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procedures include IMDO, SARME, GenioPaully, custom BIMAX, and custom PEEK procedures. These procedures are replacing the traditional role of certain orthognathic surgery operations that have for decades served wholly and primarily orthodontic or dental purposes. Another development in the field is the new index called the index of orthognathic functional treatment need (IOFTN) that detects patients with the greatest need for orthognathic surgery as a part of their comprehensive treatment. IOFTN has been validated internationally and detected over 90% of patients with greatest need for orthognathic surgery.
426:. Then, soft tissue of the mandible is detached from the bone; done by stripping attaching tissues. A horizontal incision is then made inferior to the first bicuspids, bilaterally, where bone cuts (osteotomies) are made vertically inferior, extending to the inferior border of the mandible, thereby detaching the bony segments of the mandible. The bony segments are stabilized with titanium plates; no fixation (binding of the jaw) necessary. If advancement is indicated for the chin, there are inert products available to implant onto the mandible, utilizing titanium screws, bypassing bone cuts.
536:(wisdom teeth), and had them removed during surgery. An extensive study done by Dr. M Lacy and Dr. R Colcleugh, was used to identify threats of combining the two surgeries used 83 patients from the time span of 1987 and 1991. Patients were reviewed, and divided into two groups; those who had, and those who did not have their third molars extracted during the dentofacial Osteotomy. The study showed that 73% of patients developed an infection of the hardware inserted into the jaw when having their third molars removed during an osteotomy. The data indicated that getting the osteotomy and the
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minimize potential relapse. The surgery usually results in a noticeable change in the patient's face; a psychological assessment is occasionally required to assess patient's need for surgery and its predicted effect on the patient. Radiographs and photographs are taken to help in the planning. There is also advanced software that can predict the shape of the patient's face after surgery, which is useful for the planning and also explaining the surgery to the patient and the patient's family. Great care needs to be taken during the planning phase to maximize airway patency.
562:. Advancements allow surgeons to expand the use of an osteotomy on more parts of the jaws with faster recovery time, less pain, and no hospitalization, making the surgery more effective with respect to time and recovery. The procedure, which is strictly used for a mandibular (jaw) deformity and mobilization, has advanced from similar, very effective procedures performed since 1985. The original mandible and maxilla osteotomy procedure still remains almost unchanged, as it is the simplest and still the most effective for dentofacial deformity correction.
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still require two to three months for proper healing. Lastly, if screws were inserted in the jaw, bone will typically grow over them during the two to three month healing period. Patients also may not drive or operate vehicles or large machinery during the consumption of painkillers, which are typically taken for six to eight days after the surgery, depending on the pain experienced. Immediately after surgery, patients must adhere to certain infection preventing instructions such as daily cleaning, and the consumption of
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285:. There is some debate regarding the timing of orthognathic procedures, to maximise the potential for natural growth of the facial skeleton. Patient reported aesthetic outcomes of orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate appear to be of overall satisfaction, despite complications that may arise. A potentially significant long-term outcome of orthognathic surgery is impaired maxillary growth, due to scar tissue formation. A 2013 systematic review comparing traditional orthognathic surgery with maxillary
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40:
269:, or a receding chin. The deformities listed above can be perfected by an osteotomy surgery of either the maxilla or mandible (whichever the deformity calls for), which is performed by an oral surgeon who is specialized in the working with both the upper and lower jaws. Orthognathic surgery is also available as a very successful treatment (90–100%) for obstructive sleep apnea.
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pain may be minimal due to minor nerve damage and lack of feeling. Doctors will prescribe pain medication and prophylactic antibiotics to the patient. There is often a large amount of swelling around the jaw area, and in some cases bruising. Most of the swelling will disappear in the first few weeks, but some may remain for a few months.
