Orosius - Knowledge (XXG)

449:. He escaped and probably reached Galicia before AD 405. Ordained a priest, he served at Bracara (now Braga in Portugal). He corresponded with Augustine and moved to Hippo in AD 414. Sent to the East by Augustine, he played an undistinguished role at the councils of Jerusalem and Diospolis (AD 415). He settled at Carthage, where he wrote his main work, originally at the instigation of Augustine. He disappears after a voyage to the Balearic Islands. His is the first textual witness to Christianity in Ireland, observed c. AD 400, written up in AD 416–17. 992: 979: 459: 40: 850: 583: 2500: 4016: 904:). Its chronology is littered with the same grey areas as Orosius's biography. In principle it is a book intended for Augustine and therefore it must have been written before Orosius arrived in Africa, between 409 and 414 as discussed above. The second chronological limit is 415, which is traditionally considered to be the date when Augustine's book 1015:, the only history book that he wrote, which gives insight into the historiographical methodology of the Spanish priesthood. It is not possible to be certain as to when it was written as there is no single theory that is unanimously accepted by all historians. The most common estimate places the drafting of the book between 416 and 417. 1384:

Another traditional criticism of Orosius's work relates to this dichotomy of pessimism/optimism, which often causes him to offer a narrative that in many ways lacks an objective viewpoint. This divides historians into those that view him as biased and others that reject this criticism and justify his

1304:

Paulus Orosius is not only a widely studied author he also described his own thoughts on his historical methodology in some of the prologues to the volumes that comprise his "Histories". He was always clear in his objectives, he wanted to write the history starting with the creation and leading up to

1372:

In order to follow a narrative of suffering and tragedy he often concentrated on defeats, which was different from the usual Roman historiography which normally gave pre-eminence to victories. However, from a historiographical point of view this approach led to some inconsistencies, as, in order to

1361:

These characteristics infuse all the others, it is particularly noticeable in his narration when he places a special emphasis on the suffering of the defeated, and the terrors of war. This characteristic can clearly be attributed to the influence of Augustine, as Orosius is showing us the two sides

747:

Given that Stephen's relics were uncovered on 26 December 415, Orosius must have departed from Palestine after that date. Although his idea was to travel to Braga, he was forced to pass through Hippo as it is known that he delivered letters from Jerome to Augustine, it is also generally agreed that

738:

Orosius's first act on meeting Jerome was to hand him the correspondence that he had brought from Augustine. This implies that the journey was always conceived of as a return journey as Orosius would have to deliver the letters from Jerome back to Augustine. In parallel to this, the relics of Saint

384:

Despite the importance of his books many questions remain regarding his life, hampering efforts to construct a biography with any certainty. This is particularly true for sources of information regarding his birth and death. However, his life has been widely studied and there are a number of authors

1357:

Another interesting point is the pessimism with which Orosius deals with certain themes and the exaggerated optimism with which he refers to others. In general he is pessimistic about anything to do with paganism or the past and optimistic regarding Christianity and his present, which is remarkable

1348:

On the other hand, in 2005 García Fernández made an explicit allusion to Torres Rodríguez’ theory when he stated that it was an exaggeration to characterize Orosius's historical methodology as "patriotic". This was a rejection of nearly all of the statements made by Torres Rodríguez on this matter.

784:

A third, older, theory, posed by T. von Mörner and G. Fainck, says that Orosius undertook the work before he travelled to Palestine. In fact, this idea has recently been given a new lease of life by M. P. Annaud-Lindet, although with the proviso that Orosius wrote the book during his return journey

521:

Lastly, his supposed date of birth varies between sources, however, a likely date has now been calculated. It is known for certain that in 415 Augustine referred to Paulus Orosius as "a young priest", which means that at that time he could not have been older than 40, as he was young, and he had to

417:

However, this idea is flawed as authors writing immediately after Orosius's death use the name Paulus. In fact, even Casimiro Torres Rodríguez, one of the main scholars of Orosius's life, indicates that Paulus might be his Christian name and Orosius his native name, a theory that cannot be entirely

1393:

The narrative ability of Orosius should also not be overlooked. The author had a clear objective: that the Christians be defended from the non-Christian Roman's accusations that the sacking of Rome in 410 was a reprimand because the Christians had forsaken the city's traditional pantheon of gods.

780:

A recent theory, proposed by Casimiro Torres Rodríguez, states that Orosius briefly stayed in Stridon a second time while trying to return to Portugal, which he was unable to do and he wrote the book during a third stay in Stridon. This would explain why Orosius refers in the "Histories" to events

739:

Stephen were uncovered at the end of 415 and part of the find was given to Orosius in order that he could take it back to Braga. This marks both the start of his return journey and, from our current perspective, a new epoch in Orosius's life that is lacking in sources of information for its study.

409:

While there is no doubt regarding his surname of Orosius, there are questions regarding the use of the name "Paulus". The problem is that it is not completely certain if he used this name or if he was simply called Orosius and whether Paulus has been added with the passing of time. This could have

1401:

The fact that he had clear objectives ensured that he wrote his stories with a definite end in mind. Therefore, there are events that he narrated with little detail and others that he presents in full detail. Orosius never seems lacking in sources of information, he even affirms that an historian

1340:

Torres Rodríguez’ theory refers to patriotism is the sense that Orosius places special emphasis on the events that took place in Hispania. This is normal given Orosius's origins, but it can be thought of not only as patriotism but also as Hispanism. Examples of this tendency include narratives of

365:, as well as being one of the most important Hispanic books of all time. Part of its importance comes from the fact that the author shows his historiographical methodology. The book is a historical narration focusing on the pagan peoples from the earliest time up until the time Orosius was alive. 1053:

In a more general way Orosius wanted to show that the world has improved since the introduction of Christianity rather than declined as others had argued. In response to those who pointed to contemporary disasters, he simply argues that previous disasters occurring before Christianity were much

1405:

The fact that his writing has a moral objective and apologist agenda means that he focuses on unusual events, such as the suffering of the general population during wartime. This selection of facts, in large part, enables him to write about patriotism, for example, as he always pays a lot of

1295:

The Universalist nature of Orosius's work is perhaps its most notable aspect. In fact, despite the lack of agreement regarding all other aspects of Orosius's life, including his biography and his works, most experts agree on the universalist nature of this work, including classicists such as

964:, in which he describes his motives for participating in the synod, he was invited by Jerome, and rejects the accusation of heresy made against him. However, neither of these two books are of a historical nature, despite containing elements that help in the reconstruction of Orosius's life. 1515:

Rohrbacher bases the date of birth on Augustine's description of Orosius as a "young priest" and a "son by age" in the period 414–418, which would place his age at 30 or younger. Rohrbacher further speculates (p. 137) that Orosius may have died in a shipwreck while attempting to return to

1321:, with a fifth empire, that of Christian Rome as the inheritor of all these. In fact, during the narration of their histories the four empires develop in the same way and there are a number of striking parallels between them that are markedly different from Rome, which Orosius praises. 1397:

Orosius's narrative abilities in forwarding this argument therefore went beyond the pessimism/optimism duality that was discussed in the previous section. His basic idea is that the past is always worse than the present, because it is always further from the true religion.

