645:. The plates form within alveolae and therefore the wall is found within the cell membrane. Lists are rigid outgrowths from edges of specific thecal plates supported by ribs. The ribs vary in number and development between species (the number of ribs is species specific) and are necessary for expansive list growth. The theca consists of 17 or 18 plates which are divided into epithecal, hypothecal, girdle, and ventral area. The theca are divisible into left and right sides longitudinally by a sagittal suture; there is also a latitudinal girdle. Structurally complex, the genus is characterized by possession of extensive girdle and sulcal lists (wing-like extensions of the cell wall). Their theca have numerous pores which open flush to the surface of the plate on the outside but have a raised rim on the inside, their number being positively correlated with cell size. The
694:
624:
450:, giving an attractive appearance. Discovered in 1883, this genus has a small number of species currently categorized but is widespread in tropical and sub-tropical oceans. The genus is marked by exosymbiotic bacteria gardens under its lists, the inter-organismal dynamics of which are a current field of research. As they reside only in warm water, the genus has been used as a proxy for climate change and has potential to be an indicator species for environmental change if found in novel environments.
33:
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517:
532:
morphological analyses. Although the most fundamental taxonomic feature was the thecal structure, relatively few papers were available before the 1970s that critically analyzed thecal plates. Several works reported the number of plates incorrectly. A review of previous publications and update with novel research published by Tohru Abe in 1967 indicated morphological features had been previously misinterpreted and given unwarranted significance taxonomically.
59:
663:
development between sides could act as a keel. The inhibition of rotation provided by their thecae would lead to increased water flow over parts of the cell which could enhance their feeding-current system. One study found that the area in contact with the highest volume of external medium due to water flow is also a region where there are markedly less barriers to nutrient transfer (two less membranes - including theca).
786:(cyanobacteria) at times of nitrogen limitation led the authors to propose that the hosts may be providing an anaerobic microenvironment in which the cyanobacteria can efficiently fix nitrogen. This hypothetically could allow the consortia to thrive in stratified oligotrophic nitrogen limited waters. Recent studies called into question this conjecture as the cyanobacteria on two species of
1692:
965:. Together, the studies confirmed changes in phytoplankton communities in Korean waters by identifying dinoflagellate species changes, with the second paper both verifying the first and widening the scope of the changes. The authors suggest that these trends could be a result of increasing sea surface temperatures due to
761:. The cyanobacterial symbionts known as phaeosomes are located between the upper and lower lists of the horizontal groove of the cells. One study of these cyanobacteria symbiotes found that the cell size ranged from 3.5-10 μm (thus approximately an order of magnitude larger than prevalent planktonic
869:
It has been suggested that the hydrodynamic properties of lists are a reason that cells maintain contact after cell division. As division leads to initially underdeveloped lists, by remaining together, the potential negative effects of lacking lists on stability and nutrition (assuming that is their
865:
as new cell wall pieces are duplicated. This zone grows between the left and right sides of the theca. The genus’ characteristic lists are reformed only after dissolution of the megacytic zone. The last attachment between daughter cells is dorsally located and some species maintain attachment during
531:
became accessible, specific demarcation in the genus was a significant challenge due to the variability in morphological traits (specifically the cingular lists). While beautiful figures were published in the early 20th century, often their scientific value was limited due to the incompleteness of
904:
In the early 20th century, radiation schemes based on morphologies in cell structure were created for the order
Dinophysiales (Dinophyceae) and were followed up with subsequent attempts utilizing more ecological and morphological data. Recently, molecular phylogenetic studies have been undertaken
662:
The elaborate morphology of the genus is thought to be a disadvantage during active swimming . The lists have been posited to function in stability and creating feeding currents. The typical flagellar propulsion of dinoflagellates would be resisted by their morphology and the differences in list
841:
found that it had a reduced genome when compared to free-living cyanobacteria. This indicates it had lost some genes as functions were provided for it by the host. However, its genome reduction was less severe than that seen in other cyanobacterial symbionts. Therefore it was proposed that the
877:
has been found to show phased cell division (specific dividing times for species throughout the day). By analyzing the states of the megacytic zones and bridges between daughter cells, a study off the coast of Brazil in the South
Atlantic Ocean found that while cell division in
2061:
Handy, Sara M.; Bachvaroff, Tsvetan R.; Timme, Ruth E.; Wayne Coats, D.; Kim, Sunju; Delwiche, Charles F. (2009). "PHYLOGENY OF FOUR DINOPHYSIACEAN GENERA (DINOPHYCEAE, DINOPHYSIALES) BASED ON rDNA SEQUENCES FROM SINGLE CELLS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES".
921:
group (concluding however that it was a reasonable assumption that it is a monophyletic genus based on morphological similarities and sequence divergence estimates). Another contemporary investigation including representative data for the genus
1854:
Janson, Sven; Carpenter, Edward J.; Bergman, Birgitta (1995). "Immunolabelling of phycoerythrin, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and nitrogenase in the unicellular cyanobionts of
Ornithocercus spp. (Dinophyceae)".
1609:
Hoppenrath, M.; Chomérat, N.; Leander, B. (2013), Lewis, J. M.; Marret, F.; Bradley, L. R. (eds.), "Molecular phylogeny of
Sinophysis: Evaluating the possible early evolutionary history of dinophysoid dinoflagellates",
1365:
Wilke, Tanja; Zinssmeister, Carmen; Hoppenrath, Mona (2018). "Morphological variability within the marine dinoflagellate
Ornithocercus quadratus (Dinophysales, Dinophyceae) – evidence for three separate morphospecies".
817:
species strongly resembled the ectosymbionts in size and colour but were too degraded by section preparation to confirm via transmission electron microscopy. The authors nonetheless concluded that it seemed likely the
564:
but does have at least 24 recognized species. It has been extensively studied around the world, with species found to inhabit waters including the North
Arabian Sea, Eastern Tropical Pacific, Indian Ocean, Red Sea,
2108:
1023:
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2018). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National
University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of
961:
which were previously rare or unrecorded around the
Peninsula. A follow-up study in 2013 confirmed the presence of numerous tropical dinoflagellate species including several species of
957:
In 2008 a study was published in which temporal changes in dinoflagellate composition in coastal waters off the Korean
Peninsula were analyzed. They found tropical oceanic species of
569:, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Southern Ocean, Boeton Str, California Current, Gulf of Mexico, Panamic Area, Peruvian Current Galapagos Eddy, and the coast of the Korean Peninsula.
