590:"Because of want of harmony between the begs and the people, and because of the Chinese people's cunning and craft and its intrigues, and because the younger and the elder brothers chose to take counsel against one another and bring discord between begs and people, they brought the old realm of the Turkic people to dissolution, and brought destruction on its lawful kagans. The sons of the nobles became the bondsmen of the Chinese people, their unsullied daughters became its slaves. The Turkic begs gave up their Turkic names, and bearing the Chinese names of Chinese begs they obeyed the Chinese Emperor, and served him during fifty years. For him they waged war in the East towards the sun's rising, as far as
60:
388:) showed interest in the site in the late 20th century and finalized their project to restore and protect all three inscriptions. Since 2000, over 70 archeologists from around the world (specifically from Uighur, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tataristan and Turkey) have studied the area and performed excavations. The site is now protected by fences with buildings for research work and storage of artifacts. The total cost of the project is around 20 million dollars and eventually will include the building of a museum to house the inscriptions and other recently discovered artifacts.
279:
427:
361:. The scripts are the oldest form of a Turkic language to be preserved. When the Orkhon inscriptions were first discovered, it was obvious that they were a runic type of script that had been discovered at other sites, but these versions also had a clear form, similar to an alphabet. When Vilhelm Thomsen deciphered the translation it was a huge stepping stone in understanding old Turkic script. The inscriptions provided much of the foundation for translating other Turkic writings.
540:"By the will of Heaven, and because I was greatly deserving and it so brought it about, I brought the dying people back to life; for the naked people I found clothing, the poor people I made rich, the scanty people I made numerous. I have made the other, which has a kingdom and a kagan, to stand higher. All the peoples in the four quarters of the world I have brought to keeping the peace and making an end of hostilities; they all have obeyed me, and serve me."
635:"From the Chinese Emperor I have had artists to come, and have set them to work. My request has not been refused. They have sent the Chinese Emperor's court painters. I have bidden them set up a separate hall, and inside and out I have had them to make various paintings. I have had the stone hewn; that which lay in my heart to utter I have. Understand to see this all as far as the suns and subjects of the Ten Arrows. I have had the memorial stone hewn."
624:"While I have ruled here, I have become reconciled with the Chinese people. The Chinese people, who give in abundance gold, silver, millet, and silk, have always used ingratiating words and have at their disposal enervating riches. While ensnaring them with their ingratiating talk and enervating riches, they have drawn the far-dwelling peoples nearer to themselves. But after settling down near them these we have come to see their cunning."
563:
434:
594:, in the West they made expeditions as far as Taimirkapig; for the Chinese Emperor they conquered kingdoms and power. The whole of the common Turkic people said thus: 'I have been a nation that had its own kingdom; where is now my kingdom? For whom do I win the kingdoms? said they. I have been a people that had its own kagan; where is my kagan? Which kagan is it I serve?'".
532:; to the West I have made campaigns beyond Yenchii-Iigiiz (Pearl River) as far as Timir-Kapig (The Iron Gate); to the North I have made campaigns as far as the land of the Yer-Bayirku's. To all these lands have I led (the Turks). The forest of Mount Otiikin has no overlord; the forest of Mount Otiikin is the place where the kingdom is held together."
503:
494:, are the oldest extant attestation of that language. The inscriptions clearly show the sacred importance of the region, as evidenced by the statement, "If you stay in the land of the Ötüken, and send caravans from there, you will have no trouble. If you stay at the Ötüken Mountains, you will live forever dominating the tribes!".
516:
The two monuments themselves have engravings on all four sides. However, some of the script was not preserved, or is missing, and therefore only portions of the original message remain. What follows is a summary of the most complete section of the inscriptions. One translation of the first and second
364:
The scripts follow an alphabetical form, but also appear to have strong influences of rune carvings. The inscriptions are a great example of early signs of nomadic society's transitions from use of runes to a uniform alphabet, and the Orkhon alphabet is thought to have been derived from or inspired
585:
influence. On the one hand, it seems to contain the view that the Turks despise the
Chinese. It appears as though Bilge Khagan wanted to distinguish his people from the Chinese in order to remain a strong independent society. In the inscription Bilge Khagan reprimands those Turks who have been
639:
To further complicate the already muddled view of the
Chinese, the inscriptions contain both Turkic and Chinese translations. Thus, the inscription contains evidence that Bilge Khagan had cultural interaction with the Tang dynasty.
