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Organosodium chemistry

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compounds are less commonly encountered than organosodium compounds and are of limited utility. These compounds can be prepared by treatment of alkyl lithium compounds with the potassium, rubidium, and caesium alkoxides. Alternatively they arise from the organomercury compound, although this method
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Dietmar Seyferth "Alkyl and Aryl Derivatives of the Alkali Metals: Strong Bases and Reactive Nucleophiles. 2. Wilhelm Schlenk's Organoalkali-Metal Chemistry. The Metal Displacement and the Transmetalation Reactions. Metalation of Weakly Acidic Hydrocarbons. Superbases" Organometallics 2009, volume
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William Clegg, Ben Conway, Alan R. Kennedy, Jan Klett, Robert E. Mulvey, Luca Russo "Synthesis and Structures of sodium and -potassium with Bi- and Tridentate N-Donor Ligands" Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2011, pp. 721–726.
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Structural studies show however that sodium naphthalene has no Na-C bond, the sodium is invariably coordinated by ether or amine ligands. The related anthracene as well as lithium derivatives are well known.
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Simple organosodium compounds such as the alkyl and aryl derivatives are generally insoluble polymers. Because of its large radius, Na prefers a higher coordination number than does lithium in
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Vrána, Jan; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2018). "New Synthetic Strategies Leading to [RNPNR]− Anions and the Isolation of the [P(Nt-Bu)3]3− Trianion".
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congested conformation. Several crystal structures of organopotassium compounds have been reported, establishing that they, like the sodium compounds, are polymeric.
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E. Weiss, "Structures of Organo Alkali Metal Complexes and Related Compounds" Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 1993, volume 32, pages 1501–1523.
388:, the derivatives are more soluble. For example, TMEDA is soluble in hexane. Crystals have been shown to consist of chains of alternating Na(TMEDA) and CH 828:
Tarun K. Panda, Michael T. Gamer, and Peter W. Roesky "An Improved Synthesis of Sodium and Potassium Cyclopentadienide" Organometallics 2003, 22, 877-878.
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CNa. One consequence of the highly polarized Na-C bond is that simple organosodium compounds often exist as polymers that are poorly soluble in solvents.
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Bock, Hans; Arad, Claudia; Näther, Christian; Havlas, Zdenek (1995). "The Structures of Solvent-Separated Naphthalene and Anthracene Radical Anions".
773:. P. Schorigin, "Über die Natriumalkyl-Verbindungen und über die mit ihrer Hilfe ausgeführten Synthesen" Berichte, 1908, vol. 41, 2717. 1105: 1044:
Rolf Ackermann, Ludwig Lange "Sodium Compounds, Organic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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Although organosodium chemistry has been described to be of "little industrial importance", it once was central to the production of
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P. Schorigin, "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Kondensationen, welche durch Natrium bewirkt werden" Chem. Berichte 1907, vol. 40, 3111.
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In the original work the alkylsodium compound was accessed from the dialkylmercury compound by transmetallation. For example,
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SchĂźmann, Uwe; Behrens, Ulrich; Weiss, Erwin (April 1989). "Synthese und Struktur von Bis, einem Phenylnatrium-Solvat".
605:(M = K, Rb, Cs) has six alkali metal centers bound to each methyl group. The methyl groups are pyramidal, as expected. 425:
Organosodium compounds are traditionally used as strong bases, although this application has been supplanted by other
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The higher alkali metals are known to metalate even some unactivated hydrocarbons and are known to self-metalate:
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is fast with lithium and sodium, but slow with the higher alkali metals. The higher alkali metals also favor the
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can also be classified as an organosodium compound since in the solid state sodium is bound to the aryl groups.
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clusters. When the organic substituents are bulky and especially in the presence of chelating ligands like
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Evidence for the formation of heavy alkali metal-organic intermediates is provided by the equilibration of
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For some acidic organic compounds, the corresponding organosodium compounds arise by deprotonation.
52:. The application of organosodium compounds in chemistry is limited in part due to competition from 1395: 609: 558: 316: 238: 233:
Sodium acetylides form similarly. Often strong sodium bases are employed in place of the metal.
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The high solubility of lithium alkoxides in hexane is the basis of a useful synthetic route:
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is dated. The solid methyl derivatives adopt polymeric structures. Reminiscent of the
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P. Schorigin, "Synthesen mittels Natrium und Halogenalkylen" Ber. 41, 2711.
754: 1079: 1062: 103: 91: 34: 970: 949: 817: 380:. Methyl sodium adopts a polymeric structure consisting of interconnected 56:, which are commercially available and exhibit more convenient reactivity. 577:
The polymerization of butadiene and styrene is catalyzed by sodium metal.
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W. B. Renfrow Jr & C. R. Hauser (1939). "Triphenylmethylsodium".