1951:
De AQUINO, Eveline
Pinheiro de; HONORATO-DA-SILVA, Marcos; FEITOSA, Fernando Antônio do Nascimento; KOENING, Maria Luise; PASSAVANTE, José Zanon de Oliveira (2014-08-30).
767:
forms). A 2010 study found species to house both the described extracellular cyanobacteria as well as larger rod-shaped non-photosynthetic bacteria on their sulcal lists.
861:). The cell division growth is preceded by the formation of a band of material known as the megacytic zone which allows the mother cell wall to maintain integrity during
581:
are found in tropical and subtropical oceans, limited to warm temperature-waters. Tropical waters are home to many genera of dinophysoid, the most common of which is the
4560:
649:
of most species are covered in areolae (shallow depressions) which are deepened by secondary thickening which takes place in mature cells. While hypotheca of some
857:
grows by increasing the size of the individual cell wall elements slowly over time. It also undergoes a period of rapid expansion laterally during cell division (
4586:
937:
with which the ectosymbiontic feature is shared. This indicates that a common ancestor of these genera likely gained this relationship with cyanobacteria. Both
770:
The exact mechanism through which photosynthetic products of the bacteria are utilized by the host is still unclear. A 1994 study was conducted in the
4547:
4573:
1953:"Field observation of Ornithocercus spp. (Dinophysiales, Dinophyta): reproductive stages and phased cell division (South Atlantic Ocean, Brazil)"
794:. The bacteria thus may provide fixed carbon for the host or may be used as a direct source of nutrients when they die. Another study found that
746:) and they are thus obligate heterotrophs. Along with other heterotrophic dinoflagellate genera, they were thought to exclusively feed through
539:
gave greater clarity to surface features as well as revealing the dissimilarity between inner and outer surfaces (such as pore openings) while
802:) which supports the idea of additional nitrogen fixing heterotrophic symbionts, allowing the possibility that the bacterial garden hosted by
774:
in which levels of colonial cyanobacteria were measured alongside oceanic nitrogen levels. Detection and peaking numbers of the consortia of
1890:
Gagat, Przemysław; Bodył, Andrzej; Mackiewicz, Paweł; Stiller, John W. (2013-10-10), "Tertiary Plastid Endosymbioses in Dinoflagellates",
2175:
693:
721:
with numerous cyanobionts present in the upper and lower girdle lists (black arrowheads) of the cingulum termed the symbiotic chamber.
2014:"Molecular Phylogeny of Selected Species of the Order Dinophysiales (Dinophyceae)-Testing the Hypothesis of a Dinophysioid Radiation"
1570:
Elbrächter, Malte (1984), "Functional Types of Marine Planktonic Primary Producers and Their Relative Significance in the Food Web",
1907:
1627:
1587:
1490:
1450:
1089:
589:
being the most widely distributed species. They are common in deep oceanic waters, with many species found predominantly below the
1644:"Cyanobiont genetic diversity and host specificity of cyanobiont-bearing dinoflagellate Ornithocercus in temperate coastal waters"
673:
Rhabdosomes, rod-shaped bodies found in the cytoplasm (approximately 3 μm in length and 0.25 μm), have been observed in
4612:
2216:
1239:"The Armoured Dinoflagellata : Ii. Prorocentridae and Dinophysidae (C) -Ｏｒｎｉｔｈｏｃｅｒｃｕｓ, Histioneis, Amphisolenia and Others-"
540:
2211:
822:
were in effect growing their own “vegetables” and likely consuming the bacteria via a peduncle. They also found evidence that
729:(c) Enlargement of the area in (b) showing two cyanobionts that are being divided by binary transverse fission (white arrows).
4640:
1831:
1799:
1074:
General Features of Dinoflagellate Material Collected by the "Anton Bruun" during the International Indian Ocean Expedition
500:
He made his observations in the Atlantic Ocean and named the organism with regards to the wonder its form inspired in him.
4578:
2295:
2285:
2268:
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1238:
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and had streamlined cells. As lifestyles became more planktonic, the large cingular and sulcal lists evolved alongside.
536:
58:
1522:
Taylor, F. J. R. (1973). "Topography of Cell Division in the Structurally Complex Dinoflagellate Genus Ornithocercus".
842:
cyanobacteria is not dependent on the host for critical functions such as metabolism, thus supporting the theory that
813:
with remnants of cyanobacterial symbionts enclosed. In one study, some of the numerous food vacuoles observed inside
991:
is one of the most important commercial fishes in India. These fish are known to occasionally feed heavily on
4591:
1119:"Spatial distribution of symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates in the Indian Ocean in relation to oceanographic regimes"
507:
in the Dinophysiden, a German taxonomic term that is no longer utilized. He specifically paired it with the genus
270:
220:
4047:
2109:
The Korean Peninsula Warming Based on Appearance Trend of Tropical Dinoflagellate Species, Genus Ornithocercus.
420:
400:
310:
280:
260:
666:
By comparing extant morphologies in dinoflagellate species, it has been suggested that ancestral species were
370:
320:
290:
250:
41:
1433:
Shamsudin, Lokman; Shazili, N. A. M. (1991), "Microplankton Bloom in a Brackish Water Lagoon of Terengganu",
1322:
Taylor, F. J. R. (1971). "Scanning Electron Microscopy of Thecae of the Dinoflagellate Genus Ornithocercus".
905:
which provide more accurate hypothetical frameworks for dinophysoid character evolution. A 2009 paper placed
360:
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340:
1729:"Heterotrophic dinoflagellates with symbiotic cyanobacteria and nitrogen limitation in the Gulf of Aqaba"
513:
due to their morphological distinctiveness including what he described as a head-funnel and neck collar.
390:
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4096:
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1926:
1712:. In: F. J. R. Taylor (Ed.), The biology of dinoflagellates (pp. 224–281). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific
484:, one of the most wonderful and strangest animal forms that ever happened to me” – Friedich Stein 1883
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A 2013 study summarized the state of potential Ornithocercus phylogeny and placed them in clade with
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53:
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2231:
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1974:
1925:
Nakayama T, Takano Y, Nomura M, Shiba K, Inaba K, Tanifuji G, Inagaki Y, Kawata M (May 2018).