598:
The claimed enslavement of the Turks also did not help the reputation of the
Chinese. Bilge Khagan seems to blame the Chinese for the disunion of his Turkic state. This Turkic view of the Chinese seems to be negative.
566:"You, Turkic and Oghuz lords and peoples, hear this! If the sky above did not collapse, and if the earth below did not give way, O Turkic people, who would be able to destroy your state and institutions?"
475:(the emblem of Göktürk Kagans) and a twisted dragon. In both enclosing's, evidence of altars and carved depictions of human couples were found, possibly depicting the respective honorary and his spouse.
528:"To the East I have made campaigns as far as the Shantung plain, and almost reached the sea; to the South I have made campaigns as far as Tokuz-Ersin and almost reached
314:
in 1893. Vilhelm
Thomsen first published the translation in French in 1899. He then published another interpretation in Danish in 1922 with a more complete translation.
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1098:
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2018:
459:. But only in modern-day Mongolia have any memorials to kings and other aristocrats been found. The ones in Khöshöö Tsaidam consist of tablets with inscriptions in
2170:
385:
845:
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The inscriptions, in both
Chinese and Old Turkic, relate the legendary origins of the Turks, the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the
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1336:
2013:
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peoples and also the death of Kul-Tegin in battle, and eventually the succession of Bilge Khagan by his son. Bilge Khagan's mother
2274:
1953:
702:
Ross, E. Denison (1930). "The Orkhon
Inscriptions: Being a Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's Final Danish Rendering".
1981:
218:
36:
2487:
2439:
2028:
664:
278:
210:
28:
620:
However, the translation also reveals a degree of diplomacy with the neighboring
Chinese, as evidenced by his statement,
270:. According to one source, the inscriptions contain "rhythmic and parallelistic passages" which resemble that of epics.
2156:
1329:
1762:
966:
Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon
Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840".
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1933:
1613:
576:
2292:
2127:
59:
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The following is an excerpt from the last paragraph of the inscriptions (in Old Turkic and
English languages):
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discussing the commemoration of the tablet, as well as mentioning the extent of the empire. One passage reads,
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2008:
1991:
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The inscriptions also highlight Bilge Khagan's accomplishment of uniting his people. As one passage reads,
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1996:
1986:
1353:
606:
2003:
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2264:
1976:
1943:
1928:
491:
1251:
Scharlipp, Wolfgang-Ekkehard (1995). "China and Tibet as
Referred to in the Old Turkic Inscriptions".
780:
544:
The rest of the inscriptions are broken up and sporadic, but seem to detail the conquests against the
2402:
2343:
2325:
617:(female slave or handmaiden), are frequently applied to a population of defeated political entities.
338:
1938:
2348:
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2209:
1908:
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381:
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512:
The Orkhon Inscriptions: Being a Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's Final Danish Rendering
1578:
1495:
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762:
727:
719:
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indicate prisoners of war have often designated the status of slavery. Inscriptions found in the
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161:
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1721:
511:
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1948:
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1851:
1701:
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influenced by Chinese culture and have adopted a Chinese way of life. As one passage reads,
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408:(684–731), one a politician and the other a military commander. Both were descendants of
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1537:
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397:
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1293:(Nomaden und Seshafte, Band 6). Reichert: Wiesbanden 2008, pp. 76–78, plates 5-7.
865:
Turks and Khazars : origins, institutions, and interactions in pre-Mongol Eurasia
2466:
2061:
1923:
1829:
1780:
1711:
1606:
1598:
1502:
1472:
1385:
1291:
Die Alttürkenzeit in Mittel- und Zentralasien. Archäologische und historische Studien
731:
609:
also imply that terms denoting slavery or other forms of subordinate status, such as
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545:
378:
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299:
244:
119:
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1800:
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1651:
1593:
1477:
1434:
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1380:
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1224:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 3, Sui and T'ang China, 589-906 AD, Part One
654:
628:
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521:
487:
417:
401:
326:
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888:
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monuments seems to indicate that the text continues from one side to the other.
