802:
33:
872:(牙音 "molar sound") ㄱ is said to represent the back of the tongue bunched up to block the back of the mouth near the molars. Aspirate ㅋ is derived from this by the addition of a stroke which represents aspiration. The Chinese voiced/"muddy" ㄲ is created by doubling ㄱ. The doubled letters were only used for Chinese, as Korean had not yet developed its series of emphatic consonants. In the twentieth century they were revived for the Korean emphatics.
1687:
1634:
1091:
705:
1620:. When transcribing Chinese, these had been used for the 'departing' (去聲) and 'rising' (上聲) tones, respectively. (The 'even' tone (平聲) was not marked. The 'entering' (入聲) "tone", which was not a tone at all, was indicated by its final stop consonant.) Although the pitch and length distinctions are still made in speech by many Koreans, the diacritics are obsolete.
182:
2146:
in various
Chinese dialects, and was composed of ㅁ plus ㅇ. In ʼPhags-pa, a loop under a letter, ꡧ, represented after vowels, and Ledyard proposes this rather than the null symbol was the source of the loop at the bottom, so that the two components of ㅱ reflected its two pronunciations just as
241:
who could afford the education. The vast majority of
Koreans were illiterate. The Korean alphabet, on the other hand, was designed so that even a commoner with little education could learn to read and write: "A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; a stupid man can learn
1745:
It should be clear to any reader that in the total picture, that role was quite limited ... Nothing would disturb me more, after this study is published, than to discover in a work on the history of writing a statement like the following: "According to recent investigations, the Korean alphabet was
138:
languages, though the letters specific to
Chinese are now obsolete. Each block consists of at least one consonant letter and one vowel letter. When promulgated, the blocks reflected the morphology of Korean, but for most of the fifteenth century they were organized into syllables. In the twentieth
1903:
played a major role. Besides the grouping of letters into syllables, in functional imitation of
Chinese characters, Ledyard argues that it was Chinese phonology, not Indic, that determined which five consonants were basic, and were therefore to be retained from ʼPhags-pa. These included the
1832:
There were ʼPhags-pa manuscripts in the Korean palace library from the Yuan
Dynasty government, including some in the seal-script form, and several of Sejong's ministers knew the script well. If this was the case, Sejong's evasion on the Mongol connection can be understood in light of the
2118:
and null ㅇ, reflecting its variable pronunciation. The Korean alphabet was designed not just to write Korean, but to accurately represent
Chinese. Many Chinese words historically began with , but by Sejong's day this had been lost in many regions of China, and was silent when these words were
1212:
The seven basic vowel letters were not adopted from an existing script. They were straight lines, dots, and lines with dots that appear to have been designed by Sejong or his ministers to represent the phonological principles of Korean. At least two parameters were used in their design,
856:
involved in their production. However, the Korean alphabet goes a step further, in that the shapes of the letters iconically represent the speech organs, so that all consonants of the same articulation are based on the same shape. As such, the Korean alphabet has been classified as a
1741:(phagspa) could offer some distant analogy for some of the consonants of the Korean alphabet. The linguist Gari Ledyard studied potential links between ʼPhags-pa and Hangul, however, and believed that the influence of ʼPhags-pa, if any, was very limited:
1837:. The topic of the recent Mongol domination of China, which had ended just 75 years earlier, was politically sensitive, and both the Chinese and Korean literati regarded the Mongols as barbarians with nothing to contribute to a civilized society.
1753:." An affine theory states that the consonants are derived from the shape of the speaker's lips and tongue during the pronunciation of the consonants (initially, at least), but this would appear somewhat to strain credulity.
1958:
The five adopted letters were graphically simplified, retaining the outline of the ʼPhags-pa letters but with a reduced number of strokes that recalled the shapes of the speech organs involved, as explained in the
1698:
letters ꡂ , ꡊ , ꡎ , ꡛ , ꡙ , and their supposed Korean derivatives theorized by
Ledyard: ㄱ , ㄷ , ㅂ , ㅈ , ㄹ , with strokes dropped from the Korean alphabet in grey. Note the lip on both ʼPhags-pa ꡊ and Korean ㄷ .
139:
century the morpho-syllabic tradition was revived. The blocks were traditionally written in vertical columns from top to bottom, although they are now commonly written in horizontal rows from left to right as well.
2135:, iconically capturing both regional pronunciations as well as being easily legible. Eventually the graphic distinction between the two silent initials ㅇ and ㆁ was lost, as they never contrasted in Korean words.
2701:
The
Chinese character for 'teeth' (in Classical Chinese specifically incisors), 齒, contains two pairs of ㅅ-shaped teeth, separated by a horizontal line so that both pairs resemble Korean ㅆ or ㅉ in a ㅁ-shaped
1065:
have a vertical top stroke, the non-stops lack that stroke, and the aspirate stops have an additional stroke. There were a few additional irregular consonants, such as the coronal lateral/flap ㄹ , which the
2119:
borrowed into Korean, so that only remained at the middle and end of Korean words. The expected shape of a velar nasal, the short vertical stroke (⃓) that would be left by removing the top stroke of ㄱ
2095:(Perhaps the reason he created a new letter rather than adopting one from ʼPhags-pa was that it was awkward to write these Chinese initials in ʼPhags-pa, where ㅇ and ㆆ were both written as
2762:
Recherches sur les langues tartares, ou Mémoires sur différents points de la grammaire et de la littérature des
Mandchous, des Mongols, des Ouigours et des Tibétains, par M. Abel-Rémusat. Tome Ier
223:
In the
Hunminjeongeum ("The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People"), after which the alphabet itself was named, Sejong explained that he created the new script because the existing
1224:
The Korean language of this period had vowel harmony to a greater extent than it does today. Vowels alternated in pairs according to their environment. Vowel harmony affected the
2819:
may have been more conducive to the interlocking pattern of internal featural derivation of the alphabet (it had the top horizontal stroke common to most of the other basic
2138:
Another letter composed of two elements to represent two regional pronunciations, now obsolete, was ㅱ, which transcribed the Chinese initial 微. This represented either
2827:
explained was iconic of the dental ("tooth") sounds. Apparently there was no such remedy available within ʼPhags-pa to make the labial series completely regular.