1903:
1872:
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1964:
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1819:
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1671:
1663:
1615:
1575:
1531:
1478:
1438:
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1331:
1286:
Thecal morphology of Ornithocercus magnificus (dinoflagellata) with notes on related species
1253:
1180:
1130:
1077:
1024:
535:
Availability of enhanced microscope technology allowed greater morphological understanding.
685:
with a microtubular strand was used as evidence of potential food uptake via the peduncle.
543:
allowed insights into cell wall development. The study of morphological variability within
446:
that is known for its complex morphology that features considerable lists growing from its
4120:
3698:
3666:
3486:
3482:
3445:
3423:
3388:
3099:
2898:
2830:
2760:
2491:
2484:
2125:"Studies on the age and growth of the Oil Sardine Sardinella longiceps by means of scales"
32:
1728:
1747:
1659:
4015:
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3762:
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3399:
3376:
3199:
2960:
2915:
2748:
2728:
2617:
2383:
2236:
2188:
2143:
Food of the oil sardine taken by bottom nets And surface gill net in the mangalore area
1676:
1643:
1335:
1048:"The dinoflagellate genus Ornithocercus stein from North Arabian sea shelf of Pakistan"
978:
966:
858:
601:
443:
129:
96:
83:
4634:
4281:
4190:
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3979:
3949:
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3393:
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2991:
2903:
2886:
2765:
2606:
2593:
2425:
2075:
2030:
2013:
1535:
1047:
1027:). Ornithocercus Stein, 1883. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at:
996:
771:
763:
758:
617:
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566:
552:
528:
159:
149:
2142:
2124:
2091:
2047:
1841:
1551:
1395:
1351:
4443:
4149:
4137:
4091:
4071:
4020:
3997:
3865:
3848:
3836:
3779:
3767:
3731:
3708:
3602:
3598:
3564:
3506:
3501:
3490:
3474:
3470:
3432:
3287:
3269:
3193:
3003:
2979:
2967:
2809:
2789:
2772:
2753:
2719:
2655:
2539:
2509:
2407:
981:
and specifically marine ecosystem change if coupled with other environmental data.
974:
667:
608:
at Gong Batu lagoon in Malaysia, indicating that it is not an isolated phenomenon.
1937:. XXII Meeting of the International Society of Evolutionary Protistology (Cyprus).
1928:
Genome analysis of a symbiotic cyanobacterium in a dinophysialean dinoflagellate,
1868:
523:
from the Bay of Villefranche. The little orange balls are symbiotic cyanobacteria.
1969:
1952:
1899:
1473:
Massana, Ramon (2015), "Protistan Diversity in Environmental Molecular Surveys",
1442:
1081:
1076:, Ecological Studies, vol. 3, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 155–169,
4506:
4331:
4252:
4235:
4125:
4116:
4053:
4041:
4035:
3940:
3786:
3773:
3546:
3511:
3465:
3460:
3231:
3169:
3020:
2948:
2942:
2891:
2857:
2837:
2705:
2599:
2582:
2562:
2521:
2466:
2437:
2412:
1579:
1482:
862:
791:
775:
743:
616:
Species range in length from 40-170 μm. They are therefore classed as
139:
4497:
1696:
1667:
4437:
4178:
4083:
4060:
4008:
4002:
3960:
3954:
3903:
3878:
3828:
3755:
3743:
3737:
3713:
3558:
3554:
3534:
3411:
3381:
3211:
3111:
3106:
3049:
3043:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2924:
2797:
2777:
2551:
2514:
2472:
2460:
2371:
1167:
Kim, Hyeung-Sin; Kim, Seung-Hyun; Jung, Min-Min; Lee, Joon-Baek (2013-12-27).
747:
734:
708:
678:
651:
605:
560:
509:
46:
1995:. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
1978:
1876:
1791:
1765:
1543:
1387:
1343:
1267:
1194:
1144:
830:, thus engaging in a multi-resource strategy to survive oligotrophic waters.
4521:
4244:
4155:
4065:
3990:
3972:
3915:
3791:
3725:
3187:
3181:
3163:
3037:
3008:
2932:
2814:
2736:
2675:
2502:
2192:
2184:
2153:
1823:
1185:
1168:
1000:
918:
783:
682:
681:
although no signs of emission have ever been observed. The observation of a
638:
109:
70:
2083:
2039:
1814:
Carpenter, E. J.; Foster, R. A. (2003), "Marine Cyanobacterial Symbioses",
1685:
1460:
1293:
637:
is a thecate dinoflagellate. This means they are armored with overlapping
4491:
4195:
4108:
3984:
3749:
3244:
3205:
3123:
3067:
2868:
2556:
2418:
2395:
2275:
646:
440:
659:
species have not been observed with a hypotheca associated mucus layer.
477:, strange, even the most sober researcher will have some admiration …
4552:
3117:
3055:
2802:
2694:
2611:
2442:
2400:
2376:
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1691:
827:
119:
1437:, vol. 19, no. 1–3, Springer Netherlands, pp. 287–294,
2526:
1379:
1135:
1118:
834:
496:. He coined the genus with originally only one species: the holotype
4468:
1619:
1258:
558:
The genus is not as diverse as other dinoflagellate genera such as
2107:
Kim, Hyeung-Sin & Jung, Min-Min & Lee, Joon-Baek. (2008).
692:
642:
622:
555:
based on inferences from modern imaging techniques of morphology.
515:
457:
447:
1695:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1029:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109464
492:
was first described in 1883 by German entomologist and zoologist
4472:
2157:
4539:
913:
sharing a common ancestor but had insufficient data to label
547:
species is an ongoing field. A 2018 study found that species
1996:
1727:
Gordon, N; Angel, Dl; Neorl, A; Kress, N; Kimor, B (1994).
727:
with numerous cyanobionts inhabiting the symbiotic chamber.
1612:
Biological and Geological Perspectives of Dinoflagellates
945:
have cyanobacteria living between cingular lists whereas
893:
Sexual reproduction and cyst formation are not known in
677:
species. They’re thought to function in prey capture as
2147:
Indian Journal of Fisheries, 19 (1&2). pp. 163-166.
