199:
749:
161:
124:
943:
1334:
740:
313:
959:
1110:
970:
925:
437:
619:
982:
1128:
996:
19:
1444:". In the artistic area, referring to Louis XIV's fashion efforts that contrasted with the contemporary fashion for austere Spanish dress: "ironically, endorsing oriental sartorial splendor at court gave rise to the creation of 'Frenchness' through fashion, which became an umbrella definition that broke through the class barrier".
698:, who created a sensation at the French court and triggered a fashion for things Turkish. The Orient came to have a strong influence in French literature, as about 50% of French travel guides in the 16th century were dedicated to the Ottoman Empire. In Paris, Suleiman set up a beautiful house where he offered
1378:
Many faiths or religions, clearly, exist or once existed in various countries and ages, and certainly there is not one of them that the lawgivers have not pronounced to be as it were divinely ordained, so that the
Wayfarer finds one in Europe, another in Africa, and in Asia, still another in the very
1093:
may also have been influenced by the letter of Father d'Entrecolles and his description of
Chinese mass-production methods. After this initial period, until the end of the 18th century, French porcelain manufactories would progressively abandon their Chinese designs, to become more French in
496:
1322:(Paris, 1735) all spoke in glowing terms of the moral and cultural achievements of the Chinese, supposedly reached through the use of reason. It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the
1439:
According to historian McCabe, early orientalism profoundly shaped French culture and gave it many of its modern characteristics. In the area of science, she stressed "the role of
Orientalism in the birth of science and in the creation of the
372:, one of the first such theorists, declared his admiration for the power and administrative system of the Ottoman Empire. He presented as a model Turkish frugality, the Ottoman system of punishments for looting, and promotion on merit in the
198:
483:
is also recognized. Brèves was interested in establishing an Arabic printing press under his own account in order to introduce
Oriental studies in France. He had Arabic, Turk, Persian and Syriac types cast while in
658:, called "the door of the Orient". In Egypt, French trade was paramount, and Marseille was importing in large quantities linens, carpets, dyes, hides, leather, or waxes. In 1682, the Sultan of Morocco,
823:
attempted to develop French luxury industries that could replace imports. The king provided craftsmen with studios and workshops. These efforts to develop an industry for luxury goods was continued by
702:
to
Parisian society, with waiters dressed in Ottoman style, triggering enthusiastic responses, and starting the fashion for coffee-drinking. Fashionable coffee-shops emerged such as the famous
1395:
By the end of the 17th century, the first major defeats of the
Ottoman Empire reduced the perceived threat in European minds, which led to an artistic craze for things Turkish,
1473:
910:"). Until 1768, the products of the manufactory remained exclusively the property of the Crown, and "Savonnerie carpets" were among the grandest of French diplomatic gifts.
854:
During the 17th century, from being an importer, France became a net exporter of silk, for example shipping 30,000 pounds sterling worth of silk to
England in 1674 alone.
748:
475:
on 20 May 1604, giving a marked advantage for French trade, against that of the
English and the Venetians. In these capitulations, the protection of the French king over
160:
2134:
870:, enjoying its greatest period circa 1650–1685. The manufactory had its immediate origins in a carpet manufactory established in a former soap factory (French
847:. Ultimately, silk manufacturing would become one of the major industries of France into the 19th century, and one of the major reasons for the development of
463:, also former French ambassador in Constantinople. Brèves spoke Turkish and Arabic and was famed for his knowledge of Ottoman culture. Through his efforts,
1280:
848:
627:
1028:
were sent from Europe to China to pay for the desired
Chinese porcelain wares, and numerous attempts were made to duplicate the material. It is at the
2129:
1209:
was published in 1704. French authors used the East as a way to enrich their philosophical work, and a pretext to write commentaries on the West:
123:
2103:
2084:
2041:
1506:
368:
Knowledge of the
Ottoman Empire allowed French philosophers to make comparative studies between the political systems of different nations.
2119:
1304:
211:
175:
From the 16th century, the study of oriental languages and cultures was progressively transferred from religious to royal patronage, as
41:, and especially the cultural, scientific, artistic and intellectual impact of these interactions, ranging from the academic field of
1794:
1066:
in 1673, which was known for this reason as "Porcelaine française". These were developed in an effort to imitate high-valued Chinese
360:, who would publish their findings upon their return to France and contribute greatly to the early development of science in France.