451:
The Göktürks have left artifacts and installations all over their domain, from
1958:
1726:
1637:
1621:
1487:
1467:
1425:
715:
479:
342:
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1309:
831:
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405:
252:
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330:
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characters. Both monuments are stone slabs originally erected on carved
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987:
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44:
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1898:
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1558:
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561:
529:
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1153:
Analecta Orientalia Posthumous Writings and Selected Minor Workds
704:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
472:
2152:
1318:
510:
A full English translation of the inscriptions may be found in
337:. More specifically, they stand about fifty miles north of the
2091:
631:
also references the hiring of Chinese artists when he claims,
471:
within walled enclosures. Bilge Khagan's stone shows a carved
1314:
64:
Kul Tigin Monument of Orkhon Inscriptions – Orkhon Museum,
1127:
The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC - AD 2000
416:, which was a prominent Turkic nomadic society during the
1197:
The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics
893:"Old Turkic". History of Civilizations of Central Asia. 4
520:
The first portion of the Turkic translations seems to be
400:
in the early 8th century. They commemorate the brothers
386:
Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency
1030:
Islamic Central Asia An Anthology of Historical Sources
341:, and approximately twenty-five miles northwest of the
1004:
The Avars: A Steppe Empire in Central Europe, 567–822
745:
Krueger, John R. (1962). "The Earliest Turkic Poem".
251:. They were erected in honor of two Turkic princes,
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1076:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 24–.
353:Before the Orkhon Inscriptions were deciphered by
1156:. Brill Archive. pp. 42–. GGKEY:3S3JPXD29QD.
1103:. University of California Press. pp. 130–.
235:)) are two memorial installations erected by the
1200:. University of California Press. pp. 49–.
482:inscriptions on these monuments were written by
1130:. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. pp. 142–.
633:
622:
588:
538:
526:
918:A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic)
895:. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 331–333.
16:Göktürk inscriptions dating to the 8th century
2164:
1330:
1227:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–.
1028:Sela, Ron; Cameron Levi, Scott, eds. (2010).
846:"Orkhon inscriptions placed under protection"
581:The inscriptions seem to have mixed views on
8:
1100:The Rise and Splendour of the Chinese Empire
433:
2419:
2372:
2247:
2190:
2171:
2157:
2149:
1337:
1323:
1315:
556:was also mentioned in these inscriptions.
58:
18:
1007:. Cornell University Press. p. 257.
1221:Denis C. Twitchett (27 September 1979).
968:Journal of the American Oriental Society
747:Journal of the American Oriental Society
277:
171:Bilge Khan and General Kul Tigin Complex
1032:. Indiana University Press. p. 55.
681:
490:. These inscriptions together with the
302:. The original text was written in the
1173:. Courier Corporation. pp. 120–.
867:. Farnham, England: Ashgate/Variorum.
506:Reconstruction of Kül Tigin's memorial
1170:A Short History of the Chinese People
446:Location of the Orkhon Valley in Asia
7:
298:'s expedition in 1889, published by
294:The inscriptions were discovered by
1167:Luther Carrington Goodrich (2002).
1073:The History of the Mongol Conquests
1283:Report of the 28th Session of the
1269:Golden, "Terminology," p. 29.
1046:An Anthology of Turkish Literature
807:"Old Turkic runiform inscriptions"
377:Both inscriptions are part of the
14:
1049:. The University. pp. 4, 5.
1001:Pohl, Walter (15 December 2018).
2483:Archaeological sites in Mongolia
1124:Julia Lovell (1 December 2007).
432:
425:
379:Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape
365:by a non-cursive version of the
243:in the early 8th century in the
93:1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in)
2473:1889 archaeological discoveries
2275:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
1954:Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription
1070:J. J. Saunders (1 March 2001).
357:, very little was known about
231:
222:
214:
49:
40:
32:
1:
1977:Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara
1310:Omniglot: Old Turkic Language
943:Les Inscriptions des L'Orkhon
665:History of the Turkic peoples
2204:Alsószentmihály inscription
2024:Tang Western Turk campaigns
498:Content of the inscriptions
325:is a region on the western
2514:
2498:Speeches by heads of state
2440:Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi
2014:Tang Eastern Turk campaign
1934:Turks in the Tang military
1614:Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan
1194:Edward H. Schafer (1963).