292:

by his death. Although there are some questions regarding his biography, such as his exact date of birth, it is known that he was a person of some prestige from a cultural point of view, as he had contact with the greatest figures of his time such as Augustine of Hippo and

2538:

Beltrán Corbalán, Domingo, González Fernández, Rafael y Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El Commonitorium de Orosio: traducción y comentario", en Faventia: Revista de filología clàssica Nº 21, 1999, pp. 65.83. The complete text (in Spanish) from the article can be found on

476:: this idea is most widely accepted as it has the most evidence supporting it. If he was not born in Braga, it is likely he was born in the area around the town. This idea is supported by Orosius's own works and two letters written by Augustine, the 166th and the 169th. 806:

community to Christianity, but the date of his death is not known. This lack of information regarding Orosius could be due to cooling of relations with Augustine, who never makes any clear unambiguous references to Orosius's "Histories" once they have been published.

1308:

Orosius uses the so-called "succession of the four world empires theory" throughout his works, which traced world history based on the premise that out of the ruins of one great civilization another arose. Therefore, his theory was based on four historical empires,

525:

Therefore, his date of birth can be fixed as being between 375 and 385, although the most widely accepted date is considered to be 383. This assumes that when Orosius met Augustine he was 32 years old, that is, he had been an ordained priest for two years.

661:

The visit to Palestine had a double purpose: Orosius wanted to discuss a number of theological topics with Jerome, particularly those relating to the soul's origins, and Augustine wanted closer ties with the thinker and to gather information regarding the

760:, was born during this reencounter with Augustine. However, it is difficult to estimate an exact date for when the book was written and for when the book was finished. This has given rise to a number of theories regarding the writing of the book: 605:

of the Roman Empire. The date of his departure is in some doubt, however, what is known for certain is that he had to leave suddenly. This is even confirmed by Orosius himself who states that he was pursued onto the beach from which he set sail.

755:

During his second stay in Hippo he had a long conversation with Augustine during which he handed over the letters he was carrying from Jerome and informed Augustine about the meetings he had had with Pelagius. The idea for Orosius's great work,

1414:

Another important aspect of Orosius's work is the importance he placed on geography in his work as a historian. This is shown in his geographic description of the world in the second chapter of the first of the seven books that comprise the

1341:

events in the "Histories", that occurred in Braga or the fact that Orosius himself was charged with transporting the reliquaries of Saint Stephen. It is even pointed out that Orosius's narrations are sometimes used by current day groups of

1324:

Orosius's basic innovation in dealing with the four empires theory was to introduce Carthage between Macedonia and Rome, which is something that scholars such as García Fernández point out as one of Orosius's defining and definitive acts.

598:) until 409, but after that time and up until 415, there is no concrete information regarding his life. The traditional chronology, or at least the most widespread, proposes the succession of events outlined in the following paragraphs. 1300:

and even more modern historians such as Torres Rodríguez. In addition, his works are not only identified as universalist but as the first Christian universalist history, or put another way, the last classical universalist history.

539:

Despite the scarcity of sources, if his date of birth is accepted as that given above or at least within the window between 375 and 385 it can be seen that Orosius grew up during a period of cultural flourishing, contemporary with

1349:

García Fernández used the idea of "localism", which was a fashionable idea amongst historians at the beginning of the 21st century. This idea argues that beyond "Hispanism" Orosius shows a "benevolent attitude" to Hispania.

636:), and a meeting with Augustine, who was the greatest thinker of his time. From his arrival Orosius formed part of a team that worked alongside Augustine. It is therefore possible that Orosius collaborated in the writing of 1037:

which is a history focused on the pagan races. The date of the book is not our main focus here, what is more important is Orosius's objective in responding to Augustine's request by writing a book aimed at proving that

1072:. Orosius never offers a negative image of the Pagans, in this way he is being true to the traditions of the Graeco-Roman historians of that time, who always tried to give a positive impression of their "enemies". 489:

Orosius talks of "Tarraconem nostra" (our Tarragona). The 19th-century author Teodoro de Mörner held this opinion, but nowadays it does not seem reasonable to support the idea solely based on one indication.

776:

by Augustine, which was not published until 416. In order to justify how Orosius managed to write seven books in such a short time it is argued that he could have written summaries that were later filled

696:

At the synod Orosius communicated the decisions of the synod of Carthage and read several of Augustine's writings against Pelagius. Success, however, was not achieved among Greeks who did not understand

2555:

Rábe Navarro Miguel Ángel, "Una interpretación de fuentes y métodos en la Historia de Paulo Orosio", en Tabona. Revista de Prehistoria, Arqueología y Filología Clásicas Nº32, 1985–1987, pp. 377–393.

1084:

have been widely printed, and there are at least 82 surviving copies and 28 incunables from the first printed editions, as well as copies of editions in Italian and German from the sixteenth century.

466:

The subject of his birthplace is still disputed although a broad consensus has now been reached. Basically there are four theories regarding his birthplace, that can be summarised as follows:

2549:

García Fernández, Francisco José, "La imagen de Hispania y los hispanos a finales de la Antigüedad. Las Historiae Adversum Paganos de Paulo Orosio", en Conimbriga Nº44, 2005, pp. 281–299.

1237:. Despite criticisms of his work, Orosius's books were considered to be successes from virtually the day of their publication. Nearly two hundred manuscripts of the "Histories" have survived. 1385:

approach by saying that Orosius viewed history in the same way as Christians view life. Put another way, his approach is justified as being founded in the author's Providentialist character.

1337:. There are two clearly defined positions regarding Orosius's patriotism, a more traditional view espoused by Torres Rodríguez and a more novel view as recently outlined by García Fernández. 689:

in 411, had been living in Palestine, and finding some acceptance there. Orosius met with Pelagius on Augustine's behalf and he represented the orthodox party against the Pelagians at the

2652: 815:’ reign, which lasted until 423. However, there is no news of Orosius after 417 and it seems unlikely that such an active author would go six years without publishing anything new. 563:

The classical theories suggest that Orosius belonged to a family with good social standing, which would have allowed him to gain a good education. This would have developed along

421:

Whatever the truth of the matter this subject has been widely studied and the most current theory is probably that of Pedro Martínez Cavero, another important Orosius scholar.

574:. In any case, any discussion of Orosius's youth is pure speculation and conjecture because, as discussed above, there is little knowledge regarding this period of his life. 1029:

Be this as it may, the book had a definite origin and a clear purpose. The book's origins were a response to Augustine's express desire for a book that would complement his

923:

The book is not only aimed at Augustine but was also preceded by conversations with him. It not only describes Orosius journey to Africa, but also summarises the beliefs of

1233:

The assumed falling out of Paulus Orosius and Augustine at the end of the former's life does not seem to have had a negative effect on the distribution and impact of his

2000:

More detailed information regarding the various theories regarding the date of writing can be found in the sections "Final years" and "Disappearance" of this article.

1402:

should be selective with those he has, it rather seems that this difference in level of detail reflects the emphasis that he wants to place on reinforcing his ideas.

1026:

character, whose main aim is to compare a pagan past with a Christian present, through their followers, their actions and their geographical and temporal location".

