170:
186:
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201:, it is actually a specification of the entry and exit portals of the pathogen, and can operate across several of the other routes of transmission. Fecal–oral transmission is primarily considered as an indirect contact route through contaminated food or water. However, it can also operate through direct contact with feces or contaminated body parts, such as through
31:
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Modifications have been made over the course of history to derive modern-looking F-diagrams. These diagrams are used in many sanitation publications. They are set up in a way that fecal–oral transmission pathways are shown to take place via water, hands,
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891:
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barriers when placed correctly prevent the transmission of an infection through hands, water and food. The F-diagram can be used to show how proper sanitation (in particular
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2337:
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916:
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The common factors in the fecal-oral route can be summarized as five Fs: fingers, flies, fields, fluids, and food. Diseases caused by fecal-oral transmission include
3916:
912:
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2587:
1003:
1324:
757:
Whittier, Christopher A (2017-04-16), "Fecal-Oral
Transmission", in Bezanson, Michele; MacKinnon, Katherine C; Riley, Erin; Campbell, Christina J (eds.),
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400:. In this process "live demonstrations" of flies moving from food to fresh human feces and back are used. This can "trigger" villagers into action.
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2410:
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Penakalapati, Gauthami; Swarthout, Jenna; Delahoy, Miranda J.; McAliley, Lydia; Wodnik, Breanna; Levy, Karen; Freeman, Matthew C. (2017-10-17).
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The list below shows the main diseases that can be passed via the fecal–oral route. They are grouped by the type of pathogen involved in
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and soil. To make it easier to remember, words starting with the letter "F" are used for each of these pathways, namely fluids, fingers,
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1956:
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434:
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particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person. Main causes of fecal–oral disease transmission include lack of adequate
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1460:
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2450:
1976:
1559:
229:(WHO) in 1958. This publication explained transmission routes and barriers to the transmission of diseases from the focal point of
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by shaking someone's hand that has been contaminated by stool, changing a child's diapers, working in the garden, or dealing with
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The process of transmission may be simple or involve multiple steps. Some examples of routes of fecal–oral transmission include:
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1971:
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2713:
2065:
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that most commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. This is one particular type of fecal-oral transmission.
4124:
3995:
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3144:
3126:
2212:
2105:
2016:
1829:
1817:
1726:
1415:
1139:
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3093:
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2282:
2207:
2112:
1648:
647:
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4184:
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3805:
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2813:
2404:
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1966:
1673:
1631:
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1502:
659:
623:
226:
1000:
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1941:
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where the flies pass from the water to the feces and back. This demonstrates how pathogens can pollute water.
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2011:
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School children during a CLTS triggering event in West Bengal, India looking at a glass of water and fresh
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177:(CLTS) triggering exercise go to the place where meals are prepared to observe how flies are attracted to
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206:
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2046:
2036:
1871:
1480:
1375:
1207:
1118:
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1041:
791:"Lifting the lid on toilet plume aerosol: A literature review with suggestions for future research"
634:
119:
47:
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3874:
3508:
3351:
3316:
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3136:
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2100:
1683:
1532:
937:"Exposure to Animal Feces and Human Health: A Systematic Review and Proposed Research Priorities"
906:
863:
534:
688:
58:), showing pathways of fecal–oral disease transmission. The vertical blue lines show barriers:
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The foundations for the "F-diagram" being used today were laid down in a publication by the
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1993:
1986:
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1007:
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422:
393:
337:
309:
115:
107:
789:
Johnson, David L.; Mead, Kenneth R.; Lynch, Robert A.; Hirst, Deborah V.L. (March 2013).
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Modified F-diagram including interventions that can block human exposure to animal feces.
952:
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2483:
2362:
2170:
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2021:
1981:
1946:
1936:
1916:
1658:
1616:
1591:
1539:
1527:
1522:
1431:
838:
Jones, RM; Brosseau, L. M. (May 2015). "Aerosol transmission of infectious disease".