205:
Increasingly, as people are more able to self-fund surgery, 3D facial diagnostic and design systems have emerged, as well as new operations that enable for a broad range of jaw correction procedures that have become readily accessible; in particularly in private maxillofacial surgical practice. These
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found that the evidence was of low quality; it appeared that both procedures might be effective, but suggested distraction osteogenesis might reduce the incidence of long-term relapse. The most common causes of cleft lip and palate are genetic and environmental factors. Clefts are known to occur due
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The primary use of surgery to correct jaw disproportion or malocclusion is rare in most countries due to private health insurance and public hospital funding and health access issues. A small number of mostly heavily socialist funded countries report that jaw correction procedures occur in some form
189:
It is only recently, and especially with the evolution of oral and maxillofacial surgery in establishing itself as a primary medical specialty – as opposed to its long term status as a dental speciality – that orthognathic surgery has increasingly emerged as a primary treatment for obstructive sleep
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After orthognathic surgery, patients are often required to adhere to an all-liquid diet for a time. Weight loss due to lack of appetite and the liquid diet is common. Normal recovery time can range from a few weeks for minor surgery, to up to a year for more complicated surgery. For some surgeries,
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is present. Then, a chisel is inserted into the pre existing cuts and tapped gently in all areas to split the mandible of the left and right side. From here, the mandible can be moved either forwards or backwards. If sliding backwards, the distal segment must be trimmed to provide room in order to
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Planning for the surgery usually involves input from a multidisciplinary team, including oral and maxillofacial surgeons, orthodontists, and occasionally a speech and language therapist. Although it depends on the reason for surgery, working with a speech and language therapist in advance can help
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All dentofacial osteotomies require an initial healing time of 2–6 weeks with secondary healing (complete bony union and bone remodeling) taking an additional 2–4 months. The jaw is sometimes immobilized (movement restricted by wires or elastics) for approximately 1–4 weeks. However, the jaw will
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There can also be some post operative facial numbness due to nerve damage. Diagnostics for nerve damage consist of: brush-stroke directional discrimination (BSD), touch detection threshold (TD), warm/cold (W/C) and sharp/blunt discrimination (S/B), electrophysiological tests (mental nerve blink
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Although infrequent, there can be complications such as bleeding, swelling, infection, nausea and vomiting. Infection rates of up to 7% are reported after orthognathic surgery; antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the risk of surgical site infections when the antibiotics are given during surgery and
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The origins of orthognathic surgery belong in oral surgery, and the basic operations related to the surgical removal of impacted or displaced teeth – especially where indicated by orthodontics to enhance dental treatments of malocclusion and dental crowding. One of the first published cases of
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with an attachment so the surgeon may use a hex-like screw to place into the device to push from anterior to posterior to start spreading the bony segments. The expansion of the maxilla may take up to eight weeks with the surgeon advancing the expander hex lock, sideways (← →), once a week.
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Orthodontics are a critical component of orthognathic surgery. Traditionally the presurgical orthodontic phase can take as long as one year and undertaken with conventional metal braces. However, these days new approaches and paradigms exist including surgery-first And using clear aligner
185:
The "jaw osteotomy", either to the upper jaw or lower jaw (and usually both) allows (typically) an oral and maxillofacial surgeon to surgically align an arch of teeth, or the segment of a dental arch with its associated jawbone, relative to other segments of the dental arches. Working with
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It is estimated that nearly 5% of the UK or US population present with dentofacial deformities that are not amenable to orthodontic treatment requiring orthognathic surgery as a part of their definitive treatment. Orthognathic surgery can be used to correct:
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base. Then, a pterygoid chisel, which is a curved chisel, is used on the left and right side of the maxilla to detach the pterygoid palates. Care must be taken as to not injure the inferior palatine artery. Prior to the procedure, the orthodontist has an
406:
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Originally coined by Harold Hargis, it was more widely popularised first in
Germany and then most famously by Hugo Obwegeser who developed the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). This surgery is also used to treat congenital conditions such as
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damage. The numbness may be either temporary, or more rarely, permanent. Recovery from the nerve damage typically occurs within three months after repair. Some 3D movements are considered riskier than other ones, such as maxillary impaction.
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Gkantidis, Nikolaos; Papamanou, Despina A.; Christou, Panagiotis; Topouzelis, Nikolaos (2013). "Aesthetic outcome of cleft lip and palate treatment. Perceptions of patients, families, and health professionals compared to the general public".
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dental bite problems that cannot be treated easily with braces, as well as the broad range of facial imbalances, disharmonies, asymmetries, and malproportions where correction may be considered to improve facial aesthetics and self-esteem.
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osteotomy is used to treat the "long face syndrome", known as the skeptical open bite, idiopathic long face, hyper divergent face, total maxillary alveolar hyperplasia, and vertical maxillary excess. Prior to surgery, surgeons should take
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Kloukos, Dimitrios; Fudalej, Piotr; Sequeira-Byron, Patrick; Katsaros, Christos; Kloukos, Dimitrios (2013). Kloukos, Dimitrios (ed.). "Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients".