1697:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1246:
Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory
949:
have their ectosymbionts in a dorsal girdle-chamber.
1642:
Kim, Miran; Choi, Dong Han; Park, Myung Gil (2021).
4481:
4423:
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4369:
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2877:
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2319:
1288:(MS). College Station: Texas A & M University.
1117:Tarangkoon, W; Hansen, G; Hansen, Pj (2010-01-07).
870:normal function) could be reduced as they develop.
1991:M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2019.
1782:Adams, David G. (2002), "Symbiotic Interactions",
1614:, Geological Society of London, pp. 207–214,
1572:Flows of Energy and Materials in Marine Ecosystems
1169:"New Record of Dinoflagellates around Jeju Island"
1007:as a food chain link has commercial implications.
1218:Der Organismus Der Infusionsthiere, Abtheilung II
806:provides fixed carbon and nitrogen for the host.
2012:Jensen, Maria Hastrup; Daugbjerg, Niels (2009).
1786:, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 523–561,
790:were not found to produce the necessary enzyme
1818:, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 11–17,
753:While lacking the ability to photosynthesize,
2169:
1410:"Ornithocercus Stein, 1883 :: Algaebase"
926:determined that it was in fact monophyletic.
8:
494:Samuel Friedrich Nathaniel Ritter von Stein
4469:
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2700:
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2359:
2325:
2316:
2176:
2162:
2154:
1221:. Vol. Abt. 2. Leipzig: W. Engelmann.
468:From the original 1867 species description
31:
20:
2029:
1968:
1755:
1708:Gaines, G., & Elbrachter, M. (1987).
1675:
1257:
1184:
1134:
809:Food vacuoles have been observed inside
711:(cyanobacterial symbionts) belonging to
1016:
2103:
2101:
2007:
2005:
1946:
1944:
1920:
1918:
1777:
1775:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1046:Saifullah, SM; Gul, S; Kha, M (2008).
1894:, Springer Vienna, pp. 233–290,
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
7:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1279:
1277:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1067:
1065:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1435:Fourth Symposium on our Environment
1058:: 849–857 – via ResearchGate.
846:feeds on its “garden” of bacteria.
742:lacks photosynthetic pigments (and
1999: ; searched on 14 March 2019.
1336:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1971.tb01510.x
1173:Journal of Ecology and Environment
999:zone (the study was performed off
873:Like other dinoflagellate genera,
757:has ectosymbiotic (extracellular)
14:
1574:, Springer US, pp. 191–221,
1477:, Springer Japan, pp. 3–21,
837:of cyanobacteria associated with
541:transmission electron microscopes
2076:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00738.x
2031:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00741.x
1690:
1536:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1973.00001.x
355:(Schmidt) Kofoid & Skogsberg
345:(Schmidt) Kofoid & Skogsberg
57:
16:Genus of single-celled organisms
890:utilized the days first light.
882:required high light intensity,
1736:Marine Ecology Progress Series
715:dinoflagellate host consortium
1:
1869:10.2216/i0031-8884-34-2-171.1
1284:Norris, Dean Rayburn (1967).
750:of dissolved organic manner.
537:Scanning electron microscopes
1970:10.5914/tropocean.v42i2.5812
1900:10.1007/978-3-7091-1303-5_13
1784:The Ecology of Cyanobacteria
1443:10.1007/978-94-011-2664-9_27
1082:10.1007/978-3-642-65468-8_11
630:- prominent lists on display
271:Ornithocercus heteroporoides
2129:Indian Journal of Fisheries
2114:Vol. 13. No. 4, pp 303-307.
1580:10.1007/978-1-4757-0387-0_8
1483:10.1007/978-4-431-55130-0_1
1003:). As such, the welfare of
641:plates collectively called
4662:
1816:Cyanobacteria in Symbiosis
1668:10.1038/s41598-021-89072-z
1052:Pakistan Journal of Botany
732:
655:can be embedded in mucus,
221:Ornithocercus carpentariae
3814:
3028:
2825:
2714:
2628:
2315:
2199:
1123:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
1072:Taylor, F. J. R. (1973),
973:species could be used as
628:Ornithocercus heteroporus
604:lagoon was also found in
503:Stein originally grouped
498:Ornithocercus magnificus.
421:Ornithocercus triclavatus
401:Ornithocercus orbiculatus
311:Ornithocercus skogsbergii
281:Ornithocercus heteroporus
261:Ornithocercus geniculatus
186:
181:
54:Scientific classification
52:
39:
30:
23:
1997:http://www.algaebase.org
1930:Ornithocercus magnificus
1792:10.1007/0-306-46855-7_19
1215:Stein, Fredrich (1867).
866:early list development.
798:has a nitrogenase gene (
551:could be three separate
521:Ornithocercus magnificus
463:Ornithocercus Magnificus
371:Ornithocercus biclavatus
321:Ornithocercus splendidus
291:Ornithocercus magnificus
251:Ornithocercus francescae
42:Ornithocercus splendidus
3854:Vitrella brassicaformis
1824:10.1007/0-306-48005-0_2
1710:Heterotrophic nutrition
1186:10.5141/ecoenv.2013.273
361:Ornithocercus assimilis
301:Ornithocercus quadratus
231:Ornithocercus cristatus
211:Ornithocercus carolinae
201:Ornithocercus bilobatus
191:Ornithocercus australis
1237:Abe, Tohru H. (1967).
