524:
785:
390:. Such tubers tend to form at the sides of the parent plant and are most often located near the soil surface. A below ground stem tuber is normally a short-lived storage and regenerative organ developing from a shoot that branches off a mature plant. The new tubers are attached to a parent tuber or form at the end of an underground rhizome. In the autumn the plant dies except for the new offspring stem tubers, which in spring regrow one or more new shoots producing stems and leaves. Some plants also form smaller tubers and/or tubercules, which act like
968:
455:
356:
120:, any of which may be termed "bulbs" in horticulture. Bulb species usually lose their upper parts during adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat or winter cold. The bulb's storage organs contain moisture and nutrients that are used to survive these adverse conditions in a dormant state. When conditions become favourable the reserves sustain a new growth cycle. In addition, bulbs permit vegetative or asexual multiplication in these species. Ornamental bulbs are used in
1409:
184:
617:
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61:
35:
49:
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advantage of this cultivation method is that it minimizes the attention the plants require once they have been naturalized. The plants that are suitable for naturalization are those that are sufficiently small but able to compete with the surrounding grass, they must be robust and able to withstand year after year of inclement weather and they must be prolific in order to spread rapidly.
247:
1039:
1689:, dying down to the storage organ for part of the year. This characteristic has been taken advantage of in the commercialization of these plants. At the beginning of the rest period the bulbs can be dug out of the ground and prepared for sale as if they remain dry they do not need any nutrition for weeks or months.
446:
environmental conditions become more favourable. The dormant or resting period may be in summer or winter, or may depend on rainfall, as in the tropics. The different strategies enable bulbous plants to survive adverse conditions such as extremely hot and dry summers, very cold winters, or periods of drought.
1757:
Established in 1933, this society is an international educational and scientific organization, it is a charity dedicated to the dissemination of information regarding the cultivation, conservation and botany of all types of bulbous plants. Their website contains an excellent gallery of high quality
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of different plants in order to obtain seeds. The majority of seeds from bulbous plants germinate well if they are sown as soon as they reach maturity. Some species need a cold period in order to germinate. The biggest problem in reproducing through seeds is that the resulting plants have a greater
676:
In some areas of the tropics, rainfall is interspersed with periods of dryness; more than one wet/dry cycle may occur in a year. Bulbous plants in these areas are adapted to warm, wet periods followed by warm, dry periods. They typically flower near the beginning of the rainy season. Such a climate
543:
of deciduous woods or forests are also summer dormant. They use their stored reserves in order to grow rapidly and complete their annual growth-cycle at the beginning of spring before the developing tree canopy blocks out the sun's light. North
America is home to many such woodland bulbs, including
280:
with at least one growing point, with protective leaves modified into skins or tunics. The thin tunic leaves are dry papery, dead sheaths, formed from the leaves produced the year before. They act as a covering that protects the corm from insects and water loss. Internally a corm is mostly made of
1404:
In large parks it is possible to plant some species so that they multiply spontaneously and grow amongst the grass or under trees. This practice, the naturalization of a species, is widely used in northern Europe and requires that the species' ecological requirements be satisfied. The most obvious
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and dried bulbs. The bulbs are produced to satisfy the demand for bulbs for parks, gardens and as house plants, in addition to providing the bulbs necessary for the production of cut flowers. The international trade in cut flowers has a worldwide value of approximately 11,000 million Euros, which
285:
cells above a more-or-less circular basal node that grows roots. Corms are sometimes confused with true bulbs; they are often similar in appearance to bulbs externally, but corms are internally structured with solid tissues, which distinguishes them from bulbs, which are mostly made up of layered
1638:
variability in a wide range of characteristics, such as flower colour and height and flowering period. This means that asexual or vegetative reproduction is normally used commercially to propagate this type of plant. This means that the characteristics of a determined cultivar remain unaltered.
