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To address this, Cuba began to seek ways to increase its food production. This was done through the creation of small private farms and thousands of pocket-sized urban market gardens. Lacking many chemicals and fertilizers, much food became de facto organic. Thousands of new urban individual farmers
311:
The grip of the state on Cuban farming has been disastrous. State farms of various kinds hold 75% of Cuba's 6.7m hectares of agricultural land. In 2007 some 45% of this was lying idle, much of it overrun by marabú, a tenacious weed. Cuba is the only country in Latin
America where killing a cow is a
198:
With the collapse of the USSR, Cuba lost its main trading partner and the favorable trade subsidies it received from it, as well as access to oil, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc. From 1989 to 1993, the Cuban economy contracted by 35%; foreign trade dropped 75%. Without Soviet aid, domestic
299:
and plant-based oils. These biological pest and disease controls are produced in some 200 government centers across the country. All garden crops such as beans, tomatoes, bananas, lettuce, okra, eggplant and taro are grown intensively within Havana using only organic methods, the only methods
294:
vary from garden to garden. Some are run by state employees, others are run cooperatively by the gardeners themselves. The government provides community farmers with the land and the water, and sells key materials such as organic compost, seeds, irrigation parts, and organic pesticides called
286:
Havana produces enough food for each resident to receive a daily serving of 280 grams (9.9 ounces) of fruits and vegetables. The urban agricultural workforce in Havana has grown from 9,000 in 1999 to 23,000 in 2001 and more than 44,000 in 2006. However, Cuba still has food rationing for basic
300:
permitted in the urban parts of Havana. No chemicals are used in 68% of Cuban corn, 96% of cassava, 72% of coffee and 40% of bananas. Between 1998 and 2001, chemicals were reduced by 60% in potatoes, 89% in tomatoes, 28% in onion and 43% in tobacco.
241:
equipment from the Soviet Union was no longer usable. Instead, this was converted for the use of organic gardening. The original hydroponic units, long cement planting troughs and raised metal containers, were filled with
287:
staples. Approximately 69% of these rationed basic staples (wheat, vegetable oils, rice, etc.) are imported. Overall, however, approximately 16% of food is imported from abroad.
1159:
1178:
187:), and other farm products. Moreover, approximately 50% of Cuba's food was imported. Cuba's food production was organized around Soviet-style, large-scale, industrial
328:, as part of broader plans to improve productivity. However, as of 2018, organopónicos are remain an active component of the Cuban agricultural system.
105:. Most organic materials are also produced within the gardens through composting. This allows production to take place with few petroleum-based inputs.
303:
Organoponics, efforts have been negatively evaluated by some authors, mainly in the wider context of government agricultural policy. A 2012 article in
34:
Crop rows at Alamar
Organic Farm in Havana. Many organoponics have been developed in urban environments, as seen by the city-scape in the background.
951:
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1190:
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226:, or plots) emerged. They formed and developed farmer cooperatives and farmers markets. These urban farmers were supported by the
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191:. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba used more than 1 million tons of synthetic fertilizers and up to 35,000 tons of
383:
124:
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19:
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in major urban areas. At the
Organoponico Bolivar I, a technician reads a pollution meter in the garden every 15 days.
423:
283:
In 2009, more than 35,000 hectares (over 87,000 acres) of land are being used in urban agriculture in Havana alone.
312:
crime (and eating beef a rare luxury). That has not stopped the cattle herd declining from 7m in 1967 to 4m in 2011.
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750:
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in the early 1990s included the colonization of vacant land both by community and commercial groups. In Havana,
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are a top-down initiative based on Cuba's success. Another problem for urban agriculture in
Venezuela is the
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618:
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476:
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580:
442:
1137:
1025:
884:"Low-carbon food supply: The ecological geography of Cuban urban agriculture and agroecological theory"
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were created in vacant lots, old parking lots, abandoned building sites and even spaces between roads.
