Notes to a Theory of Organization
465:Unbounded Organizing in Community
419:. South Africa: Seriti Institute.
2337:10.1111/j.1548-1417.2010.01043.x
2063:Barrantes C., Victor J. (1998).
1953:Westonaria Organization Workshop
1475:Department of Social Development
679:The Organization Workshop Method
2449:"Unbounded Organization" Part 1
1284:Large-group Capacitation Method
1266:, p. 6: re: Objective Activity.
483:Araújo, Sebastão Lopes (2009).
2374:Bokfontein amazes the nations'
2192:Het Experimenteel Laboratorium
2153:A Reforma Agraria en Nicaragua
1775:Programa de Auto-Emprego – PAE
1488:Carmen, Labra & Davis 1999
1:
2468:Group problem solving methods
1902:Germinadora Project – Spanish
1364:de Morais, C. Santos (1987).
321:capitalist mode of production
2439:Costa Rica. (3 October 2013)
2157:Agrarian Reform in Nicaragua
586:Correia, Jacinta CB (2007).
566:Correia, Jacinta CB (2001).
451:The Activity Theory Approach
390:Zone of proximal development
174:OWfreedomtoorganizewithinlaw
42:"Laboratorio Organizacional"
2415:(Oct-Dec 2015 – S. Africa).
2325:Anthropology of Work Review
825:Latin American Perspectives
763:(in Spanish). Rostock GDR.
575:Correia, Jainta JB (1994).
79:. During the seminal (1954
16:Business education workshop
2514:
2204:Experimenteel/Experimental
2013:Hondupalma celebrated its
1989:Sobrado & Stoller 2002
1892:, p 152 (ch. 15) & 174
871:(in Spanish). Costa Rica.
847:10.1177/0094582X0202900502
58:learning-by-doing approach
2445:Costa Rica (22 May 2014).
2311:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
2298:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
2278:Thomaz, Fernanda (2009).
2115:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
2002:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1966:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1890:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1802:, p188 (Ch.18) and p175-7
1800:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1618:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1581:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1395:29 September 2017 at the
1337:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1313:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1237:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1183:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1155:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1120:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
1083:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
993:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
957:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
944:Carmen & Sobrado 2000
535:A Future for the Excluded
448:Andersson, Gavin (2013).
413:Andersson, Gavin (2010).
402:Andersson, Gavin (2004).
380:Clodomir Santos de Morais
65:Clodomir Santos de Morais
2151:Bornstein, C.T. (1982).
1648:Revista Espaço Acadêmico
1545:The fire of large groups
1540:Das Feuer großer Gruppen
1301:Sobrado & Rojas 2006
631:: CS1 maint: location (
233:Catholic Relief Services
139:large-group capacitation
2163:, Brazil: Brasiliense.
2032:2 November 2013 at the
966:5 November 2013 at the
132:the object that teaches
2212:Labra & Labra 2012
1975:30 August 2013 at the
1605:Labra & Labra 2012
1568:Labra & Labra 2012
1456:, p. 2, Slide #4.
1442:Labra & Labra 2012
1352:Labra & Labra 2012
1097:, p. 2, Slide #5.
1067:Cherrett, Ian (1992).
980:Labra & Labra 2012
925:For 'Experimental' see
408:. UK: Open University.
305:Theory of Organization
255:
241:Norwegian People's Aid
199:
191:
175:
91:
29:
2478:Experiential learning
2427:(en/esp) (April 2012)
2362:Engeström, Y. (2009)
1632:, p. 4 slide #3.
1579:I. & I. Labra in
1206:because based on the
1071:. Newcastle, UK: ETC.
385:Experiential learning
339:consciousness-raising
253:
197:
189:
173:
89:
34:Organization workshop
24:
2498:Cooperative movement
2433:Netherlands, (2015).
2387:Singer, Paul (2006)
2069:. Costa Rica: EUNA.
2017:of operation in 2012
1486:I.& I. Labra in
1009:Common-pool resource
991:see e.g. Sobrado in
907:Van Dam, C. (1982).
705:Labra, Iván (2014).
651:Labra, Iván (1992).
2353:Ellerman, D (2001)
1828:, p. 137 n.245
1788:on 23 October 2013.
1748:"PRODUZIR Amazônia"
1704:on 23 October 2013.
1658:on 23 October 2013.
1595:, pp. 135–142.
