519:) since the zodiac was first described in ancient times. These first three parts are what Oresme considers the physical influences of the stars and planets (including sun and moon) on the earth, and while he offers critiques of them, he accepts that effects exist. The last three parts are what Oresme considers to concern (good or bad) fortune. They are interrogations, meaning asking the stars when to do things such as business deals; elections, meaning choosing the best time to do things such as getting married or fighting a war and nativities, meaning the natal astrology with birth charts that forms much of modern astrological practice. Oresme classifies interrogations and elections as "totally false" arts, but his critique of nativities is more measured. He denies that any path is predetermined by the heavenly bodies, because humans have
560:
602:. Oresme proposed that the geometrical form of such a figure could be regarded as corresponding to a characteristic of the quality itself. Oresme defined a uniform quality as that which is represented by a line parallel to the longitude, and any other quality as difform. Uniformly varying qualities are represented by a straight line inclined to the axis of the longitude, while he described many cases of nonuniformly varying qualities. Oresme extended this doctrine to figures of three dimensions. He considered this analysis applicable to many different qualities such as hotness, whiteness, and sweetness. Significantly for later developments, Oresme applied this concept to the analysis of local motion where the
2360:
684:/2 of them they sum to at least 1/2. For instance, there is one term 1/2, then two terms 1/3 + 1/4 that together sum to at least 1/2, then four terms 1/5 + 1/6 + 1/7 + 1/8 that also sum to at least 1/2, and so on. Thus the series must be greater than the series 1 + 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 + ..., which does not have a finite limit. This proves that the harmonic series must be divergent. This argument shows that the sum of the first
790:
dimensions it has a new “modus rei” or “way of being,” which should only be described through the perspective of the moving object, rather than a distinct point. This line of thought coincides with Oresme's challenge to the structure of the universe. Oresme's description of motion was not popular, although it was thorough. A Richard
Brinkley is thought to be an inspiration for the modus-rei description, but this is uncertain.
523:, but he accepts that the heavenly bodies can influence behaviour and habitual mood, via the combination of humours in each person. Overall, Oresme's skepticism is strongly shaped by his understanding of the scope of astrology. He accepts things a modern skeptic would reject, and rejects some things — such as the knowability of planetary movements, and effects on weather — that are accepted by modern science.
1222:
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private affairs. Though the monarchy rightfully has claims on all money given an emergency, Oresme states that any ruler that goes through this is a “Tyrant dominating slaves”. Oresme was one of the first medieval theorists that did not accept the right of the monarch to have claims on all money as well as “his subjects’ right to own private property.”
44:
885:, whom he occasionally quotes, Oresme conceives of this popular participation as rather restrictive: only the multitude of reasonable, wise and virtuous men should be allowed political participation by electing and correcting the prince, changing the law and passing judgement. Oresme, however, categorically denies the
444:, all the movements that we see in the heavens that are computed by the astronomers would appear exactly the same as if the spheres were rotating around the Earth. He rejected the physical argument that if the Earth were moving the air would be left behind causing a great wind from east to west. In his view the
1267:, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969, p. 95: "hen one asks more specifically what, for example, Galileo or Descartes actually knew and what use they made of the dynamics of impetus or of fourteenth-century Oxford kinematics or of Oresme's graphical methods, the evidence becomes difficult and unsatisfactory."
1038:, 'may be justly said to stand at the head of modern economic literature. This treatise laid the foundations of monetary science, which are now accepted by all sound economists.' 'Oresme's completely secular and naturalistic method of treating one of the most important problems of political economy,' says
456:
would all share the same motion. As to the scriptural passage that speaks of the motion of the Sun, he concludes that "this passage conforms to the customary usage of popular speech" and is not to be taken literally. He also noted that it would be more economical for the small Earth to rotate on its
510:
fluids of the body. Oresme criticizes all of these as misdirected, though he accepts that prediction is a legitimate area of study, and argues that the effect on the weather is less well known than the effect on great events. He observes that sailors and farmers are better at predicting weather than
986:
which he completed between 1356 and 1360. His belief is that humans have a natural right to own property; this property belongs to the individual and community. In Part 4, Oresme provides a solution to a political problem as to how a monarch can be held accountable to put the common good before any
493:
treats it as having six parts. The first, essentially astronomy, the movements of heavenly bodies, he considers good science but not precisely knowable. The second part deals with the influences of the heavenly bodies on earthly events at all scales. Oresme does not deny such influence, but states,
1024:
says that it contains 'a theory of money, elaborated in the fourteenth century, which remains perfectly correct to-day, under the test of the principles applied in the nineteenth century, and that with a brevity, a precision, a clarity, and a simplicity of language which is a striking proof of the
465:
In his mathematical work, Oresme developed the notion of incommensurate fractions, fractions that could not be expressed as powers of one another, and made probabilistic, statistical arguments as to their relative frequency. From this, he argued that it was very probable that the length of the day
1046:
adds his tribute of praise: 'The conceptions of national wealth and national power were ruling ideas in economic matters for several centuries, and Oresme appears to be the earliest of the economic writers by whom they were explicitly adopted as the very basis of his argument…. A large number of
1033:
to an economic subject, and it expresses many ideas which are very just, more just than those which held the field for a long period after him, under the name of mercantilism, and more just than those which allowed of the reduction of money as if it were nothing more than a counter of exchange.'
