1243:, the four named cardinal directions are not North, South, East and West but are the four directions associated with the places of sunrise and sunset at the winter and summer solstices. Each direction may be associated with a color, which can vary widely between nations, but which is usually one of the basic colors found in nature and natural pigments, such as black, red, white, and yellow, with occasional appearances of blue, green, or other hues. There can be great variety in color symbolism, even among cultures that are close neighbors geographically.
402:") at the North point. The North point will then be the point on the limb that is closest to the North celestial pole. Similarly, a line from the center to the South celestial pole will define the South point by its intersection with the limb. The points at right angles to the North and South points are the East and West points. Going around the disk clockwise from the North point, one encounters in order the West point, the South point, and then the East point. This is opposite to the order on a terrestrial map because one is looking up instead of down.
1436:: east (Indra), southeast (Agni), south (Yama/Dharma), southwest (Nirrti), west (Varuna), northwest (Vayu), north (Kubera/Heaven) and northeast (Ishana/Shiva). North is associated with the Himalayas and heaven while the south is associated with the underworld or land of the fathers (Pitr loka). The directions are named by adding "disha" to the names of each god or entity: e.g. Indradisha (direction of Indra) or Pitrdisha (direction of the forefathers i.e. south).
1318:
3227:
891:
40:
3237:
291:
These eight directional names have been further compounded known as tertiary intercardinal directions, resulting in a total of 32 named points evenly spaced around the compass: north (N), north by east (NbE), north-northeast (NNE), northeast by north (NEbN), northeast (NE), northeast by east (NEbE),
2081:
Hopi orientation corresponds only approximately with ours, their cardinal points being marked by the solstitial rising and setting points of the sun.... Their cardinal points therefore are not mutually equidistant on the horizon and agree roughly with our semi-cardinal
1871:'s cavalry were segregated by color: "red (brown) horses formed the vanguard, blacks the rear, whites the right wing, greys (the closest to blue) the left in the center of the trap the hapless Chinese emperor, whose sacred color was the Imperial yellow." Nickel cites
94:) are northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW). The intermediate direction of every set of intercardinal and cardinal direction is called a secondary intercardinal direction. These eight shortest points in the
409:, "south" means closer to the South celestial pole, and "west" means at a lower right ascension. If one is looking at two stars that are below the North Star, for example, the one that is "east" will actually be further to the left.
2936:
457:
with east. It is possible that some northern people used the
Germanic names for the intermediate directions. Medieval Scandinavian orientation would thus have involved a 45 degree rotation of cardinal directions.
2068:
1321:
Cardinal and non-compound intercardinal directions in
Estonian and Finnish. Notice the intermixed "south" and "southwest". Further intermixing between directions south and northwest occur in other
2034:, TĂŒbinger BeitrĂ€ge zur Linguistik (in German), vol. 81, TĂŒbingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, p. 165, "Die Ausrichtung des Hopi-Kardinalsystems" (The Orientation of the Hopi Cardinal System),
3138:
1235:
cosmologies include four cardinal directions and a center. Some may also include "above" and "below" as directions, and therefore focus on a cosmology of seven directions. Among the
1996:⊠are "solstitial" in that places on the horizon of sunrise and sunset on the solstices correlate with these directions: On the summer solstice the sun rises in the northeast,
274:
The intercardinal (intermediate, or, historically, ordinal) directions are the four intermediate compass directions located halfway between each pair of cardinal directions.
2127:
Anderson, Kasper Wrem; Helmke, Christophe (2013), "The
Personifications of Celestial Water: The Many Guises of the Storm God in the Pantheon and Cosmology of Teotihuacan",
405:
Similarly, when describing the location of one astronomical object relative to another, "north" means closer to the North celestial pole, "east" means at a higher
3190:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
2062:
2115:
The names of the four horizon cardinal points are, kwiniwi, northwest; tevyĂŒ'ña, southwest; tatyĂșka, southeast, and hopokyĂŒka (syncopated hĂłpoko), northeast.