1471:Soul City Institute
1386:Labra, Ivan, 2016
1303:, pp. 193–218.
923:on 5 November 2013.
888:on 5 November 2013.
804:on 11 January 2015.
375:Aleksei N. Leontiev
325:liberation theology
284:to its activities.
155:Santiago University
145:International scope
123:on-the-job training
2493:Career development
2235:on 2 February 2014
1934:on 23 October 2013
1754:on 23 October 2013
1728:on 23 October 2013
1620:, pp. 199–200
1583:, pp. 118–120
1570:, p. 25 10.4.
692:on 5 November 2013
602:on 5 November 2013
499:on 5 November 2013
256:
200:
192:
176:
92:
30:
2052:. 3 January 2013.
1716:"PRODUZIR report"
1683:Nacif, Vera M.S.
1650:(in Portuguese).
1208:division of labor
336:critical pedagogy
273:micro-enterprises
229:Concern Worldwide
96:social psychology
77:division of labor
2505:
2483:Poverty activism
2473:Learning methods
2431:Kwanda Amsterdam
2395:Verso, London.
2341:
2340:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2219:
2214:, p. 2 and
2187:
2178:
2172:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2042:
2036:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1750:. Archived from
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1654:. Archived from
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1467:Seriti Institute
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1431:. 17/18 (17/18).
1420:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1290:(in Portuguese).
1289:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1233:
1227:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1109:, p. 19–23.
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1057:, pp. 1–37.
1052:
1046:
1045:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
977:
971:
953:
947:
940:
924:
922:
915:
903:
897:
889:
887:
881:. Archived from
870:
858:
840:
819:
813:
805:
790:
780:
772:
755:
749:
741:
730:
728:
726:
721:on 5 August 2017
720:
713:
701:
699:
697:
691:
684:
672:
647:
636:
630:
622:
611:
609:
607:
601:
594:
582:
571:
562:
550:
529:
508:
506:
504:
498:
491:
479:
458:
456:
444:
430:
420:
409:
353:hidden agenda".
332:conscientization
225:terre des hommes
2513:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2458:
2457:
2421:.(5 June 2013).
2409:
2382:Nordicom Review
2350:
2348:Further reading
2345:
2344:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2210:, p. 144,
2188:
2181:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2034:Wayback Machine
2025:
2021:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1977:Wayback Machine
1963:
1959:
1955:"W.O.W." p. 19.
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1694:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1660:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1403:
1397:Wayback Machine
1385:
1381:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1222:, p.24 quoting
1218:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
978:
974:
968:Wayback Machine
959:, p. 26;
954:
950:
941:
937:
932:
920:
913:
906:
890:
885:
879:
868:
861:
838:10.1.1.197.8588
831:(126/5): 7–19.
822:
806:
793:
773:
758:
742:
733:
724:
722:
718:
711:
704:
695:
693:
689:
682:
675:
669:
650:
639:
623:
614:
605:
603:
599:
592:
585:
574:
565:
559:
548:10.1.1.695.1688
532:
526:
511:
502:
500:
496:
489:
482:
476:
461:
454:
447:
428:
423:
412:
401:
398:
371:
290:
209:
168:
163:
147:
141:method (LGCM).
127:action learning
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2511:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2408:
2407:External links
2405:
2404:
2403:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2360:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2315:
2302:
2290:
2270:
2266:Andersson 2004
2258:
2246:
2220:
2179:
2177:, p. 138.
2175:de Morais 1987
2143:
2131:
2129:, p. 130.
2127:Andersson 2004
2119:
2107:
2103:external links
2094:
2090:Andersson 2004
2082:
2075:
2055:
2037:
2019:
2006:
1993:
1981:
1957:
1945:
1905:
1894:
1881:
1879:, p. 147.
1869:
1857:
1830:
1826:de Morais 1987
1804:
1791:
1765:
1739:
1707:
1675:
1634:
1630:Andersson 2010
1622:
1609:
1597:
1593:Andersson 2004
1585:
1572:
1560:
1553:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1502:, p. 119.
