Orville E. Babcock - Knowledge (XXG)

904:"In my opinion, the disposition of the troops along this station route is very faulty, partly on account of bad selection of posts, and the idea that to protect a road, the troops must be on the road itself. The distance between these stations is so great that Indians can come upon the road and destroy trains, ranches, stages, and murder the people, and be off before the garrison, eighty or one hundred miles off, can possibly hear of it. It is my opinion that the military posts should be in the Indian country, here the Indian can be watched closely ; and if he makes preparations to take the war path, the commanding officer can prevent his moving, or at least destroy his women and children, and drive off his stock. This will be a difficult question as long as the care of the Indian is divided. When the Indian is peaceful, the Indian agent is responsible; when he has become exasperated by abuse, and cheated out of his small allowance, the army is responsible. For economy and safety, the Indian department or War Department should be responsible for the behaviour of the government's ward during peace and war. Until such is the case, robberies, murders, destruction of trains and ranches, will continue until the superior race has exterminated the other." 770: 1663:

possession. Alexander thwarted this effort by refusing to answer the door. At that point, the Secret Service agents arrested two other conspirators who pretended to be the supposed burglars and had them sign false affidavits implicating Alexander in the burglary. The conspiracy collapsed when the Secret Service agents admitted at Alexander's trial that the charges were false, and Alexander was acquitted. The conspiracy was alleged to have included Babcock as the liaison between Harrington and the Secret Service agents because Babcock wanted to silence Alexander, a prominent Grant administration critic. Babcock was exonerated of direct involvement. However, his continued ties to scandal and corruption turned public opinion against him, while he was viewed as a foe of Washington D.C. reform.

1268:. As part of the Gold Ring's effort, Gould convinced Grant not to increase the Treasury's September gold sale, helping make it scarce and inflating the price. Gould and Fisk then set up a buying operation, the New York Gold Room, where traders in their employ purchased as much gold as they could acquire, which artificially drove up the price. When Grant became aware of the full extent of the attempt to corner the market in late September 1869, he ordered the release of $ 4,500,000 in Treasury gold, which caused the price to collapse. Gould and Fisk were thwarted but at the expense of a decline in the stock market and the overall economy. Babcock and other individuals who secretly invested with him lost $ 40,000 (about $ 750,000 in 2018). To satisfy his creditors, Babcock had to sign a 1717: 1206:

voting 15,169 to 11 in its favor, according to a plebiscite held by Báez. Senate Republicans led by Sumner split the party over the treaty while Senators loyal to Grant supported the treaty and admonished Babcock. The treaties however failed to pass the Senate causing continued bitterness and hostility between Grant and Sumner, both stubbornly trying to control the Republican Party. Although Babcock was suspected of being given investment land on Samaná Bay, a Congressional investigation found no conclusive evidence that Babcock would financially gain from the country's annexation. Babcock in the minority report was criticized for acquiescing in the imprisonment of Davis Hatch, an American abroad, who was an open critic of Báez.

618:, mortally wounded in a skirmish outside Knoxville on November 18, 1863. The fort, had an innovative design, and was a salient in the line of earthworks that surrounded three sides of the city, rose 70 feet (21 m) above the surrounding plateau and was protected by a ditch 12 feet (3.7 m) wide and 8 feet (2.4 m) deep. An almost insurmountable vertical wall rose15 feet (4.6 m) above the ditch, slippery and frozen. Inside the fort were 12 cannons and 440 men of the 79th New York Infantry. In front of the ditch, telegraph wires were strung at knee height across tree stumps, possibly the first use of such wire entanglements in the Civil War, to entangle Confederate soldiers who would assault the fort. 1417: 1145:

annexation, the United States would be burdened by this loan, meaning this debt could hinder ratification in the Senate. Babcock believed the loan was a backhanded way by the British to take over the Dominican Gulf, presuming the Dominican government failed to pay it back. Babcock and Báez began significant negotiations in the second week of August and asked Cazneau and Fabens for assistance. Babcock told Báez he was a representative of President Grant, and he was called to the Dominican Republic to discuss a union of the two republics. Báez said he believed annexation would stabilize the country that he believed had gone backward and asked Babcock to draw up a written plan for annexation.

1090:'s condition to purchase the island. In addition, he was to investigate the nation's agriculture and mineral wealth, as well as determine whether the government was stable and whether the people desired annexation. He was also instructed to find out about the country's economy, including the interest rate on the national debt and the strength of the Dominican currency. Although Grant gave Babcock verbal orders to find out the terms for Dominican annexation, Fish had not authorized Babcock to formally negotiate an agreement. This caused doubt about Babcock's legal diplomatic authority, and later a rift in Grant's own Cabinet. 1500: 948:, to bypass Congressional approval. As one of a few men who had daily access to Grant in the White House, and one who had been close to Grant during the war, Babcock had unprecedented power and influence, entrusted by Grant, which extended directly and indirectly into many agencies and departments. His influence was so great that when cabinet positions and other appointments became available, Grant often acted on Babcock's recommendations. Suspected of using that influence for his own ends, Babcock was often at odds with reformers and opponents of corruption, including Secretary of State 1431: 500: 42: 1630:, they saw a very attractive woman while they were walking on 5th Street, whom Babcock nicknamed "Sylph" for her beauty. Although Babcock was married, he reportedly said to Joyce, "She is the most beautiful and bewitching woman I ever saw; for heaven's sake; let us turn the corner and meet her again so that you can give me an introduction.". Later, at Freund's restaurant, Joyce introduced Babcock to the woman, whose name was Louise "Lu" Hawkins, and they developed an intimate relationship. Babcock later used "Sylph" as a code signature in correspondence with Joyce. 153: 592: 1909:

comrade, including Grant's unprecedented White House deposition on Babcock's behalf. In defending Babcock, Grant was not fully candid with the truth in his own testimony, probably to protect his family and his presidency from further scandal. With Babcock's reputation largely narrowed to observations about his corruption, loyalty to Grant, and wartime bravery, historians are generally not able to consider him in a wider context because he did not author an autobiography, nor has he been the subject of an extended biography. Historian

1019: 1158: 801: 1974: 980:. Babcock did not require Senate confirmation for his appointment and retained his military salary, which made it difficult for Congress to exercise oversight when Babcock became the subject of controversy and scandal. Babcock's duties included involvement in patronage matters, finding negative information on critics of the Grant administration, and feeding political stories to pro-Grant newspapers. Babcock was part of a team of Grant's personal secretaries. Including Babcock, were Grant's brother-in-law 1930:

correspondence, and newspaper clippings. The Mississippi State University Libraries said that Babcock's brokerage of the annexation of Santo Domingo, "began what became a string of controversies and scandals surrounding Babcock and his position as aide to the President." The scandals culminated in Babcock's involvement in the Whiskey Ring, indictment for tax fraud in 1875, and corruption trial in St. Louis in 1876. Throughout these scandals President Grant gave Babcock his confidence.

144: 1519:. It took place at the U.S. Post Office and Customs House located at 218 North Third Street, and the status of the defendant made the trial a popular and well-attended spectacle. Demand to attend the proceedings was so great that only persons with signed passes and Whiskey Ring defendants were allowed in. Babcock arrived in civilian clothes, including sky-blue pants, a silk hat, and a light jacket. When court was not in session, Babcock stayed at the newly rebuilt 1403:. Information was soon discovered that Babcock was informing ring leader John McDonald in St. Louis of inspections by Bristow's agents, giving them time to hide incriminating evidence before agents arrived. Bristow believed Babcock received cash in exchange for this information, in one instance two five-hundred-dollar bills hidden inside a cigar box. McDonald was indicted in June when Bristow obtained indictments against 350 distillers and government officials. 622:

wall. After crossing the ditch, the Confederates were unable to dig footholds. Men climbed upon each other's shoulders to attempt to reach the top of the wall. Union soldiers rained fire into the attackers, including musketry, canister, and artillery shells were thrown like hand grenades. A succession of color bearers was shot down as they planted their flags on the fort. For a brief time, three flags reached the top, those of the 16th Georgia,

1600: 1806: 1075:, was doubtful concerning Dominican annexation, believing the country was politically unstable, and became suspicious when Fabens asked him to support a plan of American annexation of the Dominican Republic. Grant desired to investigate the island and find out whether the people wanted annexation. After two other candidates were excluded, Grant and Fish agreed to send Babcock on a secret reconnaissance mission to the Dominican Republic. 1527: 1124:. Noting the soil to be fertile, Babcock believed the Dominican Republic could feed 4 million people. Babcock, however, said the people of the Dominican Republic were "indolent and ignorant." Babcock's view, however, of the mixed-race white people, did not impede his vision of Santo Domingo's inclusion by the United States. Babcock was a Reconstruction man, who was "nicely color-blind" to opportunism, in the post-Civil War world. 1099: 1905:'s full support in the Senate. The opposition to Santo Domingo also had to do with the racism against the island's black population. The treaty of Alaska had been made with white Russians. Babcock did not have any aversion with Santo Domingo blacks being citizens of the United States. Babcock also envisioned Santo Domingo as a capital enterprise by American investment, due to the island's abundant natural resources. 1193:, a high-ranking Quartermaster officer. This time, Babcock had official State Department status and instructions to draw up two formal treaties, which were signed on November 29, 1869. Grant, however, kept the treaties secret from Congress and the public, until mid-January 1870. After the earnest public discussion, the treaties were formally submitted to Congress in March, whereupon Senators joined in the debate. 1149:

Dominican Republic's national debt of $ 1.5 million. Báez told Babcock that before returning to Santo Domingo with a formal treaty, he should be assured by a sufficient number of Senators that they would ratify it. Babcock replied that President Grant, "would not enter into any treaty without weighing the matter well, and feeling assured that it would be approved." Babcock was a supporter of Congressional

4092: 1877: 1592: 1226: 879:"The attempt to enforce this law of 1863 has been a failure, and I think will be, not because the people oppose the courts, but the fanatical views of the people render such failures almost certain. The law makes it a crime to take more than one wife. Before the offender can be tried he must be indicted before a jury of the land. The jury of necessity is entirely or mostly of Mormons." 1346: 654: 1961:

Historian McFeely says that Babcock turned down a lucrative job with the Pacific Railroad in 1866, and he was well qualified. McFeely said that Babcock "had another flourishing enterprise at which to succeed —— General Grant's career. He saw his place in it as secure." McFeely described Babcock as an

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In September 1879, Grant returned from his famous world tour. His popularity was as great as ever and Stalwart Republicans proposed to nominate him for a third term as president. Democrats sought to discredit his previous administration, including his cabinet and political appointees. Although Babock

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obtained Grant's permission to use secret agents appointed from outside the Treasury Department; as a result of the evidence they obtained, on May 10, 1875, Treasury Department agents raided and shut down corrupt distilleries in St. Louis, Chicago, and Milwaukee, seizing company financial records and

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of 1863, banning polygamy, was unconstitutional. Young said, "the Mormons would never have had more than one wife had not God revealed it to them that it was his wish." Babcock said Young may not have been sincere. The last military post-Babcock visited was San Francisco, arriving there on August 15.

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him. Three others, including two of Babcock's associates, were also killed; the bodies of Babcock's associates, Levi P. Luckey and Benjamin F. Sutter, were recovered several days later, but the body of the fourth victim, a member of the boat's crew, was not found. The lighthouse construction project

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as Secretary of Treasury, with the authority to investigate the Whiskey Ring and prosecute wrongdoers. Bristow, a Kentuckian, and Union Army veteran was known for his honesty and integrity and had served as the nation's first Solicitor General, also appointed by Grant. Bristow immediately discovered

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to annex Santo Domingo ?" Grant was embarrassed and began puffing on his cigar, while the other cabinet members said nothing, Cox's question remained unanswered. Fish threatened to resign over the matter, but Grant convinced him to stay on the administration, telling Fish he would not go around

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with the Army of the Potomac's Engineer Battalion and was brevetted as a captain to rank from May 4, 1862. For the next seven months, Babcock built bridges, roads, and field works. For his service, in November 1862, Babcock was promoted to Chief Engineer of the Left Grand Division of the Army of the

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Historians are critical of Babcock's political power as Grant's White House military aide, shielded by Grant, and not subject to resignation. Historians are also highly suspicious of Babcock's unauthorized Santo Domingo annexation pre-agreement. However, land acquisition by treaty was not uncommon,

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of Connecticut read a memorial from Davis Hatch, who had been arrested in Santo Domingo in 1868 and was requesting reimbursement for the financial losses he said resulted from his imprisonment. According to Hatch, he was jailed on false charges and was going to be released, but Babcock, who was on

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followed Bristow's instructions and set Babcock's St. Louis jury trial for February 1876. When Babcock's trial date came up, Grant decided to testify in Babcock's defense. By this time, Grant said his critics were using Babcock to go after his own presidency. After cabinet members objected to Grant

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With doubtful diplomatic authorization, Babcock entered negotiations with Báez for annexation on August 7, with Cazneau serving as Babcock's interpreter. Babcock was informed of a large loan with unfavorable terms that the Dominican government had taken from financier Edward Herzberg Hartmont. With

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Babcock's reputation, however, was marred also by his involvement in the Gold Ring, taking New York Customs House kickbacks, the Whiskey Ring, and the Safe Burglary Conspiracy. Most historians agree that Babcock betrayed Grant while President, and remain perplexed at Grant's loyalty to his wartime

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From March 3, 1873, to March 3, 1877, Babcock served as Washington's Superintendent of Public Buildings and Grounds, a Grant appointment he carried out in addition to serving as Grant's secretary. In this role, Babcock was involved in the beautification of the federal city and improvements to its

1567:, was furious and pressured Grant to force Babcock to leave, saying that Grant merely had to dismiss Babcock, because as a military officer Babcock was subject to orders and had no recourse. Additionally, Treasury Solicitor Wilson informed Grant that Babcock had been involved with the 1869 plot to 1542:

and witnessed by both Bristow and Pierrepont. In his statement, Grant fully supported the Whiskey Ring prosecutions, but willfully refused to testify against Babcock, despite having been informed by Bristow of Babcock's duplicity. Instead, Grant praised Babcock, saying he had "great confidence" in

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were alarmed, since Babcock had no official standing. Fish told Cox "Babcock is back...I pledge you my word he had no more diplomatic authority than any other casual visitor to the island." At the next cabinet meeting Babcock was there in person and Grant told his silenced cabinet that Babcock was

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and his wartime experiences in Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, and Virginia. The diary collections also includes his famous post-war visit to Santo Domingo in 1869 serving as President Grant's special agent and personal secretary. The collection includes Babcock's supplementary materials of speeches,

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Pierrepont and Bristow, believing the matter to be crucial, insisted Babcock send a message to his telegraphic correspondent demanding that this individual come to Washington to give his version of the messages. After Babcock seemed to be taking too long, Pierrepont went to check on him and found

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of the Grant administration. He remained on the Army rolls during his service in the White House, which limited the ability of Congress to oversee or influence his activities. This circumstance became an issue when he was accused of crimes while in office. In addition to his position in the White

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do not understand it." Grant, on the other hand, was divided between the loyalty he had for Babcock, and his desire for Bristow and Pierrepont, trustworthy members of his cabinet, to prosecute the Whiskey Ring. Since Babcock had no acceptable explanation for his messages, he was indicted for tax

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In July 1875, Bristow and Pierrepont met Grant, who was vacationing at Long Branch and gave him evidence that Babcock was a member of the ring. Grant told Pierrepont "Let no guilty man escape..." and said if Babcock was guilty then it was the "greatest piece of traitorism to me that a man could

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strongly opposed the annexation treaties objecting to Babcock's secret negotiations, his use of naval power, and desiring to keep Santo Domingo an autonomous nation rather than annexation and potential statehood as Grant had proposed. The people of Santo Domingo overwhelmingly desired annexation

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Babcock's White House office was in a second-floor anteroom that led to President Grant's private office, a circumstance that caused many to resent Babcock's insider role, and created a negative perception among contemporaries that overrode Babcock's positive attributes. Babcock also opened and

792:. Their marriage produced four children: Campbell E. Babcock, Orville E. Babcock, Jr., Adolph B. Babcock, and Benjamin Babcock. Benjamin died during infancy. Babcock moved to Washington D.C. to serve as Grant's military aide, and remained to serve in the White House after Grant became president. 621:

The Battle of Fort Sanders was brutal by 19th Century standards. The Confederates moved to within 120–150 yards of the salient during the night of freezing rain and snow and waited for the order to attack. Entangled by the telegraph wire, Confederate soldiers were shot by Union soldiers atop the

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capsized the boat several times, and it took on water. Babcock was thrown clear, but another person on the boat attached him to it by a lifeline. The boat and crew were battered by waves, oars, and other debris, and Babcock's lifeline was torn loose from the boat, which resulted in his drowning

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agents to break into the U.S. Attorney's safe, using explosives to make it obvious that a burglary had occurred. To entrap Alexander, the conspirators took materials that were supposedly stolen from the safe to his home at night, intending to give them to him and then later arrest him for their

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By September 1869, Babcock and Cazneau drew up plans for annexation and submitted them to Báez, who generally approved. According to the drafts, Samaná Bay would be sold to the United States for $ 2 million or the whole country would be annexed to the United States after the U.S. paid off the

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On February 27, 1877, Grant appointed Babcock Inspector of Lighthouses of the Fifth District, a low-profile position that enabled Babcock to earn a living by making use of his engineering skills without drawing undue public attention to himself. Babcock continued to serve under Grant and his

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testified that Babcock's "character has been very good." Grant's deposition, Sherman's in-person testimony, and the evidence presented by Babcock's shrewd defense counsel led to his acquittal on February 25. A rumor spread that Pierrepont had leaked information to Babcock that aided in his

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it was common for distillers and corrupt Internal Revenue agents to make false whiskey production reports and pocket unpaid tax revenue. However, during the early 1870s, the corruption became more organized by distillers, who used the illegally obtained money for bribery and illegal election

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and assigned to duty as an Assistant Engineer for the military district that included Washington. His first mission was the undertaking of efforts to improve the defensive works of Washington, D.C., and protect the city from attack. On July 13, 1861, Babcock was assigned to the Department of

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Despite dismissing him from the White House, Grant did not desert his wartime comrade; in February 1877, he appointed Babcock Inspector of Lighthouses for the Federal Lighthouse Board's Fifth District, a low-profile post that did not attract undue public attention. In 1882, President

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Babcock's tenure under Grant was controversial. He was criminally indicted twice over corruption charges and associated with four scandals. Grant shielded Babcock from political attack out of a loyalty bond that stemmed primarily from their shared battle experiences during the

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and he saw Santo Domingo as a source of new opportunities in a post-war world. Babcock asked Báez to put in writing an annexation proposal he could transmit to Grant. After Báez agreed to do so, Gautier prepared a formal memorandum to be sent back to Washington.