79:, commonly denoted by their initials N, S, E, and W respectively. Relative to north, the directions east, south, and west are at 90 degree intervals in the
3164:
3075:
2296:
1973:
Hopi dictionary: HopĂŹikwa LavĂ ytutuveni: A Hopi-English dictionary of the Third Mesa dialect with an
English-Hopi finder list and a sketch of Hopi grammar
1259:", have been recognized in classical Indian scriptures, symbolizing the four cardinal and four intercardinal directions with the additional directions of
3110:
3098:
3068:
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3208:
2445:
1623:
1554:
2931:
2487:
1986:
3240:
1309:
Many aboriginal languages contain words for the usual four cardinal directions, but some contain words for 5 or even 6 cardinal directions.
1207:, states, regions, governorates, provinces, districts or even towns), and some are the origin of some Southern Iberian place names (such as
3158:
2546:
874:
867:
1451:
are related to the places of sunrise and sunset at the solstices, and correspond approximately to the
European intercardinal directions.
3093:
1956:
Krupp, E. C.: "Beyond the Blue
Horizon: Myths and Legends of the Sun, Moon, Stars, and Planets", page 371. Oxford University Press, 1992
912:
1232:
2206:
1901:
3103:
2524:
2039:
938:
610:
In many regions of the world, prevalent winds change direction seasonally, and consequently many cultures associate specific named
3055:
1799:
3261:
3088:
2536:
2289:
1680:
31:
2169:
2146:
916:
2230:, Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology, vol. 23, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 1190â1191,
1345:, the intercardinal directions have names that are not compounds of the names of the cardinal directions (as, for instance,
3172:
1534:
2647:
1303:
835:
1603:, Headquarters, War Department, Washington, D.C. (17 September 1941), "DETERMINATION OF DIRECTION BY FIELD EXPEDIENTS"
2965:
2871:
2470:
2252:
1978:
1433:
1256:
855:
359:
901:
877:. Geographical or ethnic terms may contain the name of the color instead of the name of the corresponding direction.
633:â cardinal and intercardinal directions â were given names. These often corresponded to the directional winds of the
3182:
2943:
2504:
2438:
2282:
1240:
920:
905:
2098:
1151:
1095:
1028:
245:
1397:
for ć, south), but borrowed
Chinese words (on readings of kanji) are used for intercardinal directions (such as
3133:
3028:
2721:
2248:
1827:
987:
962:
2786:
3023:
2823:
2465:
1576:
1511:
1499:
1471:). Some other cultures make greater use of other referents, such as toward the sea or toward the mountains (
1296:
340:
155:
149:
1495:(Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands) has four non-compass directions: landward, seaward, upcoast, and downcoast.
3083:
1468:
1288:
1280:
1616:""Ordinal directions refer to the direction found at the point equally between each cardinal direction,"
3230:
2652:
2528:
2491:
2431:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2305:
1571:
1548:
1480:
630:
343:
200:
128:
2810:
2765:
2745:
1568:â an international hobby/sport that depends on knowledge of cardinal directions and how to locate them
358:
may be combined with cardinal direction (or, more generally, arbitrary azimuth angle) to form a local
2796:
2760:
2726:
2579:
2058:
1654:
1581:
395:
187:
132:
1873:
I.P. Potapov (1975). "Uber den
Pferdekult bei den turksprachigen Volkern des Sajan-Altai-Gebirges".
1615:
3006:
2770:
2620:
2223:
2094:
1969:
Hopi
Dictionary Project (University of Arizona Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology) (1998),
1114:
473:
47:
showing the four cardinal directions, the four intercardinal directions, and eight more divisions.