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The same article claimed that, as of 2012, there were plans to privatise farming and dismantle
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and is still mostly focused there. It often consists of low-level concrete walls filled with
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127:. It is publicly functioning in terms of ownership, access, and management, but heavily
1138:
Urban
Agriculture in Cuba (Photo Essay), Noah Friedman-Rudovsky, Oct 18 2012, NACLA.org
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60:
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to
Venezuela. Urban agriculture has not been embraced in Caracas. Unlike Cuba, where
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352:, the government has launched Organoponico Bolivar I, a pilot program to bring
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230:(MINAGRI), who provided university experts to train volunteers in the use of
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agriculture production fell by half. During this time, known in Cuba as the
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243:
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The
Growing Success of Organoponicos, Greenhouse Canada, by Gary Jones
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147:
Organopónico in Camagüey, a city in the central region of the island
1152:
Case Study in Urban
Agriculture: Organiponicos in Cienfuegos, Cuba
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1018:
714:
274:
164:
142:
29:
18:
1197:
The Cuba diet: What will you be eating when the revolution comes?
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418:
210:
intake fell from 2,900 a day in 1989 to 1,800 calories in 1995.
64:
56:
1046:"The Castros, Cuba and America: On the road towards capitalism"
438:
434:
1179:
Eat Local: Cuba's Urban
Gardens Raise Food on Zero Emission
360:
arose from the bottom-up out of necessity, the
Venezuelan
1174:
Changes on the Horizon for Cuba's Sustainable Agriculture
1232:, Fall 1996, Vol. 5, No. 22. Reprinted at cityfarmer.org
1226:
Havana's Popular Gardens: Sustainable Urban Agriculture
1112:. Earth Action Network, Inc.: 18–20. Archived from
733:
677:
594:
523:
485:
952:"The good life in Havana: Cuba's green revolution"
1074:"Si de agricultura se trata, todo espacio cuenta"
1214:The good life in Havana: Cuba's green revolution
309:
1191:Food Photography: Organic Agriculture in Cuba
450:
247:
8:
1207:In "eat local" movement, Cuba is years ahead
203:, food scarcities became acute. The average
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920:
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916:
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912:
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71:laid on the surface of the growing media.
1157:Garden Activist: Cuba's Second Revolution
997:(8). Monthly Review Foundation: 44–63.
978:
976:
974:
874:
7:
826:
23:Produce and sunflowers from a Cuban
1143:"The Urban Agriculture of Havana,"
960:. London: Independent Print Limited
950:Buncombe, Andrew (August 8, 2006).
159:relied heavily on support from the
1026:"The Paradox of Cuban Agriculture"
756:Controlled-environment agriculture
344:government is trying to introduce
14:
985:"The Urban Agriculture of Havana"
89:farmers employ a wide variety of
849:
837:
825:
814:
813:
424:Urban gardening (disambiguation)
237:Without artificial fertilizers,
384:Community Supported Agriculture
1105:E - The Environmental Magazine
16:Cuban urban agriculture system
1:
983:Knoot, Sinan (January 2009).
295:"biocontrols" in the form of
228:Cuban Ministry of Agriculture
1003:10.14452/MR-060-08-2009-01_5
891:Agriculture and Human Values
720:Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger
125:collapse of the Soviet Union
1209:Reuters, December 15, 2008.
1100:"How Green Is That Garden?"
925:Mark, Jason (Spring 2007).
214:consumption plummeted 40%.
167:, Cuba received subsidized
1272:
751:Aquaculture of sea sponges
246:sugar waste, thus turning
95:integrated pest management
1185:Cuba's organic revolution
903:10.1007/s10460-015-9659-y
882:Cederlöf, Gustav (2016).
809:
472:
409:List of community gardens
332:Applicability beyond Cuba
195:and pesticides per year.
234:and beneficial insects.
189:agricultural collectives
761:Historical hydroculture
619:Expanded clay aggregate
566:Nutrient film technique
477:Historical hydroculture
259:The rapid expansion of
1098:Howard, April (2006).