2018:
2002:
1783:
942:
695:
1814:
1142:
1086:
1082:
192:
188:
1333:
453:
839:
Henry IV made the earliest attempt at producing substitutes for luxury goods from the Orient. He experimented with planting
1048:
883:
18:
1205:
969:
312:
815:. Due to these concerns, and also because French luxury arts had collapsed in the disorders of civil violence in the
567:
1364:
In particular, cultural diversity with respect to religious beliefs could no longer be ignored. As Herbert wrote in
1299:
1294:
607:
988:, an introduction to Chinese history and philosophy published at Paris in 1687 by a team of Jesuits working under
739:
1441:
488:. He also brought to France a large collection of Oriental manuscripts. These excellent types, followed those of
128:
1033:
958:
947:
929:
800:
233:
153:
149:
1428:
1003:
300:. He became Professor of Mathematics and Oriental Languages, as well as the first professor of Arabic, at the
2095:
1879:
1337:
1240:
816:
593:
505:
341:
180:
1627:
1416:
1387:, luxury, gems and spices, carpets, and silk cushions with the luxury and vices of France's own monarchy.
1313:
1109:
863:
774:
459:
Oriental studies continued to take place towards the end of the 16th century, especially with the work of
1453:
1255:
1044:
464:
606:
According to McCabe, Orientalism played a key role "in the birth of science and in the creation of the
251:
Scientific exchange is thought to have occurred, as numerous works in Arabic, especially pertaining to
924:
255:
were brought back, annotated and studied by Postel. Transmission of scientific knowledge, such as the
2124:
1327:
1318:
1074:
1067:
1059:
899:
844:
683:
599:
301:
165:
82:
1383:
Starting with Grosrichard, analogies were also made between the harem, the Sultan's court, oriental
436:
394:
French novels and tragedies were written with the Ottoman Empire as a theme or background. In 1561,
1424:
1236:
999:
962:
691:
460:
226:
176:
133:
30:
618:
1553:
1423:
to Istanbul 1699 and stayed there until the end of his life in 1737, and later with the works of
1420:
1166:
and its dislike for foreign luxury, the textiles were named "Toiles des Charentes" or cottons of
1029:
820:
667:
468:
353:
207:
206:, copied circa 1536, bound according to regulations set under Francis I circa 1549, with arms of
137:
1896:
489:
411:
345:
316:
296:
Postel also studied languages and sought to identify the common origin of all languages, before
1089:
in 1686, but the manufacturing secret had remained elusive. The English porcelain-manufacturer
2099:
2080:
2037:
2031:
2014:
1998:
1883:
1727:
1672:
1645:
1502:
1384:
1163:
1063:
1017:
981:
522:
86:
1946:
1910:
1843:
1829:
1710:
1693:
1655:
1631:
1289:
1275:
1267:
1215:
1178:
989:
919:
582:
563:
536:
510:
449:
382:
349:
333:
218:
169:
141:
69:
64:
58:
42:
1247:
1090:
782:
571:
555:
540:
445:
237:
74:
46:
1357:
1225:
704:
278:
would be united in harmony under one rule, a message he developed two decades before the
1191:, although there were difficulties in obtaining comparable dyes, especially the red dye
531:. For the editorial work and the translations, Brèves used the services of two Lebanese
495:
951:
840:
796:
663:
639:
544:
527:
472:
395:
357:
297:
222:
184:
145:
2113:
1463:
1353:
933:
786:
659:
521:, through which he printed a Latin-Arab bilingual edition of a catechism of Cardinal
418:. This tragedy marks the first time the Ottomans were introduced on stage in France.
89:
decided to create schools for the study of oriental languages in the universities of
1127:
902:
in 1627 to Pierre Dupont and his former apprentice Simon Lourdet, makers of carpets
332:
In 1547, a second embassy was sent by the French king to the Ottoman Empire, led by
2033:
Orientalism in Early Modern France: Eurasian Trade, Exoticism and the Ancien Regime
1458:
1349:
1271:
566:. Through the introduction of Erpenius, Al-Hajari also met with the French Arabist
337:
279:
995:
77:
liberate Christian captives in Islamic lands. The first school was established in
1085:
between 1712 and 1722. Louis XIV had received 1,500 pieces of porcelain from the
1712:
Eastern wisedome and learning: the study of Arabic in seventeenth-century Europe
1468:
1412:
1403:
1263:
1259:
1210:
1192:
1043:
Chinese porcelain was collected at the French court from the time of Francis I.