766:
714:
605:
523:
484:
463:
1325:"Coronavirus: scientists identify possible new mode of transmission in human faeces"
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344:
305:
214:
131:
127:
63:
1160:"Stool-To-Mouth or Fecal–Oral Route of Transmission of Infection | Healthhype.com"
384:
851:
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2604:
2222:
2041:
1611:
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544:
512:
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238:
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and carry diseases by landing on the food (village near Lake Malawi, Malawi)
154:
95:
1309:
1258:
986:
859:
824:
1290:
126:. Fecal contamination of food is another form of fecal-oral transmission.
30:
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2624:
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1841:
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1445:
618:
446:
333:
202:
158:
17:
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poor or absent cleaning of anything that has been in contact with feces;
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3822:
3075:
2632:
1760:
576:
427:
272:
264:
146:
142:
111:
67:
39:
1392:
Knowledge (XXG)'s health care articles can be viewed offline with the
4159:
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sexual practices that may involve oral contact with feces, such as
3388:
2900:
2217:
1223:"Hepatitis E: an overview and recent advances in vaccine research"
383:
253:
184:
168:
150:
43:
29:
713:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
650:
also include many diseases transmitted via the fecal-oral route.
336:, spreading contamination from inadequate fecal disposal such as
3372:
2841:
2738:
2149:
1400:
55:
2576:
1404:
300:
water that has come in contact with feces (for example due to
242:
761:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 1,
322:
food that has been prepared in the presence of fecal matter;
130:
properly after changing a baby's diaper or after performing
2343:
Committee on the
Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
1274:"First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States"
197:
Although fecal–oral transmission is usually discussed as a
372:
eating feces, in children, or in a mental disorder called
392:
One approach to changing people's behaviors and stopping
1020:
Hale TL, Keusch GT (1996). Baron S, et al. (eds.).
27:
Disease transmission via pathogens from fecal particles
157:
and many other infections, especially ones that cause
1091:
Finkelstein RA (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.).
4231:
4123:
3915:
3764:
3751:
3656:
3547:
3469:
3441:
3427:
3413:
3397:
3365:
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3256:
3218:
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2461:
2420:
2307:
2296:
2233:
2158:
2074:
2002:
1907:
1712:
1438:
1188:Zuckerman AJ (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.).
1055:Giannella RA (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.).
840:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1154:
1152:
118:with fecal material, humans can be infected with
884:Excreta disposal for rural and small communities
689:"Principles of Epidemiology: Chain of Infection"
252:Rather than only concentrating on human feces,
1364:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
1353:Meyer EA (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.).
1196:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
1132:
1130:
1128:
1107:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
1066:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
1030:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
693:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Infection
2588:
1416:
759:The International Encyclopedia of Primatology
8:
915:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3761:
3215:
3089:
3046:
2951:
2620:
2595:
2581:
2573:
2378:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2304:
1423:
1409:
1401:
1001:Handbook on Community-led Total Sanitation
911:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
279:) can act as an effective barrier to stop
256:should also be included in the F-diagram.
2338:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
2328:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
1299:
1289:
1248:
1238:
1146:fungusfocus.com – Retrieved on 2010-01-21
976:
881:Wagner, E. G., and Lanoix, L. N. (1958).
814:
733:Boston University School of Public Health
890:. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 12.
3669:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
2842:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
2383:Health departments in the United States
680:
398:community-led total sanitation approach
4252:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
4144:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
2388:Council on Education for Public Health
941:Environmental Science & Technology
930:
928:
926:
904:
2446:Professional degrees of public health
2353:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
795:American Journal of Infection Control
7:
3499:Compartmental models in epidemiology
2543:
2436:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
2555:
1704:Workers' right to access the toilet
1545:Human right to water and sanitation
1137:Intestinal Parasites and Infection
1097:O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic
537:, there have also been reports of
533:are transmitted fecally including
249:(objects and household surfaces).
25:
1977:Commercial determinants of health
4248:Economics of Infectious Diseases
2554:
2542:
2531:
2530:
1560:National public health institute
1386:
1272:Holshue ML, et al. (2020).
767:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0193
727:LaMorte, Wayne W. (2016-01-06).