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in that motion is attributed to an object, but that an object is “set into” motion, rather than “given” motion, denying a distinction between a motionless object and an object in motion. To Oresme, an object moves, but it is not a moving object. Once an object begins movement through the three
995:
Oresme was known to be a well rounded psychologist. He practiced the technique of “inner senses” and studied the perception of the world. Oresme contributed to 19th and 20th century psychology in the fields of cognitive psychology, perception psychology, psychology of consciousness, and
613:
He shows that his method of figuring the latitude of forms is applicable to the movement of a point, on condition that the time is taken as longitude and the speed as latitude; quantity is, then, the space covered in a given time. In virtue of this transposition, the theorem of the
1930:, Louvain 1960 (Studies Presented to the International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions, 23), 95–151, esp. 111–112; Jacques Krynen: Aristotélisme et réforme de l'Etat, en France, au XIVe siècle, in: Jürgen Miethke (ed.):
1806:
Nicole Oresme ... was the first to prove the divergence of the harmonic series (c. 1350). His results were lost for several centuries, and the result was proved again by
Italian mathematician Pietro Mengoli in 1647 and by Swiss mathematician Johann Bernoulli in
996:
psychophysics. Oresme discovered the psychology of unconscious and came up with the theory of unconscious conclusion of perception. He developed many ideas beyond quality, quantity, categories and terms which were labeled “theory of cognition”.
784:
as "Every motion is produced by a mover." Buridan and Albert of Saxony each subscribed to the classic interpretation of flux being an innate part of an object, but Oresme differs from his contemporaries in this aspect. Oresme agrees with
1826:
Thijssen, Johannes (2009). "The Debate over the Nature of Motion: John
Buridan, Nicole Oresme and Albert of Saxony. With an Edition of John Buridan's 'Quaestiones Super Libros Physicorum, Secundum Ultimam Lecturam', Book III, Q. 7".
457:
axis than the immense sphere of the stars. Nonetheless, he concluded that none of these arguments were conclusive and "everyone maintains, and I think myself, that the heavens do move and not the Earth."
501:
The third part concerns predictiveness, covering events at three different scales: great events such as plagues, famines, floods and wars; weather, winds and storms; and medicine, with influences on the
498:, or that they actually cause such events, deterministically. Mediaevalist Chauncey Wood remarks that this major elision "makes it very difficult to determine who believed what about astrology".
752:
He also worked on fractional powers, and the notion of probability over infinite sequences, ideas which would not be further developed for the next three and five centuries, respectively.
1110:
Nicole Oresme and the medieval geometry of qualities and motions: a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum
1094:
Nicole Oresme on Light, Color and the
Rainbow: An Edition and Translation, with introduction and critical notes, of Part of Book Three of his Questiones super quatuor libros meteororum
531:
In discussing the propagation of light and sound, Oresme adopted the common medieval doctrine of the multiplication of species, as it had been developed by optical writers such as
1959:. Gesellschaftlicher Wandel im Spiegel der politischen Philosophie und im Urteil von städtischen Chronisten des späten Mittelalters, in: Jürgen Miethke, Klaus Schreiner (eds.):
982:
matter, Oresme brings an interesting insight on the medieval conception of money. Oresme's viewpoints of theoretical architecture are outlined in Part 3 and 4 of his work from
478:
would never recur in quite exactly the same way. Oresme maintained that this disproves the claims of astrologers who, thinking "they know with punctual exactness the motions,
3153:
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559:
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1904:, Louvain 1960 (Studies Presented to the International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions, 23), 95–151, esp. 99–106.
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as superior to the king's will. It must only be changed in cases of extreme necessity. Oresme favours moderate kingship, thereby negating contemporary
3148:
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764:
and Albert of Saxony, shaped and critiqued
Aristotle's and Averroes's theories of motion to their own liking. Taking inspiration from the theories of
1183:
590:. For the sake of clarity, Oresme conceived the idea of visualizing these concepts by plane figures, approaching what we would now call rectangular
2401:
2165:
Fryde, E. B. (1958). "Reviewed Work: The De Moneta of
Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents. (Nelson's Mediaeval Texts) by Charles Johnson".
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he has the curvature as being inversely proportional to radius and attempts to extend this to other curves as a continuously varying magnitude.
3163:
2344:
2224:
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became the law of the space traversed in case of uniformly varied motion; thus Oresme published what was taught over two centuries prior to
1009:
3168:
3138:
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Nicole Oresme's De visione stellarum (On seeing the stars): a critical edition of Oresme's treatise on optics and atmospheric refraction
745:
Oresme was the first mathematician to prove this fact, and (after his proof was lost) it was not proven again until the 17th century by
2428:
2239:
Nicole Oresme and the
Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions: A Treatise on the Uniformity and Difformity of Intensities Known as
2215:
1634:
Nicole Oresme and the
Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as
1604:
Nicole Oresme and the
Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as
1574:
Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as
1326:
931:
as corrupt, tyrannical and oligarchical, he never fundamentally questions its necessity for the spiritual well-being of the faithful.