729:
425:
373:
256:
241:
34:
1151:
textiles. These were enthusiastically adopted by the French nobility to become
986:
Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin
666:, allowed consular and commercial establishments, and again in 1699 ambassador
894:("Treaty on the manufacture of Turkish carpets", Paris 1632). Under a patent (
824:
708:, the first coffee-shop of Paris, in 1689. In the French high society wearing
647:
369:
282:
271:
260:
1695:
Eastern wisedome and learning: the study of Arabic in seventeenth-century...
1479:
1397:
1188:
1183:
1008:
828:
778:
725:
687:
671:
655:
635:
623:
575:
551:
480:
476:
420:
252:
118:
102:
1774:
Bluche, François. "Louis XIV", p. 439, Hachette Litteratures, Paris (1986).
1203:
French literature also was greatly influenced. The first French version of
587:
500:
203:
1642:
The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
1345:
1341:
1285:
1220:
1167:
1157:
1133:
1117:
875:
795:
The establishment of strong diplomatic and commercial relations with the
532:
485:
428:
were notable fashions that affected a wide range of the decorative arts.
415:
407:
245:
597:(1647), and published in the West the first piece of Persian literature
1948:
Artificial Soft Paste Porcelain – France, Italy, Spain and England
1231:
1037:
812:
441:
403:
376:. Such views would be echoed by 18th century comparative works such as
267:
94:
2013:"The Eastern origins of Western civilization", John Hobson, p194-195,
1408:
1323:
1309:
1078:
907:
887:
867:
808:
804:
765:
713:
709:
699:
643:
286:
230:
98:
38:
285:. He claimed that Islam was only a branch of Christianity, a simple
1674:
The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Fascicules 111–112 : Masrah Mawlid
1332:
1251:
1174:
1137:, a printed or painted textile in the manner of Indian productions
1126:
1108:
1021:
994:
980:
968:
957:
941:
923:
892:
La Stromatourgie, ou Traité de la Fabrication des tapis de Turquie
879:
761:
651:
617:
559:
494:
435:
311:
197:
159:
122:
90:
78:
17:
654:. Intense trade also started to develop, centered on the city of
336:. The embassy included numerous scientists, such as the botanist
1876:
Paris as it was and as it is, or, A sketch of the French capital
1147:
1120:
1025:
275:
221:
became the first French Orientalist after 1536, when he went to
106:
1024:, and was a very expensive and desired luxury. Huge amounts of
67:
were made by the Church in Rome, with the establishment of the
23:"Traités nouveaux & curieux du café du thé et du chocolate"
866:
was the most prestigious European manufactory of knotted-pile
291:
Alcorani seu legis Mahometi et evangelistarum concordiae liber
1145:
in 1686 had brought to the Court samples of multicolor Thai
1187:, were also widely adopted and manufactured, especially in
716:
became fashionable, as well as lying on rugs and cushions.
1415:
started to become hugely popular, first with the works of
1058:
France was one of the first European countries to produce
1040:
technique, with production running between 1650 and 1680.
289:
that could be reintegrated into Christianity, in his book
1912:
The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art
1162:, often with checkered blue-and-white designs. After the
1073:
France however, only discovered the Chinese technique of
1898:
Chinese glazes: their origins, chemistry, and recreation
1610:
1608:
259:, may have occurred on such occasions, at the time when
37:
refers to the interaction of pre-modern France with the
554:, a Moroccan envoy to France, met with the Orientalist
1555:
Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe?
1407:, both of which became constitutive components of the
1401:, just as there was a fashion for Chinese things with
1235:(1759). French travelers of the 17th century, such as
1036:
were produced for the first time in France, using the
811:
for the purchase of luxury goods such as knotted-pile
525:
in 1613, as well as in 1614 an Arabic version of the
1657:
Marbled paper: its history, techniques, and patterns
570:, who had been a court physician for Moroccan ruler
240:, either religious or scientific in content (mainly
1270:'s work in the 1580s remained long unpublished but
1051:in 1664 in order to make copies (In the original
85:in the 12th and early 13th century. In 1311, the
1968:
1966:
720:Manufacture of "Oriental" luxury goods in France
517:While in Rome he set up a publishing house, the
263:was establishing his own astronomical theories.
