601:"Because of want of harmony between the begs and the people, and because of the Chinese people's cunning and craft and its intrigues, and because the younger and the elder brothers chose to take counsel against one another and bring discord between begs and people, they brought the old realm of the Turkic people to dissolution, and brought destruction on its lawful kagans. The sons of the nobles became the bondsmen of the Chinese people, their unsullied daughters became its slaves. The Turkic begs gave up their Turkic names, and bearing the Chinese names of Chinese begs they obeyed the Chinese Emperor, and served him during fifty years. For him they waged war in the East towards the sun's rising, as far as
71:
399:) showed interest in the site in the late 20th century and finalized their project to restore and protect all three inscriptions. Since 2000, over 70 archeologists from around the world (specifically from Uighur, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tataristan and Turkey) have studied the area and performed excavations. The site is now protected by fences with buildings for research work and storage of artifacts. The total cost of the project is around 20 million dollars and eventually will include the building of a museum to house the inscriptions and other recently discovered artifacts.
290:
438:
372:. The scripts are the oldest form of a Turkic language to be preserved. When the Orkhon inscriptions were first discovered, it was obvious that they were a runic type of script that had been discovered at other sites, but these versions also had a clear form, similar to an alphabet. When Vilhelm Thomsen deciphered the translation it was a huge stepping stone in understanding old Turkic script. The inscriptions provided much of the foundation for translating other Turkic writings.
551:"By the will of Heaven, and because I was greatly deserving and it so brought it about, I brought the dying people back to life; for the naked people I found clothing, the poor people I made rich, the scanty people I made numerous. I have made the other, which has a kingdom and a kagan, to stand higher. All the peoples in the four quarters of the world I have brought to keeping the peace and making an end of hostilities; they all have obeyed me, and serve me."
646:"From the Chinese Emperor I have had artists to come, and have set them to work. My request has not been refused. They have sent the Chinese Emperor's court painters. I have bidden them set up a separate hall, and inside and out I have had them to make various paintings. I have had the stone hewn; that which lay in my heart to utter I have. Understand to see this all as far as the suns and subjects of the Ten Arrows. I have had the memorial stone hewn."
635:"While I have ruled here, I have become reconciled with the Chinese people. The Chinese people, who give in abundance gold, silver, millet, and silk, have always used ingratiating words and have at their disposal enervating riches. While ensnaring them with their ingratiating talk and enervating riches, they have drawn the far-dwelling peoples nearer to themselves. But after settling down near them these we have come to see their cunning."
574:
445:
605:, in the West they made expeditions as far as Taimirkapig; for the Chinese Emperor they conquered kingdoms and power. The whole of the common Turkic people said thus: 'I have been a nation that had its own kingdom; where is now my kingdom? For whom do I win the kingdoms? said they. I have been a people that had its own kagan; where is my kagan? Which kagan is it I serve?'".
543:; to the West I have made campaigns beyond Yenchii-Iigiiz (Pearl River) as far as Timir-Kapig (The Iron Gate); to the North I have made campaigns as far as the land of the Yer-Bayirku's. To all these lands have I led (the Turks). The forest of Mount Otiikin has no overlord; the forest of Mount Otiikin is the place where the kingdom is held together."
514:
505:, are the oldest extant attestation of that language. The inscriptions clearly show the sacred importance of the region, as evidenced by the statement, "If you stay in the land of the Ötüken, and send caravans from there, you will have no trouble. If you stay at the Ötüken Mountains, you will live forever dominating the tribes!".
527:
The two monuments themselves have engravings on all four sides. However, some of the script was not preserved, or is missing, and therefore only portions of the original message remain. What follows is a summary of the most complete section of the inscriptions. One translation of the first and second
375:
The scripts follow an alphabetical form, but also appear to have strong influences of rune carvings. The inscriptions are a great example of early signs of nomadic society's transitions from use of runes to a uniform alphabet, and the Orkhon alphabet is thought to have been derived from or inspired
596:
influence. On the one hand, it seems to contain the view that the Turks despise the
Chinese. It appears as though Bilge Khagan wanted to distinguish his people from the Chinese in order to remain a strong independent society. In the inscription Bilge Khagan reprimands those Turks who have been
650:
To further complicate the already muddled view of the
Chinese, the inscriptions contain both Turkic and Chinese translations. Thus, the inscription contains evidence that Bilge Khagan had cultural interaction with the Tang dynasty.