316:

These journeys defined his life and intellectual output. Orosius did not just discuss theological matters with Augustine; he also collaborated with him on the book

1749:

Pedro Martínez Cavero refers to a discussion of this theme by J. E. López Pereira in his "Cultura y literatura latinas en el NO peninsular en la latinidad tardía".

2670: 1061:

Throughout the seven books that comprise the history, Orosius introduces several new methods and he also uses others that pick up on the traditional methods of

1018:

Miguel Ángel Rábade Navarro offers a clear and concise definition on Orosius's history in one of his articles on the author. In this article Rábade calls the

818:

There are other theories, from a sudden death to a range of legends that talk of Orosius's final arrival in Hispania and his founding of a monastery near to

570:

Contemporary histories indicate that from an early age Orosius was loquacious and erudite, alluding to statements to this effect made by both Augustine and

2723: 2520: 946:. It was published at the time of Orosius's participation in the Council of Jerusalem in 415. The book is the result of a theological debate during which 4096: 4081: 2645: 613:

410: proposed by G. Fainck. This date means that Orosius had a window of 5 years for his collaboration with Augustine before he travelled to Palestine.

2515: 338:. The date of his death is also unclear, although it appears to have not been earlier than 418, when he finished one of his books, or later than 423. 1803:

Drawn by the author from information contained in Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…" and others.

1512: 1369:

to the shipwrecking of ships in the Mediterranean Sea, and the future as something positive despite the reality of the times in which he lived.

2558:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, Paulo Orosio. Su vida y sus obras, 1st Edition, La Coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrie de la Maza Conde de Fenosa, 1985.

1058:

of the calamities that have happened to mankind was the first attempt to write the history of the world as a history of God guiding humanity.

4111: 4091: 4066: 2638: 2552:

Martínez Cavero, Pedro, El pensamiento histórico y antropológico de Orosio, 1st Edition, Murcia: Universidad. Área de Historia Antigua, 2002.

1539: 1520:

after visiting Palestine and Africa since nothing is heard of him after 418, which is also the likely date of completion of his last book.

653:. This indicates that Augustine had a great deal of faith in Orosius as relations between Augustine and Jerome had not always been good. 1430:

include a chapter on geography. This has lent an increased value to his work in modern historiography, mainly thanks to authors such as

445:, born at latest c. AD 375. Taken by Irish raiders, he spent years (c. AD 400) as a captive, held by traders, on the south shore of the 1446:

The sources Orosius used have been investigated by Teodoro de Mörner; besides the Old and New Testaments, he appears to have consulted

2479: 2465: 2444: 1221: 609:

A number of dates have been suggested for his departure from Braga, ranging from 409 to 414. The two most widely accepted dates are:

1770: 1572: 764:

The traditional theory states that the book was finished between 416 and 417. Support for these dates comes from the fact that the

731:

at the synod, in which Orosius was accused of heresy in front of the entire conclave. As his defence Orosius wrote his second book

567:

lines, although assuming that Orosius was born in Braga, he would also have had a good knowledge of the rural culture of that time.

2546:

Fuentes De La Rosa, María Luisa, Orosio y su tiempo, 1st Edition, Madrid: Editorial de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1990.

3683: 1112:, ed. by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Zangemeister, Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana (Leipzig: Teubner, 1899). 4076: 4071: 3708: 2971: 2689: 512:: like the previous theory the supporting data for this theory rests on the fact that Orosius had some knowledge of this area. 499:: this is a relatively new theory solely based on the fact that Orosius twice mentioned it in the geographical section of his 4116: 3633: 2684: 2599: 2214: 2044: 953:

accused Orosius of heresy due to his idea that man cannot remain free of sin, not even with the help of divine intervention.

1297: 1189:, trans. by Irving Woodworth Raymond (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936) (digitised and corrected version available 4106: 4086: 3749: 3653: 3333: 2730: 326:

in order to exchange information with other intellectuals. He was also able to participate in a Church Council meeting in

396:, although his own writings should not be overlooked. In addition, Orosius is mentioned in letters written by Augustine. 2708: 2535:

Alonso Nuñez, José Miguel, "La metodología histórica de Paulo Orosio", en Helmántica Nº 136–138, 1994, pp. 373–379.

1760: 1174: 950: 752:, although it is not known if he visited the latter on his outward journey, on his return journey or on both occasions. 728: 3608: 4056: 4051: 1314: 3698: 2069:

Bately, Janet (2009). "Did King Alfred actually translate anything? The integrity of the Alfredian canon revisited".

4061: 3759: 3522: 3502: 2661: 1422:

One failing of his geographical descriptions is his imprecision, such as, for instance, when he overuses the noun "

1216:, ed. and trans. by A. T. Fear, Translated Texts for Historians, 54 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2010). 1119: 1050:

in 410 – had nothing at all to do with the fact that the Romans had relatively recently converted to Christianity.

1155: 4101: 1862:, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought fourth Series, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2005, p.39 1173:

A still unpublished fourteenth-century Aragonese translation, made by Domingo de García Martín at the request of

1055: 167: 2484: 430: 3673: 2866: 2758: 2701: 2492: 1700:

Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 26. In this section he refers to the author M. P. Annaud-Lindet.

20: 3728: 690: 2620: 3834: 3784: 3648: 3044: 678: 1821:

Paulo Orosio, "Historias…", III 20, 6-7, cited in turn by Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 30.

3869: 3703: 3668: 3663: 3623: 3287: 2788: 1245: 318: 3527: 1305:

the times in which he lived, which is a clear declaration of his universalist intentions as a historian.

3794: 3713: 3582: 3577: 3004: 2847: 2696: 991: 808: 389: 3839: 1085: 794:

Very little information is available regarding the life of Paulus Orosius after the publication of his

3970: 3955: 3940: 3889: 3567: 3487: 3452: 3382: 3172: 3147: 3127: 3107: 3069: 3064: 3029: 2911: 2805: 1477: 1472: 1342: 1244:

were considered to be one of the main works of Spanish historiography right up until the time of the

1066: 1062: 645:

In 415 Augustine entrusted Orosius with the task of travelling to Palestine to meet with the thinker

289: 3990: 1365:

Orosius is thereby able to present the past as a series of adversities with concrete examples, from

1104:, ed. by Karl Zangemeister, Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, 5 (Vienna: Teubner, 1882). 376:) and for rationalising the study of history (his methodology greatly influenced later historians). 4046: 4041: 3945: 3909: 3879: 3643: 3547: 3447: 3387: 3348: 3328: 3256: 3142: 2951: 2794: 2781: 2770: 1255: 1138: 393: 1248:. This success has, to a large extent, meant that Orosius's other works have also been conserved. 4020: 3960: 3572: 3512: 3482: 3397: 3392: 3261: 3157: 3054: 3034: 2994: 2936: 2901: 2896: 2740: 2086: 1043: 866: 812: 717: 638: 323: 267: 111: 3754: 3412: 3313: 297:

of Stridon. In order to meet with them Orosius travelled to cities on the southern coast of the

2625: 2114: 1794:

Both Martínez Cavero and Torres Rodríguez maintain this in books mentioned in the bibliography.

