Ore - Knowledge (XXG)

610:(BIFs) are the highest concentration of any single metal available. They are composed of chert beds alternating between high and low iron concentrations. Their deposition occurred early in Earth's history when the atmospheric composition was significantly different from today. Iron rich water is thought to have upwelled where it oxidized to Fe (III) in the presence of early photosynthetic plankton producing oxygen. This iron then precipitated out and deposited on the ocean floor. The banding is thought to be a result of changing plankton population. 720: 712: 6580: 68: 2592: 836:

cardiovascular problems and neurological issues. These are of particular danger to aquatic life if dissolved in water. Ores such as those of sulphide minerals may severely increase the acidity of their immediate surroundings and of water, with numerous, long lasting impacts on ecosystems. When water becomes contaminated it may transport these compounds far from the tailings site, greatly increasing the affected range.

38: 476: 249: 105:, that can be mined, treated and sold at a profit. The grade of ore refers to the concentration of the desired material it contains. The value of the metals or minerals a rock contains must be weighed against the cost of extraction to determine whether it is of sufficiently high grade to be worth mining and is therefore considered an ore. A complex ore is one containing more than one valuable mineral. 538: 53: 697: 6013: 582: 371: 770:. Multiple experts from differing fields must then approve the study before the project can move on to the next stage. Depending on the size of the project, a pre-feasibility study is sometimes first performed to decide preliminary potential and if a much costlier full feasibility study is even warranted. 298:

Deposits form from mantle melts which rise upwards, and gain sulfur through interaction with the crust. This causes the sulfide minerals present to be immiscible, precipitating out when the melt crystallizes. Magmatic sulfide deposits can be subdivided into two groups by their dominant ore element:

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nickel shoots are named after drillers), or after some whimsy, a historical figure, a prominent person, a city or town from which the owner came, something from mythology (such as the name of a god or goddess) or the code name of the resource company which found it (e.g. MKD-5 was the in-house name

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and other potentially negative compounds which may pose a risk to the environment or health. The exact effects an ore and its tailings have is dependent on the minerals present. Tailings of particular concern are those of older mines, as containment and remediation methods in the past were next to

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then considers the theoretical implications of the potential mining operation in order to determine if it should move ahead with development. This includes evaluating the economically recoverable portion of the deposit, marketability and payability of the ore concentrates, engineering, milling and

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Sediment-Hosted Stratiform Copper Deposits (SSC) form when copper sulphides precipitate out of brinal fluids into sedimentary basins near the equator. These are the second most common source of copper ore after porphyry copper deposits, supplying 20% of the worlds copper in addition to silver and

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An ore deposit is an economically significant accumulation of minerals within a host rock. This is distinct from a mineral resource in that it is a mineral deposit occurring in high enough concentration to be economically viable. An ore deposit is one occurrence of a particular ore type. Most ore

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Until the 18th century gold, copper, lead, iron, silver, tin, arsenic and mercury were the only metals mined and used. In recent decades, Rare Earth Elements have been increasingly exploited for various high-tech applications. This has led to an ever-growing search for REE ore and novel ways of

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Production can then begin and is the operation of the mine in an active sense. The time a mine is active is dependent on its remaining reserves and profitability. The extraction method used is entirely dependent on the deposit type, geometry, and surrounding geology. Methods can be generally

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John, D.A.; Vikre, P.G.; du Bray, E.A.; Blakely, R.J.; Fey, D.L.; Rockwell, B.W.; Mauk, J.L.; Anderson, E.D.; Graybeal (2018). Descriptive models for epithermal gold-silver deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010 (Report). U.S. Geological Survey. p. 247.

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are two ore related elements of particular concern. Additional elements found in ore which may have adverse health affects in organisms include iron, lead, uranium, zinc, silicon, titanium, sulfur, nitrogen, platinum, and chromium. Exposure to these elements may result in respiratory and

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events. Not all are economic, but those with potential value are classified depending on the dominant element such as Ca, Fe, Mg, or Mn among many others. They are one of the most diverse and abundant mineral deposits. As such they are classified solely by their common mineralogy, mainly

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ore. They are so named due to their strata-like shape and formation via layered magmatic injection into the host rock. Chromium is usually located within the bottom of the intrusion. They are typically found within intrusions in continental cratons, the most famous example being the

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Uranium ores and those containing other radioactive elements may pose a significant threat if leaving occurs and isotope concentration increases above background levels. Radiation can have severe, long lasting environmental impacts and cause irreversible damage to living organisms.

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With rates of ore discovery in a steady decline since the mid 20th century, it is thought that most surface level, easily accessible sources have been exhausted. This means progressively lower grade deposits must be turned to, and new methods of extraction must be developed.

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Other, lesser, commodities do not have international clearing houses and benchmark prices, with most prices negotiated between suppliers and customers one-on-one. This generally makes determining the price of ores of this nature opaque and difficult. Such metals include

859:. These were the easiest to work, with relatively limited mining and basic requirements for smelting. It is believed they were once much more abundant on the surface than today. After this, copper sulphides would have been turned to as oxide resources depleted and the 171:

In most cases, an ore does not consist entirely of a single mineral, but it is mixed with other valuable minerals and with unwanted or valueless rocks and minerals. The part of an ore that is not economically desirable and that cannot be avoided in mining is known as

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The smelting of arsenic-copper sulphides would have produced the first bronze alloys. The majority of bronze creation however required tin, and thus the exploitation of cassiterite, the main tin source, began. Some 3000 years ago, the smelting of iron ores began in

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Metallurgy began with the direct working of native metals such as gold, lead and copper. Placer deposits, for example, would have been the first source of native gold. The first exploited ores were copper oxides such as malachite and azurite, over 7000 years ago at

515:(VMS) deposits form on the seafloor from precipitation of metal rich solutions, typically associated with hydrothermal activity. They take the general form of a large sulphide rich mound above disseminated sulphides and viens. VMS deposits are a major source of 669:

and sedimentary precipitation at the estimated rate of about a centimeter over several million years. The average diameter of a polymetallic nodule is between 3 and 10 cm (1 and 4 in) in diameter and are characterized by enrichment in iron, manganese,

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are very coarse grained, igneous rocks. They crystallize slowly at great depth beneath the surface, leading to their very large crystal sizes. Most are of granitic composition. They are a large source of industrial minerals such as

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and are thought to originate from the partial melting of subducted oceanic plates and subsequent concentration of Cu, driven by oxidation. These are large, round, disseminated deposits containing on average 0.8% copper by weight.

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form in the shallow crust from concentration of metal bearing fluids into veins and stockworks where conditions favour precipitation. These volcanic related deposits are a source of gold and silver ore, the primary

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Iron ore is traded between customer and producer, though various benchmark prices are set quarterly between the major mining conglomerates and the major consumers, and this sets the stage for smaller participants.

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Sillitoe, Richard H.; Perelló, José; Creaser, Robert A.; Wilton, John; Wilson, Alan J.; Dawborn, Toby (2017). "Reply to discussions of "Age of the Zambian Copperbelt" by Hitzman and Broughton and Muchez et al".

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The extraction of ore deposits generally follows these steps. Progression from stages 1–3 will see a continuous disqualification of potential ore bodies as more information is obtained on their viability:

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Mestre, Nélia C.; Rocha, Thiago L.; Canals, Miquel; Cardoso, Cátia; Danovaro, Roberto; Dell’Anno, Antonio; Gambi, Cristina; Regoli, Francesco; Sanchez-Vidal, Anna; Bebianno, Maria João (September 2017).

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infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements, potential environmental impacts, political implications, and a cradle to grave analysis from the initial excavation all the way through to

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Sediment Hosted Copper forms from the precipitation of a copper rich oxidized brine into sedimentary rocks. These are a source of copper primarily in the form of copper-sulfide minerals.