609:
The claimed enslavement of the Turks also did not help the reputation of the
Chinese. Bilge Khagan seems to blame the Chinese for the disunion of his Turkic state. This Turkic view of the Chinese seems to be negative.
577:"You, Turkic and Oghuz lords and peoples, hear this! If the sky above did not collapse, and if the earth below did not give way, O Turkic people, who would be able to destroy your state and institutions?"
486:(the emblem of Göktürk Kagans) and a twisted dragon. In both enclosing's, evidence of altars and carved depictions of human couples were found, possibly depicting the respective honorary and his spouse.
539:"To the East I have made campaigns as far as the Shantung plain, and almost reached the sea; to the South I have made campaigns as far as Tokuz-Ersin and almost reached
325:
in 1893. Vilhelm
Thomsen first published the translation in French in 1899. He then published another interpretation in Danish in 1922 with a more complete translation.
1233:
1179:
1136:
1109:
1206:
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470:. But only in modern-day Mongolia have any memorials to kings and other aristocrats been found. The ones in Khöshöö Tsaidam consist of tablets with inscriptions in
2181:
396:
856:
273:
The inscriptions, in both
Chinese and Old Turkic, relate the legendary origins of the Turks, the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the
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2034:
1347:
2024:
453:
437:
1243:
1216:
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961:
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911:
883:
2508:
2503:
708:
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698:
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137:
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2174:
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peoples and also the death of Kul-Tegin in battle, and eventually the succession of Bilge Khagan by his son. Bilge Khagan's mother
2285:
1964:
713:
Ross, E. Denison (1930). "The Orkhon
Inscriptions: Being a Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's Final Danish Rendering".
1992:
229:
47:
2498:
2450:
2039:
675:
289:
221:
39:
631:
However, the translation also reveals a degree of diplomacy with the neighboring
Chinese, as evidenced by his statement,
281:. According to one source, the inscriptions contain "rhythmic and parallelistic passages" which resemble that of epics.
2167:
1340:
1773:
977:
Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon
Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840".
2313:
1944:
1624:
587:
2303:
2138:
70:
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1559:
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The following is an excerpt from the last paragraph of the inscriptions (in Old Turkic and
English languages):
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discussing the commemoration of the tablet, as well as mentioning the extent of the empire. One passage reads,
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2262:
2019:
2002:
1687:
1333:
424:
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The inscriptions also highlight Bilge Khagan's accomplishment of uniting his people. As one passage reads,
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2046:
2007:
1997:
1364:
617:
2014:
2395:
2275:
1987:
1954:
1939:
502:
1262:
Scharlipp, Wolfgang-Ekkehard (1995). "China and Tibet as
Referred to in the Old Turkic Inscriptions".
791:
555:
The rest of the inscriptions are broken up and sporadic, but seem to detail the conquests against the
2413:
2354:
2336:
628:(female slave or handmaiden), are frequently applied to a population of defeated political entities.
349:
1949:
2359:
2318:
2220:
1919:
1727:
1541:
660:
392:
1534:
523:
The Orkhon Inscriptions: Being a Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's Final Danish Rendering
1589:
1506:
994:
773:
738:
730:
616:
indicate prisoners of war have often designated the status of slavery. Inscriptions found in the
471:
306:
172:
1855:
1732:
522:
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2280:
2239:
1959:
1924:
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1712:
1594:
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1185:
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1019:
1013:
957:
932:
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879:
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369:
314:
251:
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influenced by Chinese culture and have adopted a Chinese way of life. As one passage reads,
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377:
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1702:
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479:
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322:
298:
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419:(684–731), one a politician and the other a military commander. Both were descendants of
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1845:
1745:
1579:
1548:
1527:
1429:
1406:
1356:
408:
247:
1304:(Nomaden und Seshafte, Band 6). Reichert: Wiesbanden 2008, pp. 76–78, plates 5-7.