3950: 3935: 3824: 3769: 3688: 3678: 3628: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3507: 3497: 3473: 3442: 3422: 3308: 3266: 3246: 3162: 3122: 3097: 2986: 2956: 2906: 2891: 2475: 2461: 2440: 2210: 2134: 1766: 1568: 1535: 1455: 1217: 1202: 1164: 625: 298: 172: 126: 902:

A Warning and Reminder to Augustine Against the Errors of the Priscillians and the Origenists

3975: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3779: 3764: 3744: 3603: 3532: 3457: 3402: 3318: 3202: 3187: 3167: 3112: 3092: 3079: 3024: 2916: 2748: 2180: 2175:

Christian Sahner, 'From Augustine to Islam: Translation and History in the Arabic Orosius',

2126: 2078: 1560: 978: 602: 255: 193: 677:

In reality, it would seem that Orosius's main task was to assist Jerome and others against

620:, which was published in 414, Orosius talks of his arrival, his meeting with Augustine etc. 552:

was an important doctrine at this time and it is considered likely that after entering the

3985: 3874: 3809: 3799: 3723: 3618: 3613: 3517: 3492: 3323: 3303: 3276: 3271: 3241: 3182: 2926: 2753: 2603: 1435: 1263: 1259: 1150: 1023: 896:

Consultatio sive commonitorium ad Augustinum de errore Priscillianistarum et Origenistarum

709: 571: 545: 446: 414:) was always placed next to his name, and over time this could have led to the confusion. 358: 272: 162: 3417: 1555:

Zecchini, G. (2003). "Latin Historiography: Jerome, Orosius and the Western Chronicles".

3899: 3814: 3789: 3718: 3658: 3432: 3427: 3407: 3362: 3197: 3192: 3137: 3059: 3039: 2976: 2852: 2713: 1489: 1201:. Translated by Roy J. Deferrari. Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press. 1069: 924: 549: 458: 372:

was one of the main sources of information regarding Antiquity that was used up to the

354: 346: 39: 1122:, 3 vols. Collection des Universités de France (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1990–1991). 849: 4035: 3995: 3965: 3894: 3587: 3542: 3281: 3251: 3152: 3132: 3117: 3009: 2999: 2886: 2799: 2610: 2511: 2506: 2115:"Faraway, So Close: Liminal Thinking and the Use of Geography in Old English Orosius" 1447: 1431: 819: 335: 3980: 3919: 3829: 3638: 3298: 3102: 2941: 2881: 2596: 2152: 1275: 708:

Orosius succeeded only in obtaining John's consent to send letters and deputies to

629: 564: 368:

Orosius was a highly influential figure both for the dissemination of information (

302: 3904: 3693: 1426:" to refer to other nearby ranges. Despite this vagueness it is notable that the 716:; and, after having waited long enough to learn the unfavourable decision of the 3914: 3884: 3849: 3844: 3819: 3804: 3774: 3372: 3367: 3344: 3236: 3231: 3212: 3177: 3087: 2876: 1271: 1267: 1160: 1143: 1133: 671: 663: 557: 494: 373: 362: 4015: 2630: 1170:

A thirteenth-century Italian translation by the Florentine Judge Bono Giamboni.

582: 4000: 3377: 3293: 2961: 2821: 2570: 2184: 1564: 1366: 1334: 947: 749: 724: 553: 306: 85: 2615: 2138: 1470:

and a cosmography, attaching also great value to Jerome's translation of the

3536: 3222: 2816: 2493:

https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/pdf/10.1484/J.PERIT.5.114565?download=true

1463: 1310: 1187:

The Seven Books of History against the Pagans: The Apology of Paulus Orosius

928: 650: 591: 481: 327: 310: 285: 259: 136: 89: 63: 1190: 1108: 1102:

Historiarum adversum paganos libri VII; accedit eiusdem, Liber apologeticus

802:

where he used the remains of Stephen in attempts to convert members of the

768:

does not mention Orosius's work as a historian, and the prologue refers to

1206: 701:, and whose sense of reverence was unfazed by Pelagius's famous question, 3436: 3014: 2966: 2871: 2861: 2831: 2811: 2775: 1423: 1373:

bring the reader round to his point of view, Orosius sometimes described

1318: 1093: 1047: 1000: 932: 822:

where he ended his days, although this latter idea now seems improbable.

811:

considers that Orosius lived at least until the end of the Roman emperor

686: 595: 541: 508: 281: 263: 2524:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 327. 2090: 1333:

Another important characteristic of Orosius's "Histories" is defined as

865:

are a response, at least in their origins, to the direct influence that

3468: 3357: 3207: 2921: 2836: 2764: 2718: 2583: 1459: 799: 633: 388:

The main biographical references for Orosius come from the writings of

131: 462:

Panorama of present-day Braga, the most likely birthplace for Orosius.

3049: 2931: 2826: 2130: 2082: 2033:

García Fernández, Francisco José, "La imagen de Hispania...", p. 286.

2021:

García Fernández, Francisco José, "La imagen de Hispania...", p. 287.

1467: 1378: 667: 646: 442: 411: 294: 141: 121: 341:

He wrote a total of three books, of which his most important is his

2319:

García Fernández, Francisco José, "La imagen de Hispania…", p. 298.

2307:

García Fernández, Francisco José, "La imagen de Hispania…", p. 294.

2298:

García Fernández, Francisco José, "La imagen de Hispania…", p. 293.

2103:

Old English text, with original in Latin, edited by H. Sweet, 1883.

1967:

Beltrán Corbalán, Domingo and others, "El Commonitorium...", p. 71.

1958:

Beltrán Corbalán, Domingo and others, "El Commonitorium...", p. 69.

1949:

Beltrán Corbalán, Domingo and others, "El Commonitorium...", p. 67.

1940:

Beltrán Corbalán, Domingo and others, "El Commonitorium...", p. 66.

1922:

Beltrán Corbalán, Domingo and others, "El Commonitorium...", p. 65.

720:(Lydda) in December of the same year, he returned to North Africa, 2505:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

977: 848: 698: 682: 472: 429:

Based on a careful reading of the relevant sources, Irish scholar

331: 277: 59: 2575: 2540: 1711:

De Orosii Vita Eiusque Historiarum Libris Septem Adversus Paganos

881:, his other two surviving books must also be taken into account: 353:), considered to be one of the books with the greatest impact on 3019: 2588: 1762:

The Works of Saint Augustine: A Translation for the 21st Century

1451: 1374: 1039: 956:

In order to defend himself from these accusations Orosius wrote

713: 116: 2634: 1636:

Rábade Navarro, Miguel Ángel, "Una interpretación...", pp. 377.

935:

issues, thereby exposing some of Orosius's theological doubts.

2621:

Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with Analytical Indexes

1270:. Via its Arabic translation, it became one of the sources of 1146:

and now thought to have been done in the early tenth century.

803: 601:

It appears that Orosius had to leave Braga as a result of the

586:

Schematic map showing all the journeys made by Paulus Orosius.

228: 2265:

Rábade Navarro, Miguel Ángel, "Una interpretación…", pp. 381.

2256:

Rábade Navarro, Miguel Ángel, "Una interpretación…", pp. 378.

202: 330:

on the same trip and he was entrusted with transporting the

2151:

ed. Tassi, Firenze 1849; partial editions are available in

1785:

Pedro Martínez Cavero this time refers to author G. Fainck.