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and voyaged to Azua, 60 miles away, where President Báez was staying. Babcock recorded that Báez was in favor of friendly relations with the United States. Nothing, however, was talked about annexation, until Babcock and Báez returned to Santo Domingo City.

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in 1875, Grant provided a written deposition on Babcock's behalf—a first for a sitting president—which was admitted at Babcock's 1876 trial, and resulted in his acquittal. Upon his return from St. Louis, Grant gave in to pressure from Secretary of State

923:, another member of his staff, to report on the progress of Southern Reconstruction. Babcock and Porter were optimistic about the plight of blacks who had embraced citizenship saying the "negro is learning very fast. They will soon be the best-educated 372:

and forced Babcock to leave the White House. A second indictment, in 1876, over the Safe Burglary Conspiracy, ended in an acquittal, but further alienated Babcock from Republicans who favored government reform, while public opinion turned against him.

1458:" (February 3, 1875) Bristow had shown these messages to Grant at a cabinet meeting the same day. Babcock said something to Grant, unintelligible to Bristow and Pierrepont, and Grant appeared satisfied by Babcock's interpretation of the telegrams. 393:

loyalty were offset by his involvement in corruption, deception, and scandal. Contrary to most of his contemporaries, Babcock also held no racial animosity toward blacks, which played a part in his advocacy of Grant's plan to annex Santo Domingo.

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said Babcock "has brains & very many excellent & gentlemanly qualities but is spoiled by his position & a want of delicacy & consideration for the official responsibilities & proper authority (official) of civilians."

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acquittal, but Pierrepont denied this and suggested that Babcock himself had started the rumor. A few months later Grant's appointed anti-corruption team broke up. Pierrepont resigned office on May 21, 1876, and was appointed by Grant

1676:, a Grant appointee, operated aggressively when awarding contracts, and Babcock and Shepherd were accused of personally profiting from construction projects within the city limits. Babcock's supervision included construction of the 769: 1466:, his St. Louis confederate, to be on his guard. Infuriated, Pierrepont grabbed Babcock's pen and dashed through his message yelling "You don't want to send your argument; send the fact, and go there and make your explanation. 812:

On April 17, 1866, Babcock was ordered by Commanding General Grant to inspect military posts in the West. Babcock traveled to Saint Louis and met General Sherman. The main goal for Babcock by Sherman was to meet and talk with

781:. On July 25, 1866, Babcock then was commissioned colonel of volunteers and aide-de-camp for the General-in-Chief of the Army, Ulysses S. Grant. On March 21, 1867, Babcock received a Regular Army commission as a major in the 1920:

announced the digitalization of Babcock's private diaries. Babcock's diaries are part of Mississippi State University Libraries' Ulysses S. Grant Digital Collection. Babcock's diaries began in 1863 during the height of the

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Pennsylvania. In August, he received his commission as a second lieutenant, to date from his West Point graduation in May; he was assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, and constructed military fortifications on the

611:. Poe and Union engineers, including Babcock, built several fortifications in the form of bastioned earthworks near Knoxville. One was Fort Sanders, just west of downtown Knoxville across a creek valley. It was named for 4480: 1941:, if not his jackal." Babcock's rumored control, although an exaggeration, over Grant's Navy and Army secretaries, "reflected the impression of Babcock's arrogance and pervasive power." Babcock was viewed as Grant's " 817:, leader of the Mormons in Utah, and find out Young's view on polygamy. The sect of the Mormons, at this time, was viewed as a military threat to the United States. On May 2, Babcock left Saint Louis and traveled to 1888:

Scholars note Babcock's high class standing at West Point, engineering skills, and bravery during the American Civil War. Babcock also has been noted positively for his association with the antislavery views of the

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in the South if they continue at their present rate of progress." However, Babcock discovered and informed Grant of a white supremacist insurgency using Confederate symbolism that was developing to intimidate

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to charge exorbitant fees for storing goods in private warehouses until the receivers took possession. Congress investigated, and Grant requested Murphy's resignation and Leet's firing. Murphy's replacement,

487:. From August through November, Babcock worked again on improving the fortifications surrounding Washington, responding to increased apprehension the Union capital was vulnerable to attack and capture by the 1953:

Babcock was not the only Union military officer to fall from grace while America was burgeoning into an industrial giant during the Grant presidential era. Fellow Union officer and Grant's Secretary of War

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defended Babcock, saying that the Senate investigating committee's 1870 majority report fully exonerated him and that Eaton raised the issue only to try giving Democrats an advantage in an election year.

1611:, was found guilty of being the Saint Louis Whiskey Ring kingpin and sent to federal prison. McDonald believed Babcock deserved to be in prison with him and in 1880 he published a salacious tell-all book 1276:

as trustee. The extent of Babcock's involvement was not revealed to Grant until 1876 when his complicity in the Gold Ring was uncovered during the investigation of his involvement in the Whiskey Ring.

1086:(1867). Babcock's official instructions, signed by Fish, were to gather knowledge of local conditions, but without diplomatic status. Grant, however, wanted Babcock to find out Santo Domingo President 1893:. Historians also make positive mention of Babcock's post-White House career, noting that he served for eight years as a government lighthouse inspector and engineer, and did so capably and honestly. 1777:

In June 1880, the Republicans held their national convention in Chicago. Grant was nominated by Conkling, his main Stalwart supporter. Republicans deadlocked between Grant and the other frontrunners,

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in the Southern states by providing in Santo Domingo a place where they could live and work undisturbed. Fish sent Babcock back to the Dominican Republic on November 18, accompanied by Major General

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the island in 1869 during negotiations for the proposed annexation treaty, interfered with Hatch's release and was complicit in Hatch being sentenced to a five-month prison term. Republican Senator

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scandalously resigned office over accepting extortion money from a Fort Sill sutlership. Belknap was impeached by the House but acquitted in a sensational Senate trial during the summer of 1876.

704:, was wounded in the hand after Confederate spies had blown up an ammunition barge moored below the city's bluffs. As Grant's aide-de-camp, Babcock ran dispatches between Grant and Major General 347:

House, Grant appointed Babcock Superintendent of Public Buildings and Grounds for Washington, DC. In 1869, Grant sent him on a mission to explore the possibility of annexing the island nation of

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in Utah, believing the religious sect held "fanatical views". In 1867, Babcock warned Grant of a white supremacist insurgency that used Confederate symbolism to intimidate blacks in the South.

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had been out of the political limelight for several years, his reputation was still marred because of his past involvement in corruption. On February 4, 1880, a color illustration by artist

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on July 11, 1876. Enmity between Grant and Bristow over Babcock, pressured Bristow to leave office, rather than be fired by Grant. Bristow resigned from Grant's cabinet on June 20, 1876.

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possibly practice." In October, Babcock was summoned in front of Grant, Bristow, and Pierrepont at the White House to explain two ambiguous telegrams handwritten by Babcock and signed "

732:. Babcock personally chose the site of surrender at the McLean House, personally escorted Lee to the meeting, and witnessed Grant and Lee discussing and signing the surrender terms. 1713:. On August 24, 1882, Arthur appointed Babcock Inspector of Lighthouses for the Sixth District, an appointment he carried out in addition to his Fifth District responsibilities. 1639: 1332: 944:

In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant was elected the 18th President of the United States. In 1869, the 33-year-old Babcock was militarily assigned, rather than publicly appointed, Grant's

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and Central Kentucky. Moving westward to help secure the Mississippi River from Confederate control and divide the Confederacy in two, Babcock fought with the IX Corps at the

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On February 17, Babcock's defense counsel read President Grant's deposition to the jury, which severely weakened any chance of Babcock being convicted. The same day, General

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On February 8, 1876, Babcock went on trial, an event that lasted eighteen days. Babcock's defense team was noted for its prowess and included Grant's former Attorney General

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pointed out that Babcock was facing identical charges in federal court, and persuaded the court-martial to yield to civilian authorities. On December 8, 1875, U.S. Attorney

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stopped at Samaná Bay and observed there was a "splendid coal station" on the island. The indigenous people were upset over a recent raid by the rebel Haitian warship

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him again and he needed Fish's guidance and support. Fish agreed to remain on the cabinet, although he hoped Grant would drop the Santo Domingo annexation treaty.

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Although Babcock was not fluent in Spanish and did not have extensive knowledge of the West Indies, he was well qualified at gathering information, having done a

1289:, Grant's other military private secretary, were alleged to have taken payoffs from George K. Leet, a member of Grant's staff during the war. Leet had moved to 1962:"odd, restless, ambitious man", who was "curiously affectionate". Babcock often wrote to his wife, romantically, and he and his wife lived a simple lifestyle. 381:

additionally appointed Babcock as Inspector of Lighthouses for the Sixth District. Babcock was the chief engineer overseeing plans for the construction of the

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leading the president unto unrighteous paths." Many viewed Babcock was dishonest with "dubious notions of conflict of interest." Grant's Secretary of State

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While serving in the White House, Babcock retained his position in the U.S. Army, an arrangement made between Grant and his successor as head of the Army,

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Orville Babcock's trial in St. Louis. Babcock is seen toward the left seated in civilian clothes next to his attorney Emory Storrs standing by the table.