876:
Turks and Khazars : origins, institutions, and interactions in pre-Mongol Eurasia
2477:
2072:
1934:
1840:
1791:
1722:
1617:
1609:
1513:
1483:
1396:
1302:
Die Alttürkenzeit in Mittel- und Zentralasien. Archäologische und historische Studien
742:
620:
also imply that terms denoting slavery or other forms of subordinate status, such as
560:
556:
389:
333:
310:
255:
130:
2143:
1811:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1604:
1488:
1445:
1416:
1411:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1235:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589-906 AD, Part One
665:
639:
593:
532:
498:
428:
412:
337:
294:
274:
267:
17:
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345:
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1642:
1637:
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1493:
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1375:
899:
528:
monuments seems to indicate that the text continues from one side to the other.
462:
The Göktürks have left artifacts and installations all over their domain, from
1969:
1737:
1648:
1632:
1498:
1478:
1436:
726:
490:
353:
76:
1320:
842:
152:
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263:
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817:
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1914:
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341:
259:
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characters. Both monuments are stone slabs originally erected on carved
2405:
2231:
2122:
2112:
318:
2159:
998:
777:
734:
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2107:
2082:
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1904:
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237:
55:
513:
990:
769:
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2077:
1909:
1899:
1569:
1401:
572:
540:
512:
1164:
Analecta Orientalia Posthumous Writings and Selected Minor Workds
715:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
483:
2163:
1329:
521:
A full English translation of the inscriptions may be found in
348:. More specifically, they stand about fifty miles north of the
2102:
642:
also references the hiring of Chinese artists when he claims,
482:
within walled enclosures. Bilge Khagan's stone shows a carved
1325:
75:
Kul Tigin Monument of Orkhon Inscriptions – Orkhon Museum,
1138:
The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC - AD 2000
427:, which was a prominent Turkic nomadic society during the
1208:
The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics
904:"Old Turkic". History of Civilizations of Central Asia. 4
531:
The first portion of the Turkic translations seems to be
411:
in the early 8th century. They commemorate the brothers
397:
Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency
1041:
Islamic Central Asia An Anthology of Historical Sources
352:, and approximately twenty-five miles northwest of the
1015:
The Avars: A Steppe Empire in Central Europe, 567–822
756:
Krueger, John R. (1962). "The Earliest Turkic Poem".
262:. They were erected in honor of two Turkic princes,
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2426:
2404:
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2195:
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2060:
1978:
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178:
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124:
116:
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32:
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1087:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 24–.
364:Before the Orkhon Inscriptions were deciphered by
1167:. Brill Archive. pp. 42–. GGKEY:3S3JPXD29QD.
1114:. University of California Press. pp. 130–.
246:)) are two memorial installations erected by the
1211:. University of California Press. pp. 49–.
493:inscriptions on these monuments were written by
1141:. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. pp. 142–.
644:
633:
599:
549:
537:
929:A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic)
906:. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 331–333.
27:Göktürk inscriptions dating to the 8th century
2175:
1341:
1238:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–.
1039:Sela, Ron; Cameron Levi, Scott, eds. (2010).
857:"Orkhon inscriptions placed under protection"
592:The inscriptions seem to have mixed views on
8:
1111:The Rise and Splendour of the Chinese Empire
444:
2430:
2383:
2258:
2201:
2182:
2168:
2160:
1348:
1334:
1326:
567:was also mentioned in these inscriptions.
69:
29:
1018:. Cornell University Press. p. 257.
1232:Denis C. Twitchett (27 September 1979).
979:Journal of the American Oriental Society
758:Journal of the American Oriental Society
288:
182:Bilge Khan and General Kul Tigin Complex
1043:. Indiana University Press. p. 55.
692:
501:. These inscriptions together with the
313:. The original text was written in the
1184:. Courier Corporation. pp. 120–.
878:. Farnham, England: Ashgate/Variorum.
517:Reconstruction of Kül Tigin's memorial
1181:A Short History of the Chinese People
457:Location of the Orkhon Valley in Asia
7:
309:'s expedition in 1889, published by
305:The inscriptions were discovered by
1178:Luther Carrington Goodrich (2002).
1084:The History of the Mongol Conquests
1294:Report of the 28th Session of the
1280:Golden, "Terminology," p. 29.
1057:An Anthology of Turkish Literature
818:"Old Turkic runiform inscriptions"
388:Both inscriptions are part of the
25:
1060:. The University. pp. 4, 5.