886:
It is therefore apparent that bulbous plants have served as food and symbols of religion and royal power for thousands of years. They have also been admired and used for the beauty of their flowers since time immemorial and by many civilizations. The list of the countries that have used bulbous
595:
species). During these periods the plants are dormant and in this way can survive the heat of the fire. The fires clean the surface vegetation, eliminating competition and also supplying nutrients to the ground from the ashes of the burnt plants. When the first rains fall, the bulbs, corms and
979:
Some varieties of bulbous plants thrive under adverse conditions such as poor soil or shade, and are therefore well suited to use in a garden. Varieties can be chosen that bloom at various times of year. They can be intermingled with other plants, used in pots, or even placed in the lawn or
1775:
Organized in 2002, this society disseminates information and shares experiences regarding the cultivation of ornamental bulbous plants. Their website contains an exceptional educational resource, "Pacific Bulb
Society Wiki", with images and information regarding numerous species of bulbous
476:
species) of Asian origins, for example, have adapted to an extreme continental climate, with dry, very hot summers, very cold winters and springs with short showers. They grow mainly during the spring. In cultivation such tulips may be planted in late autumn (e.g. November in the northern
445:
Annual species complete their life cycle during favourable seasons and pass unfavourable ones as seeds. Bulbous plants, on the other hand, have developed storage organs as a reserve to allow them to survive unfavourable conditions in a resting condition in order to begin growth again when
412:. When sold in the dry form, dahlia "bulbs" consist of a cluster of tuberous roots attached to one or more stems. Only the stems produce buds, from around the "collar" close to where the roots are attached. A tuber without any attached stem will not grow.
467:
Most bulbous plants are adapted to hot, dry summers and cooler, wetter winters. They are dormant through the summer and grow during the autumn, winter and spring. Within this group, there are variations, largely determined by how cold the winter is. Many
1034:
in parks and gardens. The selection of species to plant depends on various factors, such as the soil type, the position (sunny or shady location), the colour or effect that is required and the season of the year when the plants are required to flower.
295:
217:
storage organs by the plant. The bottom of the bulb is made up of a short section of stem forming the basal plate. Storage leaves are produced from the top of the basal plate, roots from the underside. Genera with true bulbs are
1704:
dedicated to this activity the production of bulbs in the
Netherlands represents 65% of global production. The Netherlands also produces 95% of the international market in bulbs dedicated to the production of cut flowers. The
401:
Roots can also form tuberous structures (tuberous roots or root tubers) that are in some ways similar to stem tubers, but of a different anatomical origin. Ornamental plants with tuberous roots include the
Persian buttercup,
596:
rhizomes rapidly start to shoot, starting a new period of growth and development sustained by the reserves accumulated in their storage tissues during the previous season. Various South
African species from the genus
629:
A second category of bulbous plants are those adapted to dry, generally cool winters and warmer, wetter summers. They are dormant through the winter and grow in spring, summer and autumn. Regions of South Africa and
602:, for example, are well known for their ability to flower rapidly after natural grassland wildfires, and for this reason several of these species are known as "fire lilies". In fact, some species, such as
330:
species. Usually, rhizomes have short internodes; they send out roots from the bottom of the nodes and new upward-growing shoots from the top of the nodes. Examples of plants that grow in this way include
1518:
is a garden that uses a combination of rocks and small plants. The plants are often chosen for their suitability to rocky terrain. Some of the bulb genera that are most suitable for rock gardens include:
148:. In gardening, a "bulb" is a plant's underground or ground-level storage organ that can be dried, stored and sold in this state, and then planted to grow again. Many bulbs in this sense are produced by
2374:
1700:
The
Netherlands has been the leader in commercial production since the start of the 16th Century, both for the dried bulb market and for cut flowers. In fact, with approximately 30,000
2306:
800:
provide some of the earliest evidence for the apparently ornamental use of bulbous plants. Some of the plants in the frescos are clearly lilies, which have usually been identified as
2101:
1320:
Some species of bulbous plants grow naturally in shady or woodland areas, and thus are well suited to areas in a garden that have similar conditions. Some species for shade are
1629:. Reproduction through seeds is generally used to rapidly increase the number of individuals of a given species and to improve genetic diversity. Many of the bulb species are
167:
says that "we just have to accept that there is no accurate term which we can use for this group of plants and we are left with 'bulbs' as the snappiest and most convenient."
398:, are long lived, but many tuberous plants have tubers that survive only until the plants are in full leaf, at which point the tuber is reduced to a shrivelled up husk.
2331:
2399:
2424:
2356:
2288:
568:, is native to western parts of Europe, but particularly the British Isles, where it carpets the floor of some woods. The woodlands of Asia, including
2213:
2378:
425:. Since the hypocotyl is a region between the stem and the roots, such tubers are variable in their anatomy and growth habits. Thus the roots of
830:) that appeared in Egyptian and Indian religious paintings long before it was adopted as the emblem of the kings of France in the 5th Century.