2079:, Sejong and his ministers needed a null symbol to refer to the lack of a consonant with an initial vowel. He chose the circle ㅇ with the subsequent derivation of the
2547:
2714:
Although the dot and line were initially separate, as in ㆎ, they soon joined to ㅓ under the influence of calligraphy and the constraints of the writing brush.
1783:
has traditionally been interpreted as "Old Seal Script", frustrating philologists, because the Korean alphabet bears no functional similarity to Chinese 篆字
2959:
Ledyard, Gari K. (1997). "The International Linguistic Background of the Correct Sounds for the Instruction of the People". In Young-Key Kim-Renaud (ed.).
2769:
ou tibetain carre est le seul qui, sous le point de vue des formes et des rėgles orthographiques, puisse offrir quelque anologie éloignée avec le coréen."
665:
During the second half of the fifteenth century, the new Korean script was used primarily by women and the under-educated. It faced heavy opposition from
2815:, which was closer to the Korean pronunciation, and as a plain affricate was also basic to Chinese phonology. However, the shape of ʼPhags-pa ꡛ
212:(the original treatise on Hangul), explaining the origin and purpose of Hangul and providing brief examples and explanations, and then tasked the
2406:
If the ʼPhags-pa theory is valid, then the graphic base of Hangul consonants is part of the great family of alphabets that spread from the
2204:
As a final piece of evidence, Ledyard notes that, with two exceptions, hangul letters have the simple geometric shapes expected of invention: ㄱ
2578:
1888:; a resemblance to speech organs was an additional motivating factor in selecting the shapes of both the basic letters and their derivatives.
2677:
687:
abolished the Hangul Ministry. The account of the design of the Korean alphabet was lost, and it would not return to common use until after
2730:
installed, the ʼPhags-pa letters will be visible. However, they will display incorrectly, rotated −90° from their proper orientation.
2836:"I can proceed with an investigation of ʼPhags-pa and Korean letter shapes, recognizing that any conclusions must accommodate the
1971:; only the outer stroke remains. In addition to being iconic for the shape of the "root" of the tongue, this more easily allowed for
1070:
only explains as an altered outline of the tongue, and the velar nasal ㆁ . The irregularity of the labials has no explanation in the
2968:
2933:
2474:
1673:
1651:
788:
722:
2849:
If your browser doesn't distinguish the two, the latter is a circle with a vertical stroke on top, like an upside-down ⚲ lollipop.
809:
These pages explain the shapes of the basic Korean consonants. Note the purely geometric shapes, as yet unaffected by calligraphy.
2552:
1050:(喉音 "throat sounds"), including the null initial used when a syllable begins with a vowel, represent an open mouth and throat.
769:
679:
to be the only legitimate writing system. Later kings also opposed it. In 1504, some commoners wrote posters in Hangul mocking
173:, seen as single and double tick marks to the left of the syllabic blocks in the image in the next section, have been dropped.
1829:(1271-1368) that had been modified to look like the Chinese seal script, and which had been an official script of the empire.
3004:
1655:
1252:
as well. The seven vowel sounds of Korean thus fell into two harmonic groups of three vowels each, with the seventh vowel, ㅣ
741:
726:
220:, was responsible for compiling the Hunminjeongeum. The Hunminjeongeum was published and promulgated to the public in 1446.
2155:
is that the entire labio-dental series of both ʼPhags-pa and the hangul, used to transcribe the Chinese initials 微非敷
1367:, who mediates between the two. The other four vowels, which could be iotized, were written as a dot next to a line: yin ㅓ
2923:
748:
135:
1596:(both horizontal lines with an upper point in the middle), would back up Ledyard's theory if a connection were proven.
2220:
before the influence of the writing brush made them asymmetrical, these were purely geometric. The exceptions were ㄷ
1939:
in the Indic languages and were not basic in the Indic tradition. The other two letters were the plain sibilant ꡛ
755:
2193:
It also had two pronunciations in Chinese, as a sibilant and as a nasal (approximately and ) and so, like ㅱ for
1892:
849:
116:
1225:
1880:
A sixth letter, the null initial ㅇ, was invented by Sejong. The rest of the consonants were developed through
1046:(齒音 "incisor sounds") represent the teeth (in sibilants the airstream is directed against the teeth), and the
813:
Various fanciful speculations about the creation of hangul were put to rest by the 1940 discovery of the 1446
1801:"Mongol". Indeed, records from Sejong's day played with this ambiguity, joking that "no one is older (more 古
737:
2654:
reconstructed here, which match the iconicity of the Korean alphabet, do not fit the Chinese classification.