494:. Cleaning of the mouth should always be done regardless of surgery to ensure healthy, strong teeth. Patients are able to return to work 2–6 weeks after the surgery, but must follow the specific rules for recovery for ~8 weeks.
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Munz, S. M.; Edwards, S. P.; Inglehart, M. R. (2011-08-01). "Oral health-related quality of life, and satisfaction with treatment and treatment outcomes of adolescents/young adults with cleft lip/palate: an exploration".
186:
orthodontists, the coordination of dental arches has primarily been directed to create a working occlusion. As such, orthognathic surgery is seen a secondary procedure supporting a more fundamental orthodontic objective.
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Teerijoki-Oksa T, Jääskeläinen SK, Forssell K, Forssell H (2004). "Recovery of nerve injury after mandibular sagittal split osteotomy. Diagnostic value of clinical and electrophysiologic tests in the follow-up".
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Harrington C, Gallagher JR, Borzabadi-Farahani A (April 2015). "A retrospective analysis of dentofacial deformities and orthognathic surgeries using the index of orthognathic functional treatment needs (IOFTN)".
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A disproportionately grown upper or lower jaw causes dentofacial deformities. Chewing becomes problematic, and may also cause pain due to straining of the jaw muscle and bone. Deformities range from
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Mischkowski RA, Zinser MJ, Kübler AC, Krug B, Seifert U, Zöller JE (December 2006). "Application of an augmented reality tool for maxillary positioning in orthognathic surgery—a feasibility study".
773:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F, Shahmoradi M (2016). "Functional needs of subjects with dentofacial deformities: A study using the index of orthognathic functional treatment need (IOFTN)".
332:. It often includes braces before and after surgery, and retainers after the final removal of braces. Orthognathic surgery is often needed after reconstruction of cleft palate or other major
2176:
Raffaini M, Hernandez Alfaro F, Ghilardi R, Garcia Lopez A (2002). "The sagittal mandibular osteotomy under local anesthesia and intravenous sedation: four years of multicenter experience".
882:
Borzabadi-Farahani, A (2023). "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Index of
Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need for Detecting Subjects with Great Need for Orthognathic Surgery".
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sedation. Dr. Raffaini introduced this technique in 2002 after a four-year study done with local anesthesia and assistance from intravenous sedation. Prior to this, surgeons would fully
240:, which is when the mandible does not grow far forward enough (over bite), and when the mandible grows too much, causing an under bite; all of which are uncomfortable. Also, a total
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Uechi J, Okayama M, Shibata T, et al. (December 2006). "A novel method for the 3-dimensional simulation of orthognathic surgery by using a multimodal image-fusion technique".
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Daskalogiannakis, John; Mehta, Manisha (2009-10-05). "The Need for
Orthognathic Surgery in Patients With Repaired Complete Unilateral and Complete Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate".
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Puricelli, Edela. "A new technique for mandibular osteotomy." Head & Face
Medicine 3.15 (2007). Head & Face Medicine. 13 March 2007. BioMed Central Ltd. 27 February 2009
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slide the mandible backwards. Lastly, the jaw is stabilized using stabilizing screws that are inserted extra-orally. The jaw is then wired shut for approximately 4–5 weeks.
1768:
Tsuji M, Noguchi N, Shigematsu M, et al. (September 2006). "A new navigation system based on cephalograms and dental casts for oral and maxillofacial surgery".
389:. The cut is then made inferiorly on the ascending ramus to the descending ramus, extending to the lateral border of the mandible in the area between the first and
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Prinsell JR (December 1999). "Maxillomandibular advancement surgery in a site-specific treatment approach for obstructive sleep apnea in 50 consecutive patients".
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Silva AC, O'Ryan F, Poor DB (September 2006). "Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study and literature review".
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cut is made extending inferior to the body of the mandible, to the inferior border of the mandible. All cuts are made into the middle of the bone, where
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used. In 1985, mandible and maxilla osteotomies were effectively used to correct more extreme deformities like receding chins, and to relieve pain from
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expansion. This consists of the surgeon making horizontal cuts on the lateral board of the maxilla, extending anterally to the inferior border of the
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Panula K, Finne K, Oikarinen K (October 2001). "Incidence of complications and problems related to orthognathic surgery: a review of 655 patients".