708:
1957:Open-source healthcare software
1699:Sociology of health and illness
1335:from the original on 2021-03-08
1278:New England Journal of Medicine
1170:from the original on 2020-02-05
894:from the original on 2020-04-12
739:from the original on 2020-05-14
699:from the original on 2020-07-23
513:Norovirus acute gastroenteritis
4257:Infectious disease informatics
4088:Transmission-based precautions
2318:Caribbean Public Health Agency
2130:Sexually transmitted infection
2027:Statistical hypothesis testing
1788:Occupational safety and health
1689:Sexual and reproductive health
1602:Occupational safety and health
1355:Other Intestinal Protozoa and
1323:Pinghui, Zhuang (2020-02-02).
999:Kal, K and Chambers, R (2008)
440:pseudomembranous enterocolitis
205:. It can also operate through
175:community-led total sanitation
1:
3674:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
3449:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
2810:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
1972:Social determinants of health
1010:, Plan UK Accessed 2015-02-26
541:being found in stool samples.
3236:Aerosol-generating procedure
3014:Silent/Subclinical infection
2714:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
2032:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
1793:Human factors and ergonomics
1362:Baron's Medical Microbiology
1194:Baron's Medical Microbiology
1105:Baron's Medical Microbiology
1064:Baron's Medical Microbiology
1028:Baron's Medical Microbiology
852:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000448
3900:Vaccine-preventable disease
3848:Monoclonal antibody therapy
2213:Good manufacturing practice
2017:Randomized controlled trial
1395:Medical Knowledge (XXG) app
648:Neglected tropical diseases
217:from contaminated toilets.
4326:
4041:Respiratory source control
2283:Theory of planned behavior
2208:Good agricultural practice
2113:Public health surveillance
2005:epidemiological statistics
1649:Public health intervention
807:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330
624:Soil-transmitted helminths
4185:Global Health Initiatives
4175:Evolutionary epidemiology
3870:Post-exposure prophylaxis
3806:Antimicrobial stewardship
3529:Multiplicity of infection
3494:Basic reproduction number
3270:Percutaneous inoculation
2754:Host–pathogen interaction
2526:
2405:World Toilet Organization
2400:World Health Organization
1967:Public health informatics
1674:Right to rest and leisure
1503:Globalization and disease
1221:Wang L, Zhuang H (2004).
660:Basic reproduction number
312:properly before drinking;
283:via fecal–oral pathways.
227:World Health Organization
124:soil-transmitted diseases
116:water bodies are polluted
90:) describes a particular
4003:Protective sequestration
3865:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
3156:Generational difference
2709:Horizontal gene transfer
2699:Antimicrobial resistance
2451:Schools of public health
2243:Diffusion of innovations
1942:Health impact assessment
1654:Public health laboratory
1550:Management of depression
1329:South China Morning Post
1240:10.3748/wjg.v10.i15.2157
281:transmission of diseases
254:feces from other animals
4190:Microbial phylogenetics
4108:Wastewater surveillance
3629:Geographic distribution
3504:Critical community size
3302:Surgical site infection
3150:Iatrogenic/Medical care
3069:Microbial translocation
3065:Endogenous reactivation
3060:Normal flora overgrowth
3009:Opportunistic infection
2781:Opportunistic infection
2514:Social hygiene movement
2441:Doctor of Public Health
2273:Social cognitive theory
2075:Infectious and epidemic
1857:Fecal–oral transmission
961:10.1021/acs.est.7b02811
729:"Common Vehicle Spread"
637:are diseases caused by
471:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
4262:Microbial bioterrorism
3885:efficacy/effectiveness
3293:Surgical intervention
3185:Breakthrough infection
2807:Genetic predisposition
2791:Susceptible individual
2638:Germ theory of disease
2509:Germ theory of disease
2288:Transtheoretical model
454:/ bacillary dysentery)
389:
332:disease vectors, like
194:
182:
114:practices. If soil or
75:
4098:Universal precautions
3056:Endogenous overgrowth
2908:Poultry and livestock
2393:Public Health Service
2278:Social norms approach
2268:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
1714:Preventive healthcare