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2325:
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1644:
1614:
1584:
1463:
1149:
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1083:
1069:
1854:
2514:
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Woodhouse, Adam (2017–2018). ""Who Owns the Money?" Currency, Property, and Popular Sovereignty in Nicole Oresme's De moneta".
1021:
870:
2030:
Der König und die Bücher. Sammlung, Nutzung und Funktion der königlichen Bibliothek am spätmittelalterlichen Hof in Frankreich
2753:
2687:
1043:
336:
3133:
2712:
906:
739:
653:
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in line with a commonly held opinion, that it could either be that arrangements of heavenly bodies signify events, purely
197:
146:
1104:
Nicole Oresme and the kinematics of circular motion: Tractatus de commensurabilitate vel incommensurabilitate motuum celi
316:. Practically nothing is known concerning his family. The fact that Oresme attended the royally sponsored and subsidised
3173:
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1449:
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proportional to the intensity erected perpendicular to the base at a given point on the base line, which represents the
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516:
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401:
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449:
445:
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60,6 (1970), 30; Cary J. Nederman: A Heretic Hiding in Plain Sight. The Secret History of Marsiglio of Padua's
1051:
alone is inclined to quarrel with the pre-eminence of Oresme; but on this question, he is in a minority of one.
652:. His proof, requiring less advanced mathematics than current standard tests for divergence (for example, the
470:), as indeed were the periods of the motions of the moon and the planets. From this, he noted that planetary
2337:
Nicola Oresme. Trattato sull'origine, la natura, il diritto e i cambiamenti del denaro. Testo latino a fronte
2961:
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902:
453:
551:. Oresme maintained that these species were immaterial, but corporeal (i.e., three-dimensional) entities.
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2370:(SPC) MSS BH 100 COCH Volume of works by Nicole Oresme, Maffeo Vegio, and Jordanus von Osnabrück at OPenn
910:
3123:
3002:
2931:
2024:
Shulamith Shahar: Nicolas Oresme, un penseur politique indépendant de l'entourage du roi Charles V, in:
1913:
Shulamith Shahar: Nicolas Oresme, un penseur politique indépendant de l'entourage du roi Charles V, in:
1233:
1035:
866:
works for his own profit. A monarch can ensure the stability and durability of his reign by letting the
822:
437:
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on its axis. From astronomical considerations, he maintained that if the Earth were moving and not the
511:
astrologers, and specifically attacks the astrological basis of prediction, noting correctly that the
3128:
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2702:
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816:
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It has traditionally been thought that Oresme's Aristotelian translations had a major influence on
886:
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393:
340:
321:
282:
165:
129:
114:
2219:. Vol. 10. New York: Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies. pp. 223–240.
1791:
The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics
1047:
points of economic doctrine in regard to coinage are discussed with much judgment and clearness.'
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2758:
2627:
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2519:
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2182:
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1934:, München 1992 (Schriften des Historischen Kollegs, 21), 225–236, esp. 231–232; James M. Blythe:
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959:
939:
882:
831:
810:
536:
374:
356:
317:
201:
161:
139:
110:
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since it endangers the common good. Unlike earlier commentators, however, Oresme prescribes the
1126:. A. D. Menut and A. J. Denomy, ed. and trans. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968,
2891:
2797:
2722:
2340:
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1795:
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1703:
1640:
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894:
843:
467:
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352:
313:
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have been accredited to Oresme, as has the election of several high-ranking officials by the
915:
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2234:
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2174:
2136:
2102:
1836:
1743:
1671:
1659:
1629:
1599:
1569:
1260:
1048:
835:
808:'s moral works that are still extant today. Between 1371 and 1377 he translated Aristotle's
645:
193:
1042:, 'is a signal of the approaching end of the Middle Ages and the dawn of the Renaissance.'
2717:
2692:
2637:
1961:
Sozialer Wandel im Mittelalter. Wahrnehmungsformen, Erklärungsmuster, Regelungsmechanismen
1201:
1178:
1020:
The merits of this work have excited the unanimous admiration of all who have studied it.
928:
780:
is described by William of Ockham as "Every thing that is moved is moved by a mover," and
344:
301:
221:
71:
1318:
Prelude to Galileo: essays on medieval and sixteenth-century sources of Galileo's thought
622:'s making it famous. Diagrams of the velocity of an accelerating object against time in
1078:, translated by Bert Hansen, (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1985,
2951:
2852:
2773:
2768:
2657:
2642:
2609:
2564:
2493:
2314:
1884:
Vivarium: Journal for Mediaeval Philosophy and the Intellectual Life of the Middle Ages
1039:
839:
772:, Oresme would suggest his own descriptions for change and motion in his commentary of
746:
98:
75:
2081:
Heresy in Transition. Transforming Ideas of Heresy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe
1004:
Oresme's economic thought remained well regarded centuries after his death. In a 1920
834:
on these texts, thereby expressing some of his political views. Like his predecessors
3117:
3028:
2697:
2584:
2559:
2548:
2122:
1926:
Mario Grignaschi: Nicolas Oresme et son commentaire à la «Politique» d'Aristote, in:
1900:
Mario Grignaschi: Nicolas Oresme et son commentaire à la «Politique» d'Aristote, in:
1724:
1026:
951:
827:
626:
by Oresme have been cited to credit Oresme with the discovery of "proto bar charts".