995:, specifically in the
730:
631:
524:
486:
469:
411:Ornithocercus serratus
241:Ornithocercus formosus
4641:Dinoflagellate genera
2575:Postciliodesmatophora
2140:Dhulkhed, M H (1972)
1957:Tropical Oceanography
988:Sardinella longiceps)
696:
689:Feeding and symbiosis
626:
519:
471:
461:
405:Kofoid & Michener
351:Ornithocercus thurnii
331:Ornithocercus steinii
245:Kofoid & Michener
3277:Eleutheroschizonidae
2389:Cariacothrix caudata
2064:Journal of Phycology
2018:Journal of Phycology
1524:Journal of Phycology
1324:Journal of Phycology
986:Indian oil sardine (
953:Practical importance
454:History of knowledge
341:Ornithocercus thumii
45:at 74 m in the
3522:Blastogregarinorina
3479:Oligochaetocystinae
1748:1994MEPS..107...83G
1660:2021NatSR..11.9458K
833:An analysis of the
573:Habitat and ecology
391:Ornithocercus minor
381:Ornithocercus galea
3617:Amphiplatysporidae
3569:Cephaloidophoridae
3369:Archigregarinorida
2364:Intramacronucleata
1757:10.3354/meps107083
1648:Scientific Reports
731:
632:
525:
470:
4628:
4627:
4600:Open Tree of Life
4475:Taxon identifiers
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4419:
4418:
4298:
4297:
4230:
4229:
3926:
3925:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3695:Schizogregarinina
3681:
3680:
3352:
3351:
3257:Protococcidiorida
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3141:Selenococcidiidae
3131:Elleipsisomatidae
3095:Cryptosporidiidae
2956:Haemogregarinidae
2879:Agamococcidiorida
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2650:
2649:
2450:Oligohymenophorea
2349:
2348:
2123:Balan, V (1963).
1414:www.algaebase.org
977:and evidence for
975:indicator species
596:The existence of
432:
431:
426:
416:
406:
396:
386:
376:
366:
356:
346:
336:
326:
316:
306:
296:
286:
276:
266:
256:
246:
236:
226:
216:
206:
196:
177:
4653:
4621:
4620:
4608:
4607:
4595:
4594:
4582:
4581:
4569:
4568:
4556:
4555:
4543:
4542:
4530:
4529:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4470:
4367:
4309:
4241:
4133:Duboscquellaceae
3937:
3825:
3816:
3687:Neogregarinorida
3663:Actinocephalidae
3659:Stylocephaloidea
3653:Trichorhynchidae
3497:Schaudinnellidae
3441:Aikinetocystidae
3429:
3365:
3294:Eleutheroschizon
3136:Lankesterellidae
3085:Calyptosporiidae
3075:Atoxoplasmatidae
3026:
2938:Dactylosomatidae
2921:
2875:
2864:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2701:
2661:
2480:Parablepharismea
2455:Ichthyophthirius
2360:
2326:
2317:
2228:
2208:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2070:(5): 1163–1174.
2058:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2024:(5): 1136–1152.
2009:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1733:
1724:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1679:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1567:
1556:
1555:
1519:
1496:
1495:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1380:10.2216/17-126.1
1362:
1356:
1355:
1319:
1298:
1297:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1243:
1234:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1164:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1136:10.3354/ame01356
1114:
1095:
1094:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1043:
1032:
1021:
909:in a group with
424:
414:
404:
394:
384:
374:
364:
354:
344:
334:
324:
314:
304:
294:
284:
274:
264:
254:
244:
234:
224:
214:
204:
194:
175:
62:
61:
35:
21:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4616:
4611:
4603:
4598:
4590:
4585:
4577:
4572:
4564:
4559:
4551:
4546:
4538:
4533:
4525:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4477:
4467:
4450:
4415:
4390:
4356:
4350:Rhizellobiopsis
4294:
4226:
4203:Pronoctilucidae
4162:
4121:Amoebophryaceae
4103:
4078:
4029:Without theca:
3922:
3885:
3860:
3798:
3699:Caulleryellidae
3677:
3667:Stylocephalidae
3645:Sphaerocystidae
3629:Dactylophoridae
3625:Cnemidosporidae
3621:Brustiophoridae
3541:
3516:
3487:Stomatophorinae
3483:Rhynchocystinae
3446:Allantocystidae
3424:Eugregarinorida
3418:
3389:Selenidioididae
3361:
3348:
3251:
3218:
3177:Toxoplasmatinae
3145:
3100:Cryptosporidium
3015:
2910:
2899:Rhytidocystidae
2871:
2860:
2843:
2831:Cardiosporidium
2821:
2784:
2761:Leucocytozoidae
2708:
2697:
2680:
2646:
2624:
2569:
2492:Phyllopharyngea
2485:Parablepharisma
2345:
2311:
2310:
2226:
2204:
2195:
2182:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2135:
2122:
2118:
2106:
2099:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1990:
1986:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1834:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1620:10.1144/tms5.19
1608:
1607:
1596:
1590:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1521:
1520:
1499:
1493:
1475:Marine Protists
1472:
1471:
1467:
1453:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1321:
1320:
1301:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1214:
1213:
1202:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1116:
1115:
1098:
1092:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1022:
1018:
1013:
955:
902:
852:
737:
728:
722:
716:
706:
703:dinoflagellates
699:Cyanobionts of
691:
614:
575:
456:
255:(Murray) Balech
174:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4659:
4657:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4609:
4596:
4583:
4570:
4557:
4544:
4531:
4518:
4503:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4338:Parallobiopsis
4326:Elliobiocystis
4317:
4315:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4277:Rastromonadida
4274:
4262:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4188:
4183:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4142:
4130:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4058:
4026:
4025:
4016:Prorocentrales
4013:
3995:
3977:
3948:With a theca:
3945:
3943:
3934:
3932:Dinoflagellata
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3908:
3899:Alphamonadidae
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3846:
3842:Chromera velia
3833:
3831:
3822:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3784:
3763:Schizocystidae
3760:
3718:
3706:
3703:Ophryocystidae
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3673:Blabericolidae
3670:
3656:
3606:
3596:
3593:Uradiophoridae
3577:Didymophoridae
3573:Cephalolobidae
3562:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Enterocystidae
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3400:Meroselenidium
3386:
3377:Exoschizonidae
3373:
3371:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3328:
3319:Mackinnoniidae
3316:
3298:
3274:
3265:Angeiocystidae
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3200:Nephroisospora
3174:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3104:
3092:
3090:Caryotrophidae
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2961:Haemogregarina
2953:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2916:Eucoccidiorida
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2749:Haemoproteidae
2746:
2733:
2731:
2729:Haemospororida
2722:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2618:Tracheloraphis
2604:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2549:
2537:
2519:
2507:
2489:
2477:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2405:
2393:
2384:Cariacotrichea
2381:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:Mesomycetozoea
2298:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2237:Diaphoretickes
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2133:
2116:
2097:
2053:
2001:
1984:
1940:
1914:
1908:
1882:
1863:(2): 171–176.
1846:
1832:
1806:
1800:
1771:
1714:
1701:
1634:
1628:
1594:
1588:
1557:
1497:
1491:
1465:
1451:
1425:
1401:
1374:(5): 555–571.
