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To address this, Cuba began to seek ways to increase its food production. This was done through the creation of small private farms and thousands of pocket-sized urban market gardens. Lacking many chemicals and fertilizers, much food became de facto organic. Thousands of new urban individual farmers
322:
The grip of the state on Cuban farming has been disastrous. State farms of various kinds hold 75% of Cuba's 6.7m hectares of agricultural land. In 2007 some 45% of this was lying idle, much of it overrun by marabú, a tenacious weed. Cuba is the only country in Latin
America where killing a cow is a
209:
With the collapse of the USSR, Cuba lost its main trading partner and the favorable trade subsidies it received from it, as well as access to oil, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc. From 1989 to 1993, the Cuban economy contracted by 35%; foreign trade dropped 75%. Without Soviet aid, domestic
310:
and plant-based oils. These biological pest and disease controls are produced in some 200 government centers across the country. All garden crops such as beans, tomatoes, bananas, lettuce, okra, eggplant and taro are grown intensively within Havana using only organic methods, the only methods
305:
vary from garden to garden. Some are run by state employees, others are run cooperatively by the gardeners themselves. The government provides community farmers with the land and the water, and sells key materials such as organic compost, seeds, irrigation parts, and organic pesticides called
297:
Havana produces enough food for each resident to receive a daily serving of 280 grams (9.9 ounces) of fruits and vegetables. The urban agricultural workforce in Havana has grown from 9,000 in 1999 to 23,000 in 2001 and more than 44,000 in 2006. However, Cuba still has food rationing for basic
311:
permitted in the urban parts of Havana. No chemicals are used in 68% of Cuban corn, 96% of cassava, 72% of coffee and 40% of bananas. Between 1998 and 2001, chemicals were reduced by 60% in potatoes, 89% in tomatoes, 28% in onion and 43% in tobacco.
252:
equipment from the Soviet Union was no longer usable. Instead, this was converted for the use of organic gardening. The original hydroponic units, long cement planting troughs and raised metal containers, were filled with
298:
staples. Approximately 69% of these rationed basic staples (wheat, vegetable oils, rice, etc.) are imported. Overall, however, approximately 16% of food is imported from abroad.
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198:), and other farm products. Moreover, approximately 50% of Cuba's food was imported. Cuba's food production was organized around Soviet-style, large-scale, industrial
339:, as part of broader plans to improve productivity. However, as of 2018, organopónicos are remain an active component of the Cuban agricultural system.
116:. Most organic materials are also produced within the gardens through composting. This allows production to take place with few petroleum-based inputs.
314:
Organoponics, efforts have been negatively evaluated by some authors, mainly in the wider context of government agricultural policy. A 2012 article in
45:
Crop rows at Alamar
Organic Farm in Havana. Many organoponics have been developed in urban environments, as seen by the city-scape in the background.
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237:, or plots) emerged. They formed and developed farmer cooperatives and farmers markets. These urban farmers were supported by the
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202:. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba used more than 1 million tons of synthetic fertilizers and up to 35,000 tons of
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135:
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30:
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in major urban areas. At the
Organoponico Bolivar I, a technician reads a pollution meter in the garden every 15 days.
434:
294:
In 2009, more than 35,000 hectares (over 87,000 acres) of land are being used in urban agriculture in Havana alone.
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crime (and eating beef a rare luxury). That has not stopped the cattle herd declining from 7m in 1967 to 4m in 2011.
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in the early 1990s included the colonization of vacant land both by community and commercial groups. In Havana,
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are a top-down initiative based on Cuba's success. Another problem for urban agriculture in
Venezuela is the
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895:"Low-carbon food supply: The ecological geography of Cuban urban agriculture and agroecological theory"
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were created in vacant lots, old parking lots, abandoned building sites and even spaces between roads.
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The same article claimed that, as of 2012, there were plans to privatise farming and dismantle
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and is still mostly focused there. It often consists of low-level concrete walls filled with
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138:. It is publicly functioning in terms of ownership, access, and management, but heavily
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Urban
Agriculture in Cuba (Photo Essay), Noah Friedman-Rudovsky, Oct 18 2012, NACLA.org
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to
Venezuela. Urban agriculture has not been embraced in Caracas. Unlike Cuba, where
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241:(MINAGRI), who provided university experts to train volunteers in the use of
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agriculture production fell by half. During this time, known in Cuba as the
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The
Growing Success of Organoponicos, Greenhouse Canada, by Gary Jones
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Organopónico in Camagüey, a city in the central region of the island
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Case Study in Urban
Agriculture: Organiponicos in Cienfuegos, Cuba
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40:
29:
1208:
The Cuba diet: What will you be eating when the revolution comes?
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intake fell from 2,900 a day in 1989 to 1,800 calories in 1995.
75:
67:
1057:"The Castros, Cuba and America: On the road towards capitalism"
449:
445:
1190:
Eat Local: Cuba's Urban
Gardens Raise Food on Zero Emission
371:
arose from the bottom-up out of necessity, the
Venezuelan
1185:
Changes on the Horizon for Cuba's Sustainable Agriculture
1243:, Fall 1996, Vol. 5, No. 22. Reprinted at cityfarmer.org
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Havana's Popular Gardens: Sustainable Urban Agriculture
1123:. Earth Action Network, Inc.: 18–20. Archived from
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688:
605:
534:
496:
963:"The good life in Havana: Cuba's green revolution"
1085:"Si de agricultura se trata, todo espacio cuenta"
1225:The good life in Havana: Cuba's green revolution
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1202:Food Photography: Organic Agriculture in Cuba
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258:
8:
1218:In "eat local" movement, Cuba is years ahead
214:, food scarcities became acute. The average
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82:laid on the surface of the growing media.