1740:
1738:
898:) of eighteen years, a monopoly was granted by
225:as a member of the 12-strong French embassy of
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1752:
1750:
1566:
1564:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1219:, a satirical essay on the West, in 1721, and
113:The first Orientalist, Guillaume Postel (1536)
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1055:, i.e. "Fakes") of "Indian-style" porcelain.
503:to be translated into a vernacular language:
8:
585:published the first ever translation of the
1942:
1940:
1668:
1666:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1474:Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français
1369:
760:: Ottoman court carpet, late 16th century,
308:Second embassy to the Ottoman Empire (1547)
1062:, and specifically frit porcelain, at the
849:France-Japan relations in the 19th century
266:Guillaume Postel envisioned a world where
1997:"Windows into China", John Parker, p.25,
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1476:(Society for French Orientalist Painters)
803:led to French money being drained to the
187:. Ottoman embassies soon visited France,
1624:The Literature of the French Renaissance
236:. Postel brought back numerous books in
132:, a symbol of French explorations under
1892:
1890:
1490:
1002:portrayed as a Turkish lady in 1747 by
2030:Ina Baghdiantz McCabe (15 July 2008).
1326:and other philosophical groups of the
1243:routinely visited the Ottoman Empire.
1419:, who had accompanied the embassy of
1295:Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese
785:, made for the Grande Galerie in the
7:
1557:by George Saliba Columbia University
694:in 1669 in the person of ambassador
628:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
626:, with numerous oriental artifacts.
25:, by Philippe Sylvestre Dufour, 1685
2077:Orientalism in Early Modern France
1499:Orientalism in Early Modern France
1305:Six Classics of the Chinese Empire
1223:used the Oriental appeal to write
1123:, French manufacture, 18th century
634:France started to set up numerous
164:Arabic astronomical manuscript of
45:to Orientalism in fashions in the
14:
2092:Orientalism in Louis XIV's France
1676:by Clifford Edmund Bosworth p.799
1250:had already been translated into
638:throughout the Ottoman realm, in
148:and various objects. Painting by
53:Early study of Oriental languages
747:
738:
535:priests, former students of the
492:at the end of the 16th century.
212:Bibliothèque nationale de France
2135:France–Ottoman Empire relations
682:An Ottoman embassy was sent to
581:A protégé of Savary de Brèves,
2130:Early modern history of France
2075:McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz. 2008.
1281:On the Christian Expedition...
963:Chantilly soft-paste porcelain
547:(Naṣrallāh Shalaq al-'Āqūrī).
1:
1083:Francois Xavier d'Entrecolles
886:, who was returning from the
356:, or the cleric and diplomat
1497:McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz 2008
1049:Royal Factory of Saint-Cloud
1020:had long been imported from
1206:One Thousand and One Nights
1077:through the efforts of the
662:, following the embassy of
144:standing around an Ottoman
2153:
2120:Cultural history of France
917:
723:
608:French Academy of Sciences
591:in a vernacular language,
543:(Jibrā'īl aṣ-Ṣahyūnī) and
344:, the future cosmographer
116:
56:
1509:, Berg Publishing, Oxford
1442:French Academy of Science
1143:Siamese Embassy to France
1087:Siamese Embassy to France
977:("Siamese") textile, 1687
948:Blue and white eathenware
454:François Savary de Brèves
410:in the 1553 execution of
406:highlighting the role of
136:: the French ambassadors
1950:Edwin Atlee Barber p.5–6
1659:by Richard J. Wolfe p.35
930:Chinese export porcelain
696:Müteferrika Süleyman Ağa
568:Étienne Hubert d'Orléans
234:Suleiman the Magnificent
154:National Gallery, London
150:Hans Holbein the Younger
65:study oriental languages
2096:Oxford University Press
1880:Francis William Blagdon
1731:by Gerard Wiegers p.410
1241:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
1173:Textiles imported from
973:Woman in dress made of
1914:Gerald W. R. Ward p.38
1628:Arthur Augustus Tilley
1417:Jean-Baptiste van Mour
1381:
1370:
1361:
1314:Jean-Baptiste Du Halde
1138:
1124:
1116:textile, derived from
1012:
992:
978:
966:
955:
937:
864:Savonnerie manufactory
631:
562:, and taught him some
514:
456:
324:
321:Cosmographie du Levant
215:
172:
157:
63:The first attempts to
26:
2090:Dew, Nicholas. 2009.