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represented the time, and the area of the figure represented the distance travelled.
348:
2417:
1662:; Robyn, Dorothy L. (1978), "Quantitative Graphics in Statistics: A Brief History",
3083:
3073:
2827:
2738:
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in the early 1370s. Oresme may have conveyed Marsilian and conciliarist thought to
761:
332:
320:, an institution for students too poor to pay their expenses while studying at the
189:
1882:
Caroti, Stefano (1993). "Oresme on Motion (Questiones Super Physicam, III, 2–7)".
1697:
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1112:, translated by Marshall Clagett, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971,
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369:
In 1356, he received his doctorate and in the same year he became grand master (
250:
242:
238:
1855:"NASC 400 History of Science to 1700 / Mechanics and Motion in the Middle Ages"
1555:
Peter Marshall, "Nicole Oresme on the Nature, Reflection, and Speed of Light,"
1144:. Edward Grant, ed. and trans. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966,
920:
3007:
2987:
2847:
2837:
851:
661:
482:, conjunctions and oppositions… rashly and erroneously about future events."
278:
266:
151:
2114:
1840:
3048:
2956:
2946:
2916:
1106:, translated by Edward Grant, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971)
1076:
Nicole Oresme and the marvels of nature: a study of his De causis mirabilium
898:
805:
634:
520:
507:
486:
417:
389:
381:
262:
258:
246:
2316:
Chaucer and the Country of the Stars: Poetical Uses of Astrological Imagery
2013:
L'empire du roi. Ideés et croyances politiques en France. XIIIe–XVe siècle
1987:
L'empire du roi. Ideés et croyances politiques en France. XIIIe–XVe siècle
881:. Like Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Peter of Auvergne and especially
826:(the last of which is nowadays considered to be pseudo-Aristotelian) into
582:(as the length of the heated rod). These two terms were often replaced by
3012:
2997:
2982:
2977:
2896:
2504:
2079:
in the Thought of Nicole Oresme, in: John Christian Laursen u.a. (eds.):
979:
847:
363:
309:
270:
2438:
2296:"Nicolas Oresme und Gabriel Biel: Zur Geldtheorie im späten Mittelalter"
2186:
2173:(1). Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature: 34–36.
901:. Furthermore, Oresme doesn't comply to contemporary conceptions of the
2662:
1683:
1496:. Harvard University Press; Liverpool University Press. pp. 53–57.
943:
619:
574:. In a quality, or accidental form, such as heat, he distinguished the
532:
503:
397:
254:
94:
1533:(Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1985), pp. 89–90.
1494:
Nicole Oresme and the Astrologers: A Study of his Livre de Divinacions
570:
Oresme's most important contributions to mathematics are contained in
17:
2529:
2422:
2300:
Scripta Mercaturae: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte
2178:
1748:
867:
863:
638:
548:
512:
495:
52:, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France, fonds français 565, fol. 1r.
1546:, (Chicago: University of Chicago Pr., 1976), pp. 78–80, 98, 113–16.
1117:
335:(the so-called founder of the French school of natural philosophy),
2106:
2432:
558:
416:
385:
328:
43:
1455:
The Science of Conjecture, Evidence and Probability before Pascal
1292:
Dictionnaire de la prononciation française dans sa norme actuelle
859:
305:
285:, and one of the most original thinkers of 14th-century Europe.
2442:
2412:
1458:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 140–145.
436:
Oresme discussed a range of evidence for and against the daily
2000:
Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages
1974:
Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages
1936:
Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages
890:
862:(by definition good) takes care of the common good, whereas a
594:. The intensity of the quality was represented by a length or
1014:
Treatise on the origin, nature, law, and alterations of money
972:
Treatise on the origin, nature, law, and alterations of money
2429:
Tractatus de Origine, Natura, Jure et Mutationibus Monetarum
1384:, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 114–16.
1029:, 'the treatise of Oresme is one of the first to be devoted
804:
Oresme provided the first modern vernacular translations of
2423:
The De Moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents
1064:, translated by Dan Burton, (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2007,
1369:
De proportionibus proportionum and Ad pauca respicientes,
1354:
William J. Courtenay, The Early Career of Nicole Oresme,
1343:
De proportionibus proportionum and Ad pauca respicientes,
1012:
summed up the favorable academic consensus over Oresme's
2273:
Nicole Oresme and the Marvels of Nature: A Study of his
1294:(in French) (3rd ed.). Gembloux: J. Duculot, S. A.
324:, makes it probable that he came from a peasant family.
2083:, London 2005 (Catholic Christendom, 1300–1700), 71–88.
1579:, Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, pp. 177–128,
1371:(Madison: University of Wisconsin Pr., 1966), pp. 4–10.