577:Turks in the Tang military
574:
571:Relations with the Chinese
382:UNESCO World Heritage Site
306:and was deciphered by the
266:, and their liberation by
2453:
2293:Choiti-Tamir inscriptions
863:Golden, Peter B. (2010).
716:10.1017/S0041977X00090558
396:They were erected by the
274:Discovery and translation
191:Khöshöö Tsaidam monuments
57:
26:
2478:8th-century inscriptions
2298:Karabalgasun inscription
1549:Western Turkic Khaganate
1453:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1305:Orkhon Inscriptions Text
1285:World Heritage Committee
2354:Uyuk-Tarlak inscription
2303:Sükhbaatar inscriptions
2252:Second Turkic Khaganate
1677:Second Turkic Khaganate
785:Encyclopædia Britannica
414:Second Turkic Khaganate
286:'s memorial complex in
85:3.3 metres (11 ft)
2424:First Turkic Khaganate
1354:First Turkic Khaganate
1097:René Grousset (1953).
637:
626:
607:First Turkic Khaganate
596:
567:
542:
534:
507:
291:
247:in what is modern-day
142:47.56056°N 102.84111°E
2385:Karsakpay inscription
2265:Tonyukuk inscriptions
1944:Tonyukuk inscriptions
1929:Shoroon Bumbagar tomb
941:Tekin, Talat (1995).
916:Tekin, Talat (1997).
565:
505:
281:
2493:Göktürk inscriptions
2488:Chinese inscriptions
2403:Bombogor inscription
2344:Yenisei Inscriptions
2326:Kul-chur inscription
1982:Göktürk–Persian wars
1822:Mengchi Protectorate
1793:Kunling Protectorate
1043:Kemal Silay (1996).
945:. Istanbul: Simurg.
781:"Orhon inscriptions"
492:Tonyukuk inscription
443:class=notpageimage|
339:Erdene Zuu Monastery
2349:Elegest inscription
2308:Tariat inscriptions
2260:Orkhon inscriptions
2210:Szarvas inscription
2179:Turkic inscriptions
2128:Göktürk family tree
1919:Orkhon inscriptions
1909:Old Turkic language
1717:Kutluk Yabgu Khagan
850:Hurriyet Daily News
832:"Orkhon/Old Turkic"
650:Old Turkic alphabet
603:Orkhon inscriptions
384:in Mongolia. TIKA (
304:Old Turkic alphabet
241:Old Turkic alphabet
219:traditional Chinese
181:(also known as the
179:Orkhon inscriptions
147:47.56056; 102.84111
138: /
37:traditional Chinese
22:Orkhon inscriptions
1763:Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun
1579:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
1496:Ashina Jiesheshuai
568:
508:
486:who was nephew of
392:Historical context
296:Nikolay Yadrintsev
292:
211:simplified Chinese
187:Orhun inscriptions
183:Orhon inscriptions
162:Nikolay Yadrintsev
29:simplified Chinese
2460:
2459:
2455:Presumably Turkic
2449:
2448:
2433:Bugut inscription
2411:
2410:
2362:
2361:
2270:Ongin inscription
2237:
2236:
2229:Buyla inscription
2146:
2145:
2009:Göktürk civil war
2004:Goguryeo–Tang War
1949:Ongin inscription
1914:Old Turkic script
1852:Anxi Protectorate
1234:978-0-521-21446-9
1207:978-0-520-05462-2
1180:978-0-486-42488-0
1137:978-1-55584-832-3
1110:978-0-520-00525-9
1083:978-0-8122-1766-7
1056:978-1-878318-11-4
1014:978-1-5017-2940-9
952:978-975-7172-06-2
927:978-0-7007-0869-7
902:978-0-7007-0869-7
874:978-1-4094-0003-5
613:(male slave) and
175:
174:
101:Old Turkic script
2505:
2420:
2373:
2285:Uyghur Khaganate
2248:
2191:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2041:Battle of Bolchu
2036:Li-Sun rebellion
1589:Sy Yabghu Khagan
1339:
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814:Turkic Languages
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255:and his brother
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224:
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207:Kul Tigin steles
168:Present location
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34:
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2358:
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2312:
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2243:Siberian Turkic
2233:
2215:
2180:
2177:
2147:
2142:
2116:
2045:
1969:
1963:
1877:Göktürk culture
1872:
1861:Tokhara Yabghus
1806:Ashina Yuanqing
1783:
1775:
1770:El Bilga Khatun
1692:Qapaghan Qaghan
1687:Ilterish Qaghan
1679:
1671:
1551:
1543:
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1348:
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701:
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683:
678:
673:
646:
579:
573:
554:El Bilga Khatun
500:
449:
448:
447:
445:
439:
438:
437:
410:Ilterish Qaghan
394:
375:
355:Vilhelm Thomsen
351:
320:
312:Vilhelm Thomsen
288:Gazi University
276:
268:Ilterish Qaghan
239:written in the