3200:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2866:
2705:
2683:
2564:
2514:
2257:
1559:
1292:
422:
320:
2791:
1295:
even when indicating the position of an object close to their body. (For more information, see:
1604:
3047:
2818:
2574:
2499:
2317:
2231:
2140:
2035:
1982:
1864:
1460:
1334:
1043:
863:
651:
634:
426:
379:
308:
221:
2193:
Pawu-Kurlpurlurnu WJ, Holmes M and Box L. 2008, Desert
Knowledge CRC Report 41, Alice Springs
3150:
2981:
2849:
2657:
2600:
2569:
2509:
2067:, The North American Indian, vol. 12, Norwood, Mass.: The Plimpton Press, p. 246,
2054:
2027:
1562:â explanation of the slight misalignment of a compass with the Earth's north and south poles
1464:
1338:
1322:
1133:
1128:
1056:
1047:
993:
859:
418:
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249:
233:
171:
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1897:
1317:
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1342:
1284:
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843:
831:
cultures frequently have traditions associating colors with four or five cardinal points.
828:
406:
355:
347:
2032:
Hopi-Raum: Eine sprachwissenschaftliche Analyse der Raumvorstellungen in der Hopi-Sprache
1389:(northwest). In Japanese, there is the interesting situation that native Japanese words (
1658:
2695:
2412:
1971:
1492:
1484:
1402:
1138:
1072:
839:
824:
761:
703:
626:
615:
466:
383:
225:
158:
refers to the ways in which a cardinal direction or compass point can be determined in
1803:
834:
Systems with five cardinal points (four directions and the center) include those from
3255:
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1228:
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have a cultural philosophy deeply connected to the four cardinal directions and the
3123:
2678:
2610:
2454:
2161:
1565:
1169:
1101:
1077:
999:
847:
820:
387:
351:
287:
Northwest (NW), 315°, halfway between north and west, is the opposite of southeast.
284:
Southwest (SW), 225°, halfway between south and west, is the opposite of northeast.
281:
Southeast (SE), 135°, halfway between south and east, is the opposite of northwest.
241:
95:
44:
278:
Northeast (NE), 45°, halfway between north and east, is the opposite of southwest.
650:
are associated in some traditions with the cardinal points. These are typically "
339:, up and down; or mathematically the six directions of the x-, y-, and z-axes in
252:. The four cardinal directions correspond to the following degrees of a compass:
17:
1868:
1517:
1224:
1212:
1010:
890:
873:
Each direction is often identified with a color, and (at least in China) with a
742:
229:
175:
3011:
2876:
2856:
2615:
2377:
1528:
1109:
1034:
597:
382:
as seen in the sky are four points defined by the directions toward which the
237:
163:
159:
39:
2235:
1432:
Sanskrit and other Indian languages that borrow from it use the names of the
850:
cultures. In Chinese tradition, the five cardinal point system is related to
3016:
2584:
2541:
1543:
1522:
1448:
1283:
have cardinal directions deeply embedded in their culture. For example, the
1201:
is used for the center. All five are used for geographic subdivision names (
1157:
1124:
1120:
371:
312:
80:
518:
386:
lie relative to the center of the disk of the object in the sky. A line (a
3118:
2991:
2881:
2402:
1875:
Abhandlungen und Berichte des Staatlichen Museums fur Volkerkunde Dresden
1539:
1330:
1268:
1163:
1004:
591:
316:
179:
1854:
1302:
The precise direction of the cardinal points appears to be important in
570:
3128:
3001:
2903:
2898:
2731:
2700:
2673:
2407:
2392:
2382:
2105:, vol. 15, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, p. 258
1924:
1393:, kun readings of kanji) are used for the cardinal directions (such as
1208:
1203:
1066:
1039:
1015:
968:
851:
639:
211:
183:
167:
136:
60:
958:
576:
2996:
2908:
2893:
2888:
1472:
1260:
1147:
619:
585:
490:
2274:
399:
1831:
1181:
Countries where Arabic is used refer to the cardinal directions as
2397:
2346:
2326:
1645:
Rigge, W. F (1918). "Partial eclipse of the moon, 1918, June 24".