1357:
1330:(3): 249–258.
1299:
1273:
1259:10.5134/175463
1224:
1200:
1179:(4): 273–291.
1150:
1096:
1090:
1061:
1033:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
979:climate change
967:global warming
954:
951:
901:
898:
895:Ornithocercus.
859:binary fission
851:
848:
697:
690:
687:
613:
610:
574:
571:
455:
452:
444:dinoflagellate
439:is a genus of
430:
429:
428:
427:
417:
407:
397:
387:
377:
367:
357:
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
297:
287:
277:
267:
257:
247:
237:
227:
217:
207:
197:
184:
183:
179:
178:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
130:Dinoflagellata
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
84:Diaphoretickes
81:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4658:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4513:Ornithocercus
4508:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4483:Ornithocercus
4480:
4476:
4471:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:Thalassomyces
4340:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4321:Ellobiopsidae
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Protalveolata
4301:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:Parvilucifera
4278:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4191:Oxyrrhinaceae
4189:
4187:
4186:Ichthyodinium
4184:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4031:Gymnodiniales
4028:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3980:Gonyaulacales
3978:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:Ornithocercus
3963:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3950:Dinophysiales
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3911:Voromonadidae
3909:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3874:Colpodellidae
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3721:Lipotrophidae
3719:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3649:Stenophoridae
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:Stenophoricae
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3585:Hirmocystidae
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3530:Siedleckiidae
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:Diplocystidae
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:Selenidioides
3402:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:Merogregarina
3390:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:Gregarinasina
3355:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:Myriosporides
3332:
3331:Myriosporidae
3329:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3159:Sarcocystinae
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3151:Sarcocystidae
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:Pseudoklossia
3058:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2992:Klossiellidae
2990:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2905:
2904:Rhytidocystis
2900:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:Gemmocystidae
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:Leucocytozoon
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2671:Colponemadida
2668:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2607:Karyorelictea
2605:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:Climacostomum
2590:
2589:
2584:
2583:Heterotrichea
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2426:Muranotrichea
2424:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2336:Acavomonadida
2333:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Stramenopiles
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:(major groups
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1909:9783709113028
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:Endosymbiosis
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1629:9781862393684
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1589:9781475703894
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:9784431551294
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1452:9789401051781
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1252:(2): 79–116.
1251:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1091:9783642654701
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:on 2018-08-23
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1005:Ornithocercus
1002:
998:
994:
993:Ornithocercus
990:
989:
982:
980:
976:
972:
971:Ornithocercus
968:
964:
963:Ornithocercus
960:
959:Ornithocercus
952:
950:
948:
944:
940:
939:Ornithocercus
936:
932:
927:
925:
924:Ornithocercus
920:
916:
915:Ornithocercus
912:
908:
907:Ornithocercus
899:
897:
896:
891:
889:
885:
884:O. magnificus
881:
876:
875:Ornithocercus
871:
867:
864:
860:
856:
855:Ornithocercus
849:
847:
845:
844:Ornithocercus
840:
839:O. magnificus
836:
831:
829:
825:
824:Ornithocercus
821:
820:Ornithocercus
816:
815:Ornithocercus
812:
811:O. magnificus
807:
805:
804:Ornithocercus
801:
797:
796:Ornithocercus
793:
789:
788:Ornithocercus
785:
781:
780:Ornithocercus
777:
773:
772:Gulf of Aqaba
768:
766:
765:
764:Synechococcus
760:
759:cyanobacteria
756:
755:Ornithocercus
751:
749:
745:
741:
740:Ornithocercus
736:
726:
720:
719:O. magnificus
714:
713:Ornithocercus
710:
704:
702:
701:Ornithocercus
695:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
675:Ornithocercus
671:
669:
664:
660:
658:
657:Ornithocercus
654:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Ornithocercus
629:
625:
621:
619:
618:microplankton
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
598:Ornithocercus
594:
592:
591:euphotic zone
588:
584:
583:Ornithocercus
580:
579:Ornithocercus
572:
570:
568:
567:Vitiaz Strait
563:
562:
556:
554:
553:morphospecies
550:
546:
545:Ornithocercus
542:
538:
533:
530:
529:DNA barcoding
522:
518:
514:
512:
511:
506:
505:Ornithocercus
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:Ornithocercus
485:
483:
480:
479:Ornithocercus
476:
475:Ornithocercus
467:
464:
460:
453:
451:
449:
448:thecal plates
445:
442:
438:
437:
436:Ornithocercus
423:
422:
418:
413:
412:
408:
403:
402:
398:
393:
392:
388:
385:(Pouchet) Abé
383:
382:
378:
373:
372:
368:
363:
362:
358:
353:
352:
348:
343:
342:
338:
333:
332:
328:
323:
322:
318:
313:
312:
308:
303:
302:
298:
293:
292:
288:
283:
282:
278:
273:
272:
268:
263:
262:
258:
253:
252:
248:
243:
242:
238:
233:
232:
228:
223:
222:
218:
213:
212:
208:
203:
202:
198:
193:
192:
188:
187:
185:
180:
173:
172:
171:Ornithocercus