1012:Pohl, Walter (15 December 2018).
2494:Archaeological sites in Mongolia
1135:Julia Lovell (1 December 2007).
443:
436:
390:Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape
376:by a non-cursive version of the
254:in the early 8th century in the
104:1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in)
2484:1889 archaeological discoveries
2286:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
1965:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
1081:J. J. Saunders (1 March 2001).
368:, very little was known about
242:
233:
225:
60:
51:
43:
1:
1988:Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara
1321:Omniglot: Old Turkic Language
954:Les Inscriptions des L'Orkhon
676:History of the Turkic peoples
2215:Alsószentmihály inscription
2035:Tang Western Turk campaigns
509:Content of the inscriptions
336:is a region on the western
2525:
2509:Speeches by heads of state
2451:Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi
2025:Tang Eastern Turk campaign
1945:Turks in the Tang military
1625:Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan
1205:Edward H. Schafer (1963).
588:Turks in the Tang military
585:
582:Relations with the Chinese
393:UNESCO World Heritage Site
317:and was deciphered by the
277:, and their liberation by
2464:
2304:Choiti-Tamir inscriptions
874:Golden, Peter B. (2010).
727:10.1017/S0041977X00090558
407:They were erected by the
285:Discovery and translation
202:Khöshöö Tsaidam monuments
68:
37:
2489:8th-century inscriptions
2309:Karabalgasun inscription
1560:Western Turkic Khaganate
1464:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1316:Orkhon Inscriptions Text
1296:World Heritage Committee
2365:Uyuk-Tarlak inscription
2314:Sükhbaatar inscriptions
2263:Second Turkic Khaganate
1688:Second Turkic Khaganate
796:Encyclopædia Britannica
425:Second Turkic Khaganate
297:'s memorial complex in
96:3.3 metres (11 ft)
2435:First Turkic Khaganate
1365:First Turkic Khaganate
1108:René Grousset (1953).
648:
637:
618:First Turkic Khaganate
607:
578:
553:
545:
518:
302:
258:in what is modern-day
153:47.56056°N 102.84111°E
2396:Karsakpay inscription
2276:Tonyukuk inscriptions
1955:Tonyukuk inscriptions
1940:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
952:Tekin, Talat (1995).
927:Tekin, Talat (1997).
576:
516:
292:
2504:Göktürk inscriptions
2499:Chinese inscriptions
2414:Bombogor inscription
2355:Yenisei Inscriptions
2337:Kul-chur inscription
1993:Göktürk–Persian wars
1833:Mengchi Protectorate
1804:Kunling Protectorate
1054:Kemal Silay (1996).
956:. Istanbul: Simurg.
792:"Orhon inscriptions"
503:Tonyukuk inscription
454:class=notpageimage|
350:Erdene Zuu Monastery
2360:Elegest inscription
2319:Tariat inscriptions
2271:Orkhon inscriptions
2221:Szarvas inscription
2190:Turkic inscriptions
2139:Göktürk family tree
1930:Orkhon inscriptions
1920:Old Turkic language
1728:Kutluk Yabgu Khagan
861:Hurriyet Daily News
843:"Orkhon/Old Turkic"
661:Old Turkic alphabet
614:Orkhon inscriptions
395:in Mongolia. TIKA (
315:Old Turkic alphabet
252:Old Turkic alphabet
230:traditional Chinese
192:(also known as the
190:Orkhon inscriptions
158:47.56056; 102.84111
149: /
48:traditional Chinese
33:Orkhon inscriptions
18:Orkhon Inscriptions
1774:Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun
1590:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
1507:Ashina Jiesheshuai
579:
519:
497:who was nephew of
403:Historical context
307:Nikolay Yadrintsev
303:
222:simplified Chinese
198:Orhun inscriptions
194:Orhon inscriptions
173:Nikolay Yadrintsev
40:simplified Chinese
2471:
2470:
2466:Presumably Turkic
2460:
2459:
2444:Bugut inscription
2422:
2421:
2373:
2372:
2281:Ongin inscription
2248:
2247:
2240:Buyla inscription
2157:
2156:
2020:Göktürk civil war
2015:Goguryeo–Tang War
1960:Ongin inscription
1925:Old Turkic script
1863:Anxi Protectorate
1245:978-0-521-21446-9
1218:978-0-520-05462-2
1191:978-0-486-42488-0
1148:978-1-55584-832-3
1121:978-0-520-00525-9