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in New York and departed for the Dominican Republic on July 17, 1869. He was accompanied by Fabens and annexation supporter California Republican Senator

342:—in modern terms, the chief of staff—and he served until his departure from the White House in 1876. Young and ambitious, critics considered Babcock the 4444: 1622:

McDonald also accused Babcock of adultery and revealed the origin of the "Sylph" signature. According to McDonald, when Babcock had attended the annual

1692:. Babcock retained the Superintendent's position after he was dismissed from the White House in 1876, and served until the Grant administration ended. 1131:

was not there. Babcock was entertained by Cazneau and his wife at their plantation house. After his stay in Santo Domingo City, Babcock reboarded the

4642: 1478:, believing that a military tribunal would be favorable to his defense. Grant agreed and saw to it that a pro-Babcock panel was appointed, including 2458: 1819:

project started in 1883, and Babcock was the supervising engineer. On June 2, 1884, Babcock and his associates were aboard the government schooner

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as their candidate, effectively ending Grant's political career. Garfield went on to win the general election by defeating the Democratic nominee,

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General Babcock's western traveling itinerary was extensive. Babcock traveled to the following places: Saint Louis, Fort Leavenworth, Fort Kearny,

4657: 2257: 1608: 1388: 778: 438:(USMA), where he graduated third in a class of 45 on May 6, 1861. His high class ranking enabled Babcock to select his branch, and he chose the 4507: 4662: 4607: 4106: 1992: 1917: 1638:

On April 15, 1876, fifty-one days after his acquittal in the Whiskey Ring trial, Babcock was indicted again, this time for involvement in the

4652: 4427: 4354: 4233: 4180: 4161: 4140: 4072: 4049: 4001: 3958: 3539: 3435: 2188: 782: 519:. During the months of February and March 1862, while General Banks moved to Winchester, Virginia, Babcock set up military fortifications at 467: 439: 301: 169: 1416: 630:. After 40 minutes of battle, the Confederates broke and retreated. The battle ended in a lopsided Union victory, giving Babcock notoriety. 1689: 1013: 4570: 735:

For his meritorious contributions in the Civil War, Babcock was appointed brevet colonel, to rank from March 13, 1865. On July 17, 1866,

4471: 1741: 1563:

When Babcock returned to Washington, he went back to his White House office, as if there had been no trial. Grant's Secretary of State,

1475: 697: 686: 627: 623: 556: 312:, in 1862 Babcock worked on fortifications to aid in defending the nation's capital from Confederate attack. Babcock later served as 4406: 4380: 4308: 4287: 4268: 4203: 4121: 4022: 3977: 3408: 2389: 1294: 665:

Babcock was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the regular army on March 29, 1864, and became the aide-de-camp to Lieutenant General

612: 281:, and a Florida-based federal inspector of lighthouses. Babcock continued to serve as lighthouse inspector under Grant's successors 159: 1383:

whiskey tax evasion among distillers and corrupt officials in the Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Bureau. Bristow and

331:. In 1866, Babcock took an extensive tour of the U.S. Army western military posts and confronted Mormon leader Brigham Young over 1997: 1031:

During the summer of 1869, Grant dispatched Babcock, Grant's special agent, to the mostly mixed-race and white, Spanish-speaking

3915:

Annual Report of the Light-House Board of the United States to the Secretary of Treasury for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1898

3481: 2459:#Diary of Orville E. Babcock, San Domingo Supplemental Materials, 1869; The Two Great Crimes of the United States Senate, page 6 893:

rounded up and prosecuted Mormons in Utah, including Brigham Young, over polygamy. In 1874, President Grant signed into law the

411: 1499: 1375:, extended nationally and involved "the printing, selling, and approving of forged federal revenue stamps on bottled whiskey." 1177:

back and that he (Grant) approved of the treaty. Cox spoke up and said, "But Mr. President, has it been settled, then, that we

945: 580: 1725:, a Democratic magazine, in 1880 lampooned Babcock and Grant's alleged support of "rings" of corruption among his associates. 821:, arriving there on May 10. This was the first of a series of military posts Babcock visited in the West. Babcock arrived in 759: 736: 435: 274: 3728: 1716: 1761:

magazine, in which Keppler ridiculed Grant and his associates, including Babcock, for having run a corrupt administration.

1491:

testifying in St. Louis as unseemly for a President, it was settled that Grant would give a deposition at the White House.

709: 423: 4612: 1677: 1659: 1371:

financing, to the point where every agent in St. Louis was involved in corruption. This organized network, known as the

520: 499: 41: 653: 1269: 93: 1863:

death. Upon reaching the shore, others who had been in the boat recovered Babcock's body and unsuccessfully tried to

1004:

argued that Babcock's position was as at least as important as the Cabinet secretaries, and more powerful than most.

389:. Babcock's historical reputation is mixed; his technical engineering expertise, efficiency, bravery in battle, and 4115: 1409:

Grant's anti-corruption team, Bristow and Pierrepont, confronted Babcock over the Whiskey Ring, at the White House.

390: 108: 700:, U.S. Volunteers, to rank from May 6, 1864. On August 9, 1864, Babcock, while stationed at Union headquarters in 591: 152: 1979: 1816: 1685: 1301: 989: 678: 382: 1673: 1655: 834: 682: 604: 540: 532: 199: 192: 104: 4225:

Confederate Waterloo: The Battle of Five Forks, April 1, 1865, and the Controversy that Brought Down a General

1157: 800: 4448: 4485: 1071:

in New York to attract financial supporters for annexing the Dominican Republic. Grant's Secretary of State

147: 1902: 1794: 1643: 1623: 1575:

in Babcock's place. It was later discovered that Babcock used his Whiskey Ring kickbacks to purchase from

1483: 1305: 1253: 1238: 642: 638: 576: 386: 219: 209: 81: 742:

nominated Babcock for brevet brigadier general in the regular army, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the

4540: 3786:"The Mosquito Inlet Disaster: Captain Anderson's Account of the Drowning of Gen. Babcock and Mr. Luckey" 1858:, Babcock and his associates boarded a rowboat and started for shore. As they approached the inlet bar, 1576: 1512: 690: 2254: 1619:, although there was substantial evidence Babcock was, McDonald gave no evidence to implicate Grant. 4602: 4597: 4565: 4195: 1572: 1487: 1257: 1128: 1087: 981: 743: 701: 568: 4132:

Gateway to the Confederacy: New Perspectives on the Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns, 1862–1863

1847:

or try to make land, Babcock told his associates that since Newins and his crew had rowed safely to

567:. As Chief Engineer of the IX Corps, Babcock surveyed and projected the defensive fortifications at 143: 1890: 1702: 1568: 1242: 1220: 996:. Dent greeted White House guests, deciding who would see Grant or one of his Cabinet secretaries. 721: 572: 544: 516: 427: 282: 277:

Grant's military private secretary at the White House, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds for

187: 4321:

Testimony Before the U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee Considering the Whiskey Frauds

4319: 1482:, who had a clear conflict of interest based on his business dealings with Babcock. Panel member 1430: 1172:

When Babcock returned to the White House with a draft of a treaty, Fish and Secretary of Interior

1063:, Grant received inducements from speculators interested in Caribbean expansion, particularly for 1018: 418:. Babcock's father was Elias Babcock Jr. and his mother was Clara Olmsted. Among his siblings was 4581: 4329: 4254: 1955: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1824: 1547: 1436: 1396: 1340: 1314: 1265: 1261: 1150: 1036: 993: 977: 961: 957: 755: 705: 634: 615: 528: 484: 456: 431: 419: 360: 348: 328: 309: 266: 214: 204: 182: 120: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3766: 1672:

infrastructure but was also tied to allegations of corruption. The city's territorial governor,

1654:

Columbus Alexander, leader of the Memorialists, a reform organization critical of D.C. governor

1395:

Bristow then prosecuted the offenders by working with Grant's newly appointed Attorney General,

1358: 1185:

Grant did not drop the treaty, believing annexation would help alleviate violent suppression of

4300:

The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment: American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere, 1865–1900

3400: 1913:

criticized Babcock for ignoring ethical values in the spirit of opportunism and personal gain.