1500:de Morais 1987
1492:
1479:
1458:
1454:Andersson 2010
1446:
1434:
1415:
1408:Imagine, 2016
1401:
1379:
1356:
1341:
1329:
1325:Andersson 2004
1317:
1305:
1293:
1268:
1256:
1252:Andersson 2004
1244:
1228:
1220:Andersson 2013
1212:
1199:
1187:
1174:
1170:Andersson 2013
1159:
1146:
1124:
1111:
1107:de Morais 1987
1099:
1095:Andersson 2010
1087:
1074:
1059:
1047:
1025:
1021:de Morais 1979
1013:
1005:de Morais 1987
997:
984:
972:
948:
934:
933:
931:
928:
927:
926:
904:
877:
859:
820:
791:
756:
731:
702:
673:
667:
657:(in Spanish).
648:
637:
612:
583:
572:
563:
557:
537:. London, UK:
530:
524:
509:
480:
474:
459:
445:
421:
410:
397:
394:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
370:
367:
289:
286:
208:
205:
167:
164:
162:
159:
146:
143:
112:group dynamics
104:Activity-based
72:
71:Field of study
69:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2510:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2256:, p. 58.
2255:
2250:
2247:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2141:, p. 61.
2140:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2117:, p. 21.
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2076:9789977651415
2072:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1865:Silveira 1997
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1554:9783791030432
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1514:, p. 28.
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:de Morais in
1115:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
988:
985:
981:
976:
973:
969:
965:
962:
958:
952:
949:
945:
939:
936:
929:
919:
912:
911:
905:
901:
895:
884:
880:
878:9977-65-281-3
874:
867:
866:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
811:
803:
799:
798:
792:
788:
784:
778:
770:
766:
762:
757:
753:
747:
739:
738:
732:
717:
710:
709:
703:
688:
681:
680:
674:
670:
664:
660:
659:LOM Ediciones
656:
655:
649:
645:
644:
638:
634:
628:
620:
619:
613:
598:
591:
590:
584:
580:
579:
573:
569:
564:
560:
558:9781856497022
554:
549:
544:
540:
536:
531:
527:
525:9780902252295
521:
517:
516:
510:
495:
488:
487:
481:
477:
475:9781937570606
471:
467:
466:
460:
453:
452:
446:
442:
438:
434:
427:
422:
418:
417:
411:
407:
406:
400:
399:
395:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
368:
366:
363:
359:
354:
352:
346:
344:
340:
337:
333:
330:
326:
322:
316:
314:
309:
306:
302:
298:
293:
287:
285:
283:
278:
274:
269:
266:
265:Brunca Region
260:
252:
248:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
204:
196:
188:
184:
182:
172:
165:
160:
158:
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
135:
133:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
88:
84:
82:
78:
70:
68:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:(LO) in both
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
19:
2488:Unemployment
2392:
2364:
2355:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2313:, p. 21
2305:
2293:
2280:
2273:
2261:
2254:Van Dam 1982
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:the original
2223:
2216:Van Dam 1982
2208:Correia 2001
2203:
2191:
2173:, quoted in
2156:
2152:
2146:
2139:Van Dam 1982
2134:
2122:
2110:
2097:
2085:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2022:
2009:
2004:, p. 56
1996:
1984:
1964:Correia in
1960:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1929:the original
1924:
1920:
1908:
1897:
1884:
1877:Correia 2001
1872:
1860:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1824:– quoted by
1819:
1814:
1807:
1798:Correia in
1794:
1783:the original
1774:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:the original
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1723:the original
1710:
1699:the original
1690:
1685:
1678:
1664:cite journal
1656:the original
1651:
1647:
1637:
1625:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1575:
1563:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1526:, p. 9.
1524:Correia 2007
1519:
1512:Van Dam 1982
1507:
1495:
1482:
1461:
1449:
1444:, p. 6.
1437:
1429:Glocal Times
1428:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1388:
1382:
1365:
1359:
1354:, p. 3.
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1264:Correia 2007
1259:
1247:
1240:
1231:
1215:
1202:
1195:Correia 1994
1190:
1185:, p. 46
1177:
1157:, p. 19
1149:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1085:, p. 15
1077:
1068:
1062:
1050:
1033:
1028:
1016:
1000:
987:
975:
951:
942:Sobrado in
938:
918:the original
909:
883:the original
864:
828:
824:
802:the original
796:
760:
736:
723:. Retrieved
716:the original
707:
694:. Retrieved
687:the original
678:
653:
642:
617:
604:. Retrieved
597:the original
588:
577:
567:
534:
514:
501:. Retrieved
494:the original
485:
464:
450:
432:
415:
404:
396:Bibliography
361:
360:case study
357:
355:
347:
343:"root cause"
317:
313:Eastern Bloc
310:
304:
294:
291:
270:
261:
257:
245:
210:
201:
177:
166:During an OW
148:
136:
131:
120:
93:
74:
62:
41:
37:
33:
31:
18:
2384:33 1. 1–162
2309:Sobrado in
2000:Sobrado in
1888:Correia in
1616:Correia in
1276:Araujo, S.