644:
Significantly, Oresme developed the first proof of the
1156:
The De moneta of N. Oresme, and English Mint documents
1639:, Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, pp. 85–99,
694:
388:. Around 1369, he began a series of translations of
1382:
The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages
178:
Natural philosophy, astronomy, theology, mathematics
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2879:
2870:
2805:
2796:
2731:
2618:
2538:
2485:
2476:
2254:
Nicole Oresme and the Kinematics of Circular Motion
2241:
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum at motuum
1932:
Das Publikum politischer Theorie im 14. Jahrhundert
1636:
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum
1606:
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum
1576:
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum
1345:(Madison: University of Wisconsin Pr., 1966), p. 4.
572:
Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum
182:
172:
157:
145:
135:
125:
106:
83:
57:
48:Portrait of Nicole Oresme: Miniature from Oresme's
34:
2313:
2277:with Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary
2073:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
2060:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
2047:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1953:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1794:, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., p. 104,
1237:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1096:(PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1974,
976:De origine, natura, jure et mutationibus monetarum
730:
515:has moved relative to the fixed stars (because of
978:), one of the earliest manuscripts devoted to an
637:as a measure of departure from straightness, for
1725:"A Medieval Mystery: Nicole Oresme's Concept of
1699:A Handbook of Statistical Graphics Using SAS ODS
760:Oresme, like many of his contemporaries such as
225:; 1 January 1325 – 11 July 1382), also known as
400:in 1371 and, with royal support, was appointed
1955:75,1 (1985), 1–158, esp. 83–84; Ulrich Meier:
2454:
1025:superior genius of its author.' According to
846:(and quite unlike Aristotle), Oresme favours
8:
2279:. Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies.
2032:, Ostfildern 2016 (Beihefte der Fancia, 80).
1736:Notices of the American Mathematical Society
1444:
1442:
1265:Critical Problems in the History of Science
1249:The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages
854:. His criterion for good government is the
578:(the degree of heat at each point) and the
3154:14th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
2876:
2802:
2482:
2461:
2447:
2439:
2256:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1963:, Sigmaringen 1994, 119–176, esp. 127–129.
1544:Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler
1158:, translated by C. Johnson, (London, 1956)
1090:Questiones super quatuor libros meteororum
897:thought, usually promoted by adherents of
42:
31:
3034:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
2320:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2244:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1747:
1723:Serrano, Isabel; Suceavă, Bogdan (2015).
1358:, Vol. 91, No.3 (Sept. 2000), pp 542–548.
716:
701:
693:
2335:Labellarte, Alberto (a cura di) (2016).
2071:Albert Douglas Menut: Introduction, in:
2058:Albert Douglas Menut: Introduction, in:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1216:
1214:
1184:List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics
606:or intensity represented the speed, the
351:in arts by 1342, during the crisis over
2402:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1670:(1), Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 1–11,
1531:Nicole Oresme and the Marvels of Nature
1194:
938:politics: Charles' laws concerning the
2152:An Essay on Medieval Economic Teaching
2002:, Princeton, New Jersey 1992, 203–242.
1976:, Princeton, New Jersey 1992, 211–212.
1938:, Princeton, New Jersey 1992, 221–225.
1772:Questions concerning Euclid's Geometry
1696:Der, Geoff; Everitt, Brian S. (2014).
668:/2 − 1 terms in the series between 1/(
404:in 1377. In 1382, he died in Lisieux.
380:In 1364, he was appointed dean of the
300:in the village of Allemagnes (today's
1877:
1875:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1768:Quaestiones super Geometriam Euclidis
1609:, Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press,
1056:Selected works in English translation
927:. Although he heavily criticises the
676:. Each of these terms is at least 1/
220:
7:
2907:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)
2418:Article on Oresme's monetary theory
2382:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1321:. Springer Science & Business.
1206:The Genesis of the Copernican World
1034:'Oresme's treatise on money,' says
1006:Essay on Medieval Economic Teaching
3144:14th-century French mathematicians
2308:(covers Oresme's monetary theory).
2216:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2045:and the France of Charles V., in:
1951:and the France of Charles V., in:
873:. This has rather confusingly and
466:and the year were incommensurate (
25:
3179:People from Calvados (department)
2028:32 (1970), 203–209; Vanina Kopp:
1231:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
656:), begins by noting that for any
633:Oresme introduces the concept of
3149:14th-century French philosophers
2049:75,1 (1985), 1–158, esp. 98–146.
1559:, 72 (1981): 357–374, pp. 360–2.
1220:
688:terms grows at least as fast as
245:. He wrote influential works on
2515:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
2361:Works by or about Nicole Oresme
2213:. In Gillispie, Charles (ed.).
2015:, Paris 1993, 110–124, 343–456.
1957:Molte revoluzioni, molte novità
731:{\displaystyle (1/2)\log _{2}n}
181:
2688:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
1676:10.1080/00031305.1978.10479235
1138:De proportionibus proportionum
709:
695:
616:latitudo uniformiter difformis
1:
3164:14th-century writers in Latin
1890:: 8–36 – via EBSCOhost.