1488:
1417:) results in northeast or northwest, respectively, whereas adding
1316:
1264:
1091:
1052:
1024:
954:
800:
723:
647:
565:
430:
328:
324:
68:
64:
38:
2356:
2336:
1476:
1236:
662:
611:
505:
336:
332:
76:
72:
2427:
2423:
2278:
1711:
Den forntida nordiska orientering och Wulfstans resa till Truso
1459:
Use of the compass directions is common and deeply embedded in
2844:
1525:â the mapping information ignored by the cardinal point system
983:
884:
556:) from a word for "evening". The proto-Indo-European form is *
542:
484:'left, below, to the left of the rising sun' whence comes the
2202:
Orientations of linear stone arrangements in New South Wales
1502:
such as left/right, and use geographical directions instead.
971:(Tsingtao): "Green Island", a city on the east coast of China
1855:"Black against white: What color was King Arthur's horse?"
1717:. Scripta Islandica. IslÀndska sÀllskapets Ärsbok 16/1965.
292:
east-northeast (ENE), east by north (EbN), east (E), etc.
2004:; on the winter solstice the sun rises in the southeast,
614:
with cardinal and intercardinal directions. For example,
2204:
Hamacher et al., 2013, Australian Archaeology, 75, 46â54
1479:), or upstream and downstream (most notably in ancient
1313:
Unique (non-compound) names of intercardinal directions
1925:"Review: 'Two Studies of Color' by Nancy P. Hickerson"
1425:) results in southwest. Southeast has a special word:
1786:
Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedic dictionary, Kiev, 1987.
560:
from the root *ues- 'shine (red)', itself a form of *
540:- 'seethe, boil'. Cognate with this root is the word
30:"Cardinal point" redirects here. For other uses, see
961:"qīng" corresponds to both green and blue); Spring;
216:
The directional names are routinely associated with
3199:
3181:
3149:
3046:
3039:
2974:
2924:
2837:
2809:
2779:
2753:
2744:
2714:
2666:
2640:
2633:
2593:
2557:
2523:
2486:
2479:
2370:
2312:
2191:
Ngurra-kurlu: A way of working with Warlpiri people
2099:"The Group of Tusayan Ceremonials Called Katcinas"
1970:
1964:
1962:
1117:: "Black Khitans" who originated in Northern China
1267:. Each of the ten directions has its own name in
127:Points between the cardinal directions form the
1709:. Studia Neophilologica 14/1941-2; Ekblom, R.
1401:for æ±ć, southeast, lit. "east-south"). In the
425:names for the cardinal directions entered the
2439:
2290:
1929:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
2022:
2020:
629:Europe more generally, between eight and 32
178:), but indirect methods exist, based on the
919:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
201:Points of the compass § Compass points
3043:
2750:
2637:
2483:
2446:
2432:
2424:
2297:
2283:
2275:
1776:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
1764:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
1752:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
1740:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
1728:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
1618:Cardinal Directions and Ordinal Directions
1601:Advanced Map and Aerial Photograph Reading
654:" of human perception rather than optical
637:(for example, southeast was linked to the
398:will intersect the edge of the body (the "
2253:"Does Your Language Shape How You Think?"
1794:
1792:
939:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Directions of north, south, east and west
2103:Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology
1822:
1820:
1514:â an early source of cardinal directions
866:, the zodiacal belt is divided into the
676:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1713:. FörnvÀnnen. 33/1938; Sköld, Tryggve.
1703:De gamle nordbornas vÀderstrecksbegrepp
1592:
2138:
2129:Contributions in New World Archaeology
1904:from the original on 13 September 2010
1863:Nickel also claims that at the 201 BC
1800:"Cardinal colors in Chinese tradition"
1555:List of international common standards
2932:International Orienteering Federation
2071:from the original on 22 December 2015
1626:from the original on 23 February 2019
532:), derived from proto-Indo-European *
394:) from the center of the disk to the
307:may sometimes be extended to include
7:
2547:Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area
2228:Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen
1683:from the original on 7 February 2009
1677:"Solar Observing: Parallactic Angle"
1297:Cultures without relative directions
1291:use cardinal directions rather than
1160:: "Yellow Mountain" in central China
917:adding citations to reliable sources
166:. The most direct method is using a
3236:
2172:from the original on 12 August 2018
1941:means both 'yellow' and 'blue' and
1551:â famous map makers through history
1535:Geographic Information System (GIS)
1434:gods associated with each direction
1104:: "Black Dragon River" province in
1007:: a semi-mythological group of Jews
875:mythological creature of that color
508:. The proto-Indo-European form is *
870:corresponding to the directions.