1644:
715:
208:
dynasty, personally created Hangul and revealed it in 1443. Afterward, King Sejong wrote the preface to the
2228:, which had more complex geometries and were two of the forms adopted from ʼPhags-pa. For example, ㄷ
2977:
2608:
2198:
2194:
1988:
1768:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1522:
824:
815:
652:
630:
612:
605:
587:
569:
562:
555:
548:
534:
527:
518:
511:
504:
492:
485:
476:
469:
462:
441:
434:
427:
420:
402:
395:
388:
381:
357:
350:
343:
336:
318:
311:
304:
297:
265:
150:
91:
1775:
Seal Script". The identity of this script has long been puzzling. The primary meaning of the character 古
2096:
1860:. These were the consonants basic to Chinese phonology, rather than the graphically simplest letters (ㄱ
1759:
1054:
158:
193:
in the Korean alphabet. Note that these glosses, but not the Korean text, use the null symbol ㅇ at the
2159:
have such composite forms, though in the case of ʼPhags-pa these are all based on the letter ꡜ
1840:
It is postulated that the Koreans adopted five core consonant letters from ʼPhags-pa, namely ㄱ
680:
36:
The inscription on a statue of King Sejong, illustrating the original forms of the letters. It reads
2779:
The Korean language reform of 1446: the origin, background, and Early History of the Korean Alphabet
189:, a version of Sejong's proclamation of the Korean alphabet with the explanatory Chinese characters
2586:
2440:
2407:
1976:
1881:
1822:
1736:
1715:(left) and its variant ꡯ plus a subscript Mongol ꡧ (blue), and analogous composition of Korean ㅱ
1695:
1075:
154:
2415:
801:
32:
1613:
1057:(輕脣音 "light lip sounds") are derived from the bilabial series. In all cases but the labials, the
1047:
1039:
1038:(舌音 "tongue sounds") are said to show the (front of the) tongue bent up to touch the palate, the
684:
374:
230:
166:
2964:
2929:
2740:
2673:
2470:
1972:
1525:
in the fifteenth century, as they do today, whereas the fifteenth-century sound values of ㅣㅓㅏ
1035:
858:
762:
369:
123:
2464:
1947:(ㅈ was pronounced in the fifteenth century, as it still is in North Korea) and the liquid ꡙ
197:
of a syllable when there is no final consonant, a convention found only in this one document.
149:
to indicate clauses and sentences, so that the Korean alphabet now transcribes Korean at the
2760:
2411:
1936:
1905:
1482:
There was presumably a third parameter in designing the vowel letters, not mentioned in the
1058:
260:
213:
201:
131:
84:
1891:
Although several of the basic concepts of the Korean alphabet may have been inherited from
1686:
2999:
2893:
1749:
869:
127:
70:
2641:
The palatals were obsolete by Sejong's day, and not distinguished in the Korean alphabet.
2981:
2692:
The Chinese character for 'mouth', 口, is essentially identical in shape to the Korean ㅁ.
823:
with Examples". This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to
2419:
2123:, had the additional problem that it would have looked almost identical to the vowel ㅣ
2072:
1908:
1062:
862:
209:
190:
162:
2087:, by adding a vertical top stroke by analogy with the other stops, and the aspirate ㅎ
1896:
1074:
but may be a remnant of the graphic origin of the basic letter shapes in the imperial
2993:
2423:
2076:
1558:
1214:
842:
2056:
account, it would be expected to have a horizontal top stroke similar to those of ㄱ
2666:
2500:
2080:
1834:
1826:
1617:
1605:
1562:
1344:
1332:
1079:
853:
832:
828:
688:
666:
598:
330:
233:, was not a good fit for the Korean language and was only used by male aristocrats
170:
142:
1561:, and the vowel harmony, described as "shallow" vs "deep", would have been one of
1818:
1787:
1633:
1604:
Korean has a simple tone system often characterized by the poorly defined term "
1554:
1491:
1339:
states that the shapes of the strokes were chosen to represent the Confucian 三才
1090:
704:
683:, so he forbade use of Hangul and initiated a series of palace purges. In 1506,
270:
246:
217:
146:
17:
216:
to write detailed examples and explanations. The head of the Hall of Worthies,
181:
2614:
2422:(though the derivation of Brahmi from Aramaic/Phoenician is also tenuous; see
2010:
the top stroke or strokes of the basic letters. (No letter was derived from ㄹ
1900:
1570:
1519:
670:
225:
2820:
2651:
1609:
1383:(which also alternate). Iotation was then indicated by doubling this dot: ㅕ
2236:
had a lip protruding from the upper left corner, just as ʼPhags-pa ꡊ
2127:. Sejong's solution solved both problems: The vertical stroke left from ㄱ
2727:
1218:
1043:
581:
453:
291:
275:
88:
2840:
speech organ explanation of the Korean letter shapes." (Ledyard 1997:57)
2743:, intermediate between the Greek and Latin alphabets, was also written
2151:
did. The reason for suspecting that this derives from ʼPhags-pa ꡧ
1895:
through the ʼPhags-pa script, such as the relationships among the
1268:
vowels, and for this reason was called "mediating". The letters for the
115:), it only became the primary Korean script following independence from
54:
in the first two syllables, the asymmetrical lip at the top-left of the
2579:"Preserving Korea's Documents: UNESCO's 'Memory of the World Register'"
1658: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1311:
Of these seven vowel sounds, three could not be iotized (preceded by a
414:
236:
2026:
2019:
2435:
205:
66:
852:, consonants in the Korean alphabet are classified according to the
1771:, it also states that Sejong adapted them from the enigmatic 古篆字 "
1727:
also for Chinese, from variants of the basic letter plus a circle.
