Ore - Knowledge (XXG)

599:(BIFs) are the highest concentration of any single metal available. They are composed of chert beds alternating between high and low iron concentrations. Their deposition occurred early in Earth's history when the atmospheric composition was significantly different from today. Iron rich water is thought to have upwelled where it oxidized to Fe (III) in the presence of early photosynthetic plankton producing oxygen. This iron then precipitated out and deposited on the ocean floor. The banding is thought to be a result of changing plankton population. 709: 701: 6569: 57: 2581: 825:

cardiovascular problems and neurological issues. These are of particular danger to aquatic life if dissolved in water. Ores such as those of sulphide minerals may severely increase the acidity of their immediate surroundings and of water, with numerous, long lasting impacts on ecosystems. When water becomes contaminated it may transport these compounds far from the tailings site, greatly increasing the affected range.

27: 465: 238: 94:, that can be mined, treated and sold at a profit. The grade of ore refers to the concentration of the desired material it contains. The value of the metals or minerals a rock contains must be weighed against the cost of extraction to determine whether it is of sufficiently high grade to be worth mining and is therefore considered an ore. A complex ore is one containing more than one valuable mineral. 527: 42: 686: 6002: 571: 360: 759:. Multiple experts from differing fields must then approve the study before the project can move on to the next stage. Depending on the size of the project, a pre-feasibility study is sometimes first performed to decide preliminary potential and if a much costlier full feasibility study is even warranted. 287:

Deposits form from mantle melts which rise upwards, and gain sulfur through interaction with the crust. This causes the sulfide minerals present to be immiscible, precipitating out when the melt crystallizes. Magmatic sulfide deposits can be subdivided into two groups by their dominant ore element:

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nickel shoots are named after drillers), or after some whimsy, a historical figure, a prominent person, a city or town from which the owner came, something from mythology (such as the name of a god or goddess) or the code name of the resource company which found it (e.g. MKD-5 was the in-house name

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and other potentially negative compounds which may pose a risk to the environment or health. The exact effects an ore and its tailings have is dependent on the minerals present. Tailings of particular concern are those of older mines, as containment and remediation methods in the past were next to

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then considers the theoretical implications of the potential mining operation in order to determine if it should move ahead with development. This includes evaluating the economically recoverable portion of the deposit, marketability and payability of the ore concentrates, engineering, milling and

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Sediment-Hosted Stratiform Copper Deposits (SSC) form when copper sulphides precipitate out of brinal fluids into sedimentary basins near the equator. These are the second most common source of copper ore after porphyry copper deposits, supplying 20% of the worlds copper in addition to silver and

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An ore deposit is an economically significant accumulation of minerals within a host rock. This is distinct from a mineral resource in that it is a mineral deposit occurring in high enough concentration to be economically viable. An ore deposit is one occurrence of a particular ore type. Most ore

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Until the 18th century gold, copper, lead, iron, silver, tin, arsenic and mercury were the only metals mined and used. In recent decades, Rare Earth Elements have been increasingly exploited for various high-tech applications. This has led to an ever-growing search for REE ore and novel ways of

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Production can then begin and is the operation of the mine in an active sense. The time a mine is active is dependent on its remaining reserves and profitability. The extraction method used is entirely dependent on the deposit type, geometry, and surrounding geology. Methods can be generally

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John, D.A.; Vikre, P.G.; du Bray, E.A.; Blakely, R.J.; Fey, D.L.; Rockwell, B.W.; Mauk, J.L.; Anderson, E.D.; Graybeal (2018). Descriptive models for epithermal gold-silver deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010 (Report). U.S. Geological Survey. p. 247.

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are two ore related elements of particular concern. Additional elements found in ore which may have adverse health affects in organisms include iron, lead, uranium, zinc, silicon, titanium, sulfur, nitrogen, platinum, and chromium. Exposure to these elements may result in respiratory and

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events. Not all are economic, but those with potential value are classified depending on the dominant element such as Ca, Fe, Mg, or Mn among many others. They are one of the most diverse and abundant mineral deposits. As such they are classified solely by their common mineralogy, mainly

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ore. They are so named due to their strata-like shape and formation via layered magmatic injection into the host rock. Chromium is usually located within the bottom of the intrusion. They are typically found within intrusions in continental cratons, the most famous example being the

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Uranium ores and those containing other radioactive elements may pose a significant threat if leaving occurs and isotope concentration increases above background levels. Radiation can have severe, long lasting environmental impacts and cause irreversible damage to living organisms.

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With rates of ore discovery in a steady decline since the mid 20th century, it is thought that most surface level, easily accessible sources have been exhausted. This means progressively lower grade deposits must be turned to, and new methods of extraction must be developed.

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Other, lesser, commodities do not have international clearing houses and benchmark prices, with most prices negotiated between suppliers and customers one-on-one. This generally makes determining the price of ores of this nature opaque and difficult. Such metals include

848:. These were the easiest to work, with relatively limited mining and basic requirements for smelting. It is believed they were once much more abundant on the surface than today. After this, copper sulphides would have been turned to as oxide resources depleted and the 160:

In most cases, an ore does not consist entirely of a single mineral, but it is mixed with other valuable minerals and with unwanted or valueless rocks and minerals. The part of an ore that is not economically desirable and that cannot be avoided in mining is known as

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The smelting of arsenic-copper sulphides would have produced the first bronze alloys. The majority of bronze creation however required tin, and thus the exploitation of cassiterite, the main tin source, began. Some 3000 years ago, the smelting of iron ores began in

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Metallurgy began with the direct working of native metals such as gold, lead and copper. Placer deposits, for example, would have been the first source of native gold. The first exploited ores were copper oxides such as malachite and azurite, over 7000 years ago at

504:(VMS) deposits form on the seafloor from precipitation of metal rich solutions, typically associated with hydrothermal activity. They take the general form of a large sulphide rich mound above disseminated sulphides and viens. VMS deposits are a major source of 658:

and sedimentary precipitation at the estimated rate of about a centimeter over several million years. The average diameter of a polymetallic nodule is between 3 and 10 cm (1 and 4 in) in diameter and are characterized by enrichment in iron, manganese,

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are very coarse grained, igneous rocks. They crystallize slowly at great depth beneath the surface, leading to their very large crystal sizes. Most are of granitic composition. They are a large source of industrial minerals such as

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and are thought to originate from the partial melting of subducted oceanic plates and subsequent concentration of Cu, driven by oxidation. These are large, round, disseminated deposits containing on average 0.8% copper by weight.

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form in the shallow crust from concentration of metal bearing fluids into veins and stockworks where conditions favour precipitation. These volcanic related deposits are a source of gold and silver ore, the primary

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Iron ore is traded between customer and producer, though various benchmark prices are set quarterly between the major mining conglomerates and the major consumers, and this sets the stage for smaller participants.

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Sillitoe, Richard H.; Perelló, José; Creaser, Robert A.; Wilton, John; Wilson, Alan J.; Dawborn, Toby (2017). "Reply to discussions of "Age of the Zambian Copperbelt" by Hitzman and Broughton and Muchez et al".

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The extraction of ore deposits generally follows these steps. Progression from stages 1–3 will see a continuous disqualification of potential ore bodies as more information is obtained on their viability:

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Mestre, Nélia C.; Rocha, Thiago L.; Canals, Miquel; Cardoso, Cátia; Danovaro, Roberto; Dell’Anno, Antonio; Gambi, Cristina; Regoli, Francesco; Sanchez-Vidal, Anna; Bebianno, Maria João (September 2017).

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infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements, potential environmental impacts, political implications, and a cradle to grave analysis from the initial excavation all the way through to

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Sediment Hosted Copper forms from the precipitation of a copper rich oxidized brine into sedimentary rocks. These are a source of copper primarily in the form of copper-sulfide minerals.