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The Merck index of chemicals and drugs: an encyclopedia for chemists
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A notable reagent that is based on a heavier alkali metal alkyl is
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groups with Na–C distances ranging from 2.523(9) to 2.643(9) Å.
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The principal organosodium compound of commercial importance is
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Trityl sodium can be prepared by sodium-halogen exchange:
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Study of chemical compounds containing carbon-sodium bonds
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Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds: A Practical Guide
557:-like reaction is the basis of the industrial route to 70:
Organometal bonds in group 1 are characterised by high
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nature of organosodium compounds can be minimized by
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on carbon. This polarity results from the disparate
1759: 581:Organic derivatives of the heavier alkali metals 871: 869: 199:is thus prepared by treating sodium metal and 1106: 711:Organometallics : A Concise Introduction 319:, which is used as a soluble reducing agent: 8: 661:-but-2-ene catalysed by alkali metals. The 416:adduct, hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity. 1113: 1099: 1091: 728: 726: 713:(2nd Ed) (1992) from Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 1125:with other elements in the periodic table 1078: 475:(1858) organosodium compounds react with 961: 959: 807: 805: 803: 690: 517:Some organosodium compounds degrade by 315:, it forms the deeply coloured radical 1142: 7: 1784:Academic research, no widespread use 1063:"Superbases for organic synthesis" 25: 1676: 1595: 1527: 1432: 1132: 631:to form the red-orange compound 305:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 431:sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide 235:Sodium methylsulfinylmethylide 1: 82:of carbon (2.55) and that of 907:J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 847:"2,3-Diphenyl-1,3-Butadiene" 709:C. Elschenbroich, A. Salzer 514:undergo a similar reaction. 627:. This reagent reacts with 179:+ NaO–t–Bu → LiOt–Bu + NaCH 1827: 1061:Manfred Schlosser (1988). 861:, vol. 6, p. 531 845:Iwai, I.; Ide, J. (1988). 1673: 1592: 1144: 1140: 1130: 795:10.1002/cber.190804102210 787:10.1002/cber.190804102208 779:10.1002/cber.190804102209 771:10.1002/cber.190804102208 1050:10.1002/14356007.a24_341 1004:10.1002/ange.19891010420 892:10.15227/orgsyn.019.0083 755:10.1002/cber.19070400371 700:Sanshiro Komiya Ed. 1997 372:= 298 pm (avg of three). 303:Sodium also reacts with 237:is prepared by treating 197:Sodium cyclopentadienide 74:with corresponding high 65:Sodium tetraphenylborate 61:sodium cyclopentadienide 39:organometallic compounds 18:Organopotassium compound 1080:10.1351/pac198860111627 545:Industrial applications 378:organolithium compounds 123:Transmetallation routes 108:resonance stabilization 54:organolithium compounds 1811:Organosodium compounds 1779:Many uses in chemistry 1774:Core organic chemistry 971:10.1002/anie.199315013 818:10.1002/ejic.201000983 479:to give carboxylates: 417: 373: 309:one-electron reduction 278:Metal-halogen exchange 31:Organosodium chemistry 407: 347: 915:10.1039/C39950002393 311:. With solutions of 191:Deprotonation routes 996:1989AngCh.101..481S 930:Dalton Transactions 942:10.1039/C8DT02141D 559:triphenylphosphine 418: 374: 317:sodium naphthalene 133:Schorigin reaction 1798: 1797: 1754: 1753: 1073:(11): 1627–1634. 1035:, Paul G. Stecher 984:Angewandte Chemie 936:(25): 8434–8441. 909:(23): 2393–2394. 