195:Khoshoo Tsaidam
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118:
69:
27:
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1566:
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1542:
1541:
1538:Ashina Shibobi
1534:
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1419:Empress Ashina
1415:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:Ishbara Qaghan
1393:
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1378:
1373:
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404:(683–734) and
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1937:
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1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Orkhon Valley
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
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1830:Ashina Buzhen
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1712:Tengri Qaghan
1710:
1708:
1707:Yollıg Khagan
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1607:El Kulug Shad
1604:
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1599:Ishbara Tolis
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1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:Ashide Fengji
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:Ashina She'er
1507:
1504:
1503:Ashina Funian
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Qilibi Qaghan
1481:
1479:
1476:
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1471:
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1386:Taspar Qaghan
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944:
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929:
923:
920:. Routledge.
919:
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890:
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859:
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827:
824:
819:
815:
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805:Kempf, Bela.
801:
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764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
738:
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710:(4): 861–76.
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469:stone turtles
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359:Turkic script
356:
348:
346:
344:
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336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Orkhon Valley
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Vasily Radlov
297:
289:
285:
280:
273:
271:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:Orkhon Valley
242:
238:
234:
232:Què tèqín bēi
228:
220:
212:
208:
204:
203:Höshöö Caidam
200:
199:Koshu-Tsaidam
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
170:
166:
163:
160:
158:Discovered by
156:
151:
121:
120:Orkhon Valley
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
61:
56:
52:
50:Què tèqín bēi
46:
38:
30:
25:
20:
2438:
2431:
2259:
2208:
2186:Oghur Turkic
2133:Ashina tribe
1968:Göktürk wars
1918:
1801:Ashina Mishe
1722:Özmiş Khagan
1666:Ashina Tuizi
1659:Tardush Shad
1652:Ashina Duzhi
1594:Duolu Qaghan
1524:Ashide Wenfu
1488:Chebi Qaghan
1478:Illig Qaghan
1473:Chulo Qaghan
1468:Shibi Qaghan
1435:Yangsu Tegin
1406:Tulan Qaghan
1401:Bagha Qaghan
1391:Ashina Anluo
1381:Muqan Qaghan
1376:Issik Qaghan
1371:Bumin Qaghan
1290:
1289:Sören Stark
1265:
1256:
1252:
1223:
1216:
1196:
1189:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1126:
1119:
1099:
1092:
1072:
1065:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1003:
996:
971:
967:
961:
942:
936:
917:
911:
892:
889:Sinor, Denis
883:
864:
858:
849:
840:
826:
817:
813:
800:
790:November 10,
788:. Retrieved
784:
775:
750:
746:
740:
707:
703:
655:Bilge Khagan
638:
634:
629:Bilge Khagan
627:
623:
619:
614:
610:
602:
601:
597:
589:
583:Tang Chinese
580:
558:
543:
539:
535:
527:
522:Bilge Khagan
519:
515:
509:
488:Bilge Khagan
484:Yollug Tigin
477:
450:
418:Tang dynasty
402:Bilge Khagan
395:
376:
363:
352:
327:Orkhon River
321:
310:philologist
293:
284:Bilge Khagan
264:Tang dynasty
261:
257:Bilge Khagan
230:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
176:
48:
1970:and battles
1939:Ülüş system
1867:Turk Shahis
1816:Ashina Zhen
1811:Ashina Xian
1786:Jimi system
1702:Bilgä Qaǧan
1697:Inel Qaghan
1627:Irbis Seguy
1584:Külüg Sibir
1564:Niri Qaghan
1463:Yami Qaghan
1365:Ashina Tuwu
834:. Omniglot.