25:
1166:: "Yellow River" in central China
1123:, literally meaning 'Black Sea':
564:-. Cognate with the root are the
350:include elevation, typically via
3235:
3226:
3225:
889:
182:(unaided or by using a watch or
148:This section is an excerpt from
2537:Amateur radio direction finding
1923:Nobuko B. McNeill (July 1982).
1898:"Colors of the Four Directions"
1455:Non-compass directional systems
1439:The cardinal directions of the
1172:: "Central Army" of the Mongols
546:, thus "the region of the Sun".
32:Cardinal point (disambiguation)
2222:Stephen, Alexander M. (1936),
2160:H. Rodrigues (22 April 2016).
1707:Alfred the Great as Geographer
1498:Some languages lack words for
1:
2008:, and sets in the southwest,
2000:, and sets in the northwest,
1705:. Scandia 1/1928; Ekblom, R.
1304:Aboriginal stone arrangements
661:Many cultures, especially in
618:characterized these winds as
236:. It is a necessary step for
3111:North American Championships
792:
715:
2471:List of orienteering events
1979:University of Arizona Press
1701:See e.g. Weibull, Lauritz.
643:, a wind from the Sahara).
480:'submerged' from the root *
360:spherical coordinate system
240:calculations (derived from
3278:
3183:Mountain bike orienteering
2829:WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica
2505:Mountain bike orienteering
2145:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2135:: 165â196, at pp. 177â179.
1357:). In Estonian, those are
1241:Southwestern United States
1231:, a number of traditional
1059:words containing the stem
665:, include the center as a
429:, where they replaced the
209:
198:
147:
135:may be indicated by their
29:
3221:
2461:
2371:The eight principal winds
1675:Meadows, Peter; meadows.
868:four constellation groups
838:, as well as traditional
246:Global Positioning System
3134:Kainuu Orienteering Week
1945:means 'green' and 'red'.
1531:â an international hobby
1500:body-relative directions
1373:(northwest), in Finnish
1069:, meaning 'White Russia'
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
413:Germanic origin of names
270:Intercardinal directions
98:shown to the right are:
92:intercardinal directions
3139:Jan Kjellström Festival
3024:Scoutcraft orienteering
2787:OpenOrienteering Mapper
2466:History of orienteering
1994:The cardinal directions
1577:Polar coordinate system
1512:Classical compass winds
1042:, meaning 'White Sea':
616:classical Greek culture
156:Direction determination
150:Direction determination
3262:Orientation (geometry)
3094:European Championships
2824:Suunnistussimulaattori
1853:Helmut Nickel (2004).