879:Organic Syntheses 859:Collected Volumes 852:Organic Syntheses 834:10.1021/om0207865 739:10.1021/om801047n 512:Grignard reagents 408:Structure of the 299:Electron transfer 137:Shorygin reaction 110:, for example, Ph 80:electronegativity 16:(Redirected from 1818: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1680: 1679: 1599: 1598: 1531: 1530: 1436: 1435: 1133: 1115: 1108: 1101: 1092: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1058: 1052: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1024: 1014: 1008: 1007: 979: 973: 963: 954: 953: 925: 919: 918: 902: 896: 894: 873: 864: 862: 855: 842: 836: 826: 820: 809: 798: 763: 757: 747: 741: 730: 721: 707: 701: 695: 633:benzyl potassium 610:Schlosser's base 519:beta-elimination 473:Wanklyn reaction 400: 399: 269: 268: 21: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1755: 1677: 1596: 1528: 1433: 1126: 1119: 1089: 1088: 1067:Pure Appl. Chem 1060: 1059: 1055: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1027: 1015: 1011: 981: 980: 976: 964: 957: 927: 926: 922: 904: 903: 899: 875: 874: 867: 857: 844: 843: 839: 827: 823: 810: 801: 764: 760: 748: 744: 731: 724: 708: 704: 696: 692: 687: 675: 646: 642: 638: 612:, a mixture of 604: 599:nickel arsenide 586:Organopotassium 583: 572: 568: 547: 540: 536: 532: 528: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 423: 398: 395: 394: 393: 391: 383: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 348:Structure of (C 342: 330: 326: 301: 293: 290:CCl + 2 Na → Ph 289: 280: 273: 267: 264: 263: 262: 260: 256: 252: 228: 222: 218: 214: 210: 201:cyclopentadiene 193: 186: 182: 178: 174: 162: 158: 155:Hg + 2 Na → 2 C 154: 150: 146: 125: 120: 113: 76:nucleophilicity 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1824: 1822: 1814: 1813: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1768:Chemical bonds 1764: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1103: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1053: 1037: 1025: 1009: 990:(4): 481–482. 974: 955: 920: 897: 865: 837: 821: 799: 758: 742: 722: 702: 689: 688: 686: 683: 682: 681: 674: 671: 644: 640: 636: 602: 601:structure, MCH 590:organorubidium 582: 579: 575: 574: 570: 566: 555:Wurtz coupling 551:tetraethyllead 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 534: 530: 526: 509: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 477:carbon dioxide 469: 468: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 422: 419: 396: 389: 381: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 341: 338: 333: 332: 328: 324: 300: 297: 296: 295: 291: 287: 279: 276: 275: 274: 271: 265: 258: 254: 250: 243:sodium hydride 231: 230: 226: 220: 216: 212: 208: 192: 189: 188: 187: 184: 180: 176: 172: 165: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 129:diethylmercury 124: 121: 119: 116: 111: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1823: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1121:Compounds of 1116: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:J. A. Wanklyn 1013: 1010: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 978: 975: 972: 968: 962: 960: 956: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 924: 921: 916: 912: 908: 901: 898: 893: 889: 885: 881: 880: 872: 870: 866: 860: 854: 853: 848: 841: 838: 835: 831: 825: 822: 819: 815: 808: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 762: 759: 756: 752: 746: 743: 740: 736: 733:28, pp 2–33. 729: 727: 723: 720: 719:3-527-28165-7 716: 712: 706: 703: 699: 694: 691: 684: 680: 677: 676: 672: 670: 668: 664: 663:isomerization 660: 656: 654: 648: 634: 630: 626: 624: 618: 617:-butyllithium 616: 611: 606: 600: 595: 594:organocaesium 591: 587: 580: 578: 569:+ 6 Na → PPh 564: 563: 562: 560: 556: 552: 544: 524: 523: 522: 520: 515: 513: 482: 481: 480: 478: 474: 439: 438: 437: 434: 432: 428: 420: 415: 411: 406: 402: 387: 379: 366:Na-C(central) 346: 339: 337: 322: 321: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 298: 285: 284: 283: 277: 248: 247: 246: 244: 240: 236: 229: 206: 205: 204: 202: 198: 190: 170: 169: 168: 142: 141: 140: 138: 134: 130: 122: 117: 115: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 68: 