1553:). In the latter case, the vertical letters would have represented
2874:, which Ledyard posits had a separate source in ʼPhags-pa ꡙ
2171:
among its basic consonants, they are based on the labial series ㅁ
1685:
1089:
800:
675:
542:
180:
95:
80:
31:
2781:, Gari Keith Ledyard. University of California, 1966, p. 367–368.
1098:(dark, earth) directions of left and down, used for the vowels ㅡ
2014:.) This clears up a few points that had been problematic in the
1228:
of the language, and Korean phonology described it in terms of
1627:
1042:(脣音 "lip sounds") represent the lips touching or parting, the
876:
The Korean consonant series and the iconicity of their shapes
698:
161:, syllable, morpheme, word, clause and sentence. However, the
2036:
in Ledyard's account, it is not clear how one would derive ㅂ
1935:, which were basic to Chinese theory, but which represented
58:
in the third, and the distinction between initial and final
27:
Native script of Korea, created in the mid fifteenth century
2803:
Ledyard acknowledges that it is irregular for the Korean ㅈ
1884:
derivation from these six, essentially as described in the
1767:
explains the design of the consonantal letters in terms of
2426:). However, this is only one component of its derivation.
2189:
now obsolete, has no explanation in either Ledyard or the
2928:. Globalities. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 187–194.
1315:
sound). These three were written with a single stroke: ㅡ
865:
are believed to have disagreed with this classification.
2629:ㆄ and ㅹ were theoretical forms not used in normal texts.
253:
The 36 Chinese initials and their Korean transcriptions
1612:
to represent this system, a single tick, as in 성〮, for
1260:
was harmonically neutral and could coexist with either
928:舌根閉喉 outline of the root of tongue blocking the throat
46:
Note the dots on the vowels, the geometric symmetry of
2823:), as well as containing the ㅅ (tooth) shape that the
2794:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 219-220
1240:("deep") vowels, then most suffixes also had to have
2495:
2493:
1114:(light, sky) directions of up and right, used for ㆍ
948:舌附上腭 outline of the tongue touching the hard palate
2018:For example, while it is straightforward to derive
861:by Geoffrey Sampson, though other scholars such as
729:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2665:
1588:(both horizontal lines), and of ʼPhags-pa ꡡ
1529:are uncertain. Some linguists reconstruct them as
2201:, may have been a composite of existing letters.
249:in the Chinese inventory had Korean equivalents:
87:, as both a complement and an alternative to the
83:. It was created in the mid fifteenth century by
1975:and left room for an added stroke to derive the
2106:However, Ledyard's explanation of the letter ㆁ
2071:In order to maintain the Chinese convention of
1743:
1363:; and 人 man, represented with an upright line,
99:. Initially denounced by the educated class as
2961:The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure
2617:, p. 27a, translation from Ledyard (1998:258).
2466:The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure
1963:For example, the box inside ʼPhags-pa ꡂ
1248:("shallow") vowels, the suffixes needed to be
695:Consonant letters as outlines of speech organs
2232:wasn't a simple half square, but even in the
1797:also functions as a phonetic component of 蒙古
1375:(which alternate under vowel harmony), yin ㅜ
1351:concept, represented with a dot for the sun,
145:has been introduced, to separate words, with
8:
2901:was the source in Brāhmī of both the letter
2807:to have been derived from ʼPhags-pa ꡛ
2458:
2456:
2185:An additional letter, the 'semi-sibilant' ㅿ
110:
104:
74:
37:
2167:), while in hangul, which does not have an
2131:was added to the null symbol ㅇ to create ㆁ
2114:account; he sees it as a fusion of velar ㄱ
1821:", that is, a formal variant of the Mongol
1533:, respectively (and reconstruct obsolete ㆍ
245:Except for the obsolete palatal stops, all
2985:蒙古字韻 "Mongolian Letters arranged by Rhyme"
2469:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 15.
2048:is not analogous to the other stops: If ㅂ
1400:
1128:
2963:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
2637:
2635:
2572:
2570:
1674:Learn how and when to remove this message
789:Learn how and when to remove this message
2765:, Paris, 1820, p. 82. "Enfin l'alphabet
2246:
874:
251:
2722:
2720:
2509:. National Institute of Korean Language
2452:
2424:the Semitic-model hypothesis for Brahmi
1359:concept, represented with a flat line,
2710:
2708:
2625:
2623:
2585:. The Korea Foundation. Archived from
669:scholars educated in Chinese, notably
130:blocks, and was designed for both the
2887:This connection assumes that Aramaic
2790:Peter T. Daniels and William Bright,
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
1876:) taken as the starting point by the
1616:, and a double tick, as in 성〯, for a
1284:dots, if present, were placed in the
7:
1711:used for Chinese, from the letter ꡜ
1656:adding citations to reliable sources
1506:as the base of "open" (unrounded) ㅓ
1244:vowels; conversely, if the root had
727:adding citations to reliable sources
2858:As can be seen in the photo of the
1813:was a veiled reference to the 蒙古篆字
1580:A resemblance of ʼPhags-pa ꡠ
827:and the vowel letters according to
2952:The Korean Language Reform of 1446
1703:) Derivation of ʼPhags-pa ꡤ
25:
2905:and the similar-shaped diacritic
2747:, analogous to ʼPhags-pa ꡰ
1490:as the graphic base of "closed" (
1288:directions of down and left. The
2553:Cultural Heritage Administration
2248:Cognates of core hangul letters
1809:". From palace records that 古篆字
1632:
968:口形 outline of the mouth (lips)
703:
242:them in the space of ten days."