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Notes on the prehistoric metallurgy of copper and bronze in the Old World : examination of specimens from the Pitt rivers Museum and Bronze castings in ancient moulds, by E. voce

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Mineral processing consists of first liberation, to free the ore from the gangue, and concentration to separate the desired mineral(s) from it. Once processed, the gangue is known as

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Dowling, S. E.; Hill, R. E. T. (July 1992). "The distribution of PGE in fractionated Archaean komatiites, Western and Central Ultramafic Units, Mt Keith region, Western Australia".

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are an igneous rock whose volume is made up of over 50% carbonate minerals. They are produced from mantle derived magmas, typically at continental rift zones. They contain more

541:(SEDEX) are a copper sulphide ore which form in the same manor as VMS from metal rich brine but are hosted within sedimentary rocks and are not directly related to volcanism. 762:

Development begins once an ore body has been confirmed economically viable and involves steps to prepare for its extraction such as building of a mine plant and equipment.

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both in value and volume. This is because the worldwide distribution of ores is unequal and dislocated from locations of peak demand and from smelting infrastructure.

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are found in ultramafic oceanic rocks resulting from complex magma mixing. They are hosted in serpentine and dunite rich layers and are another source of chromite.

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deposits are the result of weathering, transport, and subsequent concentration of a valuable mineral via water or wind. They are typically sources of gold (Au),

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exchanges in the United States and the Shanghai Futures Exchange in China. The global Chromium market is currently dominated by the United States and China.

200: 554:) where metamorphism forces gold containing fluids into joints and fractures where they precipitate. These tend to be strongly correlated with quartz veins. 3126: 4238:"Microbial Fe cycling in a simulated Precambrian ocean environment: Implications for secondary mineral (trans)formation and deposition during BIF genesis" 547:

are a bulk source for gold, with 75% of gold production originating from orogenic gold deposits. Formation occurs during late stage mountain building (

5780:"Recovery of Vanadium from Magnetite Ore Using Direct Acid Leaching: Optimization of Parameters by Plackett–Burman and Response Surface Methodologies" 4700:

Franks, DM; Boger, DV; Côte, CM; Mulligan, DR (2011). "Sustainable Development Principles for the Disposal of Mining and Mineral Processing Wastes".

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Mineral Deposits of Canada: A Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods

2498: 501: 469: 6504: 4957:. Minerals, and Mining Institute of Materials (Pbk. ed.). Hanover Walk, Leeds: Maney for the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. 141:, to extract the valuable metals or minerals. Some ores, depending on their composition, may pose threats to health or surrounding ecosystems. 5748: 5454: 5389: 4962: 4676: 4649: 4438: 4393: 4348: 4077: 4034: 3664: 3624: 3449: 3244: 3050: 3021: 2981: 2946: 2884: 2769: 3819:

Sun, Weidong; Wang, Jin-tuan; Zhang, Li-peng; Zhang, Chan-chan; Li, He; Ling, Ming-xing; Ding, Xing; Li, Cong-ying; Liang, Hua-ying (2016).

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to intersect the potential ore body. This exploration stage determines ore grade, tonnage, and if the deposit is a viable economic resource.

668: 624:(REEs). A placer deposit is considered alluvial if formed via river, colluvial if by gravity, and eluvial when close to their parent rock. 6514: 4530: 4582: 3699: 3284: 581:

form from the weathering of highly mafic rock near the equator. They can form in as little as one million years and are a source of

6509: 5519:"New Data on the Mineral Composition of Unique Rhenium (U–Mo–Re) Ores of the Briketno-Zheltukhinskoe Deposit in the Moscow Basin" 6539: 2610: 802: 193: 5342: 351:

are a primary source for diamonds. They originate from depths of 150 km in the mantle and are mostly composed of crustal

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Galley, Alan; Hannington, M.D.; Jonasson, Ian (2007). "Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits". In Goodfellow, W.D. (ed.).

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Schad, Manuel; Byrne, James M.; ThomasArrigo, Laurel K.; Kretzschmar, Ruben; Konhauser, Kurt O.; Kappler, Andreas (2022).

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Wills' mineral processing technology : an introduction to the practical aspects of ore treatment and mineral recovery

3619:. Brian J. Skinner, Society of Economic Geologists (75th ed.). Littleton, Colorado: Society of Economic Geologists. 3233:

Verplanck, Philip L.; Mariano, Anthony N.; Mariano Jr, Anthony (2016). "Rare earth element ore geology of carbonatites".

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by Spry and Gedlinske (1987). Below are the major economic ore minerals and their deposits, grouped by primary elements.

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Stratiform Chromites are strongly linked to PGE magmatic sulfide deposits. These highly mafic intrusions are a source of

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Jenkin, Gawen R. T.; Lusty, Paul A. J.; McDonald, Iain; Smith, Martin P.; Boyce, Adrian J.; Wilkinson, Jamie J. (2014).

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occur in numerous geologic settings worldwide. They are silicates derived from the recrystallization of carbonates like

184:, which are useless but potentially harmful materials produced in great quantity, especially from lower grade deposits. 4792:"Environmental hazard assessment of a marine mine tailings deposit site and potential implications for deep-sea mining" 3884:

Leach, David L.; Bradley, Dwight; Lewchuk, Michael T.; Symons, David T.; de Marsily, Ghislain; Brannon, Joyce (2001).

5314: 486:(MVT) deposits precipitate from relatively cool, basal brinal fluids within carbonate strata. These are sources of 479:

are a large source of ore. They form as a result of the precipitation of dissolved ore constituents out of fluids.

3886:"Mississippi Valley-type lead–zinc deposits through geological time: implications from recent age-dating research" 6593: 1007: 241:

Granitic pegmatite composed of plagioclase and K-feldspar, large hornblende crystal present. Scale bar is 5.0 cm

5225:"Comparative study of the China and U.S. import trade structure based on the global chromium ore trade network" 4954:

Tin in antiquity : its mining and trade throughout the ancient world with particular reference to Cornwall

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The "chessboard" classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium,

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content when compared to the Earth's crust and surrounding sediment. The proposed mining of these nodules via

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Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo; Pernicka, Ernst; Šljivar, Dušan; Brauns, Michael; Borić, Dušan (2010).

1714: 1334: 557: 483: 448: 318: 310: 4841:"An Assessment of Radiological Hazards from Gold Mine Tailings in the Province of Gauteng in South Africa" 222:

Ore deposits are classified according to various criteria developed via the study of economic geology, or

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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms

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is conducted to define its extent and value via further mapping and sampling techniques such as targeted

593:(Al). They may also be a source of nickel and cobalt when the parent rock is enriched in these elements. 6554: 6499: 5572:

Volkov, A. V.; Kolova, E. E.; Savva, N. E.; Sidorov, A. A.; Prokof’ev, V. Yu.; Ali, A. A. (2016-09-01).

3101:"These secret Kambalda mines missed the 2000s nickel boom – meet the company bringing them back to life" 2599: 1667: 1484: 884: 596: 544: 388: 134: 34: 5471: 5177: 5130: 788:, once the mine is no longer operational, makes the land where a mine had been suitable for future use. 5944: 5834: 5675: 5628: 5224: 4460: 3656:

Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits : Principles and Fundamental Concepts for the Exploration Geologist

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Charlier, Bernard; Namur, Olivier; Bolle, Olivier; Latypov, Rais; Duchesne, Jean-Clair (2015-02-01).