2670:
2642:
2623:
2604:
1990:
1902:
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689:
species are examples of bulbous plants adapted to these conditions. Tropical Asia has similarly adapted bulbous plants, such as species of
152:– plants whose growing point is below ground level. However, not all bulbs in the gardening sense are produced by geophytes. For example,
2547:
2505:
1018:) – are grown both privately and commercially as food crops. The onion especially provides the basis for a huge variety of dishes.
2707:
853:
in Vienna, observed ornamental bulbous plants such as narcissi, hyacinths and "those which the Turks call tulipam". The botanist
2134:
850:
2113:
1630:
820:
was represented with lilies in her hands. The symbol of the Fleur de Lys was originally based on the flower of a species of
523:
2428:
2360:
2335:
2292:
2403:
394:, producing small plants that resemble (in morphology and size) seedlings. Some stem tubers, such as those of tuberous
789:
386:. The tops or sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical stems and leaves, and the undersides produce
1746:
967:
784:
677:
occurs in Kenya, which has wet conditions in
October to December and then again in February to May. Glory-lilies (
2741:
1362:
846:
564:
324:
from its nodes. Some plants have rhizomes that grow above ground or that lie at the soil surface, including some
159:
are included in books on ornamental bulbs, but their growing points are above ground. Many bulbs are produced by
1782:
1354:
842:
880:
1641:
Bulbs can reproduce vegetatively in a number of ways depending on the type of storage organ the plant has.
604:
2228:
1378:
991:
879:. Clusius had a major impact on bulb growing in Europe. Through his later position as the Director of the
817:
757:
479:
459:
2746:
1346:
806:. However, this species has white flowers, and those in the frescos are red, which suggests they may be
493:
433:
170:
Botanically, gardeners' "bulbs" may be true bulbs, corms, rhizomes or tubers, or combinations of these.
2521:
1789:
Organized in 2001 it possessed an excellent collection of photographs of bulbous plants on its website.
769:
of the flowers, and is used as a spice and also as a dye. Some bulbous plants were used in medicine in
743:) were cultivated for thousands of years. Other parts of bulbous plants were also used in cooking. The
1799:
1764:
1634:
1392:
808:
404:
998:
While some bulbs are poisonous or at least inedible to humans, many bulbs – especially those of the
907:
among others. The list of genera cultivated in these countries as ornamental plants is even longer:
845:(who reigned 1520–1566) was noted for his love of gardens, where tulips and other bulbs were grown.
489:, produce leaves in the autumn which last through the winter until the plant flowers in the spring.
454:
355:
1338:
875:
770:
744:
588:
1053:
Spring flowering bulbs. Spring is the most typical season for bulbs to flower. Some examples are:
857:, who was based in Vienna from 1573 to around 1580, devoted one volume of his 1576 botanical work
1626:
1622:
1382:
1374:
1342:
1240:
336:
483:, flower in the autumn, either at the same time as the leaves appear or before. Others, such as
2666:
2638:
2619:
2600:
2501:
1986:
1959:
1898:
1484:
1123:
1031:
983:
Regarding their size, it is possible to find species that only grow a few centimetres such as
927:
869:
558:
492:
Summer drought occurs particularly, but not exclusively, in those regions of the world with a
234:
1366:
1330:
1260:
1256:
1220:
1099:
955:
826:
679:
664:
427:
160:
2711:
2551:
1370:
909:
854:
802:
774:
766:
728:
97:
765:). The plant is depicted in paintings from around 1550 BC. Saffron consists of the dried
1408:
2583:
1722:
1326:
1322:
985:
838:
621:
321:
206:
183:
101:
2704:
883:, he established the Netherlands as the centre of commercial ornamental bulb growing.
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2442:
2138:
1706:
1454:
1334:
1188:
716:
712:
528:
497:
485:
344:
282:
149:
53:
28:
658:. Other areas with similar winter drought include parts of Central America, such as
616:
2214:"Seasonal Flux—Three Flowers for Three Seasons: Seasonal Ritual at Akrotiri, Thera"
1681:
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1264:
1228:
1168:
1147:
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951:
863:
821:
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province, which are particularly rich in bulbous species, including plants such as
639:
581:
505:
501:
332:
326:
255:
corm, showing solid construction with outer tunic and shoots emerging from the top
164:
156:
145:
129:
90:
60:
34:
1049:
Some examples of bulbous plant genera and their flowering season are given below:
16:
Herbaceous perennials with underground storage parts grown for ornamental purposes
431:
grow from the base of the tuber, suggesting it is a stem tuber, whereas those of
2716:
1693:
1563:
1539:
1515:
1496:
1460:
1350:
1289:
1184:
1103:
1091:
1071:
635:
546:
437:
mostly grow from the upper surface of the tuber, suggesting it is a root tuber.