2922:Fischer, Stephen Roger (2004).
1643:needs additional citations for
1256:falling outside this system. ㅣ
714:needs additional citations for
2463:Kim-Renaud, Young-Key (1997).
2216:a chevron, ㅇ a circle. In the
2208:was the corner of a square, ㅁ
2091:, parallel the account in the
1600:Diacritics for suprasegmentals
1086:Iconic design of vowel letters
1008:喉形 outline of the open throat
868:For example, the shape of the
75:
1:
2862:at the top of the article, ㅌ
2672:. Stanford University Press.
1967:is not found in the Korean ㄱ
1608:". Hangul originally had two
1486:namely choosing horizontal ㅡ
2527:
1402:Possible vowel articulation
1308:directions of up and right.
1011:
991:
971:
951:
931:
911:
904:Iconicity, according to the
2792:The World's Writing Systems
2548:"Hunminjeongeum Manuscript"
1833:political situation in the
1514:The horizontal letters ㅡㅜㅗ
3021:
2664:Sampson, Geoffrey (1990).
1331:is now obsolete except in
1027:
1007:
987:
967:
947:
927:
79:) is the native script of
2954:. Seoul: Shingu munhwasa.
2950:Ledyard, Gari K. (1998).
2870:also had this lip, but ㄹ
2040:by adding something to ㅁ
2032:by removing the top of ㅂ
1983:. But in contrast to the
1179:
1028:(lip sounds plus circle)
988:齒形 outline of an incisor
641:
619:
580:
541:
452:
368:
287:
257:
204:, the fourth king of the
122:The Korean alphabet is a
119:in the mid-20th century.
111:
105:
38:
2501:
2147:the two components of ㆁ
1823:ʼPhags-pa alphabet
1793:However the character 古
1130:Vowel iconicity per the
1076:ʼPhags-pa alphabet
807:Hunmin jeong-eum haerye.
2609:Hunmin jeong-eum haerye
2052:were derived as in the
1987:account, the non-stops
1760:Hunmin jeong-eum haerye
1013:輕脣音 "light lip sounds"
907:Hunmin jeong-eum haerye
831:principles such as the
816:Hunmin jeong-eum haerye
187:Hunmin Jeong-eum Eonhae
2240:did, and as Tibetan ད
1769:articulatory phonetics
1755:
1728:
1624:ʼPhags-pa theory
1126:
1055:labiodental consonants
825:articulatory phonetics
810:
198:
63:
3005:15th century in Korea
2726:If you have the font
1689:
1304:with the dots in the
1292:vowel letters were ㆍ
1093:
804:
184:
103:(vernacular writing;
35:
2925:A History of Writing
2891:which was used as a
1652:improve this article
973:齒音 "incisor sounds"
819:"Explanation of the
723:improve this article
2811:rather than from ꡒ
2408:Phoenician alphabet
2249:
1977:aspirated consonant
1557:, the dot the sole
1403:
1134:
1048:guttural consonants
1040:bilabial consonants
993:喉音 "throat sounds"
933:舌音 "tongue sounds"
881:Articulatory class
877:
254:
2577:Paik, Syeung-gil.
2247:
1973:consonant clusters
1729:
1401:
1129:
1127:
1036:coronal consonants
913:牙音 "molar sounds"
875:
811:
738:"Origin of Hangul"
500:Palatal/Retroflex
252:
231:Chinese characters
199:
64:
2741:Etruscan alphabet
2739:Note that in the
2679:978-0-8047-1756-4
2404:
2403:
2244:did before that.
2218:Hunmin Jeong-eum,
2212:a full square, ㅅ
2110:differs from the
1937:voiced consonants
1901:Chinese phonology
1779:is "old", so 古篆字
1684:
1683:
1676:
1480:
1479:
1365:⟨ㅣ⟩
1361:⟨ㅡ⟩
1353:⟨ㆍ⟩
1347:" of 天 heaven, a
1210:
1209:
1032:
1031:
859:featural alphabet
799:
798:
791:
773:
663:
662:
229:system, based on
177:Historical record
124:featural alphabet
16:(Redirected from
3012:
2983:The Měnggǔ Zìyùn
2974:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2909:
2885:
2879:
2860:Hunmin Jeong-eum
2856:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2801:
2795:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2737:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2630:
2627:
2618:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2589:on 9 August 2017
2574:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2544:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2460:
2394:𐤅 ?
2250:
2234:Hunmin Jeong-eum
2200:
2196:
2006:were derived by
1990:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1636:
1628:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1404:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1337:Hunmin Jeong-eum
1236:: If a root had
1135:
953:脣音 "lip sounds"
878:
821:Hunmin Jeong-eum
794:
787:
783:
780:
774:
772:
731:
707:
699:
654:
642:"Semi-sibilant"
632:
614:
607:
589:
571:
564:
557:
550:
536:
529:
520:
513:
506:
494:
487:
478:
471:
464:
443:
436:
429:
422:
404:
397:
390:
383:
359:
352:
345:
338:
320:
313:
306:
299:
255:
214:Hall of Worthies
202:Sejong the Great
114:
113:
108:
107:
78:
77:
41:
40:
21:
18:Origin of hangul
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2990:
2989:
2971:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2894:mater lectionis
2886:
2882:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2831:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2759:
2755:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2668:Writing Systems
2663:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2530:, pp. 190, 193.