5585: 5530: 5483: 5401: 5236: 5189: 5142: 4999: 4753: 4709: 4461:"Pedogenic ferromanganese nodules and their impacts on nutrient cycles and heavy metal sequestration" 4328: 4293: 4249: 4194: 4151: 3952: 3897: 3783: 3528: 3486: 3316: 3196: 3157: 1317: 812: 632: 20: 5574:"Formation conditions of high-grade gold–silver ore of epithermal Tikhoe deposit, Russian Northeast" 5275:"Rare Earth Elements: Overview of Mining, Mineralogy, Uses, Sustainability and Environmental Impact" 4418: 4373: 4014: 3429: 2933:, Natural Science in Archaeology, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 143–182, 2212: 1547: 876:

Ores (metals) are traded internationally and comprise a sizeable portion of international trade in

785: 740: 452: 384: 6011: 5985: 3100: 845: 169:, gravity concentration, electric or magnetic methods, and other operations known collectively as 6365: 6026: 5925: 5870: 5815: 5758: 5711: 5609: 5554: 5315:"Background Paper – The Outlook for Metals Markets Prepared for G20 Deputies Meeting Sydney 2006" 5106: 5098: 5049: 4987: 4791: 4771: 4499: 4309: 4265: 4237: 4210: 4040: 3921: 3848: 3801: 3552: 3474: 2682: 2159: 1962: 1883: 934:

reports that China was the top importer of ores and metals in 2005 followed by the US and Japan.

725: 664: 621: 410:, like skarns, are a metamorphosed silicate, quartz-mica mineral deposit. Formed from a granitic 277: 267: 170: 708: 700: 5629:"Fe–Ti–V–P ore deposits associated with Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites and related rocks" 3865:

Arndt, N. and others (2017) Future mineral resources, Chap. 2, Formation of mineral resources,

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Hayes, Timothy S.; Cox, Dennis P.; Bliss, James D.; Piatak, Nadine M.; Seal, Robert R. (2015).

1969:, alloys, nuclear applications, corrosion protection (La and Ce are the most widely applicable) 6273: 5964: 5917: 5862: 5807: 5744: 5703: 5656: 5601: 5546: 5499: 5450: 5417: 5296: 5252: 5205: 5158: 5090: 5037: 4968: 4958: 4926: 4880: 4862: 4821: 4682: 4672: 4645: 4588: 4578: 4538: 4480: 4434: 4389: 4344: 4218: 4167: 4120: 4083: 4073: 4030: 3968: 3913: 3840: 3747: 3705: 3695: 3670: 3660: 3630: 3620: 3590: 3544: 3445: 3410: 3364: 3305:"Magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits in magma plumbing systems: Features, formation and exploration" 3280: 3250: 3240: 3212: 3046: 3037:

Heinrich, C. A.; Candela, P. A. (2014-01-01), Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.),

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Cloud, Preston E. (1968). "Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Evolution on the Primitive Earth".

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and can be classified based on their deposit type. Ore is extracted from the earth through

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Ren, Shuai; Li, Huajiao; Wang, Yanli; Guo, Chen; Feng, Sida; Wang, Xingxing (2021-10-01).

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Magnified view of banded iron formation specimen from Upper Michigan. Scale bar is 5.0 mm.

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da Silva-Rêgo, Leonardo Lucas; de Almeida, Leonardo Augusto; Gasparotto, Juciano (2022).

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than any other igneous rock, and as such are a major source of light rare earth elements.

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Hitzman, Murray; Kirkham, Rodney; Broughton, David; Thorson, Jon; Selley, David (2005),

4297: 4253: 4198: 4155: 3956: 3901: 3532: 3490: 3320: 3200: 3161: 56: 4875: 4840: 4430: 4385: 4026: 3941:"Formation of Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Stratiform Copper Deposits through Earth History" 3866: 3441: 2926: 2586: 1992: 1865: 1488: 1440: 1193: 1117: 962: 609: 605: 79: 4515: 3498: 26: 6587: 6019: 5929: 5874: 5819: 5715: 5613: 5558: 4775: 4313: 4269: 4044: 3990: 3925: 3852: 3820: 3805: 3556: 2686: 1972: 1350: 864:. Iron oxide is quite abundant on the surface and forms from a variety of processes. 729: 304: 114: 98: 5858: 5835:"Titanium, zirconium resources and production: A state of the art literature review" 5652: 5248: 5110: 4721: 4476: 3208: 464: 355:, high amounts of magnesium, other trace elements, gases, and in some cases diamond. 6244: 5945:"An experimental study on the ultra-fine grinding of gypsum ore in a dry ball mill" 5445: 2580: 2262: 1896: 1539: 1492: 1463: 1326: 1126: 877: 816:

non-existent, leading to high levels of leaching into the surrounding environment.

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to find where an ore is located. The prospecting stage generally involves mapping,

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Most base metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel) are traded internationally on the

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deposits are named according to their location, or after a discoverer (e.g. the

126: 49: 5495: 5413: 5201: 5154: 3995:. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division. pp. 141–162 3796: 3771: 3391:

Mosier, Dan L.; Singer, Donald A.; Moring, Barry C.; Galloway, John P. (2012).

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Schulte, Ruth F.; Taylor, Ryan D.; Piatak, Nadine M.; Seal, Robert R. (2010).

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Mineral processing : foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy

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Dentistry, jewelry, chemical applications, corrosion resistance, electronics

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Nejad, Davood Ghoddocy; Khanchi, Ali Reza; Taghizadeh, Majid (2018-06-01).

4884: 4857: 4825: 226:. The following is a general categorization of the main ore deposit types: 6001: 5086: 4952: 4666: 4222: 4067: 3909: 3689: 3654: 3614: 3613:

Einaudi, M. T.; Meinert, L. D.; Newberry, R. J. (1981). "Skarn Deposits".

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Haque, Nawshad; Hughes, Anthony; Lim, Seng; Vernon, Chris (2014-10-29).

5102: 5070: 3694:. Christian Witschel, Kerstin Kindler (3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer. 3405: 3392: 3360: 671:

ocean floor trawling robots has raised a number of ecological concerns.

570: 359: 6424: 6232: 6200: 6188: 6116: 6100: 5890:"Characterizing megascopic textures in fluorospar ores at Okorusu mine" 4214: 2507: 2254: 2089: 1952: 1936: 1928: 1920: 1824: 1780: 1675: 1583: 1574: 1396: 1388: 1358: 1354: 1263: 1122: 1108: 1015: 916: 908: 904: 821: 779: 690: 550: 407: 122: 87: 5437:

New Results and Advances in PGE Mineralogy in Ni-Cu-Cr-PGE Ore Systems

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These are ore deposits which form as a direct result of metamorphism.

165:. The valuable ore minerals are separated from the gangue minerals by 6417: 6412: 6394: 6333: 6316: 6292: 6285: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6095: 5031: 4671:. E. T. Brown (3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 4498:

Kobayashi, Takayuki; Nagai, Hisao; Kobayashi, Koichi (October 2000).

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Naldrett, A. J. (2011). "Fundamentals of Magmatic Sulfide Deposits".

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due to alteration by intruding magmas, they are large ore sources of

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Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 100, Issue 1–4, June 2010, Pages 1–420

4531:"'Deep-sea gold rush' for rare metals could cause irreversible harm" 689:

Minecart on display at the Historic Archive and Museum of Mining in

5472:"Rare Earth Mineralization in Igneous Rocks: Sources and Processes" 5071:"From Metallurgy to Bronze Age Civilizations: The Synthetic Theory" 4988:"On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe" 3277:

Magmatic Ni-Cu and PGE Deposits: Geology, Geochemistry, and Genesis

2654: 6436: 6063: 3393:"Podiform chromite deposits—database and grade and tonnage models" 1743:

Alloys, food and pharmaceutical applications, corrosion resistance

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

6345: 6321: 6297: 6152: 6128: 4839:

Kamunda, Caspah; Mathuthu, Manny; Madhuku, Morgan (2016-01-18).

2758:

Hustrulid, William A.; Kuchta, Mark; Martin, Randall K. (2013).

2363: 1816: 1530: 1454: 1422: 887:, with smaller stockpiles and metals exchanges monitored by the 644: 582: 530: 521: 513: 505: 491: 487: 118: 60: 30: 6042: 6015: 2730:

Neuendorf, K.K.E.; Mehl, J.P. Jr.; Jackson, J.A., eds. (2011).