362:In 1348, he was a student of
327:Oresme studied the "arts" in
294:
1434:Le Livre du ciel et du monde
1421:Le Livre du ciel et du monde
1408:Le Livre du ciel et du monde
1395:Le Livre du ciel et du monde
1315:Wallace, William A. (1981).
1169:List of multiple discoveries
1124:Le Livre du ciel et du monde
2041:Susan M. Babbitt: Oresme's
1947:Susan M. Babbitt: Oresme's
517:precession of the equinoxes
3195:
3169:Catholic clergy scientists
3139:University of Paris alumni
2375:Kirschner, Stefan (2021).
2062:60,6 (1970), 5–43, esp. 9.
1829:Early Science and Medicine
1702:. Chapman and Hall - CRC.
1280:, BRILL, 2007, p. 19 n. 8.
1208:, MIT Press, 1987, p. 158.
1174:Science in the Middle Ages
797:
3101:
2993:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi
2942:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani
2902:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)
2813:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
2294:Mäkeler, Hendrik (2003).
1664:The American Statistician
942:and the possibility of a
871:participate in government
564:De latitudinibus formarum
434:Livre du ciel et du monde
423:Livre du ciel et du monde
343:, and there received the
207:
121:
41:
3059:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2952:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
2887:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
2407:University of St Andrews
2339:. Bari: Stilo Editrice.
2026:L'information historique
1915:L'information historique
1841:10.1163/157338209X425551
1492:Coopland, G. W. (1952).
1251:, Madison. 1959, p. 522.
624:On the Latitude of Forms
392:works at the request of
2922:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2917:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
2600:Dominicus Gundissalinus
2575:Richard of Saint Victor
2312:Wood, Chauncey (1970).
1227:Duhem, Pierre (1911). "
1092:, in SC McCluskey, ed,
680:, and since there are
293:Nicole Oresme was born
3105:Renaissance philosophy
3079:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3064:Athir al-Din al-Abhari
1989:, Paris 1993, 266–272.
1053:
830:. He also extensively
732:
567:
461:Critiques of astrology
429:
281:, a counselor of King
3003:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
2998:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
2470:Medieval philosophers
2271:Hansen, Bert (1985).
1786:Pickover, Clifford A.
1480:Ad pauca respicientes
1290:Léon Warnant (1987).
1234:Catholic Encyclopedia
1142:Ad pauca respicientes
1018:
1000:Posthumous reputation
733:
562:
485:Oresme's critique of
438:rotation of the Earth
421:A page from Oresme's
420:
304:) in the vicinity of
192:, first proof of the
3134:14th-century Normans
3069:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3039:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
3013:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
2988:Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
2703:Godfrey of Fontaines
2605:Gilbert de la Porrée
2570:Hugh of Saint Victor
2555:Anselm of Canterbury
2525:John Scotus Eriugena
2393:Robertson, Edmund F.
2275:De causis mirabilium
1928:Album Helen Maud Cam
1902:Album Helen Maud Cam
1520:Wood, 1970. pp. 8–11
1278:De Visione Stellarum
850:as the best form of
692:
631:De configurationibus
491:Livre de divinacions
425:, 1377, showing the
396:, who granted him a
3174:Medieval physicists
2978:Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
2897:Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
2823:Solomon ibn Gabirol
2744:Marsilius of Inghen
2595:Bernard of Chartres
2391:O'Connor, John J.;
2043:Livre de Politiques
1949:Livre de Politiques
1917:32 (1970), 203–209.
1859:nasc400.pbworks.com
1542:David C. Lindberg,
1367:Edward Grant, ed.,
1341:Edward Grant, ed.,
911:Évrart de Trémaugon
879:popular sovereignty
800:Livre de Politiques
347:. He was already a
341:Marsilius of Inghen
322:University of Paris
283:Charles V of France
222:[nikɔlɔʁɛm]
166:University of Paris
130:Medieval philosophy
115:University of Paris
3159:Bishops of Lisieux
2779:Lambertus de Monte
2759:Francesc Eiximenis
2628:Robert Grosseteste
2590:Alexander of Hales
2520:Isidore of Seville
2500:Augustine of Hippo
1276:Dan Burton (ed.),
1247:Marshall Clagett,
1008:, Irish economist
960:Christine de Pizan
940:line of succession
887:right of rebellion
883:Marsilius of Padua
728:
568:
537:Robert Grosseteste
430:
375:College of Navarre
357:natural philosophy
318:College of Navarre
202:mean speed theorem
162:College of Navarre
140:Western philosophy
111:College of Navarre
50:Traité de l'espère
27:French philosopher
3111:
3110:
3097:
3096:
2866:
2865:
2792:
2791:
2723:William of Ockham
2346:978-88-6479-158-6
2235:Clagett, Marshall
2226:978-0-684-10114-9
2204:Clagett, Marshall
2150:O'Brien, George,
1998:James M. Blythe:
1972:James M. Blythe:
1709:978-1-584-88784-3
1660:Beniger, James R.