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:Dinophysaceae
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:Dinophysiales
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
25:Ornithocercus
22:
19:
4482:
4444:Platyproteum
4442:
4436:
4407:
4404:Chilovoridae
4382:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4286:
4280:
4268:
4256:
4218:
4208:Pronoctiluca
4206:
4194:
4177:
4174:Acrocoelidae
4154:
4150:Hematodinium
4148:
4145:Syndiniaceae
4138:Duboscquella
4136:
4124:
4095:
4092:Noctilucales
4072:Symbiodinium
4070:
4064:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4021:Prorocentrum
4019:
4007:
4001:
3998:Peridiniales
3989:
3983:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3914:
3902:
3891:Voromonadida
3877:
3866:Colpodellida
3852:
3849:Vitrellaceae
3840:
3837:Chromeraceae
3820:Apicomonadea
3790:
3780:Schizocystis
3778:
3772:
3768:Lymphotropha
3766:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3732:Farinocystis
3730:
3724:
3712:
3709:Gigaductidae
3637:Monoductidae
3603:Porosporidae
3599:Porosporicae
3581:Gregarinidae
3565:Gregarinicae
3533:
3507:Thiriotiidae
3502:Selenidiidae
3491:Zygocystinae
3475:Monocystinae
3471:Monocystidae
3433:Aseptatorina
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3380:
3340:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3304:
3292:
3288:Defretinella
3286:
3280:
3270:Angeiocystis
3268:
3243:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3194:Hyaloklossia
3192:
3186:
3180:
3168:
3162:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3098:
3080:Barrouxiidae
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3033:Aggregatidae
3007:
3004:Legerellidae
2995:
2983:
2980:Karyolysidae
2971:
2968:Hepatozoidae
2959:
2947:
2941:
2902:
2890:
2836:
2829:
2813:
2810:Theileriidae
2801:
2790:Piroplasmida
2776:
2773:Plasmodiidae
2764:
2754:Haemoproteus
2752:
2740:
2720:Aconoidasida
2674:
2665:Colponemadea
2656:Colponemidia
2640:
2634:
2616:
2610:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2561:
2555:
2552:Spirotrichea
2543:
2540:Protocruziea
2531:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2497:Chilodonella
2495:
2483:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2411:
2408:Litostomatea
2399:
2387:
2375:
2339:
2330:Acavomonadea
2321:Acavomonidia
2286:Opisthokonta
2141:
2136:
2128:
2119:
2111:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2021:
2017:
1992:
1987:
1960:
1956:
1931:
1927:
1891:
1885:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1815:
1809:
1783:
1739:
1735:
1709:
1704:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1611:
1571:
1527:
1523:
1474:
1468:
1434:
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:
1404:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1327:
1323:
1285:
1249:
1245:
1217:
1176:
1172:
1126:
1122:
1073:
1055:
1051:
1019:
1004:
992:
987:
983:
970:
962:
958:
956:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
928:
923:
919:monophyletic
914:
910:
906:
903:
894:
892:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
854:
853:
843:
838:
832:
823:
819:
814:
810:
808:
803:
799:
795:
787:
779:
776:heterotrophs
769:
762:
754:
752:
744:chloroplasts
739:
738:
724:
718:
712:
700:
698:
674:
672:
665:
661:
656:
650:
634:
633:
627:
615:
597:
595:
587:O. quadratus
586:
582:
578:
576:
559:
557:
549:O. quadratus
548:
544:
534:
526:
520:
508:
504:
502:
497:
489:
487:
481:
478:
474:
472:
465:
462:
435:
434:
433:
419:
409:
399:
389:
379:
369:
359:
349:
339:
329:
319:
309:
299:
289:
279:
269:
259:
249:
239:
229:
219:
209:
199:
189:
170:
169:
126:Superclass:
103:
90:
77:
40:
24:
18:
4646:Dinophyceae
4507:Wikispecies
4396:Chilovorida
4379:Algovoridae
4362:Myzomonadea
4332:Ellobiopsis
4313:Ellobiopsea
4288:Rastrimonas
4270:Phagodinium
4265:Phagodinida
4253:Perkinsidae
4236:Perkinsozoa
4215:Psammosidae
4126:Amoebophyra
4117:Syndiniales
4054:Karlodinium
4042:Gymnodinium
4036:Amphidinium
3941:Dinokaryota
3787:Syncystidae
3774:Machadoella
3633:Leidyanidae
3589:Metameridae
3547:Septatorina
3512:Urosporidae
3466:Lecudinidae
3461:Ganymedidae
3324:Mackinnonia
3306:Coelotropha
3282:Coelotropha
3232:Ixorheorida
3170:Sarcocystis
3021:Eimeriorina
2949:Dactylosoma
2943:Babesiosoma
2892:Gemmocystis
2858:Conoidasida
2838:Nephromyces
2706:Apicomplexa
2600:Blepharisma
2563:Stylonychia
2545:Protocruzia
2522:Prostomatea
2510:Plagiopylea
2467:Tetrahymena
2438:Nassophorea
2431:Muranothrix
2413:Balantidium
1654:(1): 9458.
1530:(1): 1–10.
1129:: 197–213.
969:. As such,
947:Citharistes
931:Citharistes
911:Citharistes
863:cytokinesis
826:may ingest
792:nitrogenase
709:cyanobionts
679:trichocysts
577:Species of
140:Dinophyceae
4635:Categories
4438:Filipodium
4433:Squirmidae
4425:Squirmidea
4371:Algovorida
4179:Acrocoelus
4084:Noctilucea
4061:Suessiales
4009:Peridinium
4003:Pfiesteria
3961:Histioneis
3955:Dinophysis
3904:Alphamonas
3879:Colpodella
3829:Chromerida
3756:Menzbieria
3744:Lipocystis
3738:Lipotropha
3714:Gigaductus
3641:Monoicidae
3559:Fusionidae
3555:Fusionicae
3535:Siedleckia
3412:Veloxidium
3382:Exoschizon
3342:Myriospora
3301:Grelliidae
3240:Ixorheidae
3212:Toxoplasma
3112:Cyclospora
3107:Eimeriidae
3050:Merocystis
3044:Grasseella
2997:Klossiella
2985:Karyolysus
2973:Hepatozoon
2925:Adeleorina
2798:Babesiidae
2778:Plasmodium
2642:Myrionecta
2636:Mesodinium
2631:Mesodiniea
2515:Plagiopyla
2473:Vorticella
2461:Paramecium
2372:Armophorea
2355:Ciliophora
2341:Acavomonas
2131:: 663–686.
1857:Phycologia
1833:1402007779
1801:0792347358
1419:2019-03-12
1368:Phycologia
1025:M.D. Guiry
1011:References
943:Histioneis
935:Histioneis
880:O. steinii
850:Life cycle
784:autotrophs
748:osmotrophy
735:cyanobiont
733:See also:
725:O. steinii
652:Histioneis
612:Morphology
606:Terengganu
561:Dinophysis
510:Histioneis
488:The genus
482:magnificus
441:planktonic
425:E.F.J.Wood
375:E.J.F.Wood
235:Matzenauer
195:Wood, 1963
47:Ionian Sea
4522:AlgaeBase
4409:Chilovora
4258:Perkinsus
4245:Perkinsea
4156:Syndinium
4097:Noctiluca
4066:Polarella
3991:Gonyaulax
3973:Oxyphysis
3916:Voromonas
3792:Syncystis
3726:Apicystis
3188:Hammondia
3182:Besnoitia
3164:Frenkelia
3038:Aggregata
3009:Legerella
2933:Adeleidae
2815:Theileria
2737:Garniidae
2676:Colponema
2533:Holophrya
2503:Tokophrya
2281:Amoebozoa
2259:Alveolata
2247:Cryptista
2222:Eukaryota
2193:Alveolata
2185:Eukaryota
1993:AlgaeBase
1979:1679-3013
1877:0031-8884
1766:0171-8630
1742:: 83–88.