6076: 5343:"Tables For The Determination of Common Opaque Minerals | PDF" 3004:

Petruk, William (1987). "Applied Mineralogy in Ore Dressing".

2143: 640: 415: 1270:(CoAsS) in veins with smaltite, silver, nickel and calcite; 234:

Magmatic deposits are ones who originate directly from magma

4140:"Paleoecological Significance of the Banded Iron-Formation" 2879:(8th ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology. 90:

concentrated above background levels, typically containing

5178:"Rare Earth Elements: Minerals, Mines, Magnets (and More)" 4500:"Concentration profiles of 10Be in large manganese crusts" 2377:((Zn,Fe)S) with other sulphide minerals in vein deposits; 2371:

Corrosion protection, alloys, various industrial compounds

736:

surveys), geochemical sampling, and preliminary drilling.

2976:(1st eng. ed.). Wroclaw: University of Technology. 2247:) in skarns and in porphyry along with sulphide minerals 2125:

Jewellery, glass, photo-electric applications, batteries

5888:

Hagni, Richard D.; Shivdasan, Purnima A. (2000-04-01).

4101:

Marsh, Erin E.; Anderson, Eric D.; Gray, Floyd (2013).

856:

smelting may have been occurring at this time as well.

3039:"13.1 – Fluids and Ore Formation in the Earth's Crust" 948:

Tables for the Determination of Common Opaque Minerals

4735: 4733: 4731: 6529: 5470:

Chakhmouradian, A. R.; Zaitsev, A. N. (2012-10-01).

5131:"Rare Earth Mining and Exploration in North America" 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4574:

Geological methods in mineral exploration and mining

4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 2655:"Ore deposits in an evolving Earth: an introduction" 2385:) in oxidized zone of zinc bearing sulphide deposits 1555:(PbS) in veins with other sulphide materials and in 6492: 6405: 6356: 6199: 6062: 6053: 5676:"Beneficiation studies of tungsten ores – A review" 3515:Giuliani, Andrea; Pearson, D. Graham (2019-12-01). 654:around a core. They are formed by a combination of 4329:"The Sediment-Hosted Stratiform Copper Ore System" 3730:"Sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposit model" 3659:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 3303:Song, Xieyan; Wang, Yushan; Chen, Liemeng (2011). 3185:"Ore-forming processes within granitic pegmatites" 4907:"Some Experiments in Prehistoric Copper Smelting" 4742:"Toxicological effects of mining hazard elements" 3616:Economic Geology Seventy-fifth anniversary volume 3228: 3226: 2211:) economically sourced from placer deposits with 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 3510: 3508: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3236:Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits 1349:S; secondary with other sulphide minerals) with 1333:; primary ore mineral) in sulphide deposits, or 996:, conductive materials, lightweight applications 16:Rock with valuable metals, minerals and elements 5435:Barkov, Andrei Y.; Zaccarini, Federica (2019). 5124: 5122: 5120: 4635: 4633: 4061: 4059: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3517:"Kimberlites: From Deep Earth to Diamond Mines" 3342: 3340: 307:, the only known astrobleme source of such ore. 5943:Öksüzoğlu, Bilge; Uçurum, Metin (2016-04-01). 5176:Chakhmouradian, A. R.; Wall, F. (2012-10-01). 4412: 4410: 3984: 3982: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 2400:Alloys, nuclear reactors, corrosion resistance 6027: 5268: 5266: 3939:Hitzman, M. W.; Selley, D.; Bull, S. (2010). 3879: 3877: 3875: 3723: 3721: 3719: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2764:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 1. 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2734:. American Geological Institute. p. 799. 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2326:Alloys, catalysts, glass colouring, batteries 635:, also called manganese nodules, are mineral 8: 5054:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4668:Rock mechanics : for underground mining 4577:(1st ed.). London: Chapman & Hall. 4367: 4365: 3468: 3466: 3298: 3296: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2698: 2696: 447:These are the leading source of copper ore. 3821:"The formation of porphyry copper deposits" 3765: 3763: 3761: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2136:S; secondary to copper, lead and zinc ores) 1387:) in the oxidized zone of copper deposits; 6059: 6034: 6020: 6012: 5833:Perks, Cameron; Mudd, Gavin (2019-04-01). 5763:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5129:Mariano, A. N.; Mariano, A. (2012-10-01). 5025: 5023: 5021: 4419:"Economic Mineral Deposits and Host Rocks" 4103:"Nickel-cobalt laterites: a deposit model" 1567:) in oxidized lead zones along with galena 952: 5444: 5372: 5290: 4874: 4856: 4815: 4765: 4114: 3795: 3741: 3404: 3328: 3043:Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition) 1369:; secondary with other sulphide minerals) 712:Some additional ore deposits in the world 3867:Geochemical Perspectives, v6-1, p. 18-51 1833: 1827: 1804: 1800: 1796: 766:categorized into surface mining such as 539:Sedimentary exhalative sulphide deposits 358: 236: 121:. Ore bodies are formed by a variety of 5324:. Washington. September 2006. p. 4 2632: 5756: 5390:"Sedimentary facies of iron-formation" 5047: 4069:Laterite : Genesis, Location, Use 3772:"How to make porphyry copper deposits" 3127:"Mines of the past had some odd names" 2927:"Metals and Related Minerals and Ores" 1688:fractures with other sulphide minerals 3434:Earth as an Evolving Planetary System 3071:Joint Ore Reserves Committee (2012). 2725: 2723: 1876:) in sulphide deposits and gold veins 643:floor formed of concentric layers of 363:Piece of kimberlite. 11.1 cm x 4.5 cm 7: 3150:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 1773:(NiAs) in magmatic sulphide deposits 1614:Steel alloys, chemical manufacturing 3776:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3349:"Stratiform chromite deposit model" 3045:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 1–28, 1624:) in oxidized manganese zones like 533:ore (size: 7.5 × 6.1 × 4.1 cm) 206:Mount Keith nickel sulphide deposit 125:processes generally referred to as 97:Minerals of interest are generally 86:that contains one or more valuable 6550:Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) 5388:James, Harold Lloyd (1954-05-01). 4614:"The Mining Cycle | novascotia.ca" 4431:10.1016/b978-0-12-416005-7.00002-7 4386:10.1016/b978-0-444-53802-4.00200-1 4335:, Society of Economic Geologists, 4027:10.1016/b978-0-08-102908-4.00075-8 3770:Lee, Cin-Ty A; Tang, Ming (2020). 3442:10.1016/b978-0-12-819914-5.00002-0 3279:. Society of Economic Geologists. 1515:(FeO(OH); secondary to hematite); 14: 6046: 5517:Engalychev, S. Yu. (2019-04-01). 4992:Journal of Archaeological Science 3688:Manutchehr-Danai, Mohsen (2009). 2761:Open Pit Mine Planning and Design 2437:Hydrothermal veins and pegmatites 2410:) in igneous rocks and in placers 2175:) in placer and magmatic deposits 946:descriptions of ore minerals see 852:progressed. Lead production from 774:, and underground mining such as 6567: 6000: 4333:One Hundredth Anniversary Volume 4107:Scientific Investigations Report 3734:Scientific Investigations Report 3475:"Origin of podiform chromitites" 3397:Scientific Investigations Report 3125:Thornton, Tracy (19 July 2020). 2579: 2458:Pegmatites and metamorphic rocks 2229:Filaments, electronics, lighting 6530:Magmatic nickel-copper-iron-PGE 6520:Kambalda-type komatiitic nickel 5859:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.02.025 5653:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.005 5249:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102198 5075:American Journal of Archaeology 4722:10.1016/j.resourpol.2010.12.001 4571:Marjoribanks, Roger W. (1997). 4477:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104147 4242:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 3691:Dictionary of gems and gemology 3479:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 3209:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.04.020 2611:Mineral resource classification 1152:Photoelectrics, pharmaceuticals 803:Environmental effects of mining 739:After a deposit is discovered, 194:Mineral resource classification 71:(size: 4.8 × 4.0 × 3.0 cm) 52:(size: 6.7 × 5.8 × 5.1 cm) 6540:Sedimentary exhalative (SedEx) 5674:Yang, Xiaosheng (2018-08-15). 5446:10.3390/books978-3-03921-717-5 4380:, Elsevier, pp. 525–556, 4021:, Elsevier, pp. 867–876, 1961:, batteries, glass treatment, 1757:with other sulphide minerals; 704:Some ore deposits in the world 1: 6515:Iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) 4516:10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00206-8 4459:Huang, Laiming (2022-09-01). 4066:Persons, Benjamin S. (1970). 3577:Meinert, Lawrence D. (1992). 3499:10.1016/S0743-9547(97)00015-9 2535:Ceramics, glassmaking, glazes 2356:) in epithermal gold deposits 1703:Alloys, electronics, industry 1582:Metal production, batteries, 1371:Oxidized minerals, including 502:Volcanogenic massive sulphide 468:A cross-section of a typical 5961:10.1016/j.powtec.2015.12.027 5700:10.1016/j.mineng.2018.06.001 4951:Penhallurick, R. D. (2008). 4808:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.027 4767:10.1016/j.engeos.2022.03.003 4529:Neate, Rupert (2022-04-29). 4425:, Elsevier, pp. 23–39, 4207:10.1126/science.160.3829.729 3436:, Elsevier, pp. 39–79, 3099:Chiat, Josh (10 June 2021). 2561:) are ubiquitous throughout 1788:Alloys, corrosion resistance 1395:O; secondary mineral ); and 470:volcanogenic massive sulfide 5729:Dahlkamp, Franz J. (1993). 4164:10.2113/gsecongeo.68.7.1135 4072:. Boston, MA: Springer US. 3965:10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.627 3579:"Skarns and Skarn Deposits" 3541:10.2138/gselements.15.6.377 3080:(2012 ed.). p. 44 3014:10.1007/978-94-009-3549-5_2 2939:10.1007/978-3-540-78594-1_7 1670:, electrical applications, 1316:Alloys, high conductivity, 6617: 6505:Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc 5496:10.2113/gselements.8.5.347 5414:10.2113/gsecongeo.49.3.235 5320:. The China Growth Story. 5202:10.2113/gselements.8.5.333 5155:10.2113/gselements.8.5.369 4905:Rostoker, William (1975). 3797:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115868 2336:) with sulphide minerals; 2100:, temperature applications 1979:F; for Ce, La, Pr, Nd) in 981: 868:extracting said elements. 836: 800: 678: 215: 191: 18: 6563: 5914:10.1007/s11837-000-0124-y 5804:10.1007/s11837-018-2821-4 5741:10.1007/978-3-662-02892-6 5598:10.1134/S107570151605007X 5543:10.1134/S1028334X19040019 5069:Amzallag, Nissim (2009). 