231: 225: 216: 208: 1709:

Theodor von Mörner was a 19th-century historian who wrote

942:

Liber apologeticus contra Pelagium de Arbitrii libertate

560:, which was being widely debated in his native country. 2009:

Alonso Ñúñez, José Miguel, "La metodología...", p. 375.

1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 912:

was published, in which Augustine replies to Orosius's

908:

Liber ad Orosium contra Priscillianistas et Origenistas

16:

Roman historian and theologian (c. 375/385 – c. 420 AD)

1362:

of a coin in the purest style of Augustinian dualism.

873:

Although Paulus Orosius's most important book was the

2397:

Alonso Ñúñez, José Miguel, "La metodología…", p. 376.

2352:

Alonso Ñúñez, José Miguel, "La metodología…", p. 377.

2247:

Alonso Ñúñez, José Miguel, "La metodología…", p. 379.

2235:

Alonso Ñúñez, José Miguel, "La metodología…", p. 373.

1991:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio...", p. 35.

1979:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio...", p. 36.

1931:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio...", p. 18.

1910:

Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 52-53.

931:, and it asks for Augustine's advice regarding these 410:

happened given that the initial "P" for "presbyter" (

234: 211: 2289:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosius…", p. 77.

1262:, and was one of the main books used by students of 735:, in which he emphatically rejected the accusation. 616:

414: which is the most widely accepted. In his book

222: 205: 199: 3928: 3737: 3596: 3466: 3342: 3221: 3078: 2985: 2845: 2739: 2677: 2474:(Oxford Early Christian Studies), OUP Oxford 2012; 2418:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 56.

2409:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 53.

2385:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 68.

2373:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 66.

2364:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 64.

2340:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 65.

2328:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 63.

2277:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 76.

2226:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 75.

2196:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 80.

1740:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 27.

1688:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 19.

1676:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 16.

1664:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 82.

1648:

Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro, "Paulo Orosio…", p. 81.

1109:

Pauli Orosii historiarum adversum paganos libri VII

628:he was certain that his destination was Hippo (now 219: 196: 155: 150: 104: 99: 81: 70: 49: 30: 2439:, The Catholic University of America Press, 1999; 1898:Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 47. 1880:Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 43. 1871:Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 42. 1830:Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 39. 1812:Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 29. 1722:Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 24. 1620:Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 57. 1606:Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 35. 1594:Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 22. 624:What is certain is that once Orosius had left the 485:: this theory has been put forward because in his 1889:Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 45. 1731:Martínez Cavero, Pedro, "El pensamiento…", p. 25. 1358:given the difficult times that he was living in. 322:. In addition, in 415 he was chosen to travel to 1557:Greek and Roman Historiography in Late Antiquity 1177:, based on Bono Giamboni's Italian translation. 1022:a "universalist history with an apologetic and 642:or at the least that he was aware of the book. 2646: 1906: 1904: 1278:made Orosius a central character in his play 1199:The Seven Books of History Against the Pagans 8: 2393: 2391: 2348: 2346: 2315: 2313: 2243: 2241: 2029: 2027: 2017: 2015: 1918: 1916: 1096:in 1471. Authoritative modern editions are: 2405: 2403: 2381: 2379: 2360: 2358: 2336: 2334: 2285: 2283: 2273: 2271: 1987: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1696: 1694: 1684: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1282:, which shows how long-lived his fame was. 1031: 1009: 982: 969: 958: 940: 914: 906: 894: 875: 855: 840: 832: 590:It is thought that Paulus Orosius lived in 288:, which would have been the capital of the 2653: 2639: 2631: 2458:Paulus Orosius - a Christian propagandist? 2435:Pacian of Barcelona, Orosius of Braga, in 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 938:The full name of Orosius's second book is 556:he took an interest in the Priscillianist 38: 27: 1602: 1600: 1532:The Oxford companion to world exploration 1214:Seven Books of History against the Pagans 343:Seven Books of History Against the Pagans 284:), then capital of the Roman province of 2487:, "Orosius, Ireland, and Christianity", 2045:"A 550-year-old book comes to Maynooth!" 2043:Collections, Special (8 February 2021). 1846: 1534:. Oxford University Press. p. 112. 1254:has been quoted by authors ranging from 990: 581: 457: 1860:History and Geography in Late Antiquity 1500: 1142:, previously erroneously attributed to 3654:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler 2571:Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII 2157:Volgarizzamenti del Due e del Trecento 2113:Fafiński, Mateusz (31 December 2019). 522:be older than 30, as he was a priest. 439:Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri vii 351:Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII 2171: 2169: 2159:, Torino 1953 and in Cesare Segre’s, 1159:, reputedly made during the reign of 723:Orosius had a confrontation with the 270:. It is possible that he was born in 7: 2591:(Latin text and English translation) 995:Page from a manuscript of Orosius's 44:Miniature from the Saint-Epure codex 2611:Orosius as a source for Ibn Khaldun 2472:Orosius and the Rhetoric of History 2207:Christians in al-Andalus (711-1000) 1132:An abridged, free translation into 892:The full name of his first book is 781:that took place in Hispania in 417. 385:who propose dates for both events. 2530:Publications on Orosius in Spanish 2451:Publications on Orosius in English 1116:Orose: Histoires contre les païens 14: 4097:5th-century Christian theologians 4082:Historians of the Catholic Church 1406:attention to events in Hispania. 4014: 2616:A collection of links on Orosius 2498: 1509:The Historians of Late Antiquity 1507:David Rohrbacher, "Orosius," in 1007:Paulus Orosius's masterpiece is 748:he passed through Jerusalem and 400:Questions regarding his identity 192: 2972:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 1381:as if they were historic fact. 649:who at that time was living in 2685:History of the Catholic Church 2541:https://ddd.uab.cat/record/571 798:. It is known that he was in 1: 3334:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 2731:History of Christian theology 2209:(Abingdon: Routledge, 2002), 1183:A German translation of 1539. 1180:A French translation of 1491. 705:("Who is Augustine to me?"). 247: 243: 74: 53: 4112:5th-century writers in Latin 4092:5th-century Christian clergy 4067:Sources on Germanic paganism 2662:History of Catholic theology 2543:. Consulted in October 2008. 703:Et quis est mihi Augustinus? 1410:The importance of geography 1329:Patriotism and universalism 1298:Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo 693:that was held in June 415. 424: 4133: 3760:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 3750:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange 3035:Transubstantiation dispute 2597:History against the pagans 2584:Historiae Adversum Paganos 2456:Linstädter, Marc-Antoine, 1252:Historiae Adversus Paganos 1120:Marie-Pierre Arnaud-Lindet 1011:Historiae Adversus Paganos 984:Historiae adversus paganos 971:Historiae Adversus Paganos 877:Historiae Adversus Paganos 758:Historiae Adversus Paganos 370:History Against the Pagans 357:during the period between 18: 4009: 2668: 2185:10.1017/S0038713413002200 1759:Rotelle, John E. (1990). 1565:10.1163/9789047400189_011 1530:Buisseret, David (2007). 1280:The Cardinal of Bethlehem 1175:Juan Fernández de Heredia 901: 181: 95: 37: 3674:Matthias Joseph Scheeben 2867:Athanasius of Alexandria 2759:First Epistle of Clement 21:Orosius (disambiguation) 3785:Dietrich von Hildebrand 3649:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi 3523:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 3503:Mary of Jesus of Ágreda 3045:Paulinus II of Aquileia 3040:Predestination disputes 2521:Encyclopædia Britannica 2430:Books by Paulus Orosius 1442:Sources used by Orosius 869:exercised over Orosius. 425:Ó Corráin's conclusions 4077:Roman Catholic writers 4072:5th-century historians 4021:Catholicism portal 3870:Hans Urs von Balthasar 3669:Tommaso Maria Zigliara 3609:Félicité de La Mennais 3288:The Cloud of Unknowing 2789:The Shepherd of Hermas 2179:, 88.4 (2013), 905–31 1353:Optimism and pessimism 1286:Historical methodology 1153:translation, known as 1032: 1010: 1004: 988: 983: 970: 959: 941: 915: 907: 895: 876: 870: 856: 841: 833: 587: 463: 451: 350: 258:, was a Roman priest, 4117:Portuguese historians 3795:Marie-Dominique Chenu 3714:Marie-Joseph Lagrange 3699:Désiré-Joseph Mercier 3583:Clement Mary Hofbauer 3578:Johann Michael Sailer 3005:Maximus the Confessor 2697:History of the papacy 2437:Iberian Fathers, v. 3 2161:La prosa del Duecento 1343:Galician nationalists 994: 981: 852: 809:Gennadius of Massilia 657:Journeys to Palestine 585: 461: 435: 390:Gennadius of Massilia 4107:Romans from Hispania 4087:Christian apologists 3971:Raniero Cantalamessa 3941:Alice von Hildebrand 3890:Edward Schillebeeckx 3568:Maria Gaetana Agnesi 3453:Lawrence of Brindisi 3383:Francisco de Vitoria 3173:Beatrice of Nazareth 3148:Hugh of Saint Victor 3128:Bernard of Clairvaux 3108:Anselm of Canterbury 3070:John Scotus Eriugena 3065:Paschasius Radbertus 2912:Gregory of Nazianzus 2806:Epistle to Diognetus 2602:8 March 2013 at the 2485:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh 2460:, GRIN Verlag, 2013; 2163:(Milano-Napoli 1959) 2049:MU Library Treasures 380:Biographical sources 290:Kingdom of the Suebi 250:420 AD), less often 19:For other uses, see 3946:Carlo Maria Martini 3910:Johann Baptist Metz 3880:Frederick Copleston 3704:Friedrich von Hügel 3664:Joseph Hergenröther 3644:Gaetano Sanseverino 3624:Ignaz von Döllinger 3548:Nicolas Malebranche 3388:Thomas of Villanova 3349:Counter-Reformation 3329:Girolamo Savonarola 3143:Hildegard of Bingen 2952:Cyril of Alexandria 2795:Aristides of Athens 2782:Epistle of Barnabas 2771:Ignatius of Antioch 2709:Ecumenical councils 2576:Thelatinlibrary.com 1511:(Routledge, 2002), 1256:Braulio of Zaragoza 1139:Old English Orosius 1054:worse. The work, a 603:barbarian invasions 437:Orosius, author of 431:Donnchadh Ó Corráin 394:Braulio of Zaragoza 266:, and a student of 100:Academic background 4057:5th-century Romans 4052:4th-century Romans 3961:Alasdair MacIntyre 3840:Nouvelle théologie 3729:Thérèse of Lisieux 3573:Alfonso Muzzarelli 3513:Jean-Jacques Olier 3483:Tommaso Campanella 3398:Francisco de Osuna 3393:Ignatius of Loyola 3262:Catherine of Siena 3158:Robert Grosseteste 3055:Benedict of Aniane 2995:Isidore of Seville 2937:Augustine of Hippo 2902:Cyril of Jerusalem 2897:Hilary of Poitiers 2470:Van Nuffelen, P., 1765:. New City Press. 