48:
2599:. London: B.T. Batsford (in association with the Royal Horticultural Society).
861:
to bulbs, some of which he knew from introductions via Turkey, such as tulips,
1669:
1545:
1533:
1248:
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1160:
1131:
1063:
943:
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540:
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375:
313:
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273:
246:
94:
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that are adapted to recurrent fires during the dry season (for example, many
1783:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090518011847/http://www.ausbulbs.org/index.htm
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935:
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691:
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592:
509:
416:
251:
188:
86:
2477:
Skelmersdale, L. (1978). "Propagation of bulbous and bulbous-like plants".
1963:
1038:
816:, the Madonna lily, was later used as a symbol in Christianity, where the
2137:. National Botanical Garden in Kirstenbosch, South Africa. Archived from
1692:
Bulbous plants are produced on an industrial scale for two main markets,
1557:
1551:
1472:
1448:
1416:
Some of the bulbs that are suitable for naturalization in parks include:
1386:
1312:
1306:
1281:
1212:
1139:
1115:
1083:
1079:
1067:
1027:
1015:
923:
577:
552:
421:
477:
hemisphere). In regions where winters are milder, some species, such as
2717:
Flower Bulb
Research Program, Dept. of Horticulture, Cornell University
1701:
1599:
1581:
1575:
1527:
1480:
1468:
1424:
1208:
1204:
1180:
1176:
1119:
1087:
939:
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703:
Plants with fleshy underground parts were probably first used as food.
648:
631:
395:
379:
307:
220:
153:
125:
113:
2726:
294:
1768:
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1726:
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1609:
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1442:
1418:
1302:
1285:
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1164:
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1007:
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919:
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834:
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409:
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224:
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100:
grown for ornamental purposes, which have underground or near ground
66:
40:
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1734:
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1648:
1407:
1043:
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369:
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245:
182:
117:
109:
59:
47:
33:
887:
plants as ornaments since the
Christian era is long and includes
1430:
1296:
Winter flowering bulbs: some species from the following genera:
1111:
1059:
532:
391:
387:
317:
266:
260:
214:
210:
205:(i.e. a bulb in the botanical sense) is an underground vertical
202:
196:
121:
105:
24:
1750:
496:, which are rich in bulbous plants. Such regions include the
1697:
gives an idea of the economic importance of this activity.
2083:
2081:
634:
with this type of climate include the East Cape, and the
23:
or horticultural sense. For narrower botanical uses, see
2017:
2015:
2056:
2054:
2500:(in Spanish). México: Compañía Editorial Continental.
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1026:
Bulb species are traditionally planted in flowerbeds (
833:
Many ornamental bulbs were introduced into Europe via
2722:
New York
Botanical Garden: "Bulb Care and Selection"
2567:
Perfil del mercado internacional de bulbos para flor
2195:
2193:
2191:
1834:
140:
The word "bulb" has a somewhat different meaning to
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1741:
International societies dedicated to bulbous plants
1653:
Commercial tulip field in Hillegom, the Netherlands
516:, and parts of western South America, particularly
788:Lilies on a Bronze Age fresco from excavations at
316:that often grows underground, usually sending out
2635:Growing Bulbs : The Complete Practical Guide
2443:"Landscaping brochure, International bulb centre"
2425:"International bulb center autumn blooming bulbs"
2357:"International bulb center summer blooming bulbs"
2289:"International bulb center spring blooming bulbs"
2106:(British bluebell) > Distribution and ecology"
796:Wall paintings dated to around 1700–1600 BC from
2498:Propagación de plantas, principios y prácticas
512:, parts of the western United States, such as
1412:Naturalized crocuses in Victoria Park, London
8:
2251:
2158:
2045:
1917:
1709:is the second largest producer followed by
213:(or thickened leaf bases) that are used as
163:, but not all lilioid monocots have bulbs.
441:Environmental adaptations and distribution
269:is a short, vertical, swollen underground
2472:
2470:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1861:
1633:, so pollination can only occur between
1810:
2496:Hartmann, H. & Kester, D. (1987).