1630:Clagett, Marshall
1600:Clagett, Marshall
1570:Clagett, Marshall
1301:978-2-8011-0581-8
909:, as promoted by
875:anachronistically
844:Peter of Auvergne
794:Political thought
442:celestial spheres
427:celestial spheres
402:bishop of Lisieux
353:William of Ockham
314:diocese of Bayeux
275:Bishop of Lisieux
211:
210:
16:(Redirected from
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2877:
2833:Abraham ibn Daud
2803:
2764:Nicholas of Cusa
2754:Albert of Saxony
2683:Boetius of Dacia
2678:Siger of Brabant
2483:
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2449:
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2413:Oresme biography
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2365:Internet Archive
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936:King Charles V's
916:Songe du vergier
836:Albert the Great
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527:Sense perception
337:Albert of Saxony
331:, together with
299:
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2693:Meister Eckhart
2638:Albertus Magnus
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2208:"Nicole Oresme"
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1200:
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1179:Oresme (crater)
1165:
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993:
968:
925:Traité du sacre
802:
796:
758:
756:On local motion
740:Harmonic series
712:
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650:harmonic series
557:
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408:Scientific work
345:Magister Artium
302:Fleury-sur-Orne
297:
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237:, was a French
231:Nicholas Oresme
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198:harmonic series
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2801:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Nicole Oresme
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Giles of Rome
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Peter Lombard
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Peter Abelard
2558:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:Scholasticism
2546:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
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2427:
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2421:
2419:
2416:
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2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2327:0-691-06172-6
2323:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2286:0-88844-068-5
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2263:0-299-05830-1
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:Grant, Edward
2247:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:, pp.217-218.
2153:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:(1): 85–116.
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1872:
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1856:
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1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:9781402757969
1797:
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1787:
1781:
1778:
1773:
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1677:
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1669:
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1655:
1652:
1648:
1646:0-299-04880-2
1642:
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1622:
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1616:0-299-04880-2
1612:
1608:
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1592:
1588:
1586:0-299-04880-2
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:Bert Hansen,
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1488:
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1475:
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1465:9780801865695
1461:
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1266:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1229:Nicole Oresme
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
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1167:
1166:
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1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:9780299040000
1147:
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1133:
1132:9780783797878
1129:
1125:
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1119:
1115:
1111:
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1105:
1102:
1099:
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1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:9780888440686
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:9789004153707
1067:
1063:
1060:
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985:
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949:
948:underage king
945:
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869:
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857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:Middle French
825:
824:
819:
818:
813:
812:
807:
801:
793:
791:
788:
787:fluxus formae
783:
782:fluxus formae
779:
775:
771:
770:fluxus formae
767:
763:
755:
753:
750:
748:
743:
741:
725:
722:
717:
713:
706:
702:
698:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:integral test
651:
647:
642:
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636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
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611:
609:
605:
601:
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378:
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372:
367:
365:
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349:regent master
346:
342:
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307:
303:
288:
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284:
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268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:of the later
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
215:
214:Nicole Oresme
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:Notable ideas
177:
171:
167:
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153:
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134:
131:
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124:
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109:
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96:
86:
82:
77:
73:
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
36:Nicole Oresme
33:
30:
19:
3124:1320s births
3084:Ibn Taymiyya
3074:Ibn al-Nafis
2828:Judah Halevi
2748:
2739:Jean Buridan
2668:John Peckham
2633:Michael Scot
2400:
2380:
2336:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2276:
2272:
2253:
2242:
2238:
2214:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2131:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:
1849:
1832:
1828:
1805:
1790:
1780:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1718:
1698:
1691:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1516:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1454:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1317:
1310:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1232:
1205:
1197:
1155:
1141:
1137:
1123:
1109:
1103:
1098:Google Books
1093:
1089:
1075:
1061:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1005:
1003:
994:
983:
975:
971:
969:
933:
924:
914:
877:been called
821:
815:
809:
803:
786:
781:
778:Forma fluens
777:
773:
769:
766:forma fluens
765:
762:John Buridan
759:
751:
744:
738:. (See also
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:, there are
657:
643:
630:
628:
623:
615:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
569:
563:
530:
508:Aristotelian
500:
496:symbolically
490:
484:
472:conjunctions
464:
433:
431:
422:
390:Aristotelian
379:
371:grand-maître
370:
368:
361:
339:and perhaps
333:Jean Buridan
326:
292:
234:
230:
226:
213:
212:
190:co-ordinates
188:Rectangular
158:Institutions
89:(1382-07-11)
87:11 July 1382
49:
29:
3129:1382 deaths
3089:Ibn Khaldun
2927:Ibn Masarra
2858:Joseph Albo
2843:Nachmanides
2818:Saadia Gaon
2784:John Hennon
2708:Duns Scotus
2673:Ramon Llull
2653:Bonaventure
2648:Roger Bacon
2510:Cassiodorus
2306:(1): 56–94.
2167:Medium Ævum
1766:(c. 1360).