1094:978-0-8122-1766-7
1067:978-1-878318-11-4
1025:978-1-5017-2940-9
963:978-975-7172-06-2
938:978-0-7007-0869-7
913:978-0-7007-0869-7
885:978-1-4094-0003-5
624:(male slave) and
186:
185:
112:Old Turkic script
16:(Redirected from
2516:
2431:
2384:
2296:Uyghur Khaganate
2259:
2202:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2052:Battle of Bolchu
2047:Li-Sun rebellion
1600:Sy Yabghu Khagan
1350:
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825:Turkic Languages
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753:
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710:
447:
446:
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266:and his brother
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218:Kul Tigin steles
179:Present location
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2341:
2323:
2290:
2254:Siberian Turkic
2244:
2226:
2191:
2188:
2158:
2153:
2127:
2056:
1980:
1974:
1888:Göktürk culture
1883:
1872:Tokhara Yabghus
1817:Ashina Yuanqing
1794:
1786:
1781:El Bilga Khatun
1703:Qapaghan Qaghan
1698:Ilterish Qaghan
1690:
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657:
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584:
565:El Bilga Khatun
511:
460:
459:
458:
456:
450:
449:
448:
421:Ilterish Qaghan
405:
386:
366:Vilhelm Thomsen
362:
331:
323:Vilhelm Thomsen
299:Gazi University
287:
279:Ilterish Qaghan
250:written in the
206:Khoshoo Tsaidam
157:
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80:
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1542:Ashide Fengji
1539:
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1521:Ashina She'er
1518:
1515:
1514:Ashina Funian
1511:
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370:Turkic script
367:
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334:Orkhon Valley
328:
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308:
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253:
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243:Què tèqín bēi
239:
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214:Höshöö Caidam
211:
210:Koshu-Tsaidam
207:
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177:
174:
171:
169:Discovered by
167:
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132:
131:Orkhon Valley
127:
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87:
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63:
61:Què tèqín bēi
57:
49:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2449:
2442:
2270:
2219:
2197:Oghur Turkic
2144:Ashina tribe
1979:Göktürk wars
1929:
1812:Ashina Mishe
1733:Özmiş Khagan
1677:Ashina Tuizi
1670:Tardush Shad
1663:Ashina Duzhi
1605:Duolu Qaghan
1535:Ashide Wenfu
1499:Chebi Qaghan
1489:Illig Qaghan
1484:Chulo Qaghan
1479:Shibi Qaghan
1446:Yangsu Tegin
1417:Tulan Qaghan
1412:Bagha Qaghan
1402:Ashina Anluo
1392:Muqan Qaghan
1387:Issik Qaghan
1382:Bumin Qaghan
1301:
1300:Sören Stark
1276:
1267:
1263:
1234:
1227:
1207:
1200:
1180:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1137:
1130:
1110:
1103:
1083:
1076:
1056:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1014:
1007:
982:
978:
972:
953:
947:
928:
922:
903:
900:Sinor, Denis
894:
875:
869:
860:
851:
837:
828:
824:
811:
801:November 10,
799:. Retrieved
795:
786:
761:
757:
751:
718:
714:
666:Bilge Khagan
649:
645:
640:Bilge Khagan
638:
634:
630:
625:
621:
613:
612:
608:
600:
594:Tang Chinese
591:
569:
554:
550:
546:
538:
533:Bilge Khagan
530:
526:
520:
499:Bilge Khagan
495:Yollug Tigin
488:
461:
429:Tang dynasty
413:Bilge Khagan
406:
387:
374:
363:
338:Orkhon River
332:
321:philologist
304:
295:Bilge Khagan
275:Tang dynasty
272:
268:Bilge Khagan
241:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
187:
59:
1981:and battles
1950:Ülüş system
1878:Turk Shahis
1827:Ashina Zhen
1822:Ashina Xian
1797:Jimi system
1713:Bilgä Qaǧan
1708:Inel Qaghan
1638:Irbis Seguy
1595:Külüg Sibir
1575:Niri Qaghan
1474:Yami Qaghan
1376:Ashina Tuwu
845:. Omniglot.