1235:Sobrado in
1181:Correia in
1153:Sobrado in
1081:Sobrado in
696:30 November
351:clientelist
288:Controversy
282:eco-tourism
151:coup d'état
108:behaviorism
2462:Categories
2401:1844670783
2331:(10): 71.
2200:9064432910
1758:22 October
1239:, p. 209:
1135:Labra 1994
930:References
668:9567369526
118:training.
100:psychology
46:Portuguese
27:Mozambique
2202:. As for
2161:São Paulo
2050:La Prensa
2015:30th year
1921:La Gaceta
1055:IICA 1979
1042:493557014
894:cite book
855:154854178
833:CiteSeerX
810:cite book
777:cite book
746:cite book
661:. Chile.
627:cite book
543:CiteSeerX
539:Zed Books
441:0304-615X
433:Africanus
2239:27 March
2169:83150674
2030:Archived
1973:Archived
1852:24518003
1732:31 March
1393:Archived
1374:17537007
1224:Vygotsky
964:Archived
769:75042725
725:5 August
503:17 April
369:See also
329:Freirean
277:palm oil
2159:].
1490:p 51-52
946:, Ch. 2
606:12 June
358:Génesis
207:Post-OW
116:T-group
52:– is a
50:Spanish
40:) – or
2452:Part 2
2399:
2377:Press.
2198:
2167:
2105:below.
2073:
1970:SEBRAE
1938:15 May
1850:
1693:]
1551:
1372:
1286:]
1040:
961:Seriti
875:
853:
835:
767:
665:
555:
545:
522:
472:
439:
181:anomie
161:Impact
81:Recife
2285:(PDF)
2155:[
1932:(PDF)
1917:(PDF)
1842:[
1818:[
1786:(PDF)
1779:(PDF)
1726:(PDF)
1719:(PDF)
1702:(PDF)
1695:(PDF)
1689:[
1543:[
1288:(PDF)
1282:[
1226:n.59.
921:(PDF)
914:(PDF)
886:(PDF)
869:(PDF)
851:S2CID
719:(PDF)
712:(PDF)
690:(PDF)
683:(PDF)
600:(PDF)
593:(PDF)
497:(PDF)
490:(PDF)
455:(PDF)
429:(PDF)
301:right
237:Hivos
2397:ISBN
2241:2013
2196:ISBN
2165:LCCN
2071:ISBN
1940:2013
1848:OCLC
1760:2013
1734:2013
1670:link
1549:ISBN
1370:OCLC
1141:help
1122:p.32
1038:OCLC
1036:. .
900:link
873:ISBN
816:link
787:link
783:link
765:OCLC
752:link
727:2017
698:2016
663:ISBN
633:link
608:2013
553:ISBN
520:ISBN
505:2013
470:ISBN
437:ISSN
341:and
299:and
297:left
239:and
221:UNDP
125:and
114:and
54:CHAT
48:and
32:The
2333:doi
1925:236
843:doi
217:ILO
213:FAO
134:".
2464::
2329:31
2327:.
2182:^
2048:.
1923:.
1919:.
1666:}}
1662:{{
1652:57
1469:,
1427:.
1344:^
1162:^
1127:^
896:}}
892:{{
849:.
841:.
829:29
827:.
812:}}
808:{{
779:}}
775:{{
748:}}
744:{{
629:}}
625:{{
551:.
541:.
431:.
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
38:OW
2339:.
2335::
2243:.
2171:.
2079:.
1942:.
1867:.
1854:.
1762:.
1736:.
1672:)
1607:.
1557:.
1477:.
1376:.
1210:.
1197:.
1172:.
1143:)
1137:.
1044:.
1023:.
1011:.
902:)
857:.
845::
818:)
789:)
771:.
754:)
729:.
700:.
671:.
635:)
610:.
561:.
528:.
507:.
478:.
443:.
327:/
36:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