964:

service, Babcock's relative youth and ambitious nature led Grant's critics to consider him the

960:, all who desired to save Grant's reputation from scandal. While Grant admired Babcock for his 4575: 4423: 4402: 4390: 4376: 4350: 4304: 4283: 4264: 4229: 4223: 4199: 4176: 4157: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4068: 4045: 4041: 4018: 4012: 3997: 3973: 3954: 3932: 3923: 3535: 3529: 3431: 3425: 3404: 2385: 2381: 2184: 2042: 1790: 1710: 1706: 1479: 1310: 1297: 1273: 1186: 929: 694: 670: 563:

until February 6, when he was named the Assistant Inspector General and Chief Engineer of the

476: 463: 460: 403: 378: 324: 321: 317: 290: 286: 226: 156: 64: 1399:, a popular New York reformer who had been involved in shutting down New York City's corrupt 4344: 4097: 1765: 1745: 1599: 1580: 1538:

Grant's White House deposition took place on February 12; it was notarized by Chief Justice

1422: 1400: 1379: 1336: 953: 890: 818: 789: 729: 666: 658: 512: 488: 270: 245: 4561: 1805: 1615:, in which he claimed that Babcock and Grant were part of the ring. According to historian 1579:

on Christmas Day, 1874 a home and over 50 acres of grove land near what became the city of

1067:

and the Dominican Republic. Speculators William L. Cazneau and Joseph W. Fabens formed the

932:, saying that in Georgia the "police in most of the cities are in a grey uniform, the real 4060: 2261: 2176: 1910: 1778: 1770: 1757: 1721: 1616: 1526: 1367: 1048: 869: 858: 278: 258: 3531:

Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876

1047:. At this time, federal land speculation was not uncommon, as Congress had in March 1867 4244: 1831:

during the storm because the construction supplies weighed down the ship, and he feared

4481:"Feb. 25, 1876 • 'Whiskey ring' corruption trial in St. Louis was a national sensation" 4298: 3947: 1832: 1752: 1539: 1516: 1384: 1202: 1113: 1098: 1060: 1056: 854: 822: 739: 608: 564: 560: 524: 415: 352: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 1823:

to deliver construction supplies when they became anxious to return to land because a

1515:, a top criminal defense lawyer, Emory Storrs, and a former appeals judge (New York), 4591: 4368: 4034: 3393: 2374: 1946: 1859: 1681: 1627: 1564: 1520: 1463: 1290: 1286: 1190: 1072: 985: 949: 920: 865: 838: 814: 725: 674: 472: 369: 4360: 3545: 2048: 1782: 1372: 1353: 1326: 1264:

had regulated the price of gold by monthly sales from the Treasury in exchange for

1173: 1001: 846: 842: 480: 364: 313: 305: 1876: 1843:

in order to retrieve the passengers. In debating whether to wait out the storm on

1591: 4417: 4258: 3991: 693:. For his gallant service at the Battle of the Wilderness, Babcock was appointed 3987: 3942: 3824: 1864: 1349: 1225: 826: 777:

After the War, Babcock remained on Grant's staff throughout America's turbulent

17: 3686: 3684: 3682: 1969: 1827:

created hazardous ocean conditions. The captain decided not to cross over the

1786: 894: 850: 262: 124: 3785: 1571:. Grant finally dismissed Babcock from the White House and appointed his son 1938: 1851:, they should be able to row to shore on tidal floods created by the storm. 1249: 1032: 4447:. Mississippi State University Libraries. November 22, 2016. Archived from 868:

submitted Babcock's report to the House of Representatives on Jan 3, 1867.

4395: 507:

Union Engineers in Ft. Sander's salient. Photograph by Barnard, 1863–1864.

4508:"Scoundrels Political Scandals in American History-Scandals of the 1870s" 3745: 3743: 3741: 1942: 555:

On January 1, 1863, Babcock was promoted to permanent captain and brevet

332: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 1543:

Babcock's integrity, and that his confidence in Babcock was "unshaken".

1345: 804:

General Babcock confronted Mormon leader Brigham Young over polygamy in

2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 1651: 1246: 407: 4192:

The Class of 1861: Custer, Ames, and Their Classmates After West Point

3236: 3234: 2798: 2796: 1474:

As an Army officer, on December 2, 1875, Babcock requested of Grant a

1898: 430:. While growing up, he received a common education in the schools of 4173:

The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant Preserving the Civil War's Legacy

4135:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 116. 3031: 3029: 3837: 3835: 3833: 1317:, including stricter record-keeping and an end to private storage. 1127:

Babcock's next visited Santo Domingo City but found that President

825:

on June 19. In talking with Young, Babcock said Young believed the

338:

After Grant became President in 1869, Babcock was assigned Grant's

4110:. Vol. 1. Boston: American Biographical Society. p. 172. 1875: 1828: 1804: 1688:. He also supervised the construction of the east wing of the new 1598: 1590: 1525: 1498: 1447: 1344: 1224: 1156: 1097: 1064: 1017: 799: 768: 652: 590: 498: 459:

was beginning as Babcock was graduating; he was commissioned as a

1456:

We have official information that the enemy weakens. Push things.

965: 805: 385:. He died on duty in 1884 when he drowned off Mosquito Inlet in 343: 257:(December 25, 1835 – June 2, 1884) was an American engineer and 1450:", an apparent code name for Babcock. The first message said, " 4217:. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 460. 3949:

The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace

3611: 3609: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 2552: 2550: 3584: 3582: 3430:. Hamburg, MI: State History Publications. pp. 437–438. 2656: 2654: 296:

A native of Vermont, Babcock graduated third in his class at

3852: 3850: 3731:, p. 49 – Illustration by Joseph Keppler (February 4, 1880), 3727:

Michael Alexander Kahn, Richard Samuel West (October 2014),

3006:

The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant: January 1 – October 31, 1876

1868:

continued after Babcock's death, and was completed in 1887.

1260:

on gold. Starting in late April, Secretary of the Treasury

4349:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. viii. 3690: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 788:

On November 6, 1866, Babcock married Anne Eliza Cambell in

515:, Corps of Engineers, and a week later was assigned to the 4628:

Personal secretaries to the President of the United States

3669: 3667: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2047:. New York, NY: A. T. De La Mare. p. 299 – via 3749: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3078: 3076: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2817: 2815: 2763: 2761: 2641: 2639: 2567: 2565: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2096: 1000:

answered most of Grant's personal letters, and historian

3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2844: 2842: 2427: 2425: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2183:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 111. 1835:

it. As the storm worsened, Captain Newins of the nearby

1313:, implemented reforms directed by Secretary of Treasury 992:, the son of former presidential candidate and Senator, 4213:

Lingley, Charles Ramsdell (1928). Allen Johnson (ed.).

3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3451:

Colton, David Douty; Huntington, Collis Potter (1992).

3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3119: 3117: 3115: 645:

and was promoted to brevet major on November 29, 1863.

4472:"MSU Libraries digitize Civil War diaries and letters" 4036:

The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War

3016: 3014: 2442: 2440: 1658:'s management of the city. Harrington hired dishonest 728:

formally surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to

4278:

McFeely, William S. (1974). Woodward, C. Vann (ed.).

3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3035: 1452:

I have succeeded. They will not go. I will write you.

1333:

Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals

861:, Port Townsend, Fort Steilacoom, and San Francisco. 559:

and was named the Assistant Inspector General of the

402:

Orville E. Babcock was born on December 25, 1835, in

4280:

Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct

3917:. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1898. 3825:

MSU Libraries digitize Civil War diaries and letters

3767:"Orville Babcock's Indictment and the CIA Leak Case" 304:

throughout the Civil War. As Assistant Engineer and

4371:(2002). "Ulysses S. Grant". In Graff, Henry (ed.). 4215:

Dictionary of American Biography Babcock, Orville E

3841: 3534:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 111. 237: 175: 165: 138: 130: 114: 100: 88: 71: 51: 32: 4474:. Mississippi State University. November 22, 2016. 4394: 4033: 3946: 3784: 3392: 2373: 1988:List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union) 1603:Louise Hawkins, the "Sylph" who captivated Babcock 3457:. San Luis Rey, CA: Tentacled Press. p. 155. 1901:by treaty under the Johnson Administration, with 434:. At the age of 16, Babcock was appointed to the 4324:. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1454:" (December 10, 1874) and the second one said, " 940:President Grant's personal secretary (1869–1876) 919:In mid-April 1867, Grant dispatched Babcock and 849:, (Mormons) Salt Lake City, Utah, Camp Douglas, 363:. After Babcock was indicted as a member of the 4623:United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel 4576:Military posts letter from the Secretary of War 4282:. New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 133–162. 902: 877: 527:bridges crossing the Potomac River. During the 340:Secretary to the President of the United States 3760: 3758: 939: 845:, Big Laramie and North Platte, Fort Halleck. 720:On April 9, 1865, after being defeated at the 511:On November 17, 1861, Babcock was promoted to 327:in 1865 and continued on Grant's staff during 4156:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 3482:Deeds, Letter Prove General's Ties to Sanford 2145: 661:(at center table), Orville E. Babcock (right) 351:to the United States, but the Senate, led by 316:for Ulysses S. Grant and participated in the 8: 4419:American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant 4334:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3972:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1642:. In 1874, Richard Harrington, an Assistant 1553:United States Minister to the United Kingdom 746:confirmed the appointment on July 23, 1866. 4638:People of Vermont in the American Civil War 4067:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 3793:. Washington, DC. June 27, 1884. p. 4. 2170: 2168: 1462:Babcock writing a warning to revenue agent 1304:as the operator of scheme that enabled the 897:, that limited Mormons to serve on juries. 641:, Babcock became the Chief Engineer of the 551:Vicksburg, Blue Springs, Campbell's Station 4303:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. 4175:. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, LLC. 4040:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 3350: 2255:Inventory of the Orville E. Babcock Papers 2108: 2044:Genealogy of the Olmsted Family in America 773:General Babcock's house in Washington D.C. 607:, and served under Union engineer Captain 29: 2242: 2230: 2027:Dictionary of American Biography (1928), 451:Constructed Washington D.C. defense works 4153:Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life 3515: 2889: 2802: 2779: 2672: 2556: 2537: 2525: 2506: 2469: 1937:, Babcock emerged as Grant's "political 1715: 1667:Public buildings and grounds (1873–1877) 1378:In June 1874, President Grant appointed 657:Lieut. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Staff: 442:, as did most top graduates of his era. 4648:Deaths by drowning in the United States 3934:Isaiah Babcock, Sr. and his descendants 3922:Babcock, Orville E. (October 5, 1866). 3892: 3880: 3856: 3803: 3715: 3673: 3639: 3615: 3600: 3588: 3494: 3378: 3362: 3280: 3256: 3244: 3225: 3180: 3160: 3082: 3051: 3047: 3020: 2980: 2968: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2921: 2909: 2905: 2833: 2821: 2787: 2767: 2752: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2660: 2645: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2571: 2541: 2489: 2473: 2431: 2359: 2336: 2120: 2009: 1523:on Sixth Street and Washington Avenue. 4633:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery 4327: 4198:: Southern Illinois University Press. 4113: 4107:The Biographical Dictionary of America 3627: 3573: 3467: 3454:The Octopus Speaks: The Colton Letters 3399:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 3268: 3240: 3176: 2877: 2860: 2848: 2416: 1993:Bibliography of the American Civil War 1918:Mississippi State University Libraries 1801:Mosquito Inlet lighthouse and drowning 765:Final promotions, marriage, and family 543:, Babcock served on Brigadier General 4618:United States Military Academy alumni 4228:. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie. 4129:Jones, Evan C.; Sword, Wiley (2014). 3868: 3658: 3374: 3325: 3221: 3209: 3192: 3172: 3156: 3144: 3123: 3106: 3067: 3055: 2992: 2893: 2806: 2783: 2676: 2594: 2477: 2446: 2380:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 2306: 2159: 1595:Babcock's nemesis, Gen. John McDonald 302:United States Army Corps of Engineers 170:United States Army Corps of Engineers 7: 4318:Knott, J. Proctor, Chairman (1876). 4082:Garmon, Bonnie; Garmon, Jim (2009). 4017:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse LLC. 3292: 1933:According to presidential historian 1764:On May 14, 1880, Democratic Senator 1696:Inspector of lighthouses (1877–1884) 1505:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 1014:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 853:, Walla-Walla, Camp Lapwal, Dalles, 4373:The Presidents: A Reference History 3427:Connecticut Biographical Dictionary 2583: 2318: 2295: 2284: 2273: 1925:, including his perspective on the 1742:1880 Republican National Convention 1293:, where he worked under successive 1237:In 1869, Babcock invested money in 716:Appomattox: Lee surrenders to Grant 4401:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 4375:(7th ed.). pp. 245–260. 3970:The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 3304: 1897:as the United States had acquired 1295:Collectors of the Port of New York 687:Battle of Spotsylvania Court House 25: 4506:Martinez, Mike (March 15, 2021). 4479:O'neil, Tim (February 25, 2017). 4422:. Random House Publishing Group. 4246:Secrets of the Great Whiskey Ring 1884:Secrets of the Great Whiskey Ring 1613:Secrets of the Great Whiskey Ring 1366:Dating back to the Presidency of 724:, Commanding Confederate General 273:during and after the war, he was 4090: 1998:Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant 1972: 1429: 1415: 531:, Babcock served bravely at the 410:, a small town located near the 151: 142: 40: 3765:Mike Pesca (November 2, 2005). 3691:Government Printing Office 1898 1785:. They eventually selected the 1634:Safe burglary conspiracy (1876) 1607:Another Union officer, General 796:Report on Military Posts (1866) 4658:Grant administration personnel 4249:. St. Louis, Mo., W. S. Bryan. 4084:Indian River Country 1880-1889 3937:. New York: Eaton & Mains. 3485:, Accessed on February 9, 2017 1839:led seven men in a rowboat to 1108:Babcock boarded the steamship 872:was the Speaker of the House. 760:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 27:Union Army general (1835–1884) 1: 4663:Washington, D.C., Republicans 4608:People from Franklin, Vermont 4222:McCarthy, Michael J. (2016). 4120:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 3750:New York Times (May 15, 1880) 2097:New York Times (June 4, 1884) 2041:Olmstead, Henry King (1912). 1690:State, War, and Navy Building 1534:testified at Babcock's trial. 1281:New York Customs House (1872) 1272:on his property, which named 1245:, a scam by wealthy New York 968:of the Grant administration. 539:In December 1862, during the 4653:Accidental deaths in Florida 4643:People of the Six Years' War 3968:Calhoun, Charles W. (2017). 3735:, v. 6, No. 152, pp. 782–783 3729:What Fools These Mortals Be! 1854:After eating their lunch on 1736:Presidential election (1880) 956:, and U.S. Attorney General 952:, Secretary of the Treasury 581:Battle of Campbell's Station 4571:Arlington National Cemetery 4297:Pletcher, David M. (1998). 3996:. New York: Penguin Press. 1471:fraud on November 4, 1875. 505:and Orlando M. Poe (right), 436:West Point Military Academy 300:in 1861, and served in the 94:Arlington National Cemetery 4679: 4541:"A Cheap Democratic Trick" 3391:Reeves, Thomas C. (1975). 2372:Reeves, Thomas C. (1975). 1739: 1330: 1324: 1218: 1011: 753: 710:Sherman's March to the Sea 4562:Orville E. Babcock papers 4445:"Orville Babcock Diaries" 4416:White, Ronald C. (2016). 4150:Jordan, David M. (1995). 4032:Eicher, David J. (2001). 3931:Babcock, Stephen (1903). 3926:(Report). Washington D.C. 3036:Martinez (March 15, 2021) 1980:American Civil War portal 1882:Illustrated Portrait 1880 1817:Mosquito Inlet Lighthouse 1810:Mosquito Inlet Lighthouse 1686:Anacostia Railroad Bridge 1559:Return to Washington D.C. 841:, Camp Wardwell, Denver, 679:Army of Northern Virginia 503:Orville E. Babcock (left) 383:Mosquito Inlet Lighthouse 355:, rejected the proposal. 39: 4531:"Gen. Babcock Drowned". 4190:Kirshner, Ralph (1999). 4014:The Reconstruction Years 3603:, pp. 139, 141–142. 3528:Morris, Roy Jr. (2004). 3096:The Presidential Follies 1674:Alexander Robey Shepherd 1656:Alexander Robey Shepherd 1640:Safe Burglary Conspiracy 1321:Whiskey Ring (1875–1876) 1080:Report on Military Posts 1043:), then commonly called 683:Battle of the Wilderness 681:. Babcock served in the 541:Battle of Fredericksburg 200:Battle of Fredericksburg 105:United States of America 4486:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 4343:Porter, Horace (2000). 4243:McDonald, John (1880). 4065:Civil War High Commands 4011:Coffey, Walter (2014). 3953:. New York: Doubleday. 3842:Orville Babcock Diaries 3791:Washington Evening Star 3479:Robison (Jan 6, 2002), 2181:Civil War High Commands 1239:Jay Cooke & Company 1059:. Like his predecessor 550: 308:for district commander 4346:Campaigning With Grant 3424:Hannan, Caryn (2008). 2203:Catton (1969), p. 349. 2109:Jones & Sword 2014 1916:On November 22, 2016, 1903:Senator Charles Sumner 1885: 1812: 1795:Winfield Scott Hancock 1732: 1644:United States Attorney 1604: 1596: 1569:corner the gold market 1535: 1508: 1484:Winfield Scott Hancock 1363: 1352:cartoon depicting the 1306:New York Customs House 1234: 1169: 1105: 1035:island country of the 1028: 915:Report on South (1867) 912: 887: 809: 774: 662: 643:Department of the Ohio 639:Battle of Fort Sanders 633:After fighting in the 600: 597:Battle of Fort Sanders 577:Battle of Blue Springs 547:'s engineering staff. 