1750:entries 914-15 of the
1726:entries 765-66 of the
1469:south-pointing chariot
1409:(sea) to either east (
1326:
1289:Guugu Yimithirr people
1281:indigenous Australians
48:
2925:Organisations / lists
2059:Hodge, Frederick Webb
1715:IslÀndska vÀderstreck
1572:Points of the compass
1549:List of cartographers
1320:
631:points of the compass
516:- 'shine (red)'. See
344:Cartesian coordinates
133:horizontal directions
129:points of the compass
120:South-southwest (SSW)
117:South-southeast (SSE)
108:North-northeast (NNE)
105:North-northwest (NNW)
42:
2727:Satellite navigation
2580:Mounted orienteering
2224:Parsons, Elsie Clews
2209:17 June 2013 at the
2095:Fewkes, Jesse Walter
1774:entries 86-7 of the
1762:entries 1173 of the
1738:entries 86-7 of the
1582:Uses of trigonometry
1518:Cultural synesthesia
1275:Indigenous Australia
913:improve this section
667:fifth cardinal point
504:) from the word for
396:North celestial pole
256:North (N): 0° = 360°
188:satellite navigation
123:West-southwest (WSW)
114:East-southeast (ESE)
111:East-northeast (ENE)
102:West-northwest (WNW)
59:, are the four main
3209:World Championships
3191:World Championships
3159:World Championships
3056:World Championships
3007:Location-based game
2621:Transmitter hunting
1977:, Tucson, Arizona:
1834:on 18 December 2010
1828:"Chinese Cosmogony"
1806:on 21 February 2007
1659:1918PA.....26..373R
1349:is compounded from
1197:(S). Additionally,
1115:Kara-Khitan Khanate
1035:White Sheep Turkmen
606:Cultural variations
474:proto-Indo-European
301:Cardinal directions
244:) and for use with
53:cardinal directions
3201:Trail orienteering
2949:List of orienteers
2862:cardinal direction
2565:Canoe orienteering
2515:Trail orienteering
2258:The New York Times
2251:(26 August 2010).
1560:Magnetic deviation
1327:
1293:relative direction
186:), the stars, and
88:ordinal directions
49:
3249:
3248:
3217:
3216:
3167:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3048:Foot orienteering
2975:Non-sport related
2819:Catching Features
2805:
2804:
2740:
2739:
2629:
2628:
2575:Mountain marathon
2500:Foot orienteering
2480:Sport disciplines
2421:
2420:
2306:Compass direction
2055:Curtis, Edward S.
2028:Malotki, Ekkehart
1988:978-0-8165-1789-3
1865:battle of Baideng
1861:. pp. 69â72.
1647:Popular Astronomy
1385:(southwest), and
1369:(southwest), and
1044:Mediterranean Sea
949:
948:
941:
864:Chinese astrology
862:. In traditional
860:naked-eye planets
818:
817:
635:Mediterranean Sea
427:Romance languages
380:astronomical body
354:. Alternatively,
341:three-dimensional
309:vertical position
222:angle of rotation
195:Additional points
90:(also called the
18:Ordinal direction
16:(Redirected from
3269:
3239:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3163:
3151:Ski orienteering
3074:
3067:
3060:
3044:
2982:Adventure travel
2850:orienteering map
2751:
2638:
2601:Adventure racing
2570:Car orienteering
2510:Ski orienteering
2484:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2425:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2219:
2213:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2166:www.mahavidya.ca
2157:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1976:
1966:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1862:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1830:. Archived from
1824:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1802:. Archived from
1796:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:. 22 July 2013.
1620:, geolounge.com"
1612:
1606:
1597:
1421:to west (giving
1323:Finnic languages
1255:, known as the "
1219:Native Americans
1134:Black Hungarians
996:: south of China
994:Red River (Asia)
944:
937:
933:
930:
924:
893:
885:
836:pre-modern China
829:North East Asian
825:Eastern European
680:Northern Eurasia
677:
673:Northern Eurasia
419:Migration Period
392:celestial sphere
348:Topographic maps
296:Beyond geography
234:horizontal plane
172:magnetic compass
21:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3213:
3195:
3177:
3145:
3035:
2987:Bicycle touring
2970:
2920:
2914:mountain biking
2833:
2801:
2775:
2736:
2710:
2662:
2625:
2589:
2553:
2519:
2475:
2457:
2452:
2422:
2417:
2366:
2308:
2303:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2211:Wayback Machine
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2137:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2074:
2072:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2026:
2025:
2018:
1989:
1981:, p. 890,
1968:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1872:
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1669:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1508:
1465:Chinese culture
1457:
1315:
1285:Warlpiri people
1277:
1249:
1221:
1211:, Portugal and
1179:
1106:Northeast China
945:
934:
928:
925:
910:
894:
883:
675:
608:
536:from the root *
512:from the root *
439:septentrionalis
415:
407:right ascension
384:celestial poles
376:cardinal points
368:
356:elevation angle
305:cardinal points
298:
272:
262:South (S): 180°
214:
208:
203:
197:
192:
191:
153:
145:
57:cardinal points
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3247:
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3243:
3233:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3179:
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3141:
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3091:
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3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2966:List of events
2963:
2962:
2961:
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2946:
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2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
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2748:
2742:
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2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Eye protectors
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
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2635:
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2608:
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2294:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2249:Deutscher, Guy
2240:
2214:
2195:
2183:
2162:"The Dikpalas"
2152:
2119:
2086:
2046:
2040:
2016:
1987:
1958:
1949:
1935:(3): 339â342.