1397:, pp. 521–3
1031:ex professo
956:Jean Gerson
921:Jean Golein
903:French king
856:common good
592:coordinates
555:Mathematics
545:John Pecham
541:Roger Bacon
506:, the four
476:oppositions
251:mathematics
243:Middle Ages
239:philosopher
3118:Categories
3054:al-Qazwini
3029:Ibn Sab'in
3008:Ibn Tufayl
2962:al-Kirmani
2848:Gersonides
2838:Maimonides
2197:References
991:Psychology
984:De moneta,
895:absolutist
852:government
672:/2) and 1/
662:power of 2
660:that is a
646:divergence
468:irrational
366:in Paris.
279:translator
267:philosophy
194:divergence
152:Nominalism
64:1325-01-01
3103:See also
3049:Ibn Arabi
2957:al-Biruni
2947:Miskawayh
2892:al-Nazzam
2478:Christian
2123:159539712
2115:0038-7134
1482:, p. 383.
970:With his
966:Economics
899:Roman law
832:commented
823:Economics
806:Aristotle
723:
635:curvature
608:longitudo
600:longitudo
588:longitudo
521:free will
487:astrology
413:Cosmology
394:Charles V
382:Cathedral
373:) of the
312:, in the
263:astronomy
259:astrology
247:economics
2983:Ibn Hazm
2937:Al-Amiri
2806:Medieval
2713:Durandus
2580:Roscelin
2505:Boethius
2252:(1971).
2237:(1968).
2206:(1970).
2187:43626716
2095:Speculum
1788:(2009),
1727:Curvitas
1632:(1968),
1602:(1968),
1572:(1968),
1478:Oresme,
1452:(2001).
1436:, p. 537
1432:Oresme,
1423:, p. 535
1419:Oresme,
1410:, p. 531
1406:Oresme,
1393:Oresme,
1163:See also
1049:Endemann
980:economic
848:monarchy
817:Politics
604:latitudo
596:latitudo
584:latitudo
580:extensio
576:intensio
364:theology
310:Normandy
271:theology
101:, France
99:Normandy
78:, France
76:Normandy
2872:Islamic
2663:Vitello
2621:century
2619:13–14th
2541:century
2539:11–12th
2363:at the
1684:2683467
1263:(ed.),
1040:Espinas
1036:Macleod
1022:Roscher
946:for an
944:regency
923:in his
913:in his
774:Physics
648:of the
639:circles
620:Galileo
533:Alhacen
504:humours
489:in his
480:aspects
432:In his
398:pension
255:physics
218:French:
196:of the
95:Lisieux
2798:Jewish
2530:Alcuin
2343:
2324:
2283:
2260:
2223:
2185:
2121:
2113:
1798:
1774:].
1706:
1682:
1643:
1613:
1583:
1462:
1325:
1298:
1225:
1148:
1130:
1116:
1082:
1068:
1027:Brants
929:Church
907:sacred
868:people
864:tyrant
811:Ethics
566:, 1486
549:Witelo
547:, and
513:zodiac
452:, and
273:; was
269:, and
147:School
136:Region
18:Oresme
2880:Early
2486:Early
2433:Latin
2425:(pdf)
2211:(PDF)
2183:JSTOR
2119:S2CID
1864:4 May
1807:1687.
1770:[
1732:(PDF)
1680:JSTOR
1190:Notes
450:Water
446:Earth
386:Rouen
329:Paris
233:, or
3022:Late
2971:High
2732:Late
2341:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2111:ISSN
1866:2018
1796:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1557:Isis
1460:ISBN
1356:Isis
1323:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1140:and
1128:ISBN
1114:OCLC
1080:ISBN
1066:ISBN
958:and
860:king
858:. A
842:and
820:and
768:and
586:and
474:and
306:Caen
289:Life
277:, a
84:Died
58:Born
2175:doi
2103:doi
1837:doi
1744:doi
1672:doi
1118:894
919:or
905:as
891:law
714:log
629:In
454:Air
384:of
377:.
355:'s
126:Era
3120::
2405:,
2399:,
2395:,
2379:.
2304:37
2302:.
2298:.
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2171:27
2169:.
2117:.
2109:.
2099:92
2097:.
1888:31
1886:.
1874:^
1857:.
1833:14
1831:.
1814:^
1804:,
1740:62
1738:.
1734:.
1678:,
1668:32
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1441:^
1213:^
1204:,
1016::
962:.
838:,
814:,
776:.
749:.
742:)
543:,
539:,
535:,
448:,
359:.
308:,
295:c.
265:,
261:,
257:,
253:,
249:,
229:,
200:,
97:,
74:,
2551:"
2547:"
2496:"
2492:"
2462:e
2455:t
2448:v
2435:)
2431:(
2387:.
2385:.
2349:.
2330:.
2289:.
2266:.
2229:.
2189:.
2177::
2139:.
2125:.
2105::
1868:.
1843:.
1839::
1752:.
1746::
1729:"
1712:.
1674::
1468:.
1331:.
1304:.
1152:)
1134:)
1120:)
1100:)
1086:)
1072:)
974:(
726:n
718:2
710:)
707:2
703:/
699:1
696:(
686:n
682:n
678:n
674:n
670:n
666:n
658:n
216:(
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164:(
117:)
113:(
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62:(
20:)
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