2036:. Berg. p. 134.
1614:Ecouen Museum exhibit
1454:France-Asia relations
1376:
1336:
1130:
1112:
1004:Charles André van Loo
998:
984:
972:
961:
945:
927:
858:Turkish carpet-making
843:in the garden of the
773:: French adaptation:
724:Further information:
621:
558:in September 1611 in
519:Typographia Savariana
498:
439:
315:
201:
163:
126:
117:Further information:
73:in order to help the
21:
1847:by Nayan Chanda p.87
1833:by Nayan Chanda p.88
1714:by G. J. Toomer p.43
1319:Description of China
1075:hard-paste porcelain
1068:hard-paste porcelain
1060:soft-paste porcelain
1034:blue and white wares
950:with Chinese scene,
845:Palais des Tuileries
614:Development of trade
594:L'Alcoran de Mahomet
506:L'Alcoran de Mahomet
467:were signed between
342:Pierre Gilles d'Albi
166:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
83:Raymond of Penyafort
1256:Jesuit missionaries
1177:, types of colored
1032:that Chinese-style
1000:Madame de Pompadour
946:French adaptation:
906:("in the manner of
775:Tapis de Savonnerie
578:from 1598 to 1601.
448:, 1625, printed by
414:, the elder son of
328:Scientific research
31:early modern France
1819:, 16 December 2007
1421:Charles de Ferriol
1371:De Religione Laici
1362:
1338:Japanese alphabets
1246:By that time, the
1181:which were called
1139:
1125:
1030:Nevers manufactory
1013:
993:
979:
967:
956:
938:
835:Silk manufacturing
686:in 1607, and from
668:Abdallah bin Aisha
632:
515:
469:Henry IV of France
457:
452:with the fonts of
354:Nicolas de Nicolay
325:
216:
193:the following year
173:
158:
138:Jean de Dinteville
27:
2104:978-0-19-923484-4
2085:978-1-84520-374-0
2043:978-1-84520-374-0
1697:G. J. Toomer p.30
1507:978-1-84520-374-0
1164:French Revolution
1064:Rouen manufactory
1018:Chinese porcelain
965:teapot, 1735–1740
914:Chinese porcelain
364:Political studies
87:Council of Vienne
2142:
2079:. Oxford: Berg.
2064:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2005:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1973:
1970:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1900:Nigel Wood p.240
1894:
1885:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1805:Bernstein, p.247
1803:
1797:
1792:
1786:
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1763:
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1519:
1510:
1495:
1373:
1290:Philippe Couplet
1276:Nicolas Trigault
1268:Michele Ruggieri
1237:Jean de Thévenot
1216:Lettres persanes
1114:Siamoise flammée
1006:, an example of
990:Philippe Couplet
920:French porcelain
904:façon de Turquie
876:Quai de Chaillot
817:Wars of Religion
751:
742:
564:Classical Arabic
537:Maronite College
461:Savary de Brèves
432:Oriental studies
383:Lettres persanes
350:Guillaume Postel
334:Gabriel de Luetz
227:Jean de La Forêt
219:Guillaume Postel
170:Guillaume Postel
142:Georges de Selve
70:Studia Linguarum
59:Studia Linguarum
43:Oriental studies
2152:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:
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2139:
2110:
2109:
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2024:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1888:
1874:
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1852:
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1828:
1824:
1815:New York Times
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1729:Romania Arabica
1726:
1722:
1709:
1705:
1692:
1681:
1671:
1664:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1636:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:McCabe, p.40-41
1578:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1450:
1437:
1435:Cultural impact
1393:
1366:On Lay Religion
1360:, 18th century.