508: 479:while also serving as 387:Daytona Beach, Florida 220:Battle of Fort Sanders 210:Battle of Blue Springs 4582:Orville Elias Babcock 2212:Eicher, 2001, p. 732. 1879: 1872:Historical reputation 1808: 1740:Further information: 1719: 1602: 1594: 1577:Henry Shelton Sanford 1529: 1502: 1348: 1331:Further information: 1285:In 1872, Babcock and 1228: 1197:Failed to pass Senate 1160: 1101: 1069:Santo Domingo Company 1021: 1012:Further information: 803: 779:Reconstruction Period 772: 754:Further information: 691:Battle of Cold Harbor 656: 594: 502: 446:Civil War (1861–1865) 320:. He was promoted to 269:. An aide to General 255:Orville Elias Babcock 131:Years of service 34:Orville Elias Babcock 4566:the Newberry Library 4451:on February 22, 2017 4171:Kahan, Paul (2018). 2609:, pp. 207, 210. 1258:cornering the market 1116:. On the voyage the 744:United States Senate 722:Battle of Appomattox 677:and the Confederate 603:Babcock was part of 483:under Major General 4613:Union Army colonels 4255:McFeely, William S. 4102:Babcock, Orville E. 3895:, pp. 415–416. 3871:, pp. 393–396. 3806:, pp. 78, 527. 3618:, pp. 141–142. 3591:, pp. 143–144. 3518:, pp. 113–120. 3497:, pp. 414–415. 3054:, pp. 144–45; 3050:, pp. 368–69; 2983:, pp. 140–141. 2863:, pp. 453–454. 2836:, pp. 214–215. 2743:, pp. 213–214. 2719:, pp. 212–213. 2695:, pp. 211–212. 2683:, pp. 211–212. 2663:, pp. 339–340. 2621:, pp. 210–211. 2559:, pp. 164–165. 2309:, pp. 130–132. 2150:, pp. 615–616. 2029:Babcock, Orville E. 1891:Radical Republicans 1703:Rutherford B. Hayes 1507:(February 26, 1876) 1221:Black Friday (1869) 1140:Treaty negotiations 1084:Report on the South 972:Gatekeeper to Grant 889:In 1871, President 573:Battle of Vicksburg 545:William B. Franklin 517:Army of the Potomac 428:Minnesota Territory 283:Rutherford B. Hayes 188:Peninsular Campaign 4391:Smith, Jean Edward 4260:Grant: A Biography 2260:2011-01-06 at the 1956:William W. Belknap 1935:Charles W. Calhoun 1927:siege of Vicksburg 1923:American Civil War 1886: 1813: 1733: 1605: 1597: 1548:William T. Sherman 1536: 1532:William T. Sherman 1509: 1437:Edwards Pierrepont 1397:Edwards Pierrepont 1389:Treasury Solicitor 1364: 1341:Edwards Pierrepont 1315:George S. Boutwell 1262:George S. Boutwell 1235: 1233:September 24, 1869 1215:Gold corner (1869) 1170: 1106: 1037:Dominican Republic 1029: 1023:Santo Domingo City 994:Stephen A. Douglas 978:William T. Sherman 958:Edwards Pierrepont 946:personal secretary 810: 783:Corps of Engineers 775: 756:Reconstruction Era 706:William T. Sherman 698:lieutenant colonel 663: 635:Knoxville Campaign 616:William P. Sanders 601: 587:Knoxville campaign 557:lieutenant colonel 529:Peninsula Campaign 509: 495:Peninsula campaign 485:Nathaniel P. Banks 468:Corps of Engineers 457:American Civil War 432:Berkshire, Vermont 420:Lorenzo A. Babcock 310:Nathaniel P. Banks 215:Knoxville Campaign 205:Siege of Vicksburg 183:American Civil War 121:United States Army 46:Orville E. Babcock 4465:Internet articles 4429:978-1-5883-6992-5 4356:978-0-8032-8763-1 4235:978-1-6112-1310-2 4182:978-1-59416-273-2 4163:978-0-2532-1058-6 4142:978-0-8071-5512-7 4116:cite encyclopedia 4098:Johnson, Rossiter 4074:978-0-8047-3641-1 4059:Eicher, John H.; 4051:978-0-7432-1846-7 4003:978-1-5942-0487-6 3960:978-0-385-53241-9 3859:, pp. 78–79. 3541:978-0-7432-5552-3 3437:978-1-878592-72-9 2597:, pp. 90=91. 2404:Woodward (1957), 2190:978-0-8047-3641-1 2175:Eicher, John H.; 2147:The Longest Night 1880:Gen. O.E. Babcock 1791:James A. Garfield 1711:Chester A. Arthur 1707:James A. Garfield 1480:Asa Bird Gardiner 1311:Chester A. Arthur 1298:Moses H. Grinnell 1274:Asa Bird Gardiner 1187:African Americans 1129:Buenaventura Báez 1088:Buenaventura Báez 930:African Americans 864:Secretary of War 671:Overland Campaign 669:participating in 649:Overland Campaign 533:Siege of Yorktown 477:Shenandoah Valley 464:Second Lieutenant 379:Chester A. Arthur 325:brigadier general 318:Overland Campaign 291:Chester A. Arthur 287:James A. Garfield 252: 251: 242:Private Secretary 227:Overland Campaign 193:Siege of Yorktown 160:Brigadier General 65:Franklin, Vermont 62:December 25, 1835 16:(Redirected from 4670: 4551: 4545: 4536: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4489:. Archived from 4475: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4433: 4412: 4400: 4386: 4364: 4339: 4333: 4325: 4314: 4293: 4274: 4250: 4239: 4218: 4209: 4186: 4167: 4146: 4125: 4119: 4111: 4094: 4093: 4087: 4078: 4061:Eicher, David J. 4055: 4039: 4028: 4007: 3983: 3964: 3952: 3938: 3927: 3918: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3845: 3839: 3828: 3822: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3762: 3753: 3747: 3736: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3694: 3688: 3677: 3671: 3662: 3656: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3577: 3571: 3550: 3549: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3398: 3388: 3382: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3329: 3323: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3238: 3229: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3170: 3164: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3127: 3121: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3094:Fredman (1987), 3092: 3086: 3080: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2903: 2897: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2810: 2800: 2791: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2649: 2643: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2545: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2510: 2504: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2467: 2461: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2435: 2429: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2379: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2340: 2334: 2321: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2271: 2265: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2177:Eicher, David J. 2172: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2143: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2053: 2052: 2038: 2032: 2025: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1766:William W. Eaton 1746:Ulysses S. Grant 1581:Sanford, Florida 1433: 1423:Benjamin Bristow 1419: 1380:Benjamin Bristow 1337:Benjamin Bristow 1049:purchased Alaska 954:Benjamin Bristow 891:Ulysses S. Grant 819:Fort Leavenworth 790:Galena, Illinois 730:Ulysses S. Grant 673:against General 667:Ulysses S. Grant 659:Ulysses S. Grant 628:17th Mississippi 624:13th Mississippi 513:First Lieutenant 489:Confederate Army 424:attorney general 412:Canada–US border 271:Ulysses S. Grant 246:Ulysses S. Grant 155: 146: 116: 78: 61: 59: 44: 30: 21: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4588: 4587: 4558: 4550:. May 15, 1880. 4543: 4539: 4535:. June 4, 1884. 4530: 4512: 4510: 4505: 4496: 4494: 4478: 4470: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4389: 4383: 4367: 4357: 4342: 4326: 4317: 4311: 4296: 4290: 4277: 4271: 4253: 4242: 4236: 4221: 4212: 4206: 4189: 4183: 4170: 4164: 4149: 4143: 4128: 4112: 4100:, ed. (1906). " 4096: 4091: 4081: 4075: 4058: 4052: 4031: 4025: 4010: 4004: 3986: 3980: 3967: 3961: 3941: 3930: 3921: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3848: 3840: 3831: 3823: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3739: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3697: 3689: 3680: 3672: 3665: 3657: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3553: 3542: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3377:, p. 564; 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3332: 3324: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243:, p. 557; 3239: 3232: 3224:, p. 563; 3220: 3216: 3208: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3179:, p. 557; 3175:, p. 563; 3171: 3167: 3159:, p. 562; 3155: 3151: 3143: 3130: 3122: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3019: 3012: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967:, p. 647; 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908:, p. 138; 2904: 2900: 2892:, p. 164; 2888: 2884: 2876: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2813: 2805:, p. 164; 2801: 2794: 2786:, p. 508; 2782:, p. 164; 2778: 2774: 2766: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679:, p. 508; 2675:, p. 164; 2671: 2667: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2563: 2555: 2548: 2540:, p. 164; 2536: 2532: 2524: 2513: 2505: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476:, p. 210; 2472:, p. 164; 2468: 2464: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2438: 2430: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2343: 2335: 2324: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2268: 2262:Wayback Machine 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2162:, p. xvii. 2158: 2154: 2144: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2056: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2026: 2011: 2006: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1911:William McFeely 1883: 1881: 1874: 1803: 1779:James G. Blaine 1771:Roscoe Conkling 1748: 1738: 1729:CROOKED WHISKEY 1726: 1698: 1669: 1636: 1617:William McFeely 1589: 1561: 1513:George Williams 1497: 1495:St. Louis trial 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1411: 1410: 1368:Abraham Lincoln 1359:Harper's Weekly 1356:, published in 1343: 1329: 1323: 1283: 1232: 1223: 1217: 1212: 1199: 1164: 1162:President Grant 1142: 1096: 1053:663,300 mi 1016: 1010: 974: 942: 917: 870:Schuyler Colfax 857:, Puget Sound, 798: 767: 762: 752: 718: 651: 599: 589: 553: 506: 504: 497: 453: 448: 400: 279:Washington D.C. 238:Other work 233: 150: 123: 107: 96: 89:Place of burial 80: 76: 63: 57: 55: 47: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Orville Babcock 15: 12: 11: 5: 4676: 4674: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4568: 4557: 4556:External links 4554: 4553: 4552: 4548:New York Times 4537: 4533:New York Times 4524:New York Times 4520: 4519: 4503: 4476: 4462: 4461: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4413: 4407: 4387: 4381: 4369:Simon, John Y. 4365: 4355: 4340: 4315: 4309: 4294: 4288: 4275: 4269: 4251: 4240: 4234: 4219: 4210: 4204: 4187: 4181: 4168: 4162: 4147: 4141: 4126: 4088: 4086:. Vol. 1. 