1544:0022-3646
1388:0031-8884
1344:0022-3646
1268:0037-2870
1195:2287-8327
1145:0948-3055
1001:Mangalore
900:Phylogeny
888:O. thumii
647:hypotheca
639:cellulose
395:Jørgensen
365:Jørgensen
110:Alveolata
71:Eukaryota
4498:Q7103629
4492:Wikidata
4384:Algovora
4220:Psammosa
4196:Oxyrrhis
4109:Syndinea
3985:Ceratium
3750:Mattesia
3613:Acutidae
3245:Ixorheis
3206:Neospora
3124:Isospora
3068:Selysina
2869:Coccidia
2557:Euplotes
2419:Dileptus
2396:Colpodea
2276:Amorphea
2254:Rhizaria
2242:Hacrobia
2232:Excavata
2217:Bacteria
2112:The Sea.
2092:33929195
2084:27032361
2048:19359589
2040:27032359
1842:84134683
1686:33947914
1552:84534738
1461:24233946
1396:89663330
1352:85336786
997:demersal
828:ciliates
683:cytosome
602:brackish
265:Dangeard
182:Species
156:Family:
116:Phylum:
67:Domain:
4566:1072354
4553:7893008
4048:Karenia
3312:Grellia
3118:Eimeria
3056:Ovivora
2803:Babesia
2695:Myzozoa
2612:Loxodes
2588:Stentor
2443:Nassula
2401:Colpoda
2377:Metopus
2291:Animals
2212:Archaea
2127:(PDF).
1744:Bibcode
1677:8097063
1656:Bibcode
1294:5392798
705:
668:benthic
643:a theca
166:Genus:
146:Order:
136:Class:
120:Myzozoa
4618:109464
4605:824292
4592:566468
2742:Garnia
2527:Coleps
2269:Plants
2206:Domain
2090:
2082:
2046:
2038:
1977:
1906:
1875:
1840:
1830:
1798:
1764:
1684:
1674:
1626:
1586:
1550:
1542:
1489:
1459:
1449:
1394:
1386:
1350:
1342:
1292:
1266:
1193:
1143:
1088:
835:genome
782:) and
527:Until
415:Kofoid
335:Schütt
325:Schütt
305:Schütt
285:Kofoid
215:Kofoid
4613:WoRMS
4561:IRMNG
4540:90120
4527:44663
4167:Other
2296:Fungi
2088:S2CID
2044:S2CID
1963:(2).
1935:(PDF)
1838:S2CID
1732:(PDF)
1548:S2CID
1392:S2CID
1348:S2CID
1242:(PDF)
917:as a
707:Live
600:in a
585:with
295:Stein
205:Rampi
176:Stein
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
4587:NCBI
4579:9985
4574:ITIS
4548:GBIF
2080:PMID
2036:PMID
1975:ISSN
1904:ISBN
1873:ISSN
1828:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1762:ISSN
1682:PMID
1624:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1540:ISSN
1487:ISBN
1457:PMID
1447:ISBN
1384:ISSN
1340:ISSN
1290:OCLC
1264:ISSN
1191:ISSN
1141:ISSN
1086:ISBN
984:The
941:and
933:and
886:and
800:nifH
723:(b)
717:(a)
225:Wood
4535:EoL
2189:SAR
2072:doi
2026:doi
1965:doi
1896:doi
1865:doi
1820:doi
1788:doi
1752:doi
1740:107
1672:PMC
1664:doi
1616:doi
1576:doi
1532:doi
1479:doi
1439:doi
1376:doi
1332:doi
1254:doi
1181:doi
1131:doi
1078:doi
620:.
315:Abé
275:Abé
97:SAR
4637::
4615::
4602::
4589::
4576::
4563::
4550::
4537::
4524::
4509::
4494::
4441:,
4347:,
4341:,
4335:,
4329:,
4285:,
4153:,
4119::
4069:,
4051:,
4045:,
4039:,
4006:,
3988:,
3970:,
3964:,
3958:,
3777:,
3771:,
3753:,
3747:,
3741:,
3735:,
3729:,
3701:,
3665:,
3651:,
3647:,
3643:,
3639:,
3635:,
3631:,
3627:,
3623:,
3619:,
3615:,
3591:,
3587:,
3583:,
3579:,
3575:,
3571:,
3489:,
3485:,
3481:,
3477:,
3409:,
3403:,
3397:,
3339:,
3309:,
3291:,
3285:,
3209:,
3203:,
3197:,
3191:,
3185:,
3167:,
3121:,
3115:,
3065:,
3059:,
3053:,
3047:,
3041:,
2946:,
2639:,
2615:,
2597:,
2591:,
2560:,
2530:,
2500:,
2470:,
2464:,
2458:,
2416:,
2191::
2187::
2100:^
2086:.
2078:.
2068:45
2066:.
2042:.
2034:.
2022:45
2020:.
2016:.
2004:^
1973:.
1961:42
1959:.
1955:.
1943:^
1917:^
1902:,
1871:.
1861:34
1859:.
1836:,
1826:,
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1774:^
1760:.
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1738:.
1734:.
1717:^
1680:.
1670:.
1662:.
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1500:^
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1390:.
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1372:57
1370:.
1346:.
1338:.
1326:.
1302:^
1276:^
1262:.
1250:15
1248:.
1244:.
1227:^
1203:^
1189:.
1177:36
1175:.
1171:.
1153:^
1139:.
1127:58
1125:.
1121:.
1099:^
1084:,
1064:^
1056:40
1054:.
1050:.
1036:^
593:.
473:“…
106::
93::
80::
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4435:(
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4406:(
4387:)
4381:(
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4323:(
4291:)
4279:(
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