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2441:ʼPhags-pa
2432:
2384:
2375:
2256:ʼPhags-pa
2099:beginning with
1893:Indic phonology
1750:phags-pa script
1696:ʼPhags-pa
1680:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1649:
1637:
1626:
1602:
1502:and vertical ㅣ
1364:
1360:
1352:
1088:
1034:Similarly, the
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
870:velar consonant
850:Indic tradition
795:
784:
778:
775:
732:
730:
720:
708:
697:
681:King Yeonsangun
673:, who believed
620:"Semi-coronal"
179:
128:morpho-syllabic
44:Sejong Daewang.
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2969:
2956:
2947:
2934:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2880:
2851:
2842:
2829:
2796:
2783:
2771:
2753:
2732:
2716:
2704:
2694:
2685:
2678:
2656:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2600:
2566:
2532:
2520:
2489:
2475:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
1815:měnggǔ zhuànzì
1738:square Tibetan
1733:choub alphabet
1682:
1681:
1640:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1601:
1598:
1577:counterparts.
1478:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:high iotizing
1440:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1327:(The letter ㆍ
1272:vowels were ㅡ
1208:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1087:
1084:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
970:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
910:
909:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
863:John DeFrancis
848:Following the
797:
796:
711:
709:
702:
696:
693:
661:
660:
658:
656:
649:
647:
645:
643:
639:
638:
636:
634:
627:
625:
623:
621:
617:
616:
609:
602:
595:
593:
591:
584:
578:
577:
575:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
539:
538:
531:
524:
522:
515:
508:
501:
497:
496:
489:
482:
480:
473:
466:
459:
456:
450:
449:
447:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
411:
410:
408:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
372:
366:
365:
363:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
327:
326:
324:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
289:
285:
284:
281:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
210:Hunminjeongeum
178:
175:
163:suprasegmental
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3017:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2970:0-8248-1723-0
2966:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2937:
2935:1-86189-101-6
2931:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2478:
2476:9780824817237
2472:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1757:Although the
1754:
1752:
1751:
1748:the Mongol's
1746:derived from
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1675:
1667:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1641:This section
1639:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:central vowel
1556:
1548:
1541:); others as
1536:
1528:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1462:low iotizing
1461:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1420:non-iotizing
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1358:
1355:; 地 earth, a
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:vowel harmony
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1157:non-iotizing
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
880:
879:
873:
871:
866:
864:
860:
855:
854:speech organs
851:
846:
845:(see below).
844:
843:vowel harmony
840:
839:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:
808:
803:
793:
790:
782:
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740: –
739:
735:
734:Find sources:
728:
724:
718:
717:
712:This article
710:
706:
701:
700:
694:
692:
690:
686:
685:King Jungjong
682:
678:
677:
672:
668:
659:
657:
650:
648:
646:
644:
640:
637:
635:
628:
626:
624:
622:
618:
610:
603:
600:
596:
594:
592:
585:
583:
579:
576:
574:
567:
560:
553:
546:
544:
540:
532:
525:
523:
516:
509:
502:
499:
498:
490:
483:
481:
474:
467:
460:
457:
455:
451:
448:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
416:
413:
412:
409:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
376:
373:
371:
367:
364:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
332:
331:Labio-dentals
329:
328:
325:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
293:
290:
286:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
256:
250:
248:
243:
240:
238:
232:
228:
227:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
196:
192:
188:
183:
176:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
102:
98:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
72:
68:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
34:
30:
19:
2982:
2960:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2924:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2748:
2735:
2697:
2688:
2667:
2659:
2646:
2613:postface of
2607:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:the original
2582:
2557:. Retrieved
2551:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2506:
2480:. Retrieved
2465:
2405:
2400:F, Y, U/V/W
2386:
2377:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2103:ꡭꡝ and ꡗꡖ.)
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:glottal stop
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1899:consonants,
1890:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1835:Ming Dynasty
1831:
1827:Yuan dynasty
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:than the 蒙古
1802:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1788:seal scripts
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1670:
1661:
1650:Please help
1645:verification
1642:
1606:pitch accent
1603:
1593:
1592:to hangul ㅗ
1589:
1585:
1584:to hangul ㅡ
1581:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1563:vowel height
1555:front vowels
1546:
1534:
1526:
1518:represented
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1455:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1356:
1348:
1345:three realms
1340:
1336:
1333:Jeju dialect
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1152:乎 mediating
1147:
1141:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1080:Yuan Dynasty
1071:
1067:
1061:(清 "clear")
1052:
1033:
906:
867:
847:
837:
833:
820:
814:
812:
806:
785:
776:
766:
759:
752:
745:
733:
721:Please help
716:verification
713:
689:World War II
674:
664:
244:
234:
224:
222:
200:
194:
186:
171:vowel length
165:features of
141:
121:
100:
94:
65:
62:in the last.