5012:10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012 4306:10.1007/s00126-017-0769-x 4262:10.1016/j.gca.2022.05.016 4013:Hannington, Mark (2021), 3837:10.1007/s11631-016-0132-4 3330:10.1016/j.gsf.2011.05.005 3170:10.1080/08120099208728029 3006:Mineral Processing Design 2455:, industrial molds, paint 2416: 1991:; for La, Ce, Pr, Nd) in 1523:O; secondary to hematite) 1008:aluminium hydroxide oxide 303:. This also includes the 5292:10.3390/resources3040614 5030:H., Coghlan, H. (1975). 4665:Brady, B. H. G. (2006). 4640:Onargan, Turgay (2012). 4015:"VMS and SEDEX Deposits" 3653:Pirajno, Franco (1992). 3428:Condie, Kent C. (2022), 1837:) in granitic pegmatites 1335:porphyry copper deposits 558:Epithermal vein deposits 449:Porphyry copper deposits 443:Porphyry copper deposits 268:rare lithophile elements 6045:, mineral mixtures and 5578:Geology of Ore Deposits 4923:10.3406/paleo.1975.4209 4796:Environmental Pollution 4138:Cloud, Preston (1973). 4019:Encyclopedia of Geology 3788:2020E&PSL.52915868L 2708:Encyclopædia Britannica 484:Mississippi Valley-Type 311:Platinum Group Elements 5523:Doklady Earth Sciences 4858:10.3390/ijerph13010138 4378:Treatise on Geophysics 3183:London, David (2018). 2967:Drzymała, Jan (2007). 2417:Non-metal ore minerals 2110:) in porphyry deposits 1668:Scientific instruments 1485:banded iron formations 938:Important ore minerals 713: 705: 697: 597:Banded iron formations 575: 545:Orogenic gold deposits 534: 473: 364: 242: 72: 53: 38: 6555:Orogenic gold deposit 6500:Banded iron formation 6009:at Wikimedia Commons 5633:Earth-Science Reviews 5087:10.3764/aja.113.4.497 4465:Earth-Science Reviews 4417:Haldar, S.K. (2013), 3910:10.1007/s001260100208 2925:Rapp, George (2009), 2873:Wills, B. A. (2015). 2600:Extractive metallurgy 2311:O) in placer deposits 2269:, radiation shielding 1727:hydrothermal deposits 1483:; primary source) in 1294:) as constituents of 1098:), found in granitic 1069:Metal alloys, in the 1010:, which are found in 885:London Metal Exchange 711: 703: 688: 573: 529: 477:Hydrothermal deposits 467: 453:convergent boundaries 389:regional metamorphism 362: 240: 59: 44: 35:banded iron formation 29: 5732:Uranium Ore Deposits 5680:Minerals Engineering 5374:10.3133/sir20105070Q 5036:. University Press. 4116:10.3133/sir20105070h 3743:10.3133/sir20105070m 3473:Arai, Shoji (1997). 3309:Geoscience Frontiers 2064:) in igneous rocks; 1318:corrosion resistance 1137:) with sulphide ores 813:radioactive isotopes 778:, cut and fill, and 633:Polymetallic nodules 566:Sedimentary deposits 368:Metamorphic deposits 343:Podiform Chromitites 305:Sudbury Nickel Basin 21:Ore (disambiguation) 19:For other uses, see 6574:Minerals portal 6510:Heavy mineral sands 5906:2000JOM....52d..17H 5851:2019OGRv..107..629P 5839:Ore Geology Reviews 5796:2018JOM....70f1024N 5692:2018MiEng.125..111Y 5645:2015ESRv..141...56C 5590:2016GeoOD..58..427V 5535:2019DokES.485..355E 5488:2012Eleme...8..347C 5406:1954EcGeo..49..235J 5241:2021RePol..7302198R 5194:2012Eleme...8..333C 5147:2012Eleme...8..369M 5004:2010JArSc..37.2775R 4758:2022EneG....3..255D 4714:2011RePol..36..114F 4423:Mineral Exploration 4374:"Mineral Resources" 4372:Best, M.E. (2015), 4298:2017MinDe..52.1277S 4286:Mineralium Deposita 4254:2022GeCoA.331..165S 4199:1968Sci...160..729C 4156:1973EcGeo..68.1135C 3957:2010EcGeo.105..627H 3902:2001MinDe..36..711L 3890:Mineralium Deposita 3533:2019Eleme..15..377G 3491:1997JAESc..15..303A 3430:"Tectonic settings" 3406:10.3133/sir20125157 3361:10.3133/ofr20101232 3321:2011GeoFr...2..375S 3201:2018OGRv..101..349L 3189:Ore Geology Reviews 3162:1992AuJES..39..349D 2732:Glossary of Geology 2488:, pharmaceuticals, 2434:, optical equipment 2193:, industrial tubing 1884:Rare-earth elements 1548:radiation shielding 622:rare-earth elements 391:, or fluid related 278:rare earth elements 156:Gangue and tailings 144:The word ore is of 5986:DILL, H.G. (2010) 3129:. Montana Standard 3074:The JORC Code 2012 2659:Geological Society 2128:Sulfide deposits; 1963:petroleum industry 1235:chemical catalysts 1196:, colouring agents 982:Metal ore minerals 807:Some ores contain 726:geophysical survey 714: 706: 698: 665:rare earth element 576: 535: 474: 365: 243: 171:mineral processing 73: 54: 39: 6581: 6580: 6488: 6487: 6005:Media related to 5949:Powder Technology 5750:978-3-642-08095-1 5456:978-3-03921-717-5 4998:(11): 2775–2787. 4964:978-1-907747-78-6 4746:Energy Geoscience 4678:978-1-4020-2116-9 4651:978-953-51-0289-2 4440:978-0-12-416005-7 4395:978-0-444-53803-1 4350:978-1-887483-01-8 4193:(3829): 729–736. 4079:978-1-4684-7215-8 4036:978-0-08-102909-1 3666:978-3-642-75671-9 3626:978-1-934969-53-3 3583:Geoscience Canada 3451:978-0-12-819914-5 3246:978-1-62949-218-6 3052:978-0-08-098300-4 3023:978-94-010-8087-3 3008:. pp. 2–36. 2983:978-83-7493-362-9 2948:978-3-540-78593-4 2931:Archaeomineralogy 2886:978-0-08-097054-7 2771:978-1-4822-2117-6 2570: 2569: 2283:placer deposits; 1967:micro-electronics 1715:porphyry deposits 1678:, pharmeceuticals 1652:) with pyrolusite 1509:metamorphic rocks 1507:) in igneous and 1323:Sulphide minerals 1039:flame retardation 839:History of mining 752:feasibility study 669:remotely operated 628:Manganese nodules 472:(VMS) ore deposit 313:(PGE) from large 230:Magmatic deposits 6606: 6594:Economic geology 6572: 6571: 6570: 6525:Lateritic nickel 6481: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6398: 6386: 6374: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6301: 6289: 6277: 6265: 6253: 6241: 6229: 6217: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6092: 6080: 6060: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6013: 6004: 5973: 5972: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5790:(6): 1024–1030. 5775: 5769: 5768: 5762: 5754: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5448: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5394:Economic Geology 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5319: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5294: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5229:Resources Policy 5220: 5214: 5213: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5126: 5115: 5114: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5053: 5045: 5027: 5016: 5015: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4948: 4935: 4934: 4902: 4889: 4888: 4878: 4860: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4819: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4737: 4726: 4725: 4702:Resources Policy 4697: 4691: 4690: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4610: 4597: 4596: 4568: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4510:(1–4): 579–582. 4495: 4489: 4488: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4341:10.5382/av100.19 4324: 4318: 4317: 4292:(8): 1277–1281. 4280: 4274: 4273: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4150:(7): 1135–1143. 4144:Economic Geology 4135: 4129: 4128: 4118: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3945:Economic Geology 3936: 3930: 3929: 3881: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3799: 3767: 3756: 3755: 3745: 3725: 3714: 3713: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3650: 3639: 3638: 3610: 3599: 3598: 3574: 3561: 3560: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3485:(2–3): 303–310. 3470: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3388: 3373: 3372: 3353:Open-File Report 3344: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3272: 3259: 3258: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2922: 2899: 2898: 2870: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2755: 2736: 2735: 2727: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2671:10.1144/sp393.14 2650: 2602:(ore processing) 2595:Economic geology 2589: 2584: 2583: 2515:Cutting, jewelry 2080:and carbonatites 2076:(SiO4)3(OH)) in 1836: 1808: 1250:) in veins with 1239:cemented carbide 1071:nuclear industry 953: 745:diamond drilling 614:sulfide minerals 612:elements (PGE), 339:in South Africa. 337:Bushveld Complex 291:Ni-Cu, found in 148:origin, meaning 6616: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6568: 6566: 6559: 6535:Porphyry copper 6484: 6475: 6463: 6451: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6401: 6392: 6380: 6368: 6352: 6343: 6331: 6319: 6307: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6259: 6247: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6195: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6126: 6114: 6098: 6086: 6074: 6049: 6040: 5998: 5982: 5980:Further reading 5977: 5976: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5755: 5751: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5439:. MDPI, Basel. 