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This procedure is used for the advancement (movement forward) or retraction (movement backwards) of the chin. First, incisions are made from the
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anomalies. Careful coordination between the surgeon and orthodontist is essential to ensure that the teeth will fit correctly after the surgery.
59:
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Brignardello-Petersen, Romina; Carrasco-Labra, Alonso; Araya, Ignacio; Yanine, Nicolás; Cordova Jara, Luis; Villanueva, Julio (2015-01-05).
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or other in about 5% of a general population, but this figure would be at the extreme end of service presenting with dentofacial
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178:. Typically surgery is performed via the mouth, where jaw bone is cut, moved, modified, and realigned to correct malocclusion or
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Arnet, Gary F., and Linda M. Basehore. "Dentofacial reconstruction." The
American Journal of Nursing. 12. 84 (1984): 1488-490.
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571:
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1853:""Surgery-First" Approach with Invisalign Therapy to Correct a Class II Malocclusion and Severe Mandibular Retrognathism"
1050:"Facial growth and the need for orthognathic surgery after cleft palate repair: Literature review and report of 28 cases"
657:
Bill J, Proff P, Bayerlein T, Blens T, Gedrange T, Reuther J (September 2006). "Orthognathic surgery in cleft patients".
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1. LeFort I 2. Bilateral
Sagittal Split 3. Genioplasty 4. IMDO 5. GenioPaully 6. Custom PEEK 7. SARME 8. Custom BIMAX
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Mandible (Lower Jaw) Osteotomy. 2007. British
Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon (BAOMS). 29 February 2009
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Lopes, T, et al. (October 2022). "Complications on maxilar impaction: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Skeletofacial discrepancies associated with documented sleep apnea, airway defects, and soft tissue discrepancies
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Eckert AW, Maurer P, Kriwalsky MS, Schubert J (September 2006). "P.292 Complications in orthognathic surgery".
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Kankam, Hadyn; Madari, Sarika; Sawh-Martinez, Rajendra; Bruckman, Karl C.; Steinbacher, Derek M. (July 2019).
1715:"Plastic Surgery Applications Using Three-Dimensional Planning and Computer-Assisted Design and Manufacturing"
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Lacey MS, Colcleugh RG (1995). "Infected screws in patients treated by mandibular sagittal split osteotomy".
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like maxillary prognathisms, mandibular prognathisms, open bites, difficulty chewing, difficulty swallowing,
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Orthognathic surgery is a well established and widely used treatment option for insufficient growth of the
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Park, Kitae E.; Maniskas, Seija; Allam, Omar; Pourtaheri, Navid; Steinbacher, Derek M. (January 2021).
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osteotomies, or corrective jaw surgeries, benefit individuals who have difficulty chewing, swallowing,
1892:"Comparing Outcomes in Orthognathic Surgery Using Clear Aligners Versus Conventional Fixed Appliances"
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patients, hospitalizing them shortly after the surgery for a 2–3 day recovery, specifically from the
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1611:"Orthognathic Surgery to Improve Facial Profile: Assessment, 3-Dimensional Planning, and Technique"
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reflex (BR), nerve conduction study (NCS), and cold (CDT) and warm (WDT) detection thresholds. The
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Kankam, Hadyn K. N.; Gupta, Himank; Sawh-Martinez, Rajendra; Steinbacher, Derek M. (July 2018).
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6 Ways To Design A Face: corrective jaw surgery to optimize bite, airway, and facial balance
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1344:"Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infectious complications in orthognathic surgery"
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Skeletofacial discrepancies associated with documented temporomandibular joint pathology
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Ireland AJ, Cunningham SJ, Petrie A, Cobourne MT, Acharya P, Sandy JR, Hunt NP (2014).
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1808:. William R. Proffit, Raymond P. White, David M. Sarver. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby. 2003.
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311:, must be identified during surgery and worked around carefully in order to minimize
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1668:"Three-Dimensional Analysis and Surgical Planning in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery"
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Advances in the surgical techniques allow surgeons to perform the surgery under
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Gross jaw discrepancies (anteroposterior, vertical, or transverse discrepancies)
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apnoea, as well as for primary facial proportionality or symmetry correction.
182:. The word "osteotomy" means the division of bone by means of a surgical cut.
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1970:
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Chang, Joy; Steinbacher, Derek; Nanda, Ravindra; Uribe, Flavio (July 2019).