938:. Most of these commodities are also dominated by one or two major suppliers with >60% of the world's reserves. China is currently leading in world production of Rare Earth Elements. 5044:

Notes on the prehistoric metallurgy of copper and bronze in the Old World : examination of specimens from the Pitt rivers Museum and Bronze castings in ancient moulds, by E. voce

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Mineral processing consists of first liberation, to free the ore from the gangue, and concentration to separate the desired mineral(s) from it. Once processed, the gangue is known as

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Dowling, S. E.; Hill, R. E. T. (July 1992). "The distribution of PGE in fractionated Archaean komatiites, Western and Central Ultramafic Units, Mt Keith region, Western Australia".

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are an igneous rock whose volume is made up of over 50% carbonate minerals. They are produced from mantle derived magmas, typically at continental rift zones. They contain more

552:(SEDEX) are a copper sulphide ore which form in the same manor as VMS from metal rich brine but are hosted within sedimentary rocks and are not directly related to volcanism. 773:

Development begins once an ore body has been confirmed economically viable and involves steps to prepare for its extraction such as building of a mine plant and equipment.

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both in value and volume. This is because the worldwide distribution of ores is unequal and dislocated from locations of peak demand and from smelting infrastructure.

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are found in ultramafic oceanic rocks resulting from complex magma mixing. They are hosted in serpentine and dunite rich layers and are another source of chromite.

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deposits are the result of weathering, transport, and subsequent concentration of a valuable mineral via water or wind. They are typically sources of gold (Au),

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exchanges in the United States and the Shanghai Futures Exchange in China. The global Chromium market is currently dominated by the United States and China.

211: 565:) where metamorphism forces gold containing fluids into joints and fractures where they precipitate. These tend to be strongly correlated with quartz veins. 3137: 4249:"Microbial Fe cycling in a simulated Precambrian ocean environment: Implications for secondary mineral (trans)formation and deposition during BIF genesis" 558:

are a bulk source for gold, with 75% of gold production originating from orogenic gold deposits. Formation occurs during late stage mountain building (

5791:"Recovery of Vanadium from Magnetite Ore Using Direct Acid Leaching: Optimization of Parameters by Plackett–Burman and Response Surface Methodologies" 4711:

Franks, DM; Boger, DV; Côte, CM; Mulligan, DR (2011). "Sustainable Development Principles for the Disposal of Mining and Mineral Processing Wastes".

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Mineral Deposits of Canada: A Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods

2509: 512: 480: 6515: 4968:. Minerals, and Mining Institute of Materials (Pbk. ed.). Hanover Walk, Leeds: Maney for the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. 152:, to extract the valuable metals or minerals. Some ores, depending on their composition, may pose threats to health or surrounding ecosystems. 5759: 5465: 5400: 4973: 4687: 4660: 4449: 4404: 4359: 4088: 4045: 3675: 3635: 3460: 3255: 3061: 3032: 2992: 2957: 2895: 2780: 3830:

Sun, Weidong; Wang, Jin-tuan; Zhang, Li-peng; Zhang, Chan-chan; Li, He; Ling, Ming-xing; Ding, Xing; Li, Cong-ying; Liang, Hua-ying (2016).

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to intersect the potential ore body. This exploration stage determines ore grade, tonnage, and if the deposit is a viable economic resource.

679: 635:(REEs). A placer deposit is considered alluvial if formed via river, colluvial if by gravity, and eluvial when close to their parent rock. 6525: 4541: 4593: 3710: 3295: 592:

form from the weathering of highly mafic rock near the equator. They can form in as little as one million years and are a source of

6520: 5530:"New Data on the Mineral Composition of Unique Rhenium (U–Mo–Re) Ores of the Briketno-Zheltukhinskoe Deposit in the Moscow Basin" 6550: 2621: 813: 204: 5353: 362:

are a primary source for diamonds. They originate from depths of 150 km in the mantle and are mostly composed of crustal

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Galley, Alan; Hannington, M.D.; Jonasson, Ian (2007). "Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits". In Goodfellow, W.D. (ed.).

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Schad, Manuel; Byrne, James M.; ThomasArrigo, Laurel K.; Kretzschmar, Ruben; Konhauser, Kurt O.; Kappler, Andreas (2022).

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Wills' mineral processing technology : an introduction to the practical aspects of ore treatment and mineral recovery

3630:. Brian J. Skinner, Society of Economic Geologists (75th ed.). Littleton, Colorado: Society of Economic Geologists. 3244:

Verplanck, Philip L.; Mariano, Anthony N.; Mariano Jr, Anthony (2016). "Rare earth element ore geology of carbonatites".

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by Spry and Gedlinske (1987). Below are the major economic ore minerals and their deposits, grouped by primary elements.

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Stratiform Chromites are strongly linked to PGE magmatic sulfide deposits. These highly mafic intrusions are a source of

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Jenkin, Gawen R. T.; Lusty, Paul A. J.; McDonald, Iain; Smith, Martin P.; Boyce, Adrian J.; Wilkinson, Jamie J. (2014).

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occur in numerous geologic settings worldwide. They are silicates derived from the recrystallization of carbonates like

195:, which are useless but potentially harmful materials produced in great quantity, especially from lower grade deposits. 4803:"Environmental hazard assessment of a marine mine tailings deposit site and potential implications for deep-sea mining" 3895:

Leach, David L.; Bradley, Dwight; Lewchuk, Michael T.; Symons, David T.; de Marsily, Ghislain; Brannon, Joyce (2001).

5325: 497:(MVT) deposits precipitate from relatively cool, basal brinal fluids within carbonate strata. These are sources of 490:

are a large source of ore. They form as a result of the precipitation of dissolved ore constituents out of fluids.

3897:"Mississippi Valley-type lead–zinc deposits through geological time: implications from recent age-dating research" 6604: 1018: 252:

Granitic pegmatite composed of plagioclase and K-feldspar, large hornblende crystal present. Scale bar is 5.0 cm

5236:"Comparative study of the China and U.S. import trade structure based on the global chromium ore trade network" 4965:

Tin in antiquity : its mining and trade throughout the ancient world with particular reference to Cornwall

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The "chessboard" classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium,

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content when compared to the Earth's crust and surrounding sediment. The proposed mining of these nodules via

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Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo; Pernicka, Ernst; Šljivar, Dušan; Brauns, Michael; Borić, Dušan (2010).

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Ore deposits are classified according to various criteria developed via the study of economic geology, or

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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms

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is conducted to define its extent and value via further mapping and sampling techniques such as targeted

604:(Al). They may also be a source of nickel and cobalt when the parent rock is enriched in these elements. 6565: 6510: 5583:

Volkov, A. V.; Kolova, E. E.; Savva, N. E.; Sidorov, A. A.; Prokof’ev, V. Yu.; Ali, A. A. (2016-09-01).

3112:"These secret Kambalda mines missed the 2000s nickel boom – meet the company bringing them back to life" 2610: 1678: 1495: 895: 607: 555: 399: 145: 45: 5482: 5188: 5141: 799:, once the mine is no longer operational, makes the land where a mine had been suitable for future use. 5955: 5845: 5686: 5639: 5235: 4471: 3667:

Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits : Principles and Fundamental Concepts for the Exploration Geologist

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Charlier, Bernard; Namur, Olivier; Bolle, Olivier; Latypov, Rais; Duchesne, Jean-Clair (2015-02-01).