1607:Pharmaceutical policy
1456:Chief Medical Officer
1357:Trichomonas Vaginalis
1291:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191
1227:World J Gastroenterol
565:Entamoeba histolytica
435:Clostridium difficile
387:
211:airborne transmission
199:route of transmission
188:
172:
94:of a disease wherein
92:route of transmission
33:
4300:Disease transmission
4200:Genomic reassortment
4180:Genetic epidemiology
4019:Health communication
3947:Flattening the curve
3937:Disease surveillance
3720:Systemic/Generalized
3484:Animal disease model
2964:Asymptomatic carrier
2469:Sara Josephine Baker
2368:Public Health Agency
2253:Health communication
2118:Disease surveillance
2084:Asymptomatic carrier
2066:Statistical software
1754:Preventive nutrition
1582:Medical anthropology
1471:Environmental health
1376:(via NCBI Bookshelf)
1208:(via NCBI Bookshelf)
1119:(via NCBI Bookshelf)
1078:(via NCBI Bookshelf)
1042:(via NCBI Bookshelf)
572:/ amoebic dysentery)
410:disease transmission
351:or changing diapers;
4267:Pandemic prevention
4223:Viral phylodynamics
4204:Re-emerging disease
4093:Travel restrictions
3297:Postoperative wound
3266:Blood-borne disease
3248:Respiratory droplet
3160:Vertical/Congenital
3145:Nosocomial/Hospital
3102:Spillover infection
2479:Carl Rogers Darnall
2474:Samuel Jay Crumbine
2248:Health belief model
2101:Notifiable diseases
2037:Regression analysis
1872:Waterborne diseases
1461:Cultural competence
953:2017EnST...5111537P
947:(20): 11537–11552.
635:Waterborne diseases
173:Villagers during a
120:waterborne diseases
4213:Selection pressure
3509:Force of infection
3137:Contagious disease
3072:Endogenous seeding
2969:Chain of infection
2893:Injection drug use
2804:Vaccination status
2687:Case fatality rate
2605:infectious disease
2077:disease prevention
2012:Case–control study
1684:Security of person
1533:Health care reform
1190:Hepatitis Viruses
1164:www.healthhype.com
1142:2010-10-28 at the
1006:2015-04-10 at the
535:Feline coronavirus
390:
308:) and is then not
195:
183:
76:
4287:
4286:
4277:Tropical medicine
4218:Synthetic biology
4119:
4118:
4078:Social distancing
4031:Outbreak response
3652:
3651:
3479:Agent-based model
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3004:Natural reservoir
2994:Infectious period
2984:Incubation period
2941:
2940:
2897:Natural disaster
2866:Tropical diseases
2849:Biodiversity loss
2786:Risk of infection
2776:Microbiome health
2769:Immunosuppression
2570:
2569:
2522:
2521:
2432:Higher education
2263:Positive deviance
2258:Health psychology
2234:Health behavioral
2161:safety management
2135:Social distancing
1909:Population health
1889:Smoking cessation
1837:Pharmacovigilance
1808:Injury prevention
1776:Infection control
1694:Social psychology
1644:Prisoners' rights
1587:Medical sociology
1555:Public health law
1451:Biological hazard
1371:978-0-9631172-1-2
1203:978-0-9631172-1-2
1114:978-0-9631172-1-2
1073:978-0-9631172-1-2
1037:978-0-9631172-1-2
776:978-1-119-17931-3
601:Toxoplasma gondii
594:cryptosporidiosis
459:Salmonella typhii
136:foodborne illness
82:(also called the
34:The "F-diagram" (
16:(Redirected from
4317:
4272:Tropical disease
4208:Reverse zoonosis
4195:One Health Model
4024:Health education
4013:Community health
3932:Cordon sanitaire
3905:Ring vaccination
3875:Repurposed drugs
3762:
3681:Gastrointestinal
3524:Machine learning
3328:Gastrointestinal
3279:Intravenous line
3216:
3130:/Cross-infection
3117:Reverse zoonosis
3090:
3047:
2952:
2933:War and conflict
2801:Nutrition status
2764:Immunodeficiency
2621:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2574:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2533:
2428:Health education
2305:
2159:Food hygiene and
2140:Tropical disease
1952:Infant mortality
1927:Community health
1803:Controlled Drugs
1739:Health promotion
1669:Right to housing
1513:Health economics
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1293:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1156:
1147:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1017:
1011:
997:
991:
990:
980:
932:
921:
920:
910:
902:
900:
899:
889:
878:
872:
871:
835:
829:
828:
818:
786:
780:
779:
754:
748:
747:
745:
744:
724:
718:
712:
711:
707:
705:
704:
685:
630:Related diseases
478:Escherichia coli
347:after using the
317:domestic animals
245:, food, fields,
138:from spreading.