1915:
1884:
1845:
1816:
1788:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1694:
1667:
1637:
1607:
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1569:
1563:
1557:
1552:
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1537:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1504:
1483:, also in the
1456:
1453:
1447:spoken by the
1403:Malay language
1314:
1311:
1276:
1273:
1248:
1245:
1220:
1217:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1142:
1141:
1139:Black Ruthenia
1136:
1131:
1118:
1112:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:White Ruthenia
1070:
1064:
1050:
1037:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
997:
978:
977:
972:
947:
946:
897:
895:
888:
882:
879:
816:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
797:
796:
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791:
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766:
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747:
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739:
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732:
730:
728:
726:
720:
719:
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714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
700:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
674:
671:
656:primary colors
652:natural colors
607:
604:
603:
602:
547:
523:
495:
467:Proto-Germanic
453:with west and
449:) with south,
441:) with north,
414:
411:
367:
364:
297:
294:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:West (W): 270°
263:
260:
257:
210:Main article:
207:
204:
196:
193:
154:
146:
144:
141:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3274:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3242:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3137:
3135:
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3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:List of clubs
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2771:SportSoftware
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Control point
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Alleycat race
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
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2369:
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2328:
2325:
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2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2041:3-87808-081-6
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
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1899:
1893:
1891:
1889:
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1876:
1870:
1866:
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1856:
1849:
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1833:
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1765:
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1729:
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1712:
1708:
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1570:
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1564:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:Hopi language
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:yamato kotoba
1388:
1384:
1381:(southeast),
1380:
1377:(northeast),
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:(southeast),
1364:
1361:(northeast),
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Hindu deities
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:North America
1226:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1083:White Croatia
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
991:
990:
989:
985:
982:
976:
975:Green Ukraine
973:
970:
967:
966:
965:
964:
960:
956:
953:
943:
940:
932:
929:November 2019
922:
918:
914:
908:
907:
903:
898:This section
896:
892:
887:
886:
880:
878:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
858:and the five
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
821:Central Asian
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
799:
798:
795:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
779:
778:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
760:
759:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
741:
740:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
722:
721:
718:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
679:
678:
672:
670:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
641:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
605:
600:
599:
594:
593:
588:
587:
583:
582:Ancient Greek
579:
578:
573:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:
545:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:
521:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
493:
492:
487:
486:Ancient Greek
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
410:
408:
403:
401:
397:
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3115:Open events
3040:Competitions
2872:route choice
2861:
2838:Fundamentals
2611:Fell running
2558:Other sports
2455:Orienteering
2313:
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2256:
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1445:Tewa dialect
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1078:White Serbia
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366:In astronomy
304:
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242:trigonometry
238:navigational
217:
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126:
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63:directions:
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3241:WikiProject
3089:World Games
2811:Video games
2780:Open-source
2754:Proprietary
2722:Backpacking
1838:17 February
1687:15 November
1630:22 February
1599:U.S. Army,
1413:) or west (
1225:Mesoamerica
1108:, also the
1011:Red Croatia
646:Particular
472:) from the
417:During the
230:unit circle
176:gyrocompass
3104:University
3076:University
3029:wilderness
3012:geocaching
2959:innovators
2954:by country
2877:wayfinding
2857:Navigation
2792:Purple Pen
2715:Exceptions
2684:protractor
2616:Relay race
2378:Tramontane
2320:directions
1859:Arthuriana
1810:2007-02-17
1588:References
1529:Geocaching
1423:barat daya
1333:, such as
1233:indigenous
1215:, Spain).