5596: 5541: 5494: 5412: 5247: 5200: 5153: 5010: 4764: 4720: 4472:"Pedogenic ferromanganese nodules and their impacts on nutrient cycles and heavy metal sequestration" 4339: 4304: 4260: 4205: 4162: 3963: 3908: 3794: 3539: 3497: 3327: 3207: 3168: 1328: 823: 643: 31: 5585:"Formation conditions of high-grade gold–silver ore of epithermal Tikhoe deposit, Russian Northeast" 5286:"Rare Earth Elements: Overview of Mining, Mineralogy, Uses, Sustainability and Environmental Impact" 4429: 4384: 4025: 3440: 2944:, Natural Science in Archaeology, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 143–182, 2223: 1558: 887:

Ores (metals) are traded internationally and comprise a sizeable portion of international trade in

796: 751: 463: 395: 6022: 5996: 3111: 856: 180:, gravity concentration, electric or magnetic methods, and other operations known collectively as 6376: 6037: 5936: 5881: 5826: 5769: 5722: 5620: 5565: 5326:"Background Paper – The Outlook for Metals Markets Prepared for G20 Deputies Meeting Sydney 2006" 5117: 5109: 5060: 4998: 4802: 4782: 4510: 4320: 4276: 4248: 4221: 4051: 3932: 3859: 3812: 3563: 3485: 2693: 2170: 1973: 1894: 945:

reports that China was the top importer of ores and metals in 2005 followed by the US and Japan.

736: 675: 632: 421:, like skarns, are a metamorphosed silicate, quartz-mica mineral deposit. Formed from a granitic 288: 278: 181: 719: 711: 5640:"Fe–Ti–V–P ore deposits associated with Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites and related rocks" 3876:

Arndt, N. and others (2017) Future mineral resources, Chap. 2, Formation of mineral resources,

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Hayes, Timothy S.; Cox, Dennis P.; Bliss, James D.; Piatak, Nadine M.; Seal, Robert R. (2015).

1980:, alloys, nuclear applications, corrosion protection (La and Ce are the most widely applicable) 6284: 5975: 5928: 5873: 5818: 5755: 5714: 5667: 5612: 5557: 5510: 5461: 5428: 5307: 5263: 5216: 5169: 5101: 5048: 4979: 4969: 4937: 4891: 4873: 4832: 4693: 4683: 4656: 4599: 4589: 4549: 4491: 4445: 4400: 4355: 4229: 4178: 4131: 4094: 4084: 4041: 3979: 3924: 3851: 3758: 3716: 3706: 3681: 3671: 3641: 3631: 3601: 3555: 3456: 3421: 3375: 3316:"Magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits in magma plumbing systems: Features, formation and exploration" 3291: 3261: 3251: 3223: 3057: 3048:

Heinrich, C. A.; Candela, P. A. (2014-01-01), Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.),

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Cloud, Preston E. (1968). "Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Evolution on the Primitive Earth".

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and can be classified based on their deposit type. Ore is extracted from the earth through

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Ren, Shuai; Li, Huajiao; Wang, Yanli; Guo, Chen; Feng, Sida; Wang, Xingxing (2021-10-01).

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Magnified view of banded iron formation specimen from Upper Michigan. Scale bar is 5.0 mm.

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da Silva-Rêgo, Leonardo Lucas; de Almeida, Leonardo Augusto; Gasparotto, Juciano (2022).

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than any other igneous rock, and as such are a major source of light rare earth elements.

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Hitzman, Murray; Kirkham, Rodney; Broughton, David; Thorson, Jon; Selley, David (2005),

4308: 4264: 4209: 4166: 3967: 3912: 3543: 3501: 3331: 3211: 3172: 67: 4886: 4851: 4441: 4396: 4037: 3952:"Formation of Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Stratiform Copper Deposits through Earth History" 3877: 3452: 2937: 2597: 2003: 1876: 1499: 1451: 1204: 1128: 973: 620: 616: 90: 4526: 3509: 37: 6598: 6030: 5940: 5885: 5830: 5726: 5624: 5569: 4786: 4324: 4280: 4055: 4001: 3936: 3863: 3831: 3816: 3567: 2697: 1983: 1361: 875:. Iron oxide is quite abundant on the surface and forms from a variety of processes. 740: 315: 125: 109: 5869: 5846:"Titanium, zirconium resources and production: A state of the art literature review" 5663: 5259: 5121: 4732: 4487: 3219: 475: 366:, high amounts of magnesium, other trace elements, gases, and in some cases diamond. 6255: 5956:"An experimental study on the ultra-fine grinding of gypsum ore in a dry ball mill" 5456: 2591: 2273: 1907: 1550: 1503: 1474: 1337: 1137: 888: 827:

non-existent, leading to high levels of leaching into the surrounding environment.

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to find where an ore is located. The prospecting stage generally involves mapping,

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Most base metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel) are traded internationally on the

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deposits are named according to their location, or after a discoverer (e.g. the

137: 60: 5506: 5424: 5212: 5165: 4006:. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division. pp. 141–162 3807: 3782: 3402:

Mosier, Dan L.; Singer, Donald A.; Moring, Barry C.; Galloway, John P. (2012).

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Schulte, Ruth F.; Taylor, Ryan D.; Piatak, Nadine M.; Seal, Robert R. (2010).

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Mineral processing : foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy

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Dentistry, jewelry, chemical applications, corrosion resistance, electronics

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Nejad, Davood Ghoddocy; Khanchi, Ali Reza; Taghizadeh, Majid (2018-06-01).

4895: 4868: 4836: 237:. The following is a general categorization of the main ore deposit types: 6012: 5097: 4963: 4677: 4233: 4078: 3920: 3700: 3665: 3625: 3624:

Einaudi, M. T.; Meinert, L. D.; Newberry, R. J. (1981). "Skarn Deposits".

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Haque, Nawshad; Hughes, Anthony; Lim, Seng; Vernon, Chris (2014-10-29).

5113: 5081: 3705:. Christian Witschel, Kerstin Kindler (3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer. 3416: 3403: 3371: 682:

ocean floor trawling robots has raised a number of ecological concerns.

581: 370: 6435: 6243: 6211: 6199: 6127: 6111: 5901:"Characterizing megascopic textures in fluorospar ores at Okorusu mine" 4225: 2518: 2265: 2100: 1963: 1947: 1939: 1931: 1835: 1791: 1686: 1594: 1585: 1407: 1399: 1369: 1365: 1274: 1133: 1119: 1026: 927: 919: 915: 832: 790: 701: 561: 418: 133: 98: 5448:

New Results and Advances in PGE Mineralogy in Ni-Cu-Cr-PGE Ore Systems

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These are ore deposits which form as a direct result of metamorphism.

176:. The valuable ore minerals are separated from the gangue minerals by 6428: 6423: 6405: 6344: 6327: 6303: 6296: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6106: 5042: 4682:. E. T. Brown (3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 4509:

Kobayashi, Takayuki; Nagai, Hisao; Kobayashi, Koichi (October 2000).

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Naldrett, A. J. (2011). "Fundamentals of Magmatic Sulfide Deposits".

3250:. Littleton, CO: Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. pp. 5–32. 2681: 2561: 2496: 2476: 2414: 2215: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2128: 1969: 1943: 1903: 1872: 1841: 1746: 1563: 1455: 1319: 1270: 1266: 1236: 1155: 1030: 864: 705: 691: 528: 520: 425:

due to alteration by intruding magmas, they are large ore sources of

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Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 100, Issue 1–4, June 2010, Pages 1–420

4542:"'Deep-sea gold rush' for rare metals could cause irreversible harm" 700:

Minecart on display at the Historic Archive and Museum of Mining in

5483:"Rare Earth Mineralization in Igneous Rocks: Sources and Processes" 5082:"From Metallurgy to Bronze Age Civilizations: The Synthetic Theory" 4999:"On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe" 3288:

Magmatic Ni-Cu and PGE Deposits: Geology, Geochemistry, and Genesis

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Alloys, food and pharmaceutical applications, corrosion resistance

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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Kamunda, Caspah; Mathuthu, Manny; Madhuku, Morgan (2016-01-18).

2769:

Hustrulid, William A.; Kuchta, Mark; Martin, Randall K. (2013).

2374: 1827: 1541: 1465: 1433: 898:, with smaller stockpiles and metals exchanges monitored by the 655: 593: 541: 532: 524: 516: 502: 498: 129: 71: 41: 6053: 6026: 2741:

Neuendorf, K.K.E.; Mehl, J.P. Jr.; Jackson, J.A., eds. (2011).