1298:(Paris, 1687),
1248:Confucian canon
1201:
1153:Toiles flammées
1107:
1091:Josiah Wedgwood
1053:"Contre-façons"
1015:
1014:
922:
916:
860:
837:
793:
792:
791:
790:
783:Charles Le Brun
769:
754:
753:
752:
744:
743:
732:
722:
680:
678:Coffee drinking
616:
572:Ahmad al-Mansur
556:Thomas Erpenius
541:Gabriel Sionita
490:Guillaume Le Bé
446:Gabriel Sionita
434:
392:
366:
330:
310:
229:to the Turkish
202:Ottoman Empire
168:, annotated by
129:The Ambassadors
121:
115:
61:
55:
47:decorative arts
12:
11:
5:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2088:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2042:
2022:
2006:
1990:
1974:
1962:
1953:
1936:
1917:
1903:
1886:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1845:Bound together
1836:
1831:Bound together
1822:
1807:
1798:
1787:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1720:
1703:
1679:
1662:
1648:
1634:
1616:
1604:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1560:
1546:
1537:
1523:
1511:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1436:
1433:
1392:
1389:
1200:
1197:
1106:
1096:
952:Nevers faience
940:
939:
918:Main article:
915:
912:
878:downstream of
859:
856:
841:mulberry trees
836:
833:
797:Ottoman Empire
756:
755:
746:
745:
737:
736:
735:
734:
733:
721:
718:
679:
676:
664:Mohammed Tenim
615:
612:
545:Victor Scialac
528:Book of Psalms
473:Sultan Ahmed I
433:
430:
396:Gabriel Bounin
391:
388:
365:
362:
358:Jean de Monluc
348:, philosopher
329:
326:
309:
306:
248:), to France.
223:Constantinople
191:, and another
185:Ottoman Empire
146:Holbein carpet
114:
111:
57:Main article:
54:
51:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2057:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:0-521-54724-5
2016:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:0-89073-050-4
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:McCabe, p.223
1969:
1967:
1963:
1960:McCabe, p.222
1957:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:McCabe, p.220
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Julius Oppert
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1354:Denis Diderot
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1328:Enlightenment
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1312:, 1711), and
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:François Noël
1297:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
987:
983:
976:
971:
964:
960:
953:
949:
944:
935:
934:Guimet Museum
931:
928:18th century
926:
921:
913:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:Pierre DuPont
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
857:
855:
852:
850:
846:
842:
834:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:Capitulations
798:
788:
787:Louvre Palace
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
763:
759:
750:
741:
731:
727:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
677:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:Moulay Ismail
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
629:
625:
622:Drugstore of
620:
613:
611:
609:
604:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
589:
584:
583:André du Ryer
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:
524:
520:
512:
511:André du Ryer
508:
507:
502:
497:
493:
491:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Capitulations
462:
455:
451:
450:Antoine Vitré
447:
443:
440:Latin-Syriac
438:
431:
429:
427:
423:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
389:
387:
385:
384:
379:
378:L'Espion Turc
375:
371:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:, naturalist
339:
335:
327:
322:
318:
314:
307:
305:
303:
302:Collège royal
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
213:
209:
205:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
171:
167:
162:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:
125:
120:
112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:
66:
60:
52:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
24:
20:
16:
2091:
2076:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2032:
2025:
2009:
1993:
1956:
1947:
1932:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1839:
1830:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1790:
1779:
1770:
1765:McCabe, p.98
1761:
1744:McCabe, p.97
1728:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1673:
1656:
1651:
1641:
1637:
1623:
1619:
1602:McCabe, p.61
1588:McCabe, p.48
1584:
1575:
1570:McCabe, p.15
1554:
1549:
1544:McCabe, p.44
1540:
1535:McCabe, p.37
1521:McCabe, p.29
1498:
1493:
1459:Felix Thomas
1438:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1382:
1377:
1365:
1363:
1358:Encyclopédie
1350:Imatto-canna
1340:, including
1317:
1303:
1293:
1292:and others'
1279:
1272:Matteo Ricci
1264:Qing Empires
1245:
1230:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1182:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1113:
1103:
1099:
1072:
1057:
1052:
1042:
1016:
1007:
985:
974:
903:
895:
891:
871:
861:
853:
838:
799:through the
794:
770:
757:
705:Café Procope
703:
681:
670:was sent to
633:
605:
598:
592:
586:
580:
550:In 1610–11,
549:
526:
518:
516:
504:
458:
419:
399:
393:
381:
377:
367:
346:André Thévet
338:Pierre Belon
331:
323:, 1556, Lyon
320:
317:André Thévet
295:
290:
280:Universalist
265:
250:
217:
174:
127:
68:
62:
28:
22:
15:
2125:Orientalism
2063:McCabe, p.5
1988:Goody, p.75
1866:McCabe, p.6
1857:McCabe, p.8
1795:Goody, p.73
1756:McCabe, p.3
1469:Orientalism
1413:Orientalism
1404:Chinoiserie
1391:Visual arts
1258:to China's
1229:(1732) and
1211:Montesquieu
1094:character.