592:Bokli kagan
373:Restoration
282:Replica of
145: /
133:102°50′28″E
109:8th century
2467:Categories
2416:Non-Turkic
1959:Qara bodun
1845:Ashina Xin
1727:Ashina Shi
1638:Bagha Shad
1622:Yukuk Shad
1426:Apa Qaghan
753:(4): 557.
671:References
480:Old Turkic
465:Old Turkic
349:Importance
343:Ordu-Baliq
130:47°33′38″N
122:, Mongolia
114:Discovered
68:, Mongolia
66:Kharkhorin
2318:Xueyantuo
2195:Late Avar
2019:Xueyantuo
1869:(665–870)
1863:(625-758)
1749:Kul Tigin
1742:Kulun Beg
1680:(682–744)
1645:Böri Shad
1552:(581–657)
1456:(581–630)
1357:(552–581)
732:140199091
676:Citations
660:Kul Tigin
457:Black Sea
453:Manchuria
406:Kul-Tegin
335:Ögii Lake
253:Kul Tigin
2377:Timurids
2029:Conquest
1904:Kurultai
1884:Tengrism
1756:Tonyukuk
1346:Göktürks
1259:: 45–42.
1253:Diogenes
891:(2002).
820:: 41–52.
644:See also
548:and the
398:Göktürks
369:script.
331:Mongolia
290:, Ankara
249:Mongolia
237:Göktürks
77:Memorial
2395:Karluks
2221:Bulgars
2112:Elteber
2102:Tarkhan
1277:Sources
546:Kirghiz
461:Chinese
455:to the
412:of the
367:Sogdian
333:, near
106:Created
98:Symbols
2197:period
2138:Ashide
2121:Family
2097:Khatun
2072:Yabghu
2057:Khagan
2050:Titles
1992:Second
1894:Otuken
1784:under
1632:Hallig
1574:Sheguy
1442:Tamgan
1412:Istämi
1231:
1204:
1177:
1134:
1107:
1080:
1053:
1011:
988:605932
986:
949:
924:
899:
871:
767:597528
765:
730:
724:607024
722:
550:Tangut
318:Region
308:Danish
229::
227:pinyin
221::
213::
205:), or
82:Height
47::
45:pinyin
39::
31::
2107:Ishad
2087:Tudun
2082:Boyla
2077:Bagha
2067:Tegin
1997:Third
1987:First
1899:Suyab
1889:Asena
1559:Tardu
984:JSTOR
810:(PDF)
763:JSTOR
728:S2CID
720:JSTOR
530:Tibet
90:Width
2062:Shad
1229:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1009:ISBN
947:ISBN
922:ISBN
897:ISBN
869:ISBN
792:2010
615:küng
478:The
473:ibex
463:and
223:闕特勤碑
215:阙特勤碑
177:The
117:1889
74:Type
41:闕特勤碑
33:阙特勤碑
2092:Beg
976:doi
972:119
755:doi
712:doi
611:qul
201:or
2469::
1257:43
1255:.
1243:^
982:.
970:.
848:.
816:.
812:.
783:.
761:.
751:82
749:.
726:.
718:.
706:.
684:^
420:.
345:.
259:.
225:;
217:;
197:,
189:,
185:,
43:;
35:;
2172:e
2165:t
2158:v
1772:)
1768:(
1765:)
1761:(
1758:)
1754:(
1751:)
1747:(
1744:)
1740:(
1737:)
1733:(
1668:)
1664:(
1661:)
1657:(
1654:)
1650:(
1647:)
1643:(
1640:)
1636:(
1616:)
1612:(
1609:)
1605:(
1540:)
1536:(
1533:)
1529:(
1526:)
1522:(
1519:)
1515:(
1512:)
1508:(
1505:)
1501:(
1498:)
1494:(
1444:)
1440:(
1437:)
1433:(
1428:)
1424:(
1421:)
1417:(
1414:)
1410:(
1367:)
1363:(
1338:e
1331:t
1324:v
1237:.
1210:.
1183:.
1140:.
1113:.
1086:.
1059:.
1017:.
990:.
978::
955:.
930:.
905:.
877:.
852:.
818:8
794:.
769:.
757::
734:.
714::
708:5
209:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