6087: 5354:"Tables For The Determination of Common Opaque Minerals | PDF" 3015:

Petruk, William (1987). "Applied Mineralogy in Ore Dressing".

2154: 651: 426: 1281:(CoAsS) in veins with smaltite, silver, nickel and calcite; 245:

Magmatic deposits are ones who originate directly from magma

4151:"Paleoecological Significance of the Banded Iron-Formation" 2890:(8th ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology. 101:

concentrated above background levels, typically containing

5189:"Rare Earth Elements: Minerals, Mines, Magnets (and More)" 4511:"Concentration profiles of 10Be in large manganese crusts" 2388:((Zn,Fe)S) with other sulphide minerals in vein deposits; 2382:

Corrosion protection, alloys, various industrial compounds

747:

surveys), geochemical sampling, and preliminary drilling.

2987:(1st eng. ed.). Wroclaw: University of Technology. 2258:) in skarns and in porphyry along with sulphide minerals 2136:

Jewellery, glass, photo-electric applications, batteries

5899:

Hagni, Richard D.; Shivdasan, Purnima A. (2000-04-01).

4112:

Marsh, Erin E.; Anderson, Eric D.; Gray, Floyd (2013).

867:

smelting may have been occurring at this time as well.

3050:"13.1 – Fluids and Ore Formation in the Earth's Crust" 959:

Tables for the Determination of Common Opaque Minerals

4746: 4744: 4742: 6540: 5481:

Chakhmouradian, A. R.; Zaitsev, A. N. (2012-10-01).

5142:"Rare Earth Mining and Exploration in North America" 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4585:

Geological methods in mineral exploration and mining

4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 2666:"Ore deposits in an evolving Earth: an introduction" 2396:) in oxidized zone of zinc bearing sulphide deposits 1566:(PbS) in veins with other sulphide materials and in 6503: 6416: 6367: 6210: 6073: 6064: 5687:"Beneficiation studies of tungsten ores – A review" 3526:Giuliani, Andrea; Pearson, D. Graham (2019-12-01). 665:around a core. They are formed by a combination of 4340:"The Sediment-Hosted Stratiform Copper Ore System" 3741:"Sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposit model" 3670:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 3314:Song, Xieyan; Wang, Yushan; Chen, Liemeng (2011). 3196:"Ore-forming processes within granitic pegmatites" 4918:"Some Experiments in Prehistoric Copper Smelting" 4753:"Toxicological effects of mining hazard elements" 3627:Economic Geology Seventy-fifth anniversary volume 3239: 3237: 2222:) economically sourced from placer deposits with 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 3521: 3519: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3247:Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits 1360:S; secondary with other sulphide minerals) with 1344:; primary ore mineral) in sulphide deposits, or 1007:, conductive materials, lightweight applications 27:Rock with valuable metals, minerals and elements 5446:Barkov, Andrei Y.; Zaccarini, Federica (2019). 5135: 5133: 5131: 4646: 4644: 4072: 4070: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3528:"Kimberlites: From Deep Earth to Diamond Mines" 3353: 3351: 318:, the only known astrobleme source of such ore. 5954:Öksüzoğlu, Bilge; Uçurum, Metin (2016-04-01). 5187:Chakhmouradian, A. R.; Wall, F. (2012-10-01). 4423: 4421: 3995: 3993: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 2411:Alloys, nuclear reactors, corrosion resistance 6038: 5279: 5277: 3950:Hitzman, M. W.; Selley, D.; Bull, S. (2010). 3890: 3888: 3886: 3734: 3732: 3730: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2775:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 1. 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2745:. American Geological Institute. p. 799. 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2337:Alloys, catalysts, glass colouring, batteries 646:, also called manganese nodules, are mineral 8: 5065:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4679:Rock mechanics : for underground mining 4588:(1st ed.). London: Chapman & Hall. 4378: 4376: 3479: 3477: 3309: 3307: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2709: 2707: 458:These are the leading source of copper ore. 3832:"The formation of porphyry copper deposits" 3776: 3774: 3772: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2147:S; secondary to copper, lead and zinc ores) 1398:) in the oxidized zone of copper deposits; 6070: 6045: 6031: 6023: 5844:Perks, Cameron; Mudd, Gavin (2019-04-01). 5774:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5140:Mariano, A. N.; Mariano, A. (2012-10-01). 5036: 5034: 5032: 4430:"Economic Mineral Deposits and Host Rocks" 4114:"Nickel-cobalt laterites: a deposit model" 1578:) in oxidized lead zones along with galena 963: 5455: 5383: 5301: 4885: 4867: 4826: 4776: 4125: 3806: 3752: 3415: 3339: 3054:Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition) 1380:; secondary with other sulphide minerals) 723:Some additional ore deposits in the world 3878:Geochemical Perspectives, v6-1, p. 18-51 1844: 1838: 1815: 1811: 1807: 777:categorized into surface mining such as 550:Sedimentary exhalative sulphide deposits 369: 247: 132:. Ore bodies are formed by a variety of 5335:. Washington. September 2006. p. 4 2643: 5767: 5401:"Sedimentary facies of iron-formation" 5058: 4080:Laterite : Genesis, Location, Use 3783:"How to make porphyry copper deposits" 3138:"Mines of the past had some odd names" 2938:"Metals and Related Minerals and Ores" 1699:fractures with other sulphide minerals 3445:Earth as an Evolving Planetary System 3082:Joint Ore Reserves Committee (2012). 2736: 2734: 1887:) in sulphide deposits and gold veins 654:floor formed of concentric layers of 374:Piece of kimberlite. 11.1 cm x 4.5 cm 7: 3161:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 1784:(NiAs) in magmatic sulphide deposits 1625:Steel alloys, chemical manufacturing 3787:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3360:"Stratiform chromite deposit model" 3056:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 1–28, 1635:) in oxidized manganese zones like 544:ore (size: 7.5 × 6.1 × 4.1 cm) 217:Mount Keith nickel sulphide deposit 136:processes generally referred to as 108:Minerals of interest are generally 97:that contains one or more valuable 6561:Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) 5399:James, Harold Lloyd (1954-05-01). 4625:"The Mining Cycle | novascotia.ca" 4442:10.1016/b978-0-12-416005-7.00002-7 4397:10.1016/b978-0-444-53802-4.00200-1 4346:, Society of Economic Geologists, 4038:10.1016/b978-0-08-102908-4.00075-8 3781:Lee, Cin-Ty A; Tang, Ming (2020). 3453:10.1016/b978-0-12-819914-5.00002-0 3290:. Society of Economic Geologists. 1526:(FeO(OH); secondary to hematite); 25: 6057: 5528:Engalychev, S. Yu. (2019-04-01). 5003:Journal of Archaeological Science 3699:Manutchehr-Danai, Mohsen (2009). 2772:Open Pit Mine Planning and Design 2448:Hydrothermal veins and pegmatites 2421:) in igneous rocks and in placers 2186:) in placer and magmatic deposits 957:descriptions of ore minerals see 863:progressed. Lead production from 785:, and underground mining such as 6578: 6011: 4344:One Hundredth Anniversary Volume 4118:Scientific Investigations Report 3745:Scientific Investigations Report 3486:"Origin of podiform chromitites" 3408:Scientific Investigations Report 3136:Thornton, Tracy (19 July 2020). 2590: 2469:Pegmatites and metamorphic rocks 2240:Filaments, electronics, lighting 6541:Magmatic nickel-copper-iron-PGE 6531:Kambalda-type komatiitic nickel 5870:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.02.025 5664:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.005 5260:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102198 5086:American Journal of Archaeology 4733:10.1016/j.resourpol.2010.12.001 4582:Marjoribanks, Roger W. (1997). 4488:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104147 4253:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 3702:Dictionary of gems and gemology 3490:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 3220:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.04.020 2622:Mineral resource classification 1163:Photoelectrics, pharmaceuticals 814:Environmental effects of mining 750:After a deposit is discovered, 205:Mineral resource classification 82:(size: 4.8 × 4.0 × 3.0 cm) 63:(size: 6.7 × 5.8 × 5.1 cm) 6551:Sedimentary exhalative (SedEx) 5685:Yang, Xiaosheng (2018-08-15). 5457:10.3390/books978-3-03921-717-5 4391:, Elsevier, pp. 525–556, 4032:, Elsevier, pp. 867–876, 1972:, batteries, glass treatment, 1768:with other sulphide minerals; 715:Some ore deposits in the world 1: 6526:Iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) 4527:10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00206-8 4470:Huang, Laiming (2022-09-01). 4077:Persons, Benjamin S. (1970). 3588:Meinert, Lawrence D. (1992). 3510:10.1016/S0743-9547(97)00015-9 2546:Ceramics, glassmaking, glazes 2367:) in epithermal gold deposits 1714:Alloys, electronics, industry 1593:Metal production, batteries, 1382:Oxidized minerals, including 513:Volcanogenic massive sulphide 479:A cross-section of a typical 5972:10.1016/j.powtec.2015.12.027 5711:10.1016/j.mineng.2018.06.001 4962:Penhallurick, R. D. (2008). 4819:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.027 4778:10.1016/j.engeos.2022.03.003 4540:Neate, Rupert (2022-04-29). 4436:, Elsevier, pp. 23–39, 4218:10.1126/science.160.3829.729 3447:, Elsevier, pp. 39–79, 3110:Chiat, Josh (10 June 2021). 2572:) are ubiquitous throughout 1799:Alloys, corrosion resistance 1406:O; secondary mineral ); and 481:volcanogenic massive sulfide 5740:Dahlkamp, Franz J. (1993). 4175:10.2113/gsecongeo.68.7.1135 4083:. Boston, MA: Springer US. 3976:10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.627 3590:"Skarns and Skarn Deposits" 3552:10.2138/gselements.15.6.377 3091:(2012 ed.). p. 44 3025:10.1007/978-94-009-3549-5_2 2950:10.1007/978-3-540-78594-1_7 1681:, electrical applications, 1327:Alloys, high conductivity, 6626: 6516:Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc 5507:10.2113/gselements.8.5.347 5425:10.2113/gsecongeo.49.3.235 5331:. The China Growth Story. 5213:10.2113/gselements.8.5.333 5166:10.2113/gselements.8.5.369 4916:Rostoker, William (1975). 3808:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115868 2347:) with sulphide minerals; 2111:, temperature applications 1990:F; for Ce, La, Pr, Nd) in 992: 879:extracting said elements. 847: 811: 689: 226: 202: 29: 6574: 5925:10.1007/s11837-000-0124-y 5815:10.1007/s11837-018-2821-4 5752:10.1007/978-3-662-02892-6 5609:10.1134/S107570151605007X 5554:10.1134/S1028334X19040019 5080:Amzallag, Nissim (2009). 