603:Bokli kagan
384:Restoration
293:Replica of
156: /
144:102°50′28″E
120:8th century
2478:Categories
2427:Non-Turkic
1970:Qara bodun
1856:Ashina Xin
1738:Ashina Shi
1649:Bagha Shad
1633:Yukuk Shad
1437:Apa Qaghan
764:(4): 557.
682:References
491:Old Turkic
476:Old Turkic
360:Importance
354:Ordu-Baliq
141:47°33′38″N
133:, Mongolia
125:Discovered
79:, Mongolia
77:Kharkhorin
2329:Xueyantuo
2206:Late Avar
2030:Xueyantuo
1880:(665–870)
1874:(625-758)
1760:Kul Tigin
1753:Kulun Beg
1691:(682–744)
1656:Böri Shad
1563:(581–657)
1467:(581–630)
1368:(552–581)
743:140199091
687:Citations
671:Kul Tigin
468:Black Sea
464:Manchuria
417:Kul-Tegin
346:Ögii Lake
264:Kul Tigin
2388:Timurids
2040:Conquest
1915:Kurultai
1895:Tengrism
1767:Tonyukuk
1357:Göktürks
1270:: 45–42.
1264:Diogenes
902:(2002).
831:: 41–52.
655:See also
559:and the
409:Göktürks
380:script.
342:Mongolia
301:, Ankara
260:Mongolia
248:Göktürks
88:Memorial
2406:Karluks
2232:Bulgars
2123:Elteber
2113:Tarkhan
1288:Sources
557:Kirghiz
472:Chinese
466:to the
423:of the
378:Sogdian
344:, near
117:Created
109:Symbols
2208:period
2149:Ashide
2132:Family
2108:Khatun
2083:Yabghu
2068:Khagan
2061:Titles
2003:Second
1905:Otuken
1795:under
1643:Hallig
1585:Sheguy
1453:Tamgan
1423:Istämi
1242:
1215:
1188:
1145:
1118:
1091:
1064:
1022:
999:605932
997:
960:
935:
910:
882:
778:597528
776:
741:
735:607024
733:
561:Tangut
329:Region
319:Danish
240::
238:pinyin
232::
224::
216:), or
93:Height
58::
56:pinyin
50::
42::
2118:Ishad
2098:Tudun
2093:Boyla
2088:Bagha
2078:Tegin
2008:Third
1998:First
1910:Suyab
1900:Asena
1570:Tardu
995:JSTOR
821:(PDF)
774:JSTOR
739:S2CID
731:JSTOR
541:Tibet
101:Width
2073:Shad
1240:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1020:ISBN
958:ISBN
933:ISBN
908:ISBN
880:ISBN
803:2010
626:küng
489:The
484:ibex
474:and
234:闕特勤碑
226:阙特勤碑
188:The
128:1889
85:Type
52:闕特勤碑
44:阙特勤碑
2103:Beg
987:doi
983:119
766:doi
723:doi
622:qul
212:or
2480::
1268:43
1266:.
1254:^
993:.
981:.
859:.
827:.
823:.
794:.
772:.
762:82
760:.
737:.
729:.
717:.
695:^
431:.
356:.
270:.
236:;
228:;
208:,
200:,
196:,
54:;
46:;
2183:e
2176:t
2169:v
1783:)
1779:(
1776:)
1772:(
1769:)
1765:(
1762:)
1758:(
1755:)
1751:(
1748:)
1744:(
1679:)
1675:(
1672:)
1668:(
1665:)
1661:(
1658:)
1654:(
1651:)
1647:(
1627:)
1623:(
1620:)
1616:(
1551:)
1547:(
1544:)
1540:(
1537:)
1533:(
1530:)
1526:(
1523:)
1519:(
1516:)
1512:(
1509:)
1505:(
1455:)
1451:(
1448:)
1444:(
1439:)
1435:(
1432:)
1428:(
1425:)
1421:(
1378:)
1374:(
1349:e
1342:t
1335:v
1248:.
1221:.
1194:.
1151:.
1124:.
1097:.
1070:.
1028:.
1001:.
989::
966:.
941:.
916:.
888:.
863:.
829:8
805:.
780:.
768::
745:.
725::
719:5
220:(
20:)
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