2275:
2170:
2072:
2060:
2021:
1941:
1929:
1873:
2375:"Summer Flowering Bulbs Picture Book"
2307:"Spring Flowering Bulbs Picture Book"
1838:
576:, are home to bulbous plants such as
104:. Botanists distinguish between true
44:), a popular species of bulbous plant
7:
2522:"Multiplicacion de plantas bulbosas"
849:, the ambassador to the sultan from
2652:Phillips, R. & Rix, M. (1989).
2569:(in Spanish). INTA, UEM Santa Cruz.
2263:
2199:
2182:
2087:
2033:
2006:
1895:Introductory Plant Biology, 10th ed
19:This article is about bulbs in the
2684:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Grijalbo.
2665:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
1769:http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/
1673:and some species and varieties of
463:flowering on 15 November in Greece
14:
1978:Grey-Wilson, Christopher (1988).
2590:. London: Transworld Publishers.
781:) which grows from a true bulb.
625:, a winter dormant bulbous plant
608:, only flower after a wildfire.
1271:Autumn (fall) flowering bulbs:
1042:Border of tulips planted among
989:up to examples of 3.6m such as
843:Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent
638:mountains in the north east of
2457:"Flower Bulb Research Program"
1758:photographs of bulbous plants.
539:Many species that grow in the
144:than it does to gardeners and
118:stem tubers and tuberous roots
1:
1781:Australian Bulb Association.
419:of the young seedling, as in
2548:"Propagating bulbous plants"
2479:Proc. Inter. Plant Prop. Soc
1685:. However, the majority are
963:Bulbous plants in the garden
587:Some bulbous plants grow in
1958:. London: Frederick Warne.
1893:Stern, Kingsley R. (2006).
1751:http://www.bulbsociety.org/
859:Rariorum Plantarum Historia
2763:
1954:Schauenberg, Paul (1965).
1747:International Bulb Society
367:
312:A rhizome is a horizontal
305:
276:consisting of one or more
258:
194:
18:
2705:International bulb centre
2693:. London: Pavilion Books.
2618:. London: B.T. Batsford.
2104:Hyacinthoides non-scripta
1625:, through seeds, or even
1363:Hyacinthoides non-scripta
847:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
755:(either the wild species
565:Hyacinthoides non-scripta
556:and some lilies, such as
415:Tubers may form from the
75:Ornamental bulbous plants
1355:Fritillaria pallidiflora
1154:Summer flowering bulbs:
980:underneath fruit trees.
662:where the tiger flower (
378:may form from thickened
2680:Rossi, Rosella (1990).
2461:flowerbulbs.cornell.edu
2212:Nugent, Marcia (2008).
2159:Phillips & Rix 1989
1349:, Disporum flavescens,
562:. The common bluebell,
2633:Mathew, Brian (1997).
2614:Mathew, Brian (1987).
2595:Mathew, Brian (1978).
2227:: 2–20. Archived from
2114:Natural History Museum
1654:
1413:
1379:Sanguinaria canadensis
1046:
1022:Flowerbeds and borders
992:Cardiocrinum giganteum
976:
793:
758:Crocus cartwrightianus
626:
536:
480:Crocus cartwrightianus
464:
460:Crocus cartwrightianus
365:
303:
256:
192:
71:
57:
45:
1652:
1645:Commercial production
1411:
1347:Cyclamen purpurascens
1041:
970:
881:Leiden Botanic Garden
787:
773:; one example is the
711:) were cultivated in
619:
605:Cyrtanthus contractus
526:
494:Mediterranean climate
457:
434:Cyclamen hederifolium
358:
297:
249:
186:
64:A group of crocuses (
63:
51:
37:
2691:Gardening with Bulbs
2661:Rix, Martyn (1983).
2637:. London: Batsford.
2332:"Tulip Picture Book"
1800:List of flower bulbs
1765:Pacific Bulb Society
1621:Bulbs can reproduce
1393:Uvularia grandiflora
809:Lilium chalcedonicum
508:, the south west of
504:, the south west of
405:Ranunculus asiaticus
2689:Taylor, P. (1996).
2546:Keener, E. (2004).
2400:"Lily Picture Book"
2090:, pp. 128–130.
1932:, pp. 133–134.
1369:, Leucojum vernum,
1339:Convallaria majalis
876:Fritillaria persica
851:Emperor Ferdinand I
792:, Santorini, Greece
341:Convallaria majalis
2710:2014-11-03 at the
2565:Claps, L. (2001).