5023:10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012 4317:10.1007/s00126-017-0769-x 4273:10.1016/j.gca.2022.05.016 4024:Hannington, Mark (2021), 3848:10.1007/s11631-016-0132-4 3341:10.1016/j.gsf.2011.05.005 3181:10.1080/08120099208728029 3017:Mineral Processing Design 2466:, industrial molds, paint 2427: 2002:; for La, Ce, Pr, Nd) in 1534:O; secondary to hematite) 1019:aluminium hydroxide oxide 314:. This also includes the 5303:10.3390/resources3040614 5041:H., Coghlan, H. (1975). 4676:Brady, B. H. G. (2006). 4651:Onargan, Turgay (2012). 4026:"VMS and SEDEX Deposits" 3664:Pirajno, Franco (1992). 3439:Condie, Kent C. (2022), 1848:) in granitic pegmatites 1346:porphyry copper deposits 569:Epithermal vein deposits 460:Porphyry copper deposits 454:Porphyry copper deposits 279:rare lithophile elements 6056:, mineral mixtures and 5589:Geology of Ore Deposits 4934:10.3406/paleo.1975.4209 4807:Environmental Pollution 4149:Cloud, Preston (1973). 4030:Encyclopedia of Geology 3799:2020E&PSL.52915868L 2719:Encyclopædia Britannica 495:Mississippi Valley-Type 322:Platinum Group Elements 5534:Doklady Earth Sciences 4869:10.3390/ijerph13010138 4389:Treatise on Geophysics 3194:London, David (2018). 2978:Drzymała, Jan (2007). 2428:Non-metal ore minerals 2121:) in porphyry deposits 1679:Scientific instruments 1496:banded iron formations 949:Important ore minerals 724: 716: 708: 608:Banded iron formations 586: 556:Orogenic gold deposits 545: 484: 375: 253: 83: 64: 49: 6566:Orogenic gold deposit 6511:Banded iron formation 6020:at Wikimedia Commons 5644:Earth-Science Reviews 5098:10.3764/aja.113.4.497 4476:Earth-Science Reviews 4428:Haldar, S.K. (2013), 3921:10.1007/s001260100208 2936:Rapp, George (2009), 2884:Wills, B. A. (2015). 2611:Extractive metallurgy 2322:O) in placer deposits 2280:, radiation shielding 1738:hydrothermal deposits 1494:; primary source) in 1305:) as constituents of 1109:), found in granitic 1080:Metal alloys, in the 1021:, which are found in 896:London Metal Exchange 722: 714: 699: 584: 540: 488:Hydrothermal deposits 478: 464:convergent boundaries 400:regional metamorphism 373: 251: 70: 55: 46:banded iron formation 40: 5743:Uranium Ore Deposits 5691:Minerals Engineering 5385:10.3133/sir20105070Q 5047:. University Press. 4127:10.3133/sir20105070h 3754:10.3133/sir20105070m 3484:Arai, Shoji (1997). 3320:Geoscience Frontiers 2075:) in igneous rocks; 1329:corrosion resistance 1148:) with sulphide ores 824:radioactive isotopes 789:, cut and fill, and 644:Polymetallic nodules 577:Sedimentary deposits 379:Metamorphic deposits 354:Podiform Chromitites 316:Sudbury Nickel Basin 32:Ore (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 6585:Minerals portal 6521:Heavy mineral sands 5917:2000JOM....52d..17H 5862:2019OGRv..107..629P 5850:Ore Geology Reviews 5807:2018JOM....70f1024N 5703:2018MiEng.125..111Y 5656:2015ESRv..141...56C 5601:2016GeoOD..58..427V 5546:2019DokES.485..355E 5499:2012Eleme...8..347C 5417:1954EcGeo..49..235J 5252:2021RePol..7302198R 5205:2012Eleme...8..333C 5158:2012Eleme...8..369M 5015:2010JArSc..37.2775R 4769:2022EneG....3..255D 4725:2011RePol..36..114F 4434:Mineral Exploration 4385:"Mineral Resources" 4383:Best, M.E. (2015), 4309:2017MinDe..52.1277S 4297:Mineralium Deposita 4265:2022GeCoA.331..165S 4210:1968Sci...160..729C 4167:1973EcGeo..68.1135C 3968:2010EcGeo.105..627H 3913:2001MinDe..36..711L 3901:Mineralium Deposita 3544:2019Eleme..15..377G 3502:1997JAESc..15..303A 3441:"Tectonic settings" 3417:10.3133/sir20125157 3372:10.3133/ofr20101232 3332:2011GeoFr...2..375S 3212:2018OGRv..101..349L 3200:Ore Geology Reviews 3173:1992AuJES..39..349D 2743:Glossary of Geology 2499:, pharmaceuticals, 2445:, optical equipment 2204:, industrial tubing 1895:Rare-earth elements 1559:radiation shielding 633:rare-earth elements 402:, or fluid related 289:rare earth elements 167:Gangue and tailings 155:The word ore is of 5997:DILL, H.G. (2010) 3140:. Montana Standard 3085:The JORC Code 2012 2670:Geological Society 2139:Sulfide deposits; 1974:petroleum industry 1246:chemical catalysts 1207:, colouring agents 993:Metal ore minerals 818:Some ores contain 737:geophysical survey 725: 717: 709: 676:rare earth element 587: 546: 485: 376: 254: 182:mineral processing 84: 65: 50: 6592: 6591: 6499: 6498: 6016:Media related to 5960:Powder Technology 5761:978-3-642-08095-1 5467:978-3-03921-717-5 5009:(11): 2775–2787. 4975:978-1-907747-78-6 4757:Energy Geoscience 4689:978-1-4020-2116-9 4662:978-953-51-0289-2 4451:978-0-12-416005-7 4406:978-0-444-53803-1 4361:978-1-887483-01-8 4204:(3829): 729–736. 4090:978-1-4684-7215-8 4047:978-0-08-102909-1 3677:978-3-642-75671-9 3637:978-1-934969-53-3 3594:Geoscience Canada 3462:978-0-12-819914-5 3257:978-1-62949-218-6 3063:978-0-08-098300-4 3034:978-94-010-8087-3 3019:. pp. 2–36. 2994:978-83-7493-362-9 2959:978-3-540-78593-4 2942:Archaeomineralogy 2897:978-0-08-097054-7 2782:978-1-4822-2117-6 2581: 2580: 2294:placer deposits; 1978:micro-electronics 1726:porphyry deposits 1689:, pharmeceuticals 1663:) with pyrolusite 1520:metamorphic rocks 1518:) in igneous and 1334:Sulphide minerals 1050:flame retardation 850:History of mining 763:feasibility study 680:remotely operated 639:Manganese nodules 483:(VMS) ore deposit 324:(PGE) from large 241:Magmatic deposits 16:(Redirected from 6617: 6605:Economic geology 6583: 6582: 6581: 6536:Lateritic nickel 6492: 6480: 6468: 6456: 6444: 6432: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6360: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6312: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6264: 6252: 6240: 6228: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6131: 6119: 6103: 6091: 6071: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6024: 6015: 5984: 5983: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5801:(6): 1024–1030. 5786: 5780: 5779: 5773: 5765: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5459: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5405:Economic Geology 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5330: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5305: 5281: 5272: 5271: 5240:Resources Policy 5231: 5225: 5224: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5137: 5126: 5125: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5064: 5056: 5038: 5027: 5026: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4959: 4946: 4945: 4913: 4900: 4899: 4889: 4871: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4830: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4780: 4748: 4737: 4736: 4713:Resources Policy 4708: 4702: 4701: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4579: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4521:(1–4): 579–582. 4506: 4500: 4499: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4352:10.5382/av100.19 4335: 4329: 4328: 4303:(8): 1277–1281. 4291: 4285: 4284: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4161:(7): 1135–1143. 4155:Economic Geology 4146: 4140: 4139: 4129: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3956:Economic Geology 3947: 3941: 3940: 3892: 3881: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3810: 3778: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3736: 3725: 3724: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3661: 3650: 3649: 3621: 3610: 3609: 3585: 3572: 3571: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3496:(2–3): 303–310. 3481: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3419: 3399: 3384: 3383: 3364:Open-File Report 3355: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3283: 3270: 3269: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3090: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2986: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2933: 2910: 2909: 2881: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2766: 2747: 2746: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2711: 2702: 2701: 2682:10.1144/sp393.14 2661: 2613:(ore processing) 2606:Economic geology 2600: 2595: 2594: 2526:Cutting, jewelry 2091:and carbonatites 2087:(SiO4)3(OH)) in 1847: 1819: 1261:) in veins with 1250:cemented carbide 1082:nuclear industry 964: 756:diamond drilling 625:sulfide minerals 623:elements (PGE), 350:in South Africa. 348:Bushveld Complex 302:Ni-Cu, found in 159:origin, meaning 21: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6579: 6577: 6570: 6546:Porphyry copper 6495: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6450: 6438: 6426: 6412: 6403: 6391: 6379: 6363: 6354: 6342: 6330: 6318: 6306: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6206: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6109: 6097: 6085: 6060: 6051: 6009: 5993: 5991:Further reading 5988: 5987: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5766: 5762: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5450:. MDPI, Basel. 