931:Earth Island Institute
322:
280:
248:
148:
35:
27:
581:Sub-irrigated planter
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252:("hydroponics") into
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131:and supported by the
93:techniques including
33:
22:
746:Aquaculture of coral
695:Irrigation sprinkler
348:to the populace. In
1251:Agriculture in Cuba
1187:BBC, June 27, 2001.
571:Organic hydroponics
404:Guerrilla gardening
55:. It originated in
1224:Scott G. Chaplowe
1162:2012-02-17 at the
927:"Growing it Alone"
614:Diatomaceous earth
541:Deep water culture
429:Urban horticulture
297:beneficial insects
290:The structures of
281:
173:petroleum products
163:. In exchange for
149:
113:community response
36:
28:
1246:Organic gardening
1200:Harper's Magazine
865:
864:
781:Plant propagation
690:Hydroponic dosers
389:CPA (agriculture)
379:Allotment gardens
346:urban agriculture
279:Havana small farm
261:urban agriculture
111:first arose as a
49:urban agriculture
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796:Vertical farming
734:Related concepts
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133:Cuban government
77:labour-intensive
67:, with lines of
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1230:WSAA Newsletter
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1205:Esteban Israel
1164:Wayback Machine
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69:drip irrigation
53:organic gardens
47:is a system of
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1145:Monthly Review
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1132:External links
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897:(4): 771–784.
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531:Aquatic garden
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271:Current status
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61:organic matter
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1082:. 2018-07-20.
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358:organopónicos
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326:organopónicos
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318:The Economist
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305:The Economist
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292:organopónicos
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157:Cuban economy
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109:Organopónicos
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103:crop rotation
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83:agriculture.
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73:Organopónicos
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40:Organopónicos
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26:
21:
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1144:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:the original
1109:
1103:
1077:
1068:
1058:17 September
1056:. Retrieved
1054:. 2012-03-24
1049:
1040:
1029:
1006:. Retrieved
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988:
962:. Retrieved
955:
945:
934:. Retrieved
894:
890:
877:
854:
842:
830:
818:
766:Hydroponicum
710:Spray nozzle
639:Mineral wool
575:
551:Ebb and flow
466:Hydroculture
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249:hidropónicos
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161:Soviet Union
150:
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87:Organopónico
86:
85:
72:
45:organoponics
44:
39:
38:
37:
25:organopónico
24:
1202:April 1995.
856:Wikiversity
786:Rhizosphere
741:Algaculture
700:Leaf sensor
678:Accessories
664:Vermiculite
561:Microponics
508:Hydroponics
503:Aquascaping
222:(for their
181:fertilizers
151:During the
119:during the
115:to lack of
99:polyculture
1256:Composting
1240:Categories
1147:, 2009-Jan
1120:2010-05-18
1008:2010-05-18
964:2010-05-18
936:2010-05-18
869:References
771:Paludarium
685:Grow light
669:Wood fibre
654:Rice hulls
629:Growstones
596:Substrates
498:Aquaponics
493:Aeroponics
239:hydroponic
220:parceleros
205:per capita
193:herbicides
185:pesticides
139:Background
129:subsidized
123:after the
844:Wikibooks
634:Lava rock
609:Coco peat
556:Fogponics
366:pollution
342:socialist
338:Venezuela
244:composted
179:(such as
169:petroleum
1160:Archived
820:Category
791:Root rot
604:Charcoal
586:Top drip
524:Subtypes
372:See also
315:—
224:parcelas
153:Cold War
79:form of
832:Commons
705:Net-pot
644:Perlite
513:passive
350:Caracas
307:stated:
218:called
212:Protein
208:calorie
1079:Granma
715:Timers
649:Pumice
624:Gravel
340:, the
155:, the
101:, and
51:using
887:(PDF)
486:Types
165:sugar
81:local
75:is a
1060:2012
659:Sand
419:UBPC
183:and
65:soil
63:and
57:Cuba
999:doi
899:doi
336:In
43:or
1242::
1228:,
1110:17
1108:.
1102:.
1088:^
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1048:.
1028:.
1017:^
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993:.
987:.
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911:^
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889:.
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97:,
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1001::
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939:.
905:.
901::
458:e
451:t
444:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