5434: 5433: 5429: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5351: 5349: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5327: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5272: 5271: 5264: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5128: 5127: 5118: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5046: 5029: 5028: 5019: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4965: 4950: 4949: 4938: 4904: 4903: 4892: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4739: 4738: 4729: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4679: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4639: 4638: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4612: 4611: 4600: 4585: 4570: 4569: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4080: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4047: 4037: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3998: 3996: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3883: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3860: 3825:Acta Geochimica 3818: 3817: 3813: 3769: 3768: 3759: 3727: 3726: 3717: 3702: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3667: 3652: 3651: 3642: 3627: 3612: 3611: 3602: 3576: 3575: 3564: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3390: 3389: 3376: 3346: 3345: 3338: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3274: 3273: 3262: 3247: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2973: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2924: 2923: 2902: 2887: 2872: 2871: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2757: 2756: 2739: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2712: 2710: 2702: 2701: 2694: 2652: 2651: 2634: 2629: 2606:Froth Flotation 2585: 2578: 2575: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2477: 2473: 2428: 2409: 2384: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2278: 2246: 2238: 2210: 2202: 2174: 2135: 2109: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2002: 1993:placer deposits 1990: 1978: 1875: 1866:placer deposits 1835: 1829: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1756: 1752: 1724: 1712: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1623: 1599:) in pegmatites 1598: 1594: 1566: 1522: 1506: 1502: 1482: 1478: 1441:Placer deposits 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1348: 1332: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1249: 1209: 1205: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1136: 1132: 1118:pharmeceuticals 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1053: 1049: 1005: 940: 874: 841: 835: 805: 799: 683: 677: 630: 568: 445: 422:in the form of 370: 317:intrusions and 299:complexes, and 232: 220: 214: 196: 190: 167:froth flotation 158: 133:and treated or 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6586: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6470: 6458: 6446: 6434: 6422: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6338: 6326: 6314: 6302: 6290: 6278: 6266: 6254: 6242: 6230: 6218: 6205: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6145: 6133: 6121: 6109: 6093: 6081: 6068: 6066: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6016: 5997: 5996:External links 5994: 5993: 5992: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5935: 5880: 5825: 5770: 5749: 5721: 5666: 5619: 5584:(5): 427–441. 5564: 5529:(2): 355–357. 5509: 5482:(5): 347–353. 5462: 5455: 5427: 5400:(3): 235–293. 5380: 5358: 5334: 5306: 5285:(4): 614–635. 5262: 5215: 5188:(5): 333–340. 5168: 5141:(5): 369–376. 5116: 5081:(4): 497–519. 5061: 5017: 4978: 4963: 4936: 4917:(1): 311–315. 4890: 4831: 4781: 4752:(3): 255–262. 4727: 4708:(2): 114–122. 4692: 4677: 4657: 4650: 4644:. IntechOpen. 4642:Mining Methods 4629: 4598: 4583: 4554: 4521: 4490: 4451: 4439: 4406: 4394: 4361: 4349: 4319: 4275: 4228: 4177: 4130: 4093: 4078: 4055: 4035: 4005: 3978: 3951:(3): 627–639. 3931: 3896:(8): 711–740. 3871: 3858: 3811: 3757: 3715: 3700: 3680: 3665: 3640: 3625: 3600: 3562: 3527:(6): 377–380. 3504: 3462: 3450: 3420: 3399:. USGS: i–45. 3374: 3336: 3315:(3): 375–384. 3292: 3285: 3260: 3245: 3222: 3175: 3156:(3): 349–363. 3140: 3117: 3091: 3063: 3051: 3029: 3022: 2996: 2982: 2959: 2947: 2900: 2885: 2784: 2770: 2737: 2719: 2692: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2587:Geology portal 2574: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2276: 2270: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2000: 1988: 1976: 1970: 1955: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1722: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1679: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636:(MnO(OH)) and 1621: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1550: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1504: 1500: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1462:Industry use, 1460: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1438: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1362: 1346: 1330: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1247: 1241: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1194:electroplating 1190: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1178: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1123:Native bismuth 1120: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1003: 997: 991: 988: 983: 979: 978: 975: 972: 969: 960: 957: 939: 936: 873: 870: 837:Main article: 834: 831: 801:Main article: 798: 795: 790: 789: 783: 763: 760: 748: 737: 679:Main article: 676: 673: 629: 626: 610:platinum group 567: 564: 563: 562: 555: 542: 536: 499: 495: 444: 441: 440: 439: 405: 369: 366: 357: 356: 346: 340: 324: 323: 322: 308: 281: 271: 231: 228: 216:Main article: 213: 212:Classification 210: 192:Main article: 189: 186: 157: 154: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6612: 6611: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6576: 6575: 6562: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493:Deposit types 6491: 6479: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6426: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6190: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6008: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5771: 5766: 5760: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5725: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5381: 5375: 5370: 5362: 5359: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5323: 5322:WorldBank.org 5316: 5310: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4817:10400.1/10388 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4619: 4618:novascotia.ca 4615: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4584:0-412-80010-1 4580: 4576: 4575: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4452: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4315: 4311: 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2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2242: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2206: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2067: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1542:, batteries, 1541: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1430:Electronics, 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1398: 1390: 1374: 1360: 1357:deposits and 1356: 1352: 1351:native copper 1344: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1285: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 987: 984: 980: 976: 973: 970: 968: 964: 961: 958: 955: 954: 951: 949: 945: 942:For detailed 937: 935: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 900: 896: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 878:raw materials 871: 869: 865: 863: 857: 855: 851: 847: 840: 832: 830: 826: 823: 819: 814: 810: 804: 796: 794: 787: 784: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 761: 758: 753: 749: 746: 742: 738: 735: 731: 727: 723: 720: 719: 718: 710: 702: 696: 692: 687: 682: 674: 672: 670: 666: 662: 657: 653: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 627: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 600: 598: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 572: 565: 561:precipitants. 559: 556: 553: 552: 546: 543: 540: 537: 532: 528: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 500: 496: 494:sulphide ore. 493: 489: 485: 482: 481: 480: 478: 471: 466: 462: 461: 457: 454: 450: 442: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 406: 403: 399: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 375: 374: 373: 367: 361: 354: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 333: 329: 325: 320: 316: 312: 309: 306: 302: 301:flood basalts 298: 294: 290: 289: 286: 282: 279: 275: 272: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 245: 244: 239: 235: 229: 227: 225: 219: 211: 209: 207: 202: 195: 187: 185: 183: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 155: 153: 151: 150:lump of metal 147: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 111:native metals 108: 104: 100: 95: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 70: 66: 62: 58: 51: 47: 43: 36: 32: 28: 22: 6565: 6245:Chalcopyrite 6054: 6047:ore deposits 6043:Ore minerals 5999: 5987: 5952: 5948: 5938: 5900:(4): 17–19. 