1047:set up the
954:, 1680–1700
882:in 1615 by
771:Right image
730:Chinoiserie
426:chinoiserie
374:Janissaries
352:, traveler
257:Tusi-couple
242:mathematics
189:one in 1533
181:an alliance
35:Orientalism
2114:Categories
2094:. Oxford:
2070:References
1817:Starbucked
1784:Göçek, p.8
1213:wrote the
1199:Literature
1098:Textiles:
900:Louis XIII
890:and wrote
825:Louis XIII
758:Left image
684:Louis XIII
648:Alexandria
636:consulates
523:Bellarmino
499:The first
400:La Soltane
398:published
370:Jean Bodin
283:Jean Bodin
272:Christians
261:Copernicus
75:Dominicans
2049:31 August
1480:Turquerie
1429:Fragonard
1398:Turquerie
1385:despotism
1374:, 1645):
1288:, 1615),
1189:Marseille
1184:Indiennes
1158:Siamoises
1104:Indiennes
1100:Siamoises
1009:Turquerie
896:privilège
874:) on the
829:Louis XIV
779:Louis XIV
726:Turquerie
692:Louis XIV
688:Mehmed IV
672:Louis XIV
656:Marseille
624:Louis XIV
576:Marrakech
552:Al-Hajari
481:Holy Land
477:Jerusalem
421:Turquerie
253:astronomy
183:with the
177:Francis I
134:Francis I
119:Turquerie
103:Salamanca
1448:See also
1346:Katakana
1342:Hiragana
1286:Augsburg
1278:'s work
1221:Voltaire
1179:calicoes
1168:Provence
1160:de Rouen
1134:Indienne
975:Siamoise
821:Henri IV
781:, after
777:, under
630:, Paris.
603:(1634).
600:Gulistan
533:Maronite
486:Istanbul
479:and the
416:Suleiman
412:Mustapha
408:Roxelane
390:The arts
293:(1543).
246:medicine
208:Henri II
152:, 1533,
1630:, p.87
1425:Boucher
1411:style.
1379:Indies.
1232:Candide
1081:Father
1045:Colbert
1038:faience
936:, Paris
868:carpets
813:carpets
714:caftans
710:turbans
640:Tripoli
513:, 1647.
442:psalter
404:tragedy
380:or the
268:Muslims
179:sought
95:Bologna
2102:
2083:
2040:
2017:
2001:
1882:p.512
1644:p.418
1505:
1409:Rococo
1324:Deists
1310:Prague
1193:madder
1079:Jesuit
908:Turkey
888:Levant
809:Persia
805:Levant
766:Turkey
700:coffee
650:, and
644:Beirut
588:Qur'an
501:Qur'an
287:heresy
238:Arabic
231:sultan
204:Qur'an
99:Oxford
39:Orient
1486:Notes
1348:and "
1252:Latin
1226:Zaïre
1175:India
1022:China
880:Paris
872:savon
762:Egypt
652:Chios
560:Paris
298:Babel
91:Paris
79:Tunis
2100:ISBN
2081:ISBN
2051:2013
2038:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1427:and
1274:and
1262:and
1260:Ming
1148:Ikat
1141:The
1121:Ikat
1118:Thai
1102:and
1026:gold
862:The
827:and
807:and
728:and
712:and
471:and
424:and
402:, a
276:Jews
274:and
244:and
140:and
107:Rome
105:and
1878:by
1626:by
1352:".
1316:'s
1302:'s
1254:by
1239:or
1155:or
1131:An
764:or
690:to
610:".
574:in
444:by
81:by
29:In
2116::
2098:.
1977:^
1965:^
1939:^
1933:ff
1920:^
1889:^
1749:^
1737:^
1716:ff
1699:ff
1682:^
1665:^
1607:^
1593:^
1563:^
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1501:,
1431:.
1356:,
1344:,
1330:.
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509:,
386:.
319:,
304:.
270:,
210:.
195:.
109:.
101:,
97:,
93:,
49:.
33:,
2106:.
2087:.
2053:.
1368:(
1308:(
1284:(
789:.
768:.
214:.
156:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