5445: 5444: 5440: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5360: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5338: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5139: 5138: 5129: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5057: 5040: 5039: 5030: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4976: 4961: 4960: 4949: 4915: 4914: 4903: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4750: 4749: 4740: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4690: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4650: 4649: 4642: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4622: 4611: 4596: 4581: 4580: 4567: 4558: 4556: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4427: 4426: 4419: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4382: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4091: 4076: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4058: 4048: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4009: 4007: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3894: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3871: 3836:Acta Geochimica 3829: 3828: 3824: 3780: 3779: 3770: 3738: 3737: 3728: 3713: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3678: 3663: 3662: 3653: 3638: 3623: 3622: 3613: 3587: 3586: 3575: 3525: 3524: 3517: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3401: 3400: 3387: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3273: 3258: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2984: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2935: 2934: 2913: 2898: 2883: 2882: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2767: 2750: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2723: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2705: 2663: 2662: 2645: 2640: 2617:Froth Flotation 2596: 2589: 2586: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2488: 2484: 2439: 2420: 2395: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2289: 2257: 2249: 2221: 2213: 2185: 2146: 2120: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2013: 2004:placer deposits 2001: 1989: 1886: 1877:placer deposits 1846: 1840: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1767: 1763: 1735: 1723: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1634: 1610:) in pegmatites 1609: 1605: 1577: 1533: 1517: 1513: 1493: 1489: 1452:Placer deposits 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1405: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1359: 1343: 1304: 1300: 1292: 1288: 1260: 1220: 1216: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1147: 1143: 1129:pharmeceuticals 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1064: 1060: 1016: 951: 885: 852: 846: 816: 810: 694: 688: 641: 579: 456: 433:in the form of 381: 328:intrusions and 310:complexes, and 243: 231: 225: 207: 201: 178:froth flotation 169: 144:and treated or 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6623: 6621: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6597: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6481: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6433: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6373: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6301: 6289: 6277: 6265: 6253: 6241: 6229: 6216: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6120: 6104: 6092: 6079: 6077: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6027: 6008: 6007:External links 6005: 6004: 6003: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5946: 5891: 5836: 5781: 5760: 5732: 5677: 5630: 5595:(5): 427–441. 5575: 5540:(2): 355–357. 5520: 5493:(5): 347–353. 5473: 5466: 5438: 5411:(3): 235–293. 5391: 5369: 5345: 5317: 5296:(4): 614–635. 5273: 5226: 5199:(5): 333–340. 5179: 5152:(5): 369–376. 5127: 5092:(4): 497–519. 5072: 5028: 4989: 4974: 4947: 4928:(1): 311–315. 4901: 4842: 4792: 4763:(3): 255–262. 4738: 4719:(2): 114–122. 4703: 4688: 4668: 4661: 4655:. IntechOpen. 4653:Mining Methods 4640: 4609: 4594: 4565: 4532: 4501: 4462: 4450: 4417: 4405: 4372: 4360: 4330: 4286: 4239: 4188: 4141: 4104: 4089: 4066: 4046: 4016: 3989: 3962:(3): 627–639. 3942: 3907:(8): 711–740. 3882: 3869: 3822: 3768: 3726: 3711: 3691: 3676: 3651: 3636: 3611: 3573: 3538:(6): 377–380. 3515: 3473: 3461: 3431: 3410:. USGS: i–45. 3385: 3347: 3326:(3): 375–384. 3303: 3296: 3271: 3256: 3233: 3186: 3167:(3): 349–363. 3151: 3128: 3102: 3074: 3062: 3040: 3033: 3007: 2993: 2970: 2958: 2911: 2896: 2795: 2781: 2748: 2730: 2703: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2598:Geology portal 2585: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2503: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2287: 2281: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2219: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1981: 1966: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1733: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1690: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647:(MnO(OH)) and 1632: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1561: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1515: 1511: 1491: 1487: 1481: 1473:Industry use, 1471: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1449: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1377: 1373: 1357: 1341: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1258: 1252: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1205:electroplating 1201: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1189: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1134:Native bismuth 1131: 1125: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1113: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1088: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1014: 1008: 1002: 999: 994: 990: 989: 986: 983: 980: 971: 968: 950: 947: 884: 881: 848:Main article: 845: 842: 812:Main article: 809: 806: 801: 800: 794: 774: 771: 759: 748: 690:Main article: 687: 684: 640: 637: 621:platinum group 578: 575: 574: 573: 566: 553: 547: 510: 506: 455: 452: 451: 450: 416: 380: 377: 368: 367: 357: 351: 335: 334: 333: 319: 292: 282: 242: 239: 227:Main article: 224: 223:Classification 221: 203:Main article: 200: 197: 168: 165: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6622: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6587: 6586: 6573: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504:Deposit types 6502: 6490: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6358: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6019: 6014: 6006: 6002: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5744: 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5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4828:10400.1/10388 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4630: 4629:novascotia.ca 4626: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4595:0-412-80010-1 4591: 4587: 4586: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4463: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4331: 4326: 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3618: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3297:9781934969359 3293: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3139: 3132: 3129: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3103: 3087: 3086: 3078: 3075: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3008: 2996: 2990: 2983: 2982: 2974: 2971: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2574:Earth's crust 2563: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2350: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2253: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2217: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2078: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1553:, batteries, 1552: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1441:Electronics, 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1409: 1401: 1385: 1371: 1368:deposits and 1367: 1363: 1362:native copper 1355: 1351: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1296: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 991: 987: 984: 981: 979: 975: 972: 969: 966: 965: 962: 960: 956: 953:For detailed 948: 946: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 911: 907: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 889:raw materials 882: 880: 876: 874: 868: 866: 862: 858: 851: 843: 841: 837: 834: 830: 825: 821: 815: 807: 805: 798: 795: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 772: 769: 764: 760: 757: 753: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 731: 730: 729: 721: 713: 707: 703: 698: 693: 685: 683: 681: 677: 673: 668: 664: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 638: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 611: 609: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 583: 576: 572:precipitants. 570: 567: 564: 563: 557: 554: 551: 548: 543: 539: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 511: 507: 505:sulphide ore. 504: 500: 496: 493: 492: 491: 489: 482: 477: 473: 472: 468: 465: 461: 453: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 417: 414: 410: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 386: 385: 384: 378: 372: 365: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 344: 340: 336: 331: 327: 323: 320: 317: 313: 312:flood basalts 309: 305: 301: 300: 297: 293: 290: 286: 283: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 259: 256: 255: 250: 246: 240: 238: 236: 230: 222: 220: 218: 213: 206: 198: 196: 194: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 166: 164: 162: 161:lump of metal 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 122:native metals 119: 115: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 81: 77: 73: 69: 62: 58: 54: 47: 43: 39: 33: 19: 6576: 6256:Chalcopyrite 6065: 6058:ore deposits 6054:Ore minerals 6010: 5998: 5963: 5959: 5949: 5911:(4): 17–19. 