84:oral–fecal route
80:fecal–oral route
21:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4227:
4140:Antigenic shift
4135:Antigenic drift
4126:
4115:
3979:Barrier nursing
3927:Contact tracing
3918:
3911:
3756:
3754:
3747:
3658:
3648:
3549:
3543:
3534:Serial interval
3453:
3437:
3428:Cervico-vaginal
3423:
3414:Trans-placental
3409:
3393:
3361:
3323:
3259:Vascular system
3258:
3252:
3207:
3195:
3189:
3129:
3121:
3081:
3038:
2956:
2937:
2828:
2759:Immune response
2725:
2704:Drug resistance
2648:Infectious dose
2612:
2601:
2571:
2566:
2518:
2489:Margaret Sanger
2457:
2416:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2235:
2229:
2201:Safety scandals
2160:
2154:
2076:
2070:
2004:
1998:
1994:Social medicine
1987:Race and health
1922:Child mortality
1903:
1862:Open defecation
1744:Human nutrition
1734:Family planning
1722:Behavior change
1708:
1664:Right to health
1577:Maternal health
1567:Health politics
1518:Health literacy
1434:
1429:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1372:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1284:(10): 929–936.
1271:
1270:
1266:
1233:(15): 2157–62.
1220:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1144:Wayback Machine
1135:
1126:
1115:
1095:Vibrio cholerae
1090:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1038:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1008:Wayback Machine
998:
994:
934:
933:
924:
903:
897:
895:
887:
880:
879:
875:
837:
836:
832:
788:
787:
783:
777:
756:
755:
751:
742:
740:
726:
725:
721:
709:
702:
700:
687:
686:
682:
678:
656:
632:
615:
589:Cryptosporidium
560:
553:gastroenteritis
547:gastroenteritis
494:
423:Vibrio cholerae
418:
406:
394:open defecation
382:
343:poor or absent
338:open defecation
304:pollution from
294:
289:
223:
167:
108:open defecation
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4323:
4321:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:Emergent virus
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4103:Vector control
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4046:N95 respirator
4038:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3919:pharmaceutical
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3768:
3766:
3765:Pharmaceutical
3759:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3716:Cardiovascular
3714:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3695:Nervous system
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3519:Infection rate
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3274:Injection site
3268:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3243:Dental aerosol
3240:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3165:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:Human-to-human
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3024:Super-spreader
3021:
3019:Superinfection
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2928:Vector control
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2857:Climate zones
2855:
2853:Climate change
2850:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2669:
2667:Quorum sensing
2664:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2302:
2297:Organizations,
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2003:Biological and
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1962:Multimorbidity
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1899:Vector control
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:School hygiene
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:Sanitary sewer
1864:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1825:Patient safety
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:Harm reduction
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1345:
1315:
1264:
1213:
1202:
1180:
1148:
1124:
1113:
1083:
1072:
1060::Epidemiology
1047:
1036:
1012:
992:
922:
873:
830:
801:(3): 254–258.
781:
775:
749:
719:
695:. 2019-02-18.