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DeLuke, Dean M; Marchand, Anick; Robles, Elizabeth C; Fox, Patricia (1997).
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2013:
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1947:"Segmental Multiple-Jaw Surgery without Orthodontia: Clear Aligners Alone"
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Prior to 1991, some patients undergoing a dentofacial osteotomy still had
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appliance attached to the maxilla teeth, bilaterally, extending over the
382:
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Walker, Marc E.; Sawh-Martinez, Rajendra; Steinbacher, Derek M. (2019),
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at the same time highly increases the chances of infection development.
68:
506:
447:
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134:
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1091:"Correction of jaw deformities in patients with cleft lip and palate"
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osteotomies date to the 1940s. They were used to correct dentofacial
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problems primarily arising from skeletal disharmonies, and other
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835:"An index of orthognathic functional treatment need (IOFTN)"
111:
93:
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957:. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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Orthognathic surgery is performed by maxillofacial or an
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521:. Advances have been made in the procedures, and in the
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pains, excessive wear of the teeth, and receding chins.
1149:
International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
145:
related to structure, growth, airway issues including
2012:
Kim, Yunsoo A.; Steinbacher, Derek M. (August 2014).
1713:
Pfaff, Miles J.; Steinbacher, Derek M. (March 2016).
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continued for longer than a day after the operation.
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to folic acid deficiency, iron and iodine deficiency
117:
105:
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2014:"Demineralized bone-fibrin sandwich for genioplasty"
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1089:Wolford, Larry M.; Stevao, Eber L.L. (2016-11-10).
102:
53:
32:
2002:Dr. Charles A. Loschiavo. Personal. 2 April 2009.
2075:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 517–533,
261:pains, excessive wear of the teeth, open bites,
1805:Contemporary treatment of dentofacial deformity
1095:Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)
2073:Aesthetic Orthognathic Surgery and Rhinoplasty
990:Surgical correction of dentofacial deformities
768:
766:
729:
727:
607:Aesthetic orthognathic surgery and rhinoplasty
434:When a patient has a constricted (oval shape)
409:Anatomy of oral cavity and adjacent structures
328:or a plastic surgeon in collaboration with an
2214:
8:
915:Orthognatic Surgery: Principles and Practice
695:Orthognatic Surgery: Principles and Practice
1348:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
610:. Derek M. Steinbacher. Hoboken, NJ. 2019.
458:is utilized to detach the maxilla from the
2486:
2253:
2221:
2207:
2199:
638:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
454:. At this time, a chisel designed for the
166:orthognathic surgery was the one from Dr.
38:
2614:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
1672:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1642:
1375:
1122:
1065:
1054:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
858:
2566:Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
356:
1998:
1996:
1666:Steinbacher, Derek M. (December 2015).
1264:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1185:Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery
597:
1829:
913:Posnick, Jeffrey C. (September 2013).
692:Posnick, Jeffrey C. (September 2013).
631:
249:of the patient's jaw to determine the
137:designed to correct conditions of the
29:
1615:Aesthetic Surgery Journal. Open Forum
1220:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal
377:cut is made on the inner side of the
7:
2178:Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg
812:. Batavia: Quintessence Publishing.
422:to the first bicuspid, exposing the
253:, and to make a plan of procedures.
2472:Autologous chondrocyte implantation
1896:The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
200:temporomandibular joint dysfunction
64:
2623:Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
2467:Knee cartilage replacement therapy
1951:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1731:10.1097/01.prs.0000479970.22181.53
1719:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
927:10.1016/B978-1-4557-2698-1.00003-4
708:10.1016/B978-1-4557-2698-1.00003-4
414:Genioplasty osteotomy (intra-oral)
365:This procedure is used to correct
25:
430:Rapid palatal expansion osteotomy
1857:Journal of Clinical Orthodontics
1414:(10): 1128–36, discussion 1137.
1391:
1277:
582:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
527:temporomandibular joint disorder
373:(over and under bite). First, a
83:
1576:Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
1360:10.1002/14651858.CD010266.pub2
1294:"CLEFT LIP AND PALATE SURGERY"
1292:Balaji, SM (8 February 2018).