2110:Species of the day
1655:
1414:
1383:Smilacina racemosa
1375:Ranunculus ficaria
1343:Corydalis flexuosa
1047:
1032:herbaceous borders
977:
794:
761:or the cultivated
627:
537:
500:itself through to
465:
366:
337:lily of the valley
304:
281:starch-containing
257:
209:that has modified
193:
72:
58:
46:
2672:978-0-917304-87-3
2644:978-0-7134-4920-4
2625:978-0-7134-4922-8
2616:The Smaller Bulbs
2606:978-0-7134-1246-8
2266:, pp. 94–95.
2185:, pp. 89–92.
1992:978-0-88192-111-3
1904:978-0-07-111666-4
1631:self-incompatible
870:Galanthus elwesii
725:Solanum tuberosum
672:Seasonal dormancy
559:Lilium pardalinum
146:horticulturalists
2754:
2742:Plant morphology
2694:
2685:
2676:
2657:
2648:
2629:
2610:
2597:The Larger Bulbs
2591:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2550:. Archived from
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2427:. Archived from
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2402:. Archived from
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2377:. Archived from
2371:
2365:
2364:
2359:. Archived from
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2334:. Archived from
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2309:. Archived from
2303:
2297:
2296:
2291:. Archived from
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2252:Schauenberg 1965
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2173:, p. 11–12.
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2046:Schauenberg 1965
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1985:. Timber Press.
1975:
1969:
1967:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1918:Schauenberg 1965
1915:
1909:
1908:
1890:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1842:
1836:
1367:Iris douglasiana
1331:Anemone nemorosa
827:Iris pseudacorus
814:L. candidum
751:grew and traded
665:Tigridia pavonia
428:Cyclamen graecum
191:, cut vertically
161:lilioid monocots
79:ornamental bulbs
2762:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2732:
2731:
2712:Wayback Machine
2701:
2688:
2679:
2673:
2660:
2651:
2645:
2632:
2626:
2613:
2607:
2594:
2588:The Bulb Expert
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2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:, pp. 6–7.
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:. McGraw-Hill.
1892:
1891:
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1868:
1860:
1845:
1837:
1812:
1808:
1796:
1743:
1647:
1619:
1512:
1402:
1371:Lilium martagon
1024:
965:
855:Carolus Clusius
803:Lilium candidum
798:Minoan Akrotiri
779:Drimia maritima
771:classical times
741:Ipomoea batatas
733:Oxalis tuberosa
701:
674:
614:
612:Winter dormancy
452:
450:Summer dormancy
443:
372:
359:Root tubers of
353:
310:
292:
286:fleshy scales.
263:
244:
199:
181:
176:
138:
77:, often called
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2730:
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2719:
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2700:
2699:External links
2697:
2696:
2695:
2686:
2682:Guía de Bulbos
2677:
2671:
2658:
2649:
2643:
2630:
2624:
2611:
2605:
2592:
2584:Hessayon, D.G.
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2557:
2554:on 2007-02-21.
2538:
2513:
2506:
2488:
2466:
2448:
2434:
2431:on 2014-01-26.
2416:
2391:
2366:
2363:on 2014-01-26.
2348:
2323:
2298:
2295:on 2014-01-26.
2280:
2268:
2256:
2254:, p. 204.
2244:
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2151:
2125:
2092:
2077:
2065:
2050:
2048:, p. 267.
2038:
2026:
2011:
1999:
1997:pp. 17–18, 58.
1991:
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1934:
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1723:United Kingdom
1646:
1643:
1618:
1617:Multiplication
1615:
1511:
1508:
1401:
1400:Naturalization
1398:
1327:Anemone blanda
1323:Allium ursinum
1318:
1317:
1294:
1269:
1152:
1023:
1020:
986:Crocus minimus
964:
961:
839:Ottoman Empire
763:Crocus sativus
700:
699:History of use
697:
673:
670:
622:Eucomis comosa
613:
610:
580:and the giant
451:
448:
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368:Main article:
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306:Main article:
291:
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259:Main article:
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195:Main article:
180:
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102:storage organs
15:
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2663:Growing Bulbs
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2406:on 2014-02-03
2405:
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2392:
2381:on 2014-02-03
2380:
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2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2338:on 2014-02-03
2337:
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2313:on 2014-02-03
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2234:on 2013-04-24
2230:
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2208:
2205:
2202:, p. 93.
2201:
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2192:
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2167:
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2160:
2155:
2152:
2141:on 2016-03-03
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2100:Fred Rumsey.
2096:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2075:, p. 13.