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
29:
2978:Andrew West
2593:28 February
2559:28 February
1911:letters, ꡂ
1819:Seal Script
1763:(hereafter
1573:than their
1565:, with the
1520:back vowels
1379:and yang ㅗ
1371:and yang ㅏ
247:36 initials
218:Jeong In-ji
147:punctuation
126:written in
92:Sino-Korean
89:logographic
85:King Sejong
73::
2994:Categories
2916:References
2821:obstruents
2652:phonations
2615:Jeong Inji
2513:4 December
2410:, through
2262:Phoenician
2197:and ㆁ for
2044:, since ㅂ
1897:homorganic
1811:gǔ zhuànzì
1781:gǔ zhuànzì
1618:long vowel
1610:diacritics
1226:morphology
749:newspapers
671:Choe Manri
1664:June 2019
1614:high tone
1412:central?
1180:iotizing
1044:sibilants
894:Aspirated
829:Confucian
779:June 2019
667:Confucian
582:Gutturals
458:Alveolar
454:Sibilants
292:Bilabials
2878:did not.
2838:Haerye's
2728:Code2000
2502:알고 싶은 한글
2430:See also
2157:w, v, f,
2097:digraphs
2064:, and ㅈ
2008:removing
2002:, and ㅅ
1927:, and ꡎ
1882:featural
1872:, and ㅅ
1856:, and ㄹ
1817:"Mongol
1545:(with ㆍ
1219:iotation
1110:and the
415:Palatals
375:Alveolar
370:Coronals
288:Labials
276:Sonorant
266:Aspirate
2941:3 April
2583:Koreana
2528:Fischer
2420:Tibetan
2412:Aramaic
2259:Tibetan
2191:Haerye.
2093:Haerye.
2085:ʼ
2073:initial
2016:Haerye.
1961:Haerye.
1878:Haerye.
1825:of the
1807:Měng-gǔ
1785:zhuànzì
1765:Haerye)
1569:vowels
1492:rounded
1484:Haerye,
1409:front?
1335:.) The
1082:China.
1072:Haerye,
899:"Muddy"
763:scholar
237:yangban
191:glossed
159:segment
155:feature
143:Spacing
136:Chinese
3000:Hangul
2967:
2932:
2866:and ㄸ
2825:Haerye
2702:mouth.
2676:
2482:16 May
2473:
2436:Hangul
2418:, and
2416:Brāhmī
2268:Latin
2253:Hangul
2224:and ㅂ
2112:Haerye
2054:Haerye
1985:Haerye
1951:for ㄹ
1943:for ㅈ
1931:for ㅂ
1923:for ㄷ
1915:for ㄱ
1886:Haerye
1799:Měnggǔ
1701:Bottom
1510:and ㅏ
1498:and ㅗ
1341:sāncái
1300:and ㅏ
1132:Haerye
1122:and ㅏ
1068:Haerye
901:voice
765:
758:
751:
744:
736:
543:Velars
495:ㅆ (ᄽ)
377:stops
283:Muddy
206:Joseon
151:levels
132:Korean
101:eonmun
71:Korean
67:Hangul
2767:choub
2507:국립국어원
2447:Notes
2385:in ꡤ
2376:in ㅱ
2308:C, G
2265:Greek
2025:from
1906:plain
1571:lower
1543:*,*,*
1531:*,*,*
1527:i ə a
1523:*,*,*
1516:ɨ u o
1415:back
1063:stops
1059:plain
1005:ᅇ, ㆅ
985:ㅉ, ㅆ
896:stop
891:stop
889:Plain
886:stop
770:JSTOR
756:books
676:hanja
488:ㅅ (ᄼ)
479:ㅉ (ᅏ)
472:ㅊ (ᅔ)
465:ㅈ (ᅎ)
280:Clear
271:Muddy
261:Clear
117:Japan
96:Hanja
81:Korea
60:ieung
2965:ISBN
2943:2009
2930:ISBN
2897:for
2674:ISBN
2650:The
2595:2019
2561:2019
2515:2017
2484:2018
2471:ISBN
2397:Ϝ, Υ
2387:etc.
2378:etc.
2165:etc.
2077:rime
2075:and
2060:, ㄷ
1998:, ㅁ
1994:, ㄴ
1919:, ꡊ
1909:stop
1868:, ㅁ
1864:, ㄴ
1852:, ㅈ
1848:, ㅂ
1844:, ㄷ
1731:The
1717:w/m,
1567:yang
1494:) ㅜ
1349:yang
1306:yang
1290:yang
1266:yang
1242:yang
1238:yang
1234:yang
1232:and
1217:and
1148:yang
1112:yang
1094:The
1053:The
916:(ㆁ)
884:Non-
838:yang
836:and
805:The
742:news
599:null
597:喩 *(
537:(ᄿ)
185:The
169:and
167:tone
134:and
50:and
39:세종대왕
2163:(ꡤ
2142:or
1803:gǔ)
1735:or
1692:Top
1654:by
1575:yin
1549:as
1537:as
1397:yo.
1393:yu,
1389:ya,
1385:yə,
1357:yin
1286:yin
1270:yin
1264:or
1262:yin
1250:yin
1246:yin
1230:yin
1142:yin
1096:yin
1078:of
841:of
834:yin
725:by
601:) ㅇ
530:(ᄾ)
521:(ᅑ)
514:(ᅕ)
507:(ᅐ)
349:(奉
342:(敷
226:idu
195:end
153:of
2996::
2980:,
2907:u.
2899:ū,
2889:w,
2876:l,
2868:dd
2813:dz
2745:wh
2719:^
2707:^
2634:^
2622:^
2581:.
2569:^
2550:.
2535:^
2505:.