1086:Johannes Schüssler 1005: 989: 960:Liber Apologeticus 887:Liber Apologeticus 871: 867:Augustine of Hippo 842:Liber Apologeticus 766:Liber Apologeticus 733:Liber Apologeticus 718:Synod of Diospolis 691:Synod of Jerusalem 588: 464: 268:Augustine of Hippo 112:Augustine of Hippo 4062:People from Braga 4029: 4028: 3956:Gustavo Gutiérrez 3951:Pope Benedict XVI 3936:Pope John Paul II 3835:Josemaría Escrivá 3825:Henri Daniel-Rops 3709:Vladimir Solovyov 3689:Neo-scholasticism 3629:John Henry Newman 3563:Louis de Montfort 3558:Alphonsus Liguori 3553:Giambattista Vico 3488:Pierre de Bérulle 3474:French Revolution 3443:Robert Bellarmine 3423:John of the Cross 3309:Julian of Norwich 3267:Bridget of Sweden 3257:John of Ruusbroec 3247:William of Ockham 3163:Francis of Assisi 3153:Dominic de Guzmán 3123:Decretum Gratiani 3098:Berengar of Tours 2987:Early Middle Ages 2957:Peter Chrysologus 2907:Basil of Caesarea 2892:Ephrem the Syrian 2832:Antipope Novatian 2119:Studia Warmińskie 1858:Merrills, A. H., 1541:978-0-19-514922-7 1156:Kitāb Hurūshiyūsh 1056:universal history 681:, who, after the 626:Iberian Peninsula 578:Journey to Africa 299:Mediterranean Sea 185: 184: 173:Germanic paganism 168:Universal history 127:Junianus Justinus 4124: 4102:Christianization 4019: 4018: 3860:Emmanuel Mounier 3855:Bernard Lonergan 3780:Georges Bernanos 3765:Jacques Maritain 3745:G. K. Chesterton 3634:Henri Lacordaire 3533:Cornelius Jansen 3528:François Fénelon 3458:Francis de Sales 3448:Francisco Suárez 3319:Nicholas of Cusa 3203:Siger of Brabant 3188:Boetius of Dacia 3168:Anthony of Padua 3113:Joachim of Fiore 3093:Gregory of Narek 3080:High Middle Ages 3025:John of Damascus 2917:Gregory of Nyssa 2655: 2648: 2641: 2632: 2626:Internet Archive 2525: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2398: 2395: 2386: 2383: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2353: 2350: 2341: 2338: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2278: 2275: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2173: 2164: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2131:10.31648/sw.3252 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2083:10.2307/43632837 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2022: 2019: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1980: 1977: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1911: 1908: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1689: 1686: 1677: 1674: 1665: 1662: 1649: 1646: 1637: 1634: 1621: 1618: 1607: 1604: 1595: 1592: 1579: 1578: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1527: 1521: 1505: 1274:in his history. 1210: 1197:Orosius (1964). 1035: 1013: 986: 973: 962: 944: 918: 910: 903: 898: 879: 859: 844: 836: 433:concluded that: 249: 245: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 214: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 198: 76: 55: 42: 28: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4013: 4005: 3986:Jean-Luc Marion 3924: 3875:Marcel Lefebvre 3800:Romano Guardini 3755:Joseph Maréchal 3733: 3724:Maurice Blondel 3619:Antonio Rosmini 3614:Luigi Taparelli 3592: 3518:Louis Thomassin 3493:Pierre Gassendi 3476: 3472: 3462: 3413:Teresa of Ávila 3351: 3347: 3338: 3324:Marsilio Ficino 3314:Thomas à Kempis 3304:Devotio Moderna 3277:Johannes Tauler 3272:Meister Eckhart 3242:Dante Alighieri 3217: 3183:Albertus Magnus 3074: 2981: 2927:John Chrysostom 2855: 2851: 2841: 2754:Clement of Rome 2735: 2673: 2664: 2659: 2604:Wayback Machine 2565: 2516:Orosius, Paulus 2514:, ed. (1911). " 2510: 2499: 2497: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2174: 2167: 2150: 2146: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1978: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1675: 1668: 1663: 1652: 1647: 1640: 1635: 1624: 1619: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1593: 1582: 1575: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1486: 1444: 1436:Fernand Braudel 1412: 1391: 1355: 1331: 1293: 1288: 1266:throughout the 1264:Ancient History 1260:Dante Alighieri 1231: 1196: 1136:, known as the 1129: 1078: 1044:Rome was sacked 1042:’s decadence – 1033:De Civitate Dei 1024:providentialist 976: 847: 828: 792: 785:from Palestine. 745: 710:Pope Innocent I 672:Pelagian heresy 664:Priscillianists 659: 639:The City of God 580: 572:Pope Gelasius I 546:Avitus of Braga 537: 532: 519: 456: 447:Shannon estuary 427: 407: 402: 382: 273:Bracara Augusta 215: 195: 191: 177: 163:Providentialism 146: 66: 57: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4130: 4128: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3815:Henri de Lubac 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3790:Gabriel Marcel 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3770:Étienne Gilson 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3719:George Tyrrell 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3679:Émile Boutroux 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3659:Giuseppe Pecci 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3508:António Vieira 3505: 3500: 3498:René Descartes 3495: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3477: 3469:Baroque period 3467: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3433:Luis de Molina 3430: 3428:Peter Canisius 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3408:Francis Xavier 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3363:Thomas Cajetan 3360: 3354: 3352: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3294:Heinrich Seuse 3291: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3198:Thomas Aquinas 3195: 3193:Henry of Ghent 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3138:Anselm of Laon 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3084: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3060:Rabanus Maurus 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2977:Pope Gregory I 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2856: 2853:Pope Gregory I 2846: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2724:Biblical canon 2721: 2714:Catholic Bible 2711: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2592: 2579: 2564: 2563:External links 2561: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2512:Chisholm, Hugh 2495: 2482: 2480:978-0199655274 2468: 2466:978-3638832410 2448: 2447: 2445:978-0813200996 2426: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2321: 2309: 2300: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2205:Ann Christys, 2198: 2189: 2165: 2144: 2105: 2096: 2077:(2): 189–215. 2061: 2035: 2023: 2011: 2002: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1912: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1851: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1771: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1715: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1666: 1650: 1638: 1622: 1608: 1596: 1580: 1573: 1547: 1540: 1522: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1490:Bobbio Orosius 1485: 1482: 1443: 1440: 1411: 1408: 1390: 1387: 1354: 1351: 1330: 1327: 1313:, pagan Rome, 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1222:978-1846312397 1211: 1194: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1147: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1113: 1105: 1077: 1074: 1070:historiography 975: 966: 925:Priscillianism 846: 829: 827: 824: 791: 788: 787: 786: 782: 778: 744: 741: 727:of Jerusalem, 658: 655: 622: 621: 614: 579: 576: 550:Priscillianism 536: 533: 531: 528: 518: 515: 514: 513: 507:Originated in 504: 493:Originated in 490: 477: 455: 452: 426: 423: 406: 403: 401: 398: 381: 378: 355:historiography 188:Paulus Orosius 183: 182: 179: 178: 176: 175: 170: 165: 159: 157: 156:Main interests 153: 152: 148: 147: 145: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 108: 106: 102: 101: 97: 96: 93: 92: 83: 79: 78: 72: 68: 67: 58: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4129: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3996:Aidan Nichols 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3976:Michał Heller 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3966:Walter Kasper 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3895:Thomas Merton 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3865:Jean Daniélou 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3604:Joseph Görres 3602: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3588:Bruno