679:
677:
674:
673:
672:
670:Vector control
667:
662:
655:
652:
642:microorganisms
631:
628:
627:
626:
621:
614:
611:
610:
609:
597:
585:
573:
559:
556:
555:
554:
548:
542:
527:
515:
510:
505:
500:
493:
490:
489:
488:
481:
474:
467:
455:
443:
431:
417:
414:
405:
402:
381:
378:
377:
376:
370:
355:
352:
341:
330:
323:
320:
313:
293:
290:
288:
285:
222:
219:
166:
163:
88:orofecal route
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4322:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Sterilization
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Surgical mask
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4008:Public health
4006:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Phage therapy
3858:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3843:Immunotherapy
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:Antimicrobial
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3692:Genitourinary
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:in population
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Herd immunity
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:Genitourinary
3396:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3340:Contamination
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:Vector-borne
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3094:Cross-species
3091:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3071:
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3789:Anthelmintic
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3657:Anatomical
3624:Seasonality
3604:Mesoendemic
3584:Holoendemic
3577:Farr's laws
3489:Attack rate
3287:Animal bite
3283:Insect bite
3219:Respiratory
2846:Air quality
2834:Environment
2744:Comorbidity
2660:Attack rate
2643:Infectivity
2561:WikiProject
2301:and history
2181:Engineering
1894:Vaccination
1766:Food safety
529:Most human
503:Hepatitis E
498:Hepatitis A
452:shigellosis
374:coprophagia
363:coprophilia
302:groundwater
277:handwashing
231:human feces
191:human feces
179:human feces
72:handwashing
4310:Sanitation
4294:Categories
4127:infections
4068:Sanitation
4036:Quarantine
3895:resistance
3813:Antiseptic
3794:Ascaricide
3784:Antifungal
3772:Antibiotic
3753:Prevention
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3231:Bioaerosol
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3050:Endogenous
3029:Viral load
2989:Index case
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2191:Processing
2125:Quarantine
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1847:Sanitation
1481:History of
1339:2020-02-04
1174:2016-04-18
1058:Salmonella
898:2016-08-26
743:2020-07-21
703:2020-07-21
676:References
639:pathogenic
582:giardiasis
570:amoebiasis
558:Protozoans
551:Adenovirus
539:SARS-CoV-2
519:Poliovirus
380:Prevention
334:houseflies
261:sanitation
239:arthropods
165:Background
104:sanitation
64:safe water
4239:Discovery
4165:Disease X
4125:Emerging
4073:Screening
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3818:Antiviral
3644:Twindemic
3594:Incidence
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3257:Linked to
3167:Perinatal
3086:Exogenous
3078:formation
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2672:Virulence
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2421:Education
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2299:education
2223:ISO 22000
2176:Chemistry
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1852:Emergency
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1596:Ministers
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969:0013-936X
907:cite book
619:Tapeworms
613:Helminths
545:Rotavirus
359:anilingus
327:geophagia
221:F-diagram
155:hepatitis
96:pathogens
18:Orofaecal
4148:EARS-Net
4063:Safe sex
4015:services
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3757:measures
3659:location
3639:Syndemic
3634:Sporadic
3614:Pandemic
3609:Outbreak
3567:Epidemic
3420:Prenatal
3312:Mosquito
3196:to-human
3171:Neonatal
3164:Prenatal
3112:Zoonosis
2957:concepts
2888:Humidity
2873:Commerce
2749:Diabetes
2682:Exotoxin
2537:Category
2236:sciences
2171:Additive
1842:Safe sex
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1498:Genomics
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1168:Archived
1140:Archived
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1004:Archived
987:28926696
892:Archived
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860:25816216
825:23040490
737:Archived
697:Archived
654:See also
447:Shigella
416:Bacteria
404:Diseases
287:Examples
203:anal sex
159:diarrhea
3952:Hygiene
3890:booster
3823:Asepsis
3562:Endemic
3557:Cluster
3141:Source
3076:Biofilm
2913:Poverty
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2692:factors
2633:Biofilm
2609:Outline
2549:Commons
2462:History
2359:Canada
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1798:Hygiene
1761:Hygiene
1486:Liberal
1439:General
1301:7092802
1250:4724990
978:5647569
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577:Giardia
492:Viruses
428:cholera
396:is the
310:treated
273:hygiene
269:toilets
265:hygiene
247:fomites
207:droplet
147:cholera
143:typhoid
112:hygiene
68:hygiene
60:toilets
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