1107:10.1080/08998280.2002.11927848
851:10.1179/1465313314Y.0000000100
737:Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol
572:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
349:orthodontia (like Invisalign)
1:
1491:10.1016/S1010-5182(06)60797-X
1067:10.1016/s0278-2391(97)90579-6
775:J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg
671:10.1016/S1010-5182(06)60017-6
381:, extending anterally to the
2155:10.1016/0278-2391(95)90059-4
2149:(5): 510–2, discussion 513.
2130:http://www.head-face-med.com
1963:10.1097/PRS.0000000000004491
1908:10.1097/SCS.0000000000005572
1518:10.1016/j.jormas.2021.10.014
749:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.04.027
1588:10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.03.025
988:; Raymond P. White (1980).
307:, which is a branch of the
2747:
2455:Articular cartilage repair
2081:10.1002/9781119187127.ch20
1782:10.1016/j.ijom.2006.02.024
1770:Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg
1684:10.1016/j.joms.2015.04.038
1553:10.1016/j.jcms.2006.07.862
1444:Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg
1321:10.1016/j.joms.2006.05.024
1197:10.1016/j.jcms.2012.11.034
1161:10.1016/j.ijom.2011.03.002
787:10.1016/j.bjps.2016.03.008
44:Osteotomies of the jaws:
2238:
2030:10.1007/s00266-014-0362-y
2018:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
1272:10.1002/14651858.CD010403
892:10.1177/10556656231216833
385:portion of the ascending
65:
37:
2581:Finger joint replacement
2372:Distraction osteogenesis
2143:J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg
1408:J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg
1309:J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg
1027:10.1378/chest.116.6.1519
884:Cleft Palate Craniofac J
808:Coceancig, Paul (2021).
353:Sagittal split osteotomy
287:distraction osteogenesis
2118:http://www.baoms.org.uk
1541:J Craniomaxillofac Surg
1479:J Craniomaxillofac Surg
1420:10.1053/joms.2001.26704
659:J Craniomaxillofac Surg
305:inferior alveolar nerve
2362:Femoral head ostectomy
2330:Vertebral augmentation
1836:: CS1 maint: others (
1456:10.1054/ijom.2003.0463
410:
371:mandibular prognathism
362:
218:
127:corrective jaw surgery
2559:Weaver–Dunn procedure
2460:Microfracture surgery
2229:Procedures involving
2069:"Osseous Genioplasty"
1627:10.1093/asjof/ojaa051
642:) CS1 maint: others (
550:with assistance from
408:
360:
217:
180:dentofacial deformity
2726:Surgical specialties
2549:Shoulder replacement
2511:Intervertebral discs
2269:Orthognathic surgery
1678:(12 Suppl): S40–56.
281:in patients with an
273:Cleft lip and palate
79:Orthognathic surgery
33:Orthognathic surgery
18:Orthognathic Surgery
2701:Arthroscopic lavage
2433:Tension band wiring
2643:Triple arthrodesis
2638:Broström procedure
2576:Brunelli procedure
2377:Ilizarov apparatus
2325:Vertebral fixation
2241:Orthopedic surgery
986:William R. Proffit
921:. pp. 61–68.
702:. pp. 61–68.
665:(Suppl 2): 77–81.
411:
393:. At this time, a
363:
219:
27:Surgery of the jaw
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2679:Joint replacement
2633:Ankle replacement
2441:
2440:
2428:External fixation
2423:Internal fixation
2274:Chin augmentation
2090:978-1-119-18712-7
999:978-0-7216-1675-9
984:William H. Bell;
617:978-1-119-18711-0
587:Le Fort osteotomy
168:Simon P. Hullihen
125:), also known as
76:
75:
16:(Redirected from
2738:
2619:Knee replacement
2544:Shoulder surgery
2487:
2254:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1902:(5): 1488–1491.
1887:
1881:
1880:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1725:(3): 603e–616e.
1710:
1704:
1703:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1512:(5): e268–e272.
1501:
1495:
1494:
1485:(Suppl 1): 206.
1474:
1468:
1467:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1232:10.1597/08-176.1
1215:
1209:
1208:
1191:(7): e105–e110.