1168:Garden Activist: Cuba's Second Revolution
1008:(8). Monthly Review Foundation: 44–63.
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987:
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885:
7:
837:
34:Produce and sunflowers from a Cuban
1154:"The Urban Agriculture of Havana,"
971:. London: Independent Print Limited
961:Buncombe, Andrew (August 8, 2006).
170:relied heavily on support from the
1037:"The Paradox of Cuban Agriculture"
767:Controlled-environment agriculture
355:government is trying to introduce
25:
996:"The Urban Agriculture of Havana"
100:farmers employ a wide variety of
860:
848:
836:
825:
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435:Urban gardening (disambiguation)
248:Without artificial fertilizers,
395:Community Supported Agriculture
1116:E - The Environmental Magazine
27:Cuban urban agriculture system
1:
994:Knoot, Sinan (January 2009).
306:"biocontrols" in the form of
239:Cuban Ministry of Agriculture
1014:10.14452/MR-060-08-2009-01_5
902:Agriculture and Human Values
731:Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger
136:collapse of the Soviet Union
1220:Reuters, December 15, 2008.
1111:"How Green Is That Garden?"
936:Mark, Jason (Spring 2007).
225:consumption plummeted 40%.
178:, Cuba received subsidized
1283:
762:Aquaculture of sea sponges
257:sugar waste, thus turning
106:integrated pest management
1196:Cuba's organic revolution
914:10.1007/s10460-015-9659-y
893:Cederlöf, Gustav (2016).
820:
483:
420:List of community gardens
343:Applicability beyond Cuba
206:and pesticides per year.
245:and beneficial insects.
200:agricultural collectives
772:Historical hydroculture
630:Expanded clay aggregate
577:Nutrient film technique
488:Historical hydroculture
270:The rapid expansion of
1109:Howard, April (2006).
942:Earth Island Institute
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159:
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38:
592:Sub-irrigated planter
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263:("hydroponics") into
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142:and supported by the
104:techniques including
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33:
757:Aquaculture of coral
706:Irrigation sprinkler
359:to the populace. In
1262:Agriculture in Cuba
1198:BBC, June 27, 2001.
582:Organic hydroponics
415:Guerrilla gardening
66:. It originated in
1235:Scott G. Chaplowe
1173:2012-02-17 at the
938:"Growing it Alone"
625:Diatomaceous earth
552:Deep water culture
440:Urban horticulture
308:beneficial insects
301:The structures of
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184:petroleum products
174:. In exchange for
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124:community response
47:
39:
1257:Organic gardening
1211:Harper's Magazine
876:
875:
792:Plant propagation
701:Hydroponic dosers
400:CPA (agriculture)
390:Allotment gardens
357:urban agriculture
290:Havana small farm
272:urban agriculture
122:first arose as a
60:urban agriculture
16:(Redirected from
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1223:Andrew Buncombe
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144:Cuban government
88:labour-intensive
78:, with lines of
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1175:Wayback Machine
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80:drip irrigation
64:organic gardens
58:is a system of
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282:Current status
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72:organic matter
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303:organopónicos
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120:Organopónicos
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51:Organopónicos
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1129:. Retrieved
1125:the original
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1069:17 September
1067:. Retrieved
1065:. 2012-03-24
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1051:
1040:
1017:. Retrieved
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973:. Retrieved
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945:. Retrieved
905:
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888:
865:
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829:
777:Hydroponicum
721:Spray nozzle
650:Mineral wool
586:
562:Ebb and flow
477:Hydroculture
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260:hidropónicos
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172:Soviet Union
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98:Organopónico
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56:organoponics
55:
50:
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36:organopónico
35:
18:Organoponics
1213:April 1995.
867:Wikiversity
797:Rhizosphere
752:Algaculture
711:Leaf sensor
689:Accessories
675:Vermiculite
572:Microponics
519:Hydroponics
514:Aquascaping
233:(for their
192:fertilizers
162:During the
130:during the
126:to lack of
110:polyculture
1267:Composting
1251:Categories
1158:, 2009-Jan
1131:2010-05-18
1019:2010-05-18
975:2010-05-18
947:2010-05-18
880:References
782:Paludarium
696:Grow light
680:Wood fibre
665:Rice hulls
640:Growstones
607:Substrates
509:Aquaponics
504:Aeroponics
250:hydroponic
231:parceleros
216:per capita
204:herbicides
196:pesticides
150:Background
140:subsidized
134:after the
855:Wikibooks
645:Lava rock
620:Coco peat
567:Fogponics
377:pollution
353:socialist
349:Venezuela
255:composted
190:(such as
180:petroleum
1171:Archived
831:Category
802:Root rot
615:Charcoal
597:Top drip
535:Subtypes
383:See also
326:—
235:parcelas
164:Cold War
90:form of
843:Commons
716:Net-pot
655:Perlite
524:passive
361:Caracas
318:stated:
229:called
223:Protein
219:calorie
1090:Granma
726:Timers
660:Pumice
635:Gravel
351:, the
166:, the
112:, and
62:using
898:(PDF)
497:Types
176:sugar
92:local
86:is a
1071:2012
670:Sand
430:UBPC
194:and
76:soil
74:and
68:Cuba
1010:doi
910:doi
347:In
54:or
1253::
1239:,
1121:17
1119:.
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912::
469:e
462:t
455:v
20:)
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