2492:^
2455:^
2414:,
2368:—
2362:𐤑
2348:L
2342:𐤋
2328:D
2322:𐤃
2302:𐤂
2288:B
2282:𐤁
2199:∅~
2187:z,
2181:p.
2179:ㅍ
2177:b,
2175:ㅂ
2173:m,
2149:ng
2133:ng
2108:ng
2101:y,
2083:ㆆ
2068:.
1992:ng
1979:ㅋ
1955:.
1795:gǔ
1790:.
1777:gǔ
1773:Gǔ
1725:f,
1723:ㆄ
1721:v,
1719:ㅸ
1709:f,
1707:ꡰ
1705:v,
1694:)
1512:a.
1500:o,
1473:ㅗ
1465:ㅏ
1454:ㅜ
1446:ㅓ
1435:ㅡ
1429:ㆍ
1423:ㅣ
1395:ㅛ
1391:ㅠ
1387:ㅑ
1325:i.
1323:ㅣ
1321:ʌ,
1319:ㆍ
1317:ɨ,
1313:y-
1302:a,
1298:o,
1296:ㅗ
1294:ʌ,
1282:ə;
1280:ㅓ
1278:u,
1276:ㅜ
1274:ɨ,
1254:i,
1221:.
1203:ㅗ
1197:ㅜ
1189:ㅏ
1183:ㅓ
1172:ㅣ
1166:ㆍ
1160:ㅡ
1146:陽
1140:陰
1124:a.
1120:o,
1118:ㅗ
1116:ʌ,
1108:ə,
1106:ㅓ
1104:u,
1102:ㅜ
1100:ɨ,
1025:ㅹ
1022:ㆄ
1019:ㅸ
1016:ㅱ
1002:ㅎ
999:ㆆ
996:ㅇ
982:ㅊ
979:ㅈ
976:ㅅ
965:ㅃ
962:ㅍ
959:ㅂ
956:ㅁ
945:ㄸ
942:ㅌ
939:ㄷ
936:ㄴ
925:ㄲ
922:ㅋ
919:ㄱ
691:.
651:日
629:來
615:ㆅ
611:匣
604:曉
586:影
568:疑
561:羣
554:谿
547:見
533:禪
526:審
517:牀
510:穿
503:照
491:邪
484:心
475:從
468:清
461:精
440:娘
433:澄
426:徹
419:知
401:泥
394:定
387:透
380:端
356:微
353:ㅹ)
346:ㆄ)
335:非
317:明
310:並
303:滂
296:幫
157:,
112:諺文
109:,
106:언문
76:한글
42:,
2973:.
2945:.
2903:w
2872:l
2864:t
2817:s
2809:s
2805:j
2751:.
2749:f
2682:.
2611:,
2597:.
2563:.
2517:.
2486:.
2391:ུ
2383:ꡧ
2374:ㅇ
2365:Ϻ
2359:ས
2356:ꡛ
2353:ㅈ
2345:Λ
2339:ལ
2336:ꡙ
2333:ㄹ
2325:Δ
2319:ད
2316:ꡊ
2313:ㄷ
2305:Γ
2299:ག
2296:ꡂ
2293:ㄱ
2285:Β
2279:བ
2276:ꡎ
2273:ㅂ
2242:d
2238:d
2230:d
2226:b
2222:d
2214:s
2210:m
2206:g
2195:~
2169:h
2161:h
2153:w
2144:w
2140:m
2129:g
2125:i
2121:g
2116:g
2089:h
2066:j
2062:d
2058:g
2050:b
2046:b
2042:m
2038:b
2034:b
2030:b
2027:ㅂ
2023:m
2020:ㅁ
2012:l
2004:s
2000:m
1996:n
1989:ˈ
1981:k
1969:g
1965:g
1953:l
1949:l
1945:j
1941:s
1933:b
1929:b
1925:d
1921:d
1917:g
1913:g
1874:s
1870:m
1866:n
1862:g
1858:l
1854:j
1850:b
1846:d
1842:g
1713:h
1699:(
1690:(
1677:)
1671:(
1666:)
1662:(
1648:.
1594:o
1590:o
1586:ɨ
1582:e
1551:*
1547:ʌ
1539:*
1535:ʌ
1508:ə
1504:i
1496:u
1488:ɨ
1475:o
1467:a
1456:u
1448:ə
1437:ɨ
1431:ʌ
1425:i
1381:o
1377:u
1373:a
1369:ə
1343:"
1329:ʌ
1258:i
1205:o
1199:u
1191:a
1185:ə
1174:i
1168:ʌ
1162:ɨ
792:)
786:(
781:)
777:(
767:·
760:·
753:·
746:·
719:.
655:ㅿ
653:*
633:ㄹ
631:*
613:*
608:ㅎ
606:*
590:ㆆ
588:*
572:ㆁ
570:*
565:ㄲ
563:*
558:ㅋ
556:*
551:ㄱ
549:*
535:*
528:*
519:*
512:*
505:*
493:*
486:*
477:*
470:*
463:*
444:–
442:*
437:–
435:*
430:–
428:*
423:–
421:*
405:ㄴ
403:*
398:ㄸ
396:*
391:ㅌ
389:*
384:ㄷ
382:*
360:ㅱ
358:*
351:*
344:*
339:ㅸ
337:*
321:ㅁ
319:*
314:ㅃ
312:*
307:ㅍ
305:*
300:ㅂ
298:*
239:)
235:(
69:(
56:d
52:j
48:s
20:)
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