5897: 5893: 5883: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5731: 5724: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5636: 5632: 5622: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5436: 5430: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5361: 5350:. Retrieved 5346: 5337: 5326:. Retrieved 5321: 5309: 5282: 5278: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5138: 5134: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5032: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4953: 4914: 4910: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4799: 4795: 4784: 4749: 4745: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4667: 4660: 4641: 4621:. Retrieved 4617: 4573: 4546:. Retrieved 4535:The Guardian 4534: 4524: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4444:, retrieved 4422: 4399:, retrieved 4377: 4354:, retrieved 4332: 4322: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4106: 4096: 4068: 4048:, retrieved 4018: 4008: 3997:. Retrieved 3991: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3893: 3889: 3861: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3779: 3775: 3733: 3690: 3683: 3655: 3615: 3586: 3582: 3524: 3520: 3482: 3478: 3455:, retrieved 3433: 3423: 3396: 3352: 3312: 3308: 3276: 3235: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3133:24 September 3131:. Retrieved 3120: 3110:24 September 3108:. Retrieved 3104: 3094: 3082:. Retrieved 3073: 3066: 3056:, retrieved 3042: 3032: 3005: 2999: 2989:24 September 2987:. Retrieved 2969: 2962: 2952:, retrieved 2930: 2875: 2775:. Retrieved 2760: 2731: 2711:. Retrieved 2707: 2662: 2658: 2263:Nuclear fuel 2083: 2003:; for Y) in 1981:carbonatites 1761:(NiMg) with 1546:resistance, 1540:pigmentation 1493:igneous rock 1464:construction 1415:; secondary) 1327:chalcopyrite 1325:, including 1127:bismuthinite 947: 944:petrographic 941: 929: 901: 897: 882: 875: 866: 858: 842: 827: 809:heavy metals 806: 791: 776:block caving 772:strip mining 734:ground-based 728:techniques ( 715: 661:heavy metals 631: 616:, tin (Sn), 604: 601: 595: 577: 548: 475: 460:Hydrothermal 459: 458: 446: 371: 274:Carbonatites 233: 221: 197: 188:Ore deposits 179: 175:ore dressing 159: 149: 143: 137:, often via 96: 75: 74: 6329:Pentlandite 6305:Molybdenite 6072:Cassiterite 5955:: 186–192. 5845:: 629–646. 5686:: 111–119. 4802:: 169–178. 4248:: 165–191. 3831:(1): 9–15. 3195:: 349–383. 2616:Ore genesis 2519:Kimberlites 2432:Steelmaking 2379:smithsonite 2340:(K(V,Al,Mg) 2273:Pitchblende 2169:Cassiterite 2104:Molybdenite 2068:((REE,Ca,Y) 1747:Pentlandite 1707:Molybdenite 1686:sedimentary 1218:chromitites 1075:electronics 925:rare earths 862:Mesopotamia 786:Reclamation 757:reclamation 741:exploration 722:Prospecting 637:concretions 451:form along 428:cassiterite 393:metasomatic 349:Kimberlites 330:, the only 297:anorthosite 224:ore genesis 218:Ore genesis 146:Anglo-Saxon 127:ore genesis 78:is natural 63:ore – 50:psilomelane 48:ore – 6588:Categories 6473:Wolframite 6449:Sperrylite 6358:Carbonates 6341:Sphalerite 6310:molybdenum 6257:Chalcocite 6160:Pyrolusite 5735:. Berlin. 5352:2023-02-10 5328:2019-07-19 5235:: 102198. 4911:Paléorient 4851:(1): 138. 4623:2023-02-07 4548:2023-11-28 4471:: 104147. 4446:2023-03-05 4401:2023-03-05 4356:2023-03-05 4050:2023-03-03 3999:2023-02-23 3782:: 115868. 3457:2023-03-03 3058:2023-02-10 2954:2023-03-06 2713:2021-04-07 2665:(1): 1–8. 2627:References 2539:Orthoclase 2495:Evaporites 2484:, filler, 2482:Fertilizer 2421:Fluorospar 2375:Sphalerite 2338:roscoelite 2267:ammunition 2235:((Fe,Mn)WO 2233:Wolframite 2078:pegmatites 2072:(Al,Fe,Fe) 2027:SiO(O,OH,H 2005:pegmatites 1973:Bastnäsite 1957:Permanent 1870:sperrylite 1792:Pyrochlore 1759:garnierite 1696:Molybdenum 1618:Pyrolusite 1557:pegmatites 1519:(FeO(OH)nH 1343:chalcocite 1296:copper ore 1272:carrollite 1212:stratiform 1176:pegmatites 1158:(K(Li, Al) 1156:Lepidolite 1100:pegmatites 932:World Bank 850:Bronze Age 846:Çatalhöyük 811:, toxins, 675:Extraction 656:diagenetic 652:hydroxides 589:(Mn), and 520:(Ag), and 424:wolframite 353:xenocrysts 319:tholeiitic 293:komatiites 247:Pegmatites 123:geological 6461:Scheelite 6442:beryllium 6430:aluminium 6390:Malachite 6383:magnesium 6378:Magnesite 6371:magnesium 6281:Cobaltite 6221:Argentite 6209:Acanthite 6184:Uraninite 6172:Tantalite 6165:manganese 6148:Magnetite 6112:Columbite 5969:0032-5910 5930:136505544 5922:1543-1851 5875:135218378 5867:0169-1368 5820:255395648 5812:1543-1851 5759:cite book 5716:103605902 5708:0892-6875 5661:0012-8252 5639:: 56–81. 5614:133521801 5606:1555-6476 5559:195299595 5551:1531-8354 5504:1811-5209 5422:1554-0774 5301:2079-9276 5279:Resources 5257:0301-4207 5210:1811-5209 5163:1811-5209 5095:0002-9114 5050:cite book 5042:610533025 4973:705331805 4931:0153-9345 4867:1660-4601 4776:247735286 4687:262680067 4543:0261-3077 4485:0012-8252 4314:134709798 4270:248977303 4172:1554-0774 4125:2328-0328 4088:840289476 4045:243007984 3973:0361-0128 3926:129009301 3918:0026-4598 3853:132971792 3845:2096-0956 3806:208008163 3752:2328-0328 3710:646793373 3675:851777050 3635:989865633 3595:1911-4850 3557:214424178 3549:1811-5217 3415:2328-0328 3369:2331-1258 3255:946549103 3217:0169-1368 3105:Stockhead 2895:920545608 2687:129135737 2679:0305-8719 2621:Petrology 2453:Lubricant 2393:Zirconium 2330:Patronite 2285:carnotite 2281:uraninite 2241:scheelite 2191:Aerospace 2130:Argentite 2009:eudialyte 1811:columbite 1771:niccolite 1767:laterites 1719:powellite 1684:(HgS) in 1634:manganite 1626:laterites 1607:Manganese 1589:Spodumene 1561:cerussite 1544:corrosion 1497:magnetite 1436:dentistry 1432:jewellery 1373:malachite 1339:covellite 1300:linnaeite 1284:linnaeite 1268:cobaltite 1252:cobaltite 1062:Beryllium 1012:laterites 974:Source(s) 649:manganese 620:(W), and 587:manganese 579:Laterites 436:scheelite 412:protolith 402:pyroxenes 381:limestone 283:Magmatic 260:spodumene 107:silicates 69:anglesite 46:Manganese 6478:tungsten 6466:tungsten 6454:platinum 6366:Dolomite 6269:Cinnabar 6201:Sulfides 6177:tantalum 6141:titanium 6136:Ilmenite 6124:Hematite 6105:tantalum 6089:chromium 6084:Chromite 5476:Elements 5182:Elements 5135:Elements 5111:49574580 5103:20627616 4885:26797624 4826:28531798 4593:37694569 3521:Elements 2573:See also 2528:Feldspar 2490:textiles 2445:Graphite 2319:Vanadium 2222:Tungsten 2197:Ilmenite 2183:Titanium 2098:Catalyst 2066:allanite 1997:xenotime 1985:monazite 1864:ore, in 1858:chromite 1845:Platinum 1763:chromite 1682:Cinnabar 1638:braunite 1584:ceramics 1538:Alloys, 1517:limonite 1513:goethite 1473:Hematite 1244:Smaltite 1233:Alloys, 1216:podiform 1200:Chromite 1192:Alloys, 1185:Chromium 1162:(Si, Al) 1116:Alloys, 1044:Stibnite 1037:Alloys, 1030:Antimony 1000:Gibbsite 986:Aluminum 921:antimony 913:tantalum 768:open pit 618:tungsten 591:aluminum 432:stannite 420:tungsten 408:Greisens 383:through 332:chromium 328:chromite 264:petalite 256:feldspar 204:for the 201:Kambalda 182:tailings 139:smelting 113:such as 103:sulfides 88:minerals 84:sediment 6545:Uranium 6425:Bauxite 6274:mercury 6233:Bornite 6189:uranium 6117:niobium 6101:niobium 5902:Bibcode 5847:Bibcode 5792:Bibcode 5688:Bibcode 5641:Bibcode 5586:Bibcode 5531:Bibcode 5484:Bibcode 5402:Bibcode 5237:Bibcode 5190:Bibcode 5143:Bibcode 5000:Bibcode 4876:4730529 4754:Bibcode 4710:Bibcode 4294:Bibcode 4250:Bibcode 4223:5646415 4215:1724303 4195:Bibcode 4187:Science 4152:Bibcode 3953:Bibcode 3898:Bibcode 3784:Bibcode 3529:Bibcode 3487:Bibcode 3317:Bibcode 3197:Bibcode 3158:Bibcode 3084:10 June 2553:(NaAlSi 2508:Diamond 2255:Uranium 2090:Rhenium 2060:(OH,Cl) 2019:(Fe,Mn) 1959:magnets 1795:(Na,Ca) 1781:Niobium 1765:and in 1749:(Fe,Ni) 1676:solvent 1660:Mercury 1591:(LiAlSi 1575:Lithium 1397:azurite 1389:cuprite 1359:bornite 1355:cuprite 1341:(CuS); 1264:calcite 1210:) from 1174:) from 1109:Bismuth 1016:Bauxite 1014:. Also 1002:(Al(OH) 967:formula 959:Mineral 917:bismuth 909:niobium 905:lithium 833:History 822:arsenic 818:Mercury 797:Hazards 780:stoping 732:and/or 691:Pachuca 639:on the 551:orogeny 498:cobalt. 398:garnets 385:contact 285:Sulfide 135:refined 6599:Mining 6418:barium 6413:Baryte 6395:copper 6334:nickel 6317:Pyrite 6293:Galena 6286:cobalt 6262:copper 6250:copper 6238:copper 6226:silver 6214:silver 6096:Coltan 6064:Oxides 5967: 5928: 5920: 5873: 5865: 5818: 5810: 5747: 5714: 5706: 5659: 5612: 5604: 5557: 5549: 5502: 5453: 5420: 5347:Scribd 5299: 5255: 5208: 5161: 5109: 5101: 5093: 5040: 4971: 4961: 4929: 4883: 4873: 4865: 4824: 4774: 4685: 4675: 4648: 4591: 4581: 4541: 4483: 4437: 4392: 4347: 4312: 4268: 4221: 4213: 4170: 4123: 4086: 4076: 4043: 4033: 3971: 3924: 3916: 3851: 3843: 3804: 3750: 3708: 3698: 3673: 3663: 3633: 3623: 3593: 3555: 3547: 3448: 3413: 3367: 3283: 3253: 3243: 3215: 3049: 3020: 2980: 2945: 2893: 2883: 2768: 2685: 2677: 2551:albite 2549:) and 2541:(KAlSi 2486:cement 2466:Gypsum 2406:(ZrSiO 2404:Zircon 2239:) and 2205:rutile 2203:) and 2199:(FeTiO 2164:pewter 2156:bronze 2152:Solder 2118:Silver 1987:(REEPO 1975:(REECO 1862:copper 1807:(OH,F) 1736:Nickel 1721:(CaMoO 1630:skarns 1553:Galena 1491:, and 1447:grains 1445:quartz 1329:(CuFeS 1309:Copper 1298:; 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