66: 62: 57: 55: 51: 50:chemical bond 48: 44: 41:containing a 40: 36: 32: 19: 1789:Bond unknown 1192: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1023:, 125 (1858) 1020: 1012: 987: 983: 977: 933: 929: 923: 906: 900: 883: 877: 858: 850: 840: 824: 761: 745: 710: 705: 697: 693: 658: 652: 649: 622: 614: 607: 593: 589: 585: 584: 576: 565:3 PhCl + PCl 553:. A similar 548: 516: 510: 472: 470: 435: 424: 410:phenylsodium 375: 334: 302: 281: 232: 194: 166: 136: 132: 126: 69: 58: 30: 29: 313:naphthalene 294:C Na + NaCl 104:carbanionic 102:0.79). The 685:References 679:Alkynation 667:sterically 655:-but-2-ene 621:potassium 370:Na-C(ipso) 368:=256 pm, r 340:Structures 257:+ NaH → CH 1770:to carbon 625:-butoxide 533:→ NaH + C 421:Reactions 331:+ Na → Na 207:2 Na+ 2 C 118:Synthesis 92:potassium 35:chemistry 1805:Category 950:29897357 673:See also 573:+ 6 NaCl 429:such as 427:reagents 360:CNa(thf) 215:→ 2 Na C 96:rubidium 72:polarity 1588:  1019:, Ann. 992:Bibcode 629:toluene 491:Na + CO 471:In the 163:Na + Hg 131:in the 100:caesium 84:lithium 33:is the 1760:Legend 1123:carbon 948:  886:: 83. 717:  592:, and 270:Na + H 88:sodium 86:0.98, 47:sodium 43:carbon 659:trans 440:2 NaC 414:PMDTA 386:TMEDA 241:with 98:0.82 94:0.82 90:0.93 946:PMID 715:ISBN 657:and 635:(KCH 623:tert 619:and 448:→ C 392:SiMe 307:via 261:SOCH 253:SOCH 239:DMSO 183:SiMe 175:SiMe 171:LiCH 1734:CEs 1729:CCf 1724:CBk 1719:CCm 1714:CAm 1709:CPu 1704:CNp 1694:CPa 1689:CTh 1668:CYb 1663:CTm 1658:CEr 1653:CHo 1648:CDy 1643:CTb 1638:CGd 1633:CEu 1628:CSm 1623:CPm 1618:CNd 1613:CPr 1608:CCe 1603:CLa 1583:Og 1580:Ts 1577:Lv 1574:Mc 1571:Fl 1568:Nh 1565:Cn 1562:Rg 1559:Ds 1556:Mt 1553:Hs 1550:Bh 1546:CSg 1542:Db 1539:Rf 1523:CRa 1519:Fr 1514:Rn 1510:CAt 1505:CPo 1500:CBi 1495:CPb 1490:CTl 1485:CHg 1480:CAu 1475:CPt 1470:CIr 1465:COs 1460:CRe 1450:CTa 1445:CHf 1440:CLu 1428:CBa 1423:CCs 1416:CXe 1406:CTe 1401:CSb 1396:CSn 1391:CIn 1386:CCd 1381:CAg 1376:CPd 1371:CRh 1366:CRu 1361:CTc 1356:CMo 1351:CNb 1346:CZr 1334:CSr 1329:CRb 1322:CKr 1317:CBr 1312:CSe 1307:CAs 1302:CGe 1297:CGa 1292:CZn 1287:CCu 1282:CNi 1277:CCo 1272:CFe 1267:CMn 1262:CCr 1252:CTi 1247:CSc 1240:CCa 1228:CAr 1223:CCl 1208:CSi 1203:CAl 1198:CMg 1193:CNa 1187:Ne 1158:CBe 1153:CLi 1147:He 1075:doi 1046:doi 1021:107 1000:doi 988:101 967:doi 938:doi 911:doi 888:doi 830:doi 814:doi 791:doi 783:doi 775:doi 767:doi 751:doi 735:doi 653:cis 647:). 525:NaC 495:→ C 460:+ C 203:: 135:or 45:to 37:of 1807:: 1749:No 1744:Md 1739:Fm 1699:CU 1684:Ac 1535:Lr 1455:CW 1411:CI 1341:CY 1257:CV 1235:CK 1218:CS 1213:CP 1183:CF 1178:CO 1173:CN 1168:CC 1163:CB 1137:CH 1071:60 1069:. 1065:. 998:. 986:. 958:^ 944:. 934:47 932:. 884:19 882:. 868:^ 856:; 849:. 802:^ 725:^ 588:, 561:: 521:: 507:Na 503:CO 456:Na 433:. 325:10 286:Ph 249:CH 245:: 223:+ 143:(C 139:: 63:. 1114:e 1107:t 1100:v 1083:. 1077:: 1048:: 1006:. 1002:: 994:: 969:: 952:. 940:: 917:. 913:: 895:. 890:: 863:. 832:: 816:: 797:. 793:: 785:: 777:: 769:: 753:: 737:: 645:5 643:H 641:6 639:C 637:2 615:n 603:3 571:3 567:3 539:4 537:H 535:2 531:5 529:H 527:2 505:2 501:5 499:H 497:2 493:2 489:5 487:H 485:2 483:C 466:6 464:H 462:2 458:2 454:4 452:H 450:2 446:5 444:H 442:2 412:- 397:3 390:2 382:4 362:3 358:3 356:) 354:5 352:H 350:6 329:8 327:H 323:C 292:3 288:3 272:2 266:2 259:3 255:3 251:3 227:2 225:H 221:5 219:H 217:5 213:6 211:H 209:5 185:3 181:2 177:3 173:2 161:5 159:H 157:2 153:2 151:) 149:5 147:H 145:2 112:3 20:)

Index

Organopotassium compound
chemistry
organometallic compounds
carbon
sodium
chemical bond
organolithium compounds
sodium cyclopentadienide
Sodium tetraphenylborate
polarity
nucleophilicity
electronegativity
lithium
sodium
potassium
rubidium
caesium
carbanionic
resonance stabilization
diethylmercury
Sodium cyclopentadienide
cyclopentadiene
H2
Sodium methylsulfinylmethylide
DMSO
sodium hydride
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
one-electron reduction
naphthalene
sodium naphthalene

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