1183:Ash Shamal
1110:Amur River
1094:; Winter;
1027:; Autumn;
986:; Summer;
627:pre-modern
598:Hesperides
455:orientalis
199:See also:
164:wayfinding
160:navigation
3173:World Cup
3084:World Cup
3017:poker run
2867:resection
2634:Equipment
2585:Rogaining
2542:Fox Oring
2362:Northwest
2352:Southwest
2342:Southeast
2332:Northeast
2264:31 August
2236:716671864
2176:12 August
2109:22 August
2075:23 August
2002:kwiningya
1937:In Ainu
1663:rigge1918
1544:Longitude
1523:Elevation
1449:Hopi-Tewa
1405:, adding
1375:koillinen
1347:northeast
1331:languages
1195:Al Janoob
1191:Ash Sharq
1158:Huangshan
1125:Black Sea
1121:Karadeniz
1063:("white")
900:does not
534:sĂș-n-to-s
443:australis
372:astronomy
313:elevation
250:receivers
232:over the
228:) in the
81:clockwise
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3256:Category
3231:Category
3119:O-Ringen
2992:Climbing
2882:waypoint
2746:Software
2706:Headlamp
2667:Personal
2529:governed
2492:governed
2403:Libeccio
2314:Cardinal
2207:Archived
2170:Archived
2141:citation
2097:(1897),
2069:archived
2064:The Hopi
2057:(1922),
2030:(1979),
1902:Archived
1681:Archived
1624:Archived
1540:Latitude
1506:See also
1461:European
1443:and the
1427:tenggara
1335:Estonian
1329:In some
1269:Sanskrit
1257:DikpÄlas
1213:AxarquĂa
1204:wilayahs
1199:Al Wusta
1193:(E) and
1187:Al Gharb
1164:Huang He
1005:Red Jews
881:Examples
592:Hesperus
580:and the
435:borealis
423:Germanic
317:altitude
218:azimuths
180:Sun path
3129:Tiomila
3069:Masters
3002:Hunting
2937:members
2904:walking
2899:running
2732:Whistle
2701:Gaiters
2674:Compass
2594:Related
2413:Mistral
2408:Ponente
2393:Sirocco
2383:Gregale
2318:ordinal
2226:(ed.),
2082:points.
2061:(ed.),
2010:taavang
1655:Bibcode
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1129:Turkish
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1016:Red Sea
969:Qingdao
921:removed
906:sources
856:Wu Xing
852:I Ching
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781:Kalmyks
698:Source
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502:*aus-t-
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390:on the
226:degrees
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206:Azimuth
184:sundial
168:compass
137:azimuth
61:compass
3165:Junior
3124:Jukola
3062:Junior
2997:Hiking
2909:skiing
2894:hiking
2889:Racing
2766:Condes
2653:Course
2388:Levant
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1383:lounas
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1089:North:
1057:Baltic
981:South:
854:, the
840:Turkic
762:Turkic
704:Slavic
648:colors
620:Anemoi
586:Hestia
571:vesper
568:words
558:uestos
530:*sunĂŸ-
519:Äostre
491:Nereus
470:*norĂŸ-
433:names
421:, the
378:of an
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248:(GPS)
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2689:thumb
2641:Event
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2347:South
2327:North
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1481:Egypt
1467:(see
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1411:timur
1387:luode
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1351:north
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1053:Balts
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955:Green
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801:Tibet
724:China
612:winds
577:vesta
566:Latin
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488:name
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321:depth
69:south
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2797:MeOS
2761:OCAD
2679:hand
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2357:West
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2316:and
2266:2010
2232:OCLC
2178:2018
2147:link
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