2074:
2069:
2066:
2063:, p. 56.
2062:
2057:
2055:
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2047:
2042:
2039:
2036:, p. 43.
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2009:, p. 12.
2008:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:The Bulb Book
1950:
1947:
1944:, p. 84.
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1923:
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1911:
1906:
1900:
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1862:Hessayon 1999
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1657:Bulbs can be
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717:South America
714:
713:Ancient Egypt
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582:cardiocrinums
579:
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549:
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542:
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530:
529:bluebell wood
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
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498:Mediterranean
495:
490:
488:
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486:Arum creticum
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62:
56:
55:
54:Lilium regale
50:
43:
42:
36:
30:
29:Storage organ
26:
22:
2747:Horticulture
2690:
2681:
2662:
2656:. Pan Books.
2653:
2634:
2615:
2596:
2587:
2577:Bibliography
2566:
2560:
2552:the original
2541:
2530:. Retrieved
2528:(in Spanish)
2525:
2516:
2497:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2460:
2451:
2437:
2429:the original
2419:
2408:. Retrieved
2404:the original
2394:
2383:. Retrieved
2379:the original
2369:
2361:the original
2351:
2340:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2326:
2315:. Retrieved
2311:the original
2301:
2293:the original
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2236:. Retrieved
2229:the original
2224:
2220:
2207:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:the original
2135:"Cyrtanthus"
2128:
2117:. Retrieved
2109:
2103:
2095:
2068:
2041:
2029:
2002:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1955:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1920:, p. 2.
1913:
1894:
1876:, p. 1.
1869:
1699:
1691:
1682:Hemerocallis
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1640:
1627:vegetatively
1620:
1608:
1605:Rhodohypoxis
1604:
1598:
1592:
1588:Ornithogalum
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1510:Rock gardens
1501:
1489:Ornithogalum
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1297:
1272:
1265:Zantedeschia
1229:Hymenocallis
1169:Alstroemeria
1155:
1148:Zephyranthes
1128:Ornithogalum
1054:
1048:
1025:
997:
990:
984:
982:
978:
972:
914:
908:
885:
874:
868:
864:Iris susiana
862:
858:
832:
824:
813:
807:
801:
795:
778:
762:
756:
740:
737:sweet potato
732:
724:
708:
702:
690:
684:
678:
675:
668:) is found.
663:
655:Rhodohypoxis
653:
647:
640:Western Cape
628:
620:
603:
597:
586:
563:
557:
551:
545:
538:
506:South Africa
502:Central Asia
491:
484:
478:
473:
466:
458:
444:
432:
426:
420:
414:
403:
400:
373:
360:
340:
325:
311:
264:
250:
233:
219:
200:
169:
165:Brian Mathew
139:
91:horticulture
82:
78:
74:
73:
65:
52:
39:
20:
2276:Taylor 1996
2171:Mathew 1997
2133:Duncan, G.
2073:Mathew 1987
2061:Mathew 1987
2022:Mathew 1997
1942:Mathew 1997
1930:Mathew 1997
1874:Mathew 1997
1694:cut flowers
1564:Erythronium
1540:Bulbocodium
1516:rock garden
1497:Sternbergia
1461:Fritillaria
1351:Erythronium
1290:Sternbergia
1185:Calochortus
1104:Hippeastrum
1092:Fritillaria
1072:Convallaria
818:Virgin Mary
709:Allium cepa
695:(gingers).
636:Drakensberg
589:communities
547:Erythronium
154:rhizomatous
136:Terminology
130:cut flowers
70:) in flower
2736:Categories
2532:2013-07-28
2526:Infojardin
2485:: 209–215.
2410:2014-01-26
2385:2014-01-26
2342:2014-01-26
2317:2014-01-26
2238:2013-07-31
2145:2013-07-28
2119:2013-07-29
1980:The Genus
1839:Rossi 1990
1806:References
1670:Agapanthus
1661:, such as
1546:Chionodoxa
1534:Anthericum
1249:Polianthes
1241:Pancratium
1225:Haemanthus
1161:Agapanthus
1132:Ranunculus
1100:Hyacinthus
1064:Asphodelus
956:Hyacinthus
944:Ranunculus
775:sea squill
735:) and the
599:Cyrtanthus
541:understory
514:California
376:stem tuber
283:parenchyma
278:internodes
187:Bulb of a
179:True bulbs
98:perennials
95:herbaceous
2727:RHS bulbs
1687:deciduous
1659:evergreen
1570:Galanthus
1485:Narcissus
1465:Galanthus
1437:Colchicum
1359:Galanthus
1299:Galanthus
1278:Colchicum
1253:Sprekelia
1245:Paradisea
1217:Gladiolus
1197:Crocosmia
1173:Amaryllis
1157:Achimenes
1124:Narcissus
1096:Galanthus
1028:parterres
973:Narcissus
936:Gladiolus
928:Narcissus
692:Hedychium
593:Iridaceae
578:arisaemas
535:, England
510:Australia
417:hypocotyl
252:Crocosmia
235:Narcissus
189:red onion
150:geophytes
142:botanists
87:gardening
21:gardening
2708:Archived
2586:(1999).