1179:
1173:
1172:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1010:
1004:
1003:
981:
975:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
951:"Ortho Criteria"
947:
941:
940:
910:
904:
903:
879:
873:
872:
862:
830:
824:
823:
805:
799:
798:
770:
761:
760:
731:
722:
721:
689:
683:
682:
654:
648:
647:
637:
629:
602:
548:local anesthesia
446:request a rapid
379:ramus mandibulae
361:Oral palate unit
309:mandibular nerve
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
69:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
21:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2705:
2647:
2604:Hip replacement
2599:Hip resurfacing
2587:
2532:
2476:
2437:
2386:
2382:Phemister graft
2350:
2334:
2278:
2243:
2234:
2227:
2197:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1828:
1816:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1354:(1): CD010266.
1341:
1340:
1336:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1000:
983:
982:
978:
973:
969:
960:
958:
949:
948:
944:
937:
936:978-145572698-1
912:
911:
907:
881:
880:
876:
832:
831:
827:
820:
819:978-086715966-0
807:
806:
802:
772:
771:
764:
733:
732:
725:
718:
717:978-145572698-1
691:
690:
686:
656:
655:
651:
630:
618:
604:
603:
599:
595:
568:
500:
487:
478:
432:
416:
355:
342:
322:
296:
283:orofacial cleft
212:
86:
82:
72:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2694:Arthrocentesis
2691:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2616:
2611:
2609:Rotationplasty
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:Bankart repair
2551:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2413:Epiphysiodesis
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:Astragalectomy
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2168:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2089:
2059:
2024:(4): 755–758.
2004:
1992:
1957:(1): 181–184.
1937:
1882:
1863:(7): 397–404.
1843:
1814:
1795:
1760:
1705:
1658:
1621:(1): ojaa051.
1601:
1566:
1531:
1496:
1469:
1433:
1398:
1334:
1315:(9): 1385–97.
1299:
1284:
1253:
1226:(5): 498–502.
1210:
1174:
1155:(8): 790–796.
1138:
1101:(3): 250–254.
1081:
1060:(7): 694–697.
1040:
1021:(6): 1519–29.
1005:
998:
976:
967:
942:
935:
905:
874:
825:
818:
800:
781:(6): 796–801.
762:
723:
716:
684:
649:
616:
596:
594:
591:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
567:
564:
499:
496:
486:
483:
477:
476:Post operation
474:
431:
428:
420:first bicuspid
415:
412:
369:retrusion and
354:
351:
341:
338:
321:
318:
295:
292:
275:
274:
234:
233:
230:
227:
211:
208:
74:
73:
66:
63:
62:
57:
51:
50:
48:9. Super BIMAX
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2743:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2504:Spinal fusion
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Bone grafting
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2346:Acromioplasty
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Jaw reduction
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2191:
2187:
2184:(4): 267–71.
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:0-323-01697-9
1811:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:(9): 828–36.
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:(6): 786–98.
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:(8): 478–83.
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:(2): 134–40.
1449:
1445:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1001:
995:
991:
987:
980:
977:
971:
968:
956:
952:
946:
943:
938:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:. Amsterdam:
916:
909:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
875:
870:
866:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
826:
821:
815:
811:
804:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:(7): 1063–6.
742:
738:
730:
728:
724:
719:
713:
709:
705:
701:
698:. Amsterdam:
697:
696:
688:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:
650:
645:
641:
635:
627:
623:
619:
613:
609:
608:
601:
598:
592:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:Dental braces
575:
573:
570:
569:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
495:
493:
484:
482:
475:
473:
470:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:orthodontists
441:
438:, but normal
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
413:
407:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
359:
352:
350:
346:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
319:
317:
314:
310:
306:
300:
293:
291:
288:
284:
280:
272:
271:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
239:
231:
228:
225:
224:
223:
216:
209:
207:
203:
201:
197:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
171:
169:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
122:
80:
70:
61:
58:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2683:
2664:Arthroplasty
2628:Ankle fusion
2571:Hand surgery
2526:Arthroplasty
2521:Annuloplasty
2320:Foraminotomy
2305:Laminoplasty
2290:Coccygectomy
2268:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2102:, retrieved
2072:
2062:
2021:
2017:
2007:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1804:
1798:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1579:
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2499:Arthrodesis
2315:Facetectomy
2300:Laminectomy
552:intravenous
538:third molar
519:prognathism
511:deformities
492:antibiotics
399:bone marrow
196:deformities
159:orthodontic
153:disorders,
147:sleep apnea
131:jaw surgery
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2659:Arthrotomy
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560:anesthesia
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267:underbites
141:and lower
129:or simply
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2418:Reduction
2408:Osteotomy
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2038:1432-5241
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