5908: 5904: 5894: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5798: 5794: 5784: 5742: 5735: 5694: 5690: 5680: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5447: 5441: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5372: 5361:. Retrieved 5357: 5348: 5337:. Retrieved 5332: 5320: 5293: 5289: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5149: 5145: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5043: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4964: 4925: 4921: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4810: 4806: 4795: 4760: 4756: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4678: 4671: 4652: 4632:. Retrieved 4628: 4584: 4557:. Retrieved 4546:The Guardian 4545: 4535: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4455:, retrieved 4433: 4410:, retrieved 4388: 4365:, retrieved 4343: 4333: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4117: 4107: 4079: 4059:, retrieved 4029: 4019: 4008:. Retrieved 4002: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3904: 3900: 3872: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3790: 3786: 3744: 3701: 3694: 3666: 3626: 3597: 3593: 3535: 3531: 3493: 3489: 3466:, retrieved 3444: 3434: 3407: 3363: 3323: 3319: 3287: 3246: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3144:24 September 3142:. Retrieved 3131: 3121:24 September 3119:. Retrieved 3115: 3105: 3093:. Retrieved 3084: 3077: 3067:, retrieved 3053: 3043: 3016: 3010: 3000:24 September 2998:. Retrieved 2980: 2973: 2963:, retrieved 2941: 2886: 2786:. Retrieved 2771: 2742: 2722:. Retrieved 2718: 2673: 2669: 2274:Nuclear fuel 2094: 2014:; for Y) in 1992:carbonatites 1772:(NiMg) with 1557:resistance, 1551:pigmentation 1504:igneous rock 1475:construction 1426:; secondary) 1338:chalcopyrite 1336:, including 1138:bismuthinite 958: 955:petrographic 952: 940: 912: 908: 893: 886: 877: 869: 853: 838: 820:heavy metals 817: 802: 787:block caving 783:strip mining 745:ground-based 739:techniques ( 726: 672:heavy metals 642: 627:, tin (Sn), 615: 612: 606: 588: 559: 486: 471:Hydrothermal 470: 469: 457: 382: 285:Carbonatites 244: 232: 208: 199:Ore deposits 190: 186:ore dressing 170: 160: 154: 148:, often via 107: 86: 85: 6340:Pentlandite 6316:Molybdenite 6083:Cassiterite 5966:: 186–192. 5856:: 629–646. 5697:: 111–119. 4813:: 169–178. 4259:: 165–191. 3842:(1): 9–15. 3206:: 349–383. 2627:Ore genesis 2530:Kimberlites 2443:Steelmaking 2390:smithsonite 2351:(K(V,Al,Mg) 2284:Pitchblende 2180:Cassiterite 2115:Molybdenite 2079:((REE,Ca,Y) 1758:Pentlandite 1718:Molybdenite 1697:sedimentary 1229:chromitites 1086:electronics 936:rare earths 873:Mesopotamia 797:Reclamation 768:reclamation 752:exploration 733:Prospecting 648:concretions 462:form along 439:cassiterite 404:metasomatic 360:Kimberlites 341:, the only 308:anorthosite 235:ore genesis 229:Ore genesis 157:Anglo-Saxon 138:ore genesis 89:is natural 74:ore – 61:psilomelane 59:ore – 6599:Categories 6484:Wolframite 6460:Sperrylite 6369:Carbonates 6352:Sphalerite 6321:molybdenum 6268:Chalcocite 6171:Pyrolusite 5746:. Berlin. 5363:2023-02-10 5339:2019-07-19 5246:: 102198. 4922:Paléorient 4862:(1): 138. 4634:2023-02-07 4559:2023-11-28 4482:: 104147. 4457:2023-03-05 4412:2023-03-05 4367:2023-03-05 4061:2023-03-03 4010:2023-02-23 3793:: 115868. 3468:2023-03-03 3069:2023-02-10 2965:2023-03-06 2724:2021-04-07 2676:(1): 1–8. 2638:References 2550:Orthoclase 2506:Evaporites 2495:, filler, 2493:Fertilizer 2432:Fluorospar 2386:Sphalerite 2349:roscoelite 2278:ammunition 2246:((Fe,Mn)WO 2244:Wolframite 2089:pegmatites 2083:(Al,Fe,Fe) 2038:SiO(O,OH,H 2016:pegmatites 1984:Bastnäsite 1968:Permanent 1881:sperrylite 1803:Pyrochlore 1770:garnierite 1707:Molybdenum 1629:Pyrolusite 1568:pegmatites 1530:(FeO(OH)nH 1354:chalcocite 1307:copper ore 1283:carrollite 1223:stratiform 1187:pegmatites 1169:(K(Li, Al) 1167:Lepidolite 1111:pegmatites 943:World Bank 861:Bronze Age 857:Çatalhöyük 822:, toxins, 686:Extraction 667:diagenetic 663:hydroxides 600:(Mn), and 531:(Ag), and 435:wolframite 364:xenocrysts 330:tholeiitic 304:komatiites 258:Pegmatites 134:geological 6472:Scheelite 6453:beryllium 6441:aluminium 6401:Malachite 6394:magnesium 6389:Magnesite 6382:magnesium 6292:Cobaltite 6232:Argentite 6220:Acanthite 6195:Uraninite 6183:Tantalite 6176:manganese 6159:Magnetite 6123:Columbite 5980:0032-5910 5941:136505544 5933:1543-1851 5886:135218378 5878:0169-1368 5831:255395648 5823:1543-1851 5770:cite book 5727:103605902 5719:0892-6875 5672:0012-8252 5650:: 56–81. 5625:133521801 5617:1555-6476 5570:195299595 5562:1531-8354 5515:1811-5209 5433:1554-0774 5312:2079-9276 5290:Resources 5268:0301-4207 5221:1811-5209 5174:1811-5209 5106:0002-9114 5061:cite book 5053:610533025 4984:705331805 4942:0153-9345 4878:1660-4601 4787:247735286 4698:262680067 4554:0261-3077 4496:0012-8252 4325:134709798 4281:248977303 4183:1554-0774 4136:2328-0328 4099:840289476 4056:243007984 3984:0361-0128 3937:129009301 3929:0026-4598 3864:132971792 3856:2096-0956 3817:208008163 3763:2328-0328 3721:646793373 3686:851777050 3646:989865633 3606:1911-4850 3568:214424178 3560:1811-5217 3426:2328-0328 3380:2331-1258 3266:946549103 3228:0169-1368 3116:Stockhead 2906:920545608 2698:129135737 2690:0305-8719 2632:Petrology 2464:Lubricant 2404:Zirconium 2341:Patronite 2296:carnotite 2292:uraninite 2252:scheelite 2202:Aerospace 2141:Argentite 2020:eudialyte 1822:columbite 1782:niccolite 1778:laterites 1730:powellite 1695:(HgS) in 1645:manganite 1637:laterites 1618:Manganese 1600:Spodumene 1572:cerussite 1555:corrosion 1508:magnetite 1447:dentistry 1443:jewellery 1384:malachite 1350:covellite 1311:linnaeite 1295:linnaeite 1279:cobaltite 1263:cobaltite 1073:Beryllium 1023:laterites 985:Source(s) 660:manganese 631:(W), and 598:manganese 590:Laterites 447:scheelite 423:protolith 413:pyroxenes 392:limestone 294:Magmatic 271:spodumene 118:silicates 80:anglesite 57:Manganese 18:Ore grade 6489:tungsten 6477:tungsten 6465:platinum 6377:Dolomite 6280:Cinnabar 6212:Sulfides 6188:tantalum 6152:titanium 6147:Ilmenite 6135:Hematite 6116:tantalum 6100:chromium 6095:Chromite 5487:Elements 5193:Elements 5146:Elements 5122:49574580 5114:20627616 4896:26797624 4837:28531798 4604:37694569 3532:Elements 2584:See also 2539:Feldspar 2501:textiles 2456:Graphite 2330:Vanadium 2233:Tungsten 2208:Ilmenite 2194:Titanium 2109:Catalyst 2077:allanite 2008:xenotime 1996:monazite 1875:ore, in 1869:chromite 1856:Platinum 1774:chromite 1693:Cinnabar 1649:braunite 1595:ceramics 1549:Alloys, 1528:limonite 1524:goethite 1484:Hematite 1255:Smaltite 1244:Alloys, 1227:podiform 1211:Chromite 1203:Alloys, 1196:Chromium 1173:(Si, Al) 1127:Alloys, 1055:Stibnite 1048:Alloys, 1041:Antimony 1011:Gibbsite 997:Aluminum 932:antimony 924:tantalum 779:open pit 629:tungsten 602:aluminum 443:stannite 431:tungsten 419:Greisens 394:through 343:chromium 339:chromite 275:petalite 267:feldspar 215:for the 212:Kambalda 193:tailings 150:smelting 124:such as 114:sulfides 99:minerals 95:sediment 6556:Uranium 6436:Bauxite 6285:mercury 6244:Bornite 6200:uranium 6128:niobium 6112:niobium 5913:Bibcode 5858:Bibcode 5803:Bibcode 5699:Bibcode 5652:Bibcode 5597:Bibcode 5542:Bibcode 5495:Bibcode 5413:Bibcode 5248:Bibcode 5201:Bibcode 5154:Bibcode 5011:Bibcode 4887:4730529 4765:Bibcode 4721:Bibcode 4305:Bibcode 4261:Bibcode 4234:5646415 4226:1724303 4206:Bibcode 4198:Science 4163:Bibcode 3964:Bibcode 3909:Bibcode 3795:Bibcode 3540:Bibcode 3498:Bibcode 3328:Bibcode 3208:Bibcode 3169:Bibcode 3095:10 June 2564:(NaAlSi 2519:Diamond 2266:Uranium 2101:Rhenium 2071:(OH,Cl) 2030:(Fe,Mn) 1970:magnets 1806:(Na,Ca) 1792:Niobium 1776:and in 1760:(Fe,Ni) 1687:solvent 1671:Mercury 1602:(LiAlSi 1586:Lithium 1408:azurite 1400:cuprite 1370:bornite 1366:cuprite 1352:(CuS); 1275:calcite 1221:) from 1185:) from 1120:Bismuth 1027:Bauxite 1025:. Also 1013:(Al(OH) 978:formula 970:Mineral 928:bismuth 920:niobium 916:lithium 844:History 833:arsenic 829:Mercury 808:Hazards 791:stoping 743:and/or 702:Pachuca 650:on the 562:orogeny 509:cobalt. 409:garnets 396:contact 296:Sulfide 146:refined 6610:Mining 6429:barium 6424:Baryte 6406:copper 6345:nickel 6328:Pyrite 6304:Galena 6297:cobalt 6273:copper 6261:copper 6249:copper 6237:silver 6225:silver 6107:Coltan 6075:Oxides 5978: 5939: 5931: 5884: 5876: 5829: 5821: 5758: 5725: 5717: 5670: 5623: 5615: 5568: 5560: 5513: 5464: 5431: 5358:Scribd 5310: 5266: 5219: 5172: 5120: 5112: 5104: 5051: 4982: 4972: 4940: 4894: 4884: 4876: 4835: 4785: 4696: 4686: 4659: 4602: 4592: 4552: 4494: 4448: 4403: 4358: 4323: 4279: 4232: 4224: 4181: 4134: 4097: 4087: 4054: 4044: 3982: 3935: 3927: 3862: 3854: 3815: 3761: 3719: 3709: 3684: 3674: 3644: 3634: 3604: 3566: 3558: 3459: 3424: 3378: 3294: 3264: 3254: 3226: 3060: 3031: 2991: 2956: 2904: 2894: 2779: 2696: 2688: 2562:albite 2560:) and 2552:(KAlSi 2497:cement 2477:Gypsum 2417:(ZrSiO 2415:Zircon 2250:) and 2216:rutile 2214:) and 2210:(FeTiO 2175:pewter 2167:bronze 2163:Solder 2129:Silver 1998:(REEPO 1986:(REECO 1873:copper 1818:(OH,F) 1747:Nickel 1732:(CaMoO 1641:skarns 1564:Galena 1502:, and 1458:grains 1456:quartz 1340:(CuFeS 1320:Copper 1309:; 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