2264:Rix 1983
2200:Rix 1983
2183:Rix 1983
2088:Rix 1983
2034:Rix 1983
2007:Rix 1983
1982:Cyclamen
1794:See also
1702:hectares
1623:sexually
1558:Eranthis
1552:Cyclamen
1473:Leucojum
1455:Endymion
1449:Cyclamen
1387:Trillium
1313:Eranthis
1307:Cyclamen
1282:Cyclamen
1261:Watsonia
1257:Tritonia
1221:Gloriosa
1213:Galtonia
1140:Trillium
1116:Leucojum
1084:Eranthis
1080:Cyclamen
1068:Camassia
1016:shallots
1002:family (
924:Cyclamen
837:and the
790:Akrotiri
680:Gloriosa
644:gladioli
553:Trillium
422:Cyclamen
396:begonias
380:rhizomes
290:Rhizomes
114:rhizomes
81:or just
38:Tulips (
1968:p. 146.
1964:3012223
1776:plants.
1600:Romulea
1582:Muscari
1576:Ipheion
1528:Anemone
1481:Muscari
1469:Ipheion
1425:Anemone
1209:Eucomis
1205:Dierama
1181:Begonia
1177:Anemone
1120:Muscari
1088:Freesia
1044:pansies
940:Muscari
910:Lycoris
767:stigmas
753:saffron
745:Minoans
649:Eucomis
632:Lesotho
410:dahlias
384:stolons
308:Rhizome
302:rhizome
221:Muscari
201:A true
128:and as
126:gardens
2669:
2641:
2622:
2603:
2504:
1989:
1962:
1901:
1731:Brazil
1727:Israel
1711:France
1664:Clivia
1635:clones
1610:Scilla
1594:Oxalis
1522:Allium
1503:Tulipa
1493:Scilla
1477:Lilium
1443:Crocus
1419:Allium
1303:Crocus
1286:Nerine
1274:Crocus
1237:Oxalis
1233:Lilium
1201:Dahlia
1193:Crinum
1165:Allium
1144:Tulipa
1136:Scilla
1076:Crocus
1056:Allium
1030:) and
1012:chives
1008:garlic
975:shoots
971:Young
948:Allium
932:Scilla
920:Crocus
916:Lilium
889:Greece
835:Turkey
721:potato
719:, the
705:Onions
686:Crinum
683:) and
660:Mexico
474:Tulipa
470:tulips
408:, and
362:Dahlia
351:Tubers
345:cannas
343:) and
333:irises
322:shoots
300:ginger
298:Dried
229:Tulipa
225:Allium
211:leaves
157:irises
93:, are
67:Crocus
41:Tulipa
2654:Bulbs
2232:(PDF)
2217:(PDF)
1735:Spain
1719:Italy
1715:Japan
1189:Canna
1004:leeks
1000:onion
905:India
901:Korea
897:China
893:Egypt
749:Crete
715:. In
574:Japan
570:China
518:Chile
392:seeds
388:roots
370:Tuber
318:roots
271:plant
242:Corms
207:shoot
174:Types
122:parks
110:corms
106:bulbs
83:bulbs
2667:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2601:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2221:Iris
1987:ISBN
1960:OCLC
1899:ISBN
1763:The
1733:and
1679:and
1676:Iris
1607:and
1500:and
1431:Arum
1390:and
1310:and
1146:and
1142:and
1112:Ixia
1108:Iris
1060:Arum
954:and
952:Iris
903:and
873:and
822:Iris
652:and
572:and
533:Kent
327:Iris
320:and
314:stem
274:stem
267:corm
261:Corm
232:and
215:food
203:bulb
197:Bulb
124:and
89:and
27:and
25:Bulb
1345:,
747:of
729:oca
727:),
531:in
382:or
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