Lanteri 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3543:Blaise Pascal 3541: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3403:John of Ávila 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3282:Walter Hilton 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3252:Richard Rolle 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3133:Peter Lombard 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3118:Peter Abelard 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3010:Monothelitism 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 3000:John Climacus 2998: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2887:Monophysitism 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2800:Justin Martyr 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2702:Papal primacy 2700: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2507:public domain 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2424: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1847:Chisholm 1911 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1772:9781565480384 1768: 1764: 1763: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574:9789047400189 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1432:Lucien Febvre 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1002: 998: 993: 985: 980: 974: 972: 967: 965: 963: 961: 954: 952: 949: 945: 943: 936: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 917: 916:Commonitorium 911: 909: 900:(in English: 899: 897: 890: 888: 884: 883:Commonitorium 880: 878: 868: 864: 860: 858: 857:Commonitorium 851: 845: 843: 837: 835: 834:Commonitorium 830: 825: 823: 821: 820:Cabo de Palos 816: 814: 810: 805: 801: 797: 790:Disappearance 789: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 762: 761: 759: 753: 751: 742: 740: 736: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 706: 704: 700: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 656: 654: 652: 648: 643: 641: 640: 635: 631: 627: 619: 618:Commonitorium 615: 612: 611: 610: 607: 604: 599: 597: 593: 584: 577: 575: 573: 568: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 534: 529: 527: 523: 517:Date of birth 516: 511: 510: 505: 502: 498: 496: 491: 488: 484: 483: 478: 475: 474: 469: 468: 467: 460: 453: 450: 448: 444: 440: 434: 432: 422: 419: 415: 413: 404: 399: 397: 395: 391: 386: 379: 377: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 337: 336:Saint Stephen 333: 329: 325: 321: 320: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 239: 189: 180: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 160: 158: 154: 151:Academic work 149: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 107: 103: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 82:Occupation(s) 80: 73: 69: 65: 61: 52: 48: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 3981:Peter Kreeft 3929:21st century 3920:Henri Nouwen 3830:Jean Guitton 3810:Fulton Sheen 3738:20th century 3639:Jaime Balmes 3597:19th century 3418:Luis de León 3299:Geert Groote 3286: 3103:Peter Damian 2946: 2942:John Cassian 2882:Nestorianism 2804: 2787: 2780: 2763: 2741:Early Church 2607:(in English) 2595: 2582: 2569: 2529: 2528: 2519: 2488: 2471: 2457: 2450: 2449: 2436: 2429: 2428: 2414: 2369: 2324: 2303: 2294: 2261: 2252: 2231: 2222: 2206: 2201: 2192: 2176: 2160: 2156: 2153:Cesare Segre 2147: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2099: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2052:. Retrieved 2048: 2038: 2005: 1996: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1826: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1761: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1710: 1705: 1556: 1550: 1531: 1525: 1517: 1513:pp. 135–137. 1508: 1503: 1471: 1445: 1427: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1371: 1367:Noah's flood 1364: 1360: 1356: 1347: 1339: 1332: 1323: 1307: 1303: 1294: 1291:Universalism 1279: 1276:Lope de Vega 1251: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1213: 1198: 1186: 1154: 1137: 1127:Translations 1115: 1107: 1101: 1089: 1088:printed the 1081: 1079: 1060: 1052: 1030: 1028: 1019: 1017: 1008: 1006: 996: 968: 957: 955: 939: 937: 922: 913: 905: 893: 891: 886: 882: 874: 872: 862: 854: 839: 831: 817: 795: 793: 773: 769: 765: 757: 754: 746: 737: 732: 722: 707: 702: 695: 676: 660: 644: 637: 623: 617: 608: 600: 589: 569: 562: 538: 524: 520: 506: 500: 492: 486: 479: 470: 465: 438: 436: 428: 420: 416: 408: 387: 383: 369: 367: 342: 340: 317: 315: 303:Hippo Regius 271: 252:Paul Orosius 251: 187: 186: 25: 3991:Tomáš Halík 3915:Jean Vanier 3900:René Girard 3885:Alfred Delp 3850:Yves Congar 3845:Karl Rahner 3820:Dorothy Day 3805:Edith Stein 3775:Ronald Knox 3373:John Fisher 3368:Thomas More 3345:Reformation 3237:Duns Scotus 3232:Ramon Llull 3225:and reforms 3213:Roger Bacon 3178:Bonaventure 3088:Roscellinus 2877:Pelagianism 2848:Constantine 2671:Key figures 2125:: 423–437. 2071:Medium Ævum 1559:: 317–345. 1272:Ibn Khaldun 1268:Middle Ages 1246:Reformation 1161:al-Hakam II 1144:King Alfred 1134:Old English 933:theological 774:City of God 743:Later years 594:(northwest 558:controversy 497:(Brigantia) 418:dismissed. 374:Renaissance 363:Middle Ages 319:City of God 4047:420 deaths 4042:385 births 4036:Categories 4001:Scott Hahn 3378:Johann Eck 3030:Iconoclasm 2962:Pope Leo I 2822:Tertullian 2594:Orosius's 2581:Orosius's 2578:(in Latin) 2568:Orosius's 2425:References 2215:0700715649 2054:3 November 1473:Chronicles 1335:patriotism 948:Archbishop 750:Alexandria 725:Archbishop 668:Origenists 554:priesthood 535:Early life 454:Birthplace 307:Alexandria 301:, such as 264:theologian 246:375/385 – 105:Influences 86:Theologian 3905:Hans Küng 3694:Léon Bloy 3684:Modernism 3537:Jansenism 3223:Mysticism 2817:Montanism 2491:28, 2017 2139:0137-6624 1464:Suetonius 1428:Histories 1417:Histories 1389:Narrative 1315:Macedonia 1311:Babylonia 1242:Histories 1235:Histories 1229:Influence 1118:, ed. by 1100:Orosius, 1090:Historiae 1082:Histories 1020:Histories 997:Histories 929:Origenism 863:Histories 826:His works 796:Histories 651:Bethlehem 592:Gallaecia 565:Christian 530:Biography 501:Histories 487:Histories 482:Tarragona 359:antiquity 328:Jerusalem 324:Palestine 311:Jerusalem 286:Gallaecia 260:historian 137:Suetonius 90:historian 64:Gallaecia 56:375/85 AD 3437:Molinism 3015:Ecthesis 2967:Boethius 2872:Arianism 2862:Eusebius 2812:Irenaeus 2776:Polycarp 2690:Timeline 2600:Archived 2177:Speculum 2091:43632837 1518:Hispania 1484:See also 1478:Eusebius 1424:Caucasus 1319:Carthage 1094:Augsburg 1076:Editions 1048:Alaric I 1001:Florence 999:held in 861:and the 813:Honorius 687:Carthage 679:Pelagius 670:and the 596:Hispania 542:Hydatius 509:Brittany 495:A Coruña 480:Born in 471:Born in 441:, was a 361:and the 282:Portugal 3358:Erasmus 3208:Thomism 2947:Orosius 2922:Ambrose 2837:Cyprian 2765:Didache 2719:Vulgate 2678:General 2589:Attalus 2509:: 2489:Peritia 1460:Tacitus 1379:legends 1165:Córdoba 951:John II 800:Menorca 772:of the 770:Book XI 729:John II 634:Algeria 256:English 242:; born 132:Tacitus 32:Orosius 3050:Alcuin 2932:Jerome 2827:Origen 2503: 2478: 2464: 2443: 2213: 2137: 2089: 1769: 1571: 1538: 1468:Florus 1456:Justin 1448:Caesar 1220: 1207:711212 1205: 1151:Arabic 1063:Graeco 987:, 1561 804:Jewish 647:Jerome 630:Annaba 443:Briton 412:priest 332:relics 309:, and 295:Jerome 142:Florus 122:Jerome 77:420 AD 2087:JSTOR 1496:Notes 1375:myths 1067:Roman 699:Latin 683:synod 473:Braga 347:Latin 278:Braga 276:(now 60:Braga 3020:Bede 2749:Paul 2476:ISBN 2462:ISBN 2441:ISBN 2211:ISBN 2155:’s, 2135:ISSN 2056:2022 1767:ISBN 1569:ISBN 1536:ISBN 1452:Livy 1434:and 1377:and 1317:and 1240:The 1218:ISBN 1203:OCLC 1191:here 1080:The 1040:Rome 927:and 885:and 853:The 838:and 777:out. 714:Rome 544:and 405:Name 392:and 262:and 117:Livy 88:and 71:Died 50:Born 2587:at 2574:at 2518:". 2181:doi 2127:doi 2079:doi 1561:doi 1476:of 1258:to 1163:of 1149:An 1092:in 1046:by 712:of 685:of 632:in 334:of 254:in 4038:: 3471:to 2850:to 2402:^ 2390:^ 2378:^ 2357:^ 2345:^ 2333:^ 2312:^ 2282:^ 2270:^ 2240:^ 2168:^ 2133:. 2123:56 2121:. 2117:. 2085:. 2075:78 2073:. 2047:. 2026:^ 2014:^ 1984:^ 1972:^ 1915:^ 1903:^ 1835:^ 1693:^ 1681:^ 1669:^ 1653:^ 1641:^ 1625:^ 1611:^ 1599:^ 1583:^ 1567:. 1480:. 1466:, 1462:, 1458:, 1454:, 1450:, 1438:. 1419:. 1345:. 920:. 889:. 674:. 666:, 548:. 349:: 313:. 305:, 280:, 248:c. 244:c. 226:oʊ 203:ɔː 75:c. 62:, 54:c. 3539:) 3535:( 3439:) 3435:( 2654:e 2647:t 2640:v 2217:. 2187:. 2183:: 2141:. 2129:: 2093:. 2081:: 2058:. 1849:. 1775:. 1713:. 1577:. 1563:: 1544:. 1224:. 1209:. 1193:) 1167:. 1065:- 1003:. 503:. 345:( 238:/ 235:s 232:ə 229:ʒ 223:r 220:ˈ 217:ə 212:s 209:ə 206:l 200:p 197:ˈ 194:/ 190:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.