4079: 4073: 4056: 4050: 4029: 4023: 4008: 4002: 3984: 3978: 3965: 3959: 3939: 3928: 3924:Military Posts 3919: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3885: 3883:, p. 253. 3873: 3861: 3846: 3829: 3808: 3796: 3776: 3754: 3737: 3720: 3695: 3693:, p. 224. 3678: 3676:, p. 527. 3663: 3644: 3632: 3630:, p. 276. 3620: 3605: 3593: 3578: 3576:, p. 282. 3551: 3540: 3520: 3499: 3487: 3472: 3470:, p. 560. 3460: 3443: 3436: 3416: 3409: 3395:Gentleman Boss 3383: 3381:, p. 806. 3367: 3365:, p. 522. 3355: 3330: 3328:, p. 564. 3309: 3307:, p. 357. 3297: 3295:, p. 134. 3285: 3283:, p. 157. 3273: 3271:, p. 557. 3261: 3259:, p. 411. 3249: 3247:, p. 411. 3230: 3228:, p. 410. 3214: 3212:, p. 563. 3197: 3195:, p. 591. 3185: 3183:, p. 410. 3165: 3163:, p. 156. 3149: 3147:, p. 562. 3128: 3126:, p. 557. 3111: 3109:, p. 556. 3099: 3087: 3085:, p. 154. 3072: 3070:, p. 114. 3060: 3058:, p. 114. 3040: 3025: 3010: 2997: 2995:, p. 421. 2985: 2973: 2971:, p. 134. 2957: 2955:, p. 128. 2945: 2943:, p. 647. 2926: 2924:, p. 138. 2914: 2912:, p. 343. 2898: 2896:, p. 509. 2882: 2880:, p. 454. 2865: 2853: 2851:, p. 453. 2838: 2826: 2824:, p. 340. 2811: 2809:, p. 508. 2792: 2790:, p. 214. 2772: 2770:, p. 214. 2757: 2755:, p. 214. 2745: 2733: 2731:, p. 213. 2721: 2709: 2707:, p. 212. 2697: 2685: 2665: 2650: 2648:, p. 211. 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2584:Military Posts 2576: 2574:, p. 210. 2561: 2546: 2544:, p. 152. 2530: 2528:, p. 164. 2511: 2509:, p. 163. 2494: 2492:, p. 661. 2482: 2462: 2451: 2436: 2421: 2419:, p. 249. 2409: 2406:The Lowest Ebb 2397: 2390: 2376:Gentleman Boss 2364: 2341: 2339:, p. 588. 2322: 2319:Military Posts 2311: 2299: 2296:Military Posts 2288: 2285:Military Posts 2277: 2274:Military Posts 2266: 2247: 2245:, p. 132. 2235: 2233:, p. 133. 2214: 2205: 2196: 2189: 2164: 2152: 2125: 2123:, p. 776. 2113: 2111:, p. 116. 2101: 2054: 2033: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1967: 1964: 1873: 1870: 1802: 1799: 1753:Joseph Keppler 1737: 1734: 1697: 1694: 1668: 1665: 1660:Secret Service 1648:Washington, DC 1635: 1632: 1624:St. Louis Fair 1588: 1585: 1560: 1557: 1540:Morrison Waite 1517:John K. Porter 1496: 1493: 1435: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1385:Bluford Wilson 1325:Main article: 1322: 1319: 1282: 1279: 1219:Main article: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1203:Charles Sumner 1198: 1195: 1151:Reconstruction 1141: 1138: 1114:Cornelius Cole 1103:President Báez 1095: 1094:Visited island 1092: 1061:Andrew Johnson 1057:Russian Empire 1041:18,655 mi 1009: 1006: 990:Robert Douglas 982:Frederick Dent 973: 970: 941: 938: 916: 913: 909:Military Posts 906:Babcock (1866) 884:Military Posts 881:Babcock (1866) 855:Fort Vancouver 835:Fort McPherson 823:Salt Lake City 797: 794: 766: 763: 751: 750:Reconstruction 748: 740:Andrew Johnson 717: 714: 650: 647: 609:Orlando M. Poe 595: 588: 585: 552: 549: 521:Harper's Ferry 496: 493: 452: 449: 447: 444: 416:Lake Champlain 399: 396: 353:Charles Sumner 329:Reconstruction 250: 249: 244:for President 239: 235: 234: 232: 231: 230: 229: 224: 223: 222: 212: 207: 202: 197: 196: 195: 179: 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 118: 112: 111: 102: 98: 97: 92: 90: 86: 85: 82:Mosquito Inlet 79:(aged 48) 73: 69: 68: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4675: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4509: 4504: 4497:September 25, 4493:on 2018-07-12 4492: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4431: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4408:0-684-84927-5 4404: 4399: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4382:0-684-80551-0 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4323: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4310:0-8262-1127-5 4306: 4302: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4289:0-440-05923-2 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4270:0-393-01372-3 4266: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4205:0-8093-2066-5 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4026: 4024:9781491851920 4020: 4016: 4015: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3979:9780700624843 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3944: 3943:Brands, H. W. 3940: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3642:, p. 88. 3641: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3516:McDonald 1880 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3410:0-394-46095-2 3406: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2890:Pletcher 1998 2886: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803:Pletcher 1998 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780:Pletcher 1998 2776: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673:Pletcher 1998 2669: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557:Pletcher 1998 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538:Pletcher 1998 2534: 2531: 2527: 2526:Pletcher 1998 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:Pletcher 1998 2503: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2480:, p. 91. 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470:Pletcher 1998 2466: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2452: 2449:, p. 50. 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2434:, p. 77. 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2391:0-394-46095-2 2387: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2368: 2365: 2362:, p. 78. 2361: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2243:Kirshner 1999 2239: 2236: 2232: 2231:Kirshner 1999 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1947:Hamilton Fish 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682:Potomac River 1679: 1675: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650:attempted to 1649: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1628:John A. Joyce 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609:John McDonald 1601: 1593: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:Hamilton Fish 1558: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1521:Lindell Hotel 1518: 1514: 1506: 1501: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476:court-martial 1472: 1469: 1465: 1464:John A. Joyce 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1438: 1432: 1424: 1418: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1392:other files. 1390: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1362:(March, 1876) 1361: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1302:Thomas Murphy 1299: 1296: 1292: 1291:New York City 1288: 1287:Horace Porter 1280: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256:to profit by 1255: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1191:Rufus Ingalls 1188: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1082:(1866) and a 1081: 1076: 1074: 1073:Hamilton Fish 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:Santo Domingo 1042: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1008:Santo Domingo 1007: 1005: 1003: 997: 995: 991: 987: 986:Horace Porter 983: 979: 971: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950:Hamilton Fish 947: 937: 935: 931: 926: 922: 921:Horace Porter 914: 911: 910: 907: 901: 898: 896: 892: 886: 885: 882: 876: 875:On Mormons: 873: 871: 867: 866:Edwin Stanton 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839:Fort Sedgwick 836: 831: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815:Brigham Young 807: 802: 795: 793: 791: 786: 784: 780: 771: 764: 761: 757: 749: 747: 745: 741: 738: 733: 731: 727: 726:Robert E. Lee 723: 715: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675:Robert E. Lee 672: 668: 660: 655: 648: 646: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 625: 619: 617: 614: 610: 606: 598: 593: 586: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 548: 546: 542: 537: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 501: 494: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 473:Potomac River 469: 465: 462: 458: 450: 445: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 397: 395: 392: 388: 384: 380: 374: 371: 370:Hamilton Fish 366: 362: 356: 354: 350: 349:Santo Domingo 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 247: 243: 240: 236: 228: 225: 221: 218: 217: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 194: 191: 190: 189: 186: 185: 184: 181: 180: 178: 174: 171: 168: 164: 161: 158: 154: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 84:, Florida, US 83: 74: 70: 66: 54: 50: 43: 38: 31: 19: 4584:Find A Grave 4547: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4511:. Retrieved 4495:. Retrieved 4491:the original 4484: 4464: 4463: 4455:February 22, 4453:. Retrieved 4449:the original 4437: 4436: 4418: 4396: 4372: 4361:Google Books 4359:– via 4345: 4320: 4299: 4279: 4259: 4245: 4224: 4214: 4191: 4172: 4152: 4131: 4105: 4083: 4064: 4035: 4013: 3992: 3988:Chernow, Ron 3969: 3948: 3933: 3914: 3907: 3906: 3893:McFeely 1981 3888: 3881:McFeely 1981 3876: 3864: 3857:Calhoun 2017 3804:Calhoun 2017 3799: 3790: 3779: 3770: 3732: 3723: 3674:Calhoun 2017 3640:Babcock 1903 3635: 3623: 3616:McFeely 1974 3601:McFeely 1974 3596: 3589:McFeely 1974 3546:Google Books 3544:– via 3530: 3523: 3495:McFeely 1981 3490: 3480: 3475: 3463: 3453: 3446: 3426: 3419: 3394: 3386: 3379:Chernow 2017 3370: 3363:Calhoun 2017 3358: 3300: 3288: 3281:McFeely 1974 3276: 3264: 3257:McFeely 1981 3252: 3245:McFeely 1981 3226:McFeely 1981 3217: 3188: 3181:McFeely 1981 3168: 3161:McFeely 1974 3152: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3083:McFeely 1974 3063: 3052:McFeely 1974 3048:Calhoun 2017 3043: 3008:, pp. 47, 48 3005: 3000: 2988: 2981:Calhoun 2017 2976: 2969:Calhoun 2017 2965:Chernow 2017 2960: 2953:Calhoun 2017 2948: 2941:Chernow 2017 2922:McFeely 1974 2917: 2910:McFeely 1981 2906:McFeely 1974 2901: 2885: 2856: 2834:Calhoun 2017 2829: 2822:McFeely 1981 2788:Calhoun 2017 2775: 2768:Calhoun 2017 2753:Chernow 2017 2748: 2741:Chernow 2017 2736: 2729:Calhoun 2017 2724: 2717:Calhoun 2017 2712: 2705:Calhoun 2017 2700: 2693:Calhoun 2017 2688: 2681:Calhoun 2017 2668: 2661:McFeely 1981 2646:Calhoun 2017 2631:Calhoun 2017 2626: 2619:Calhoun 2017 2614: 2607:Calhoun 2017 2602: 2590: 2579: 2572:Calhoun 2017 2542:Calhoun 2017 2533: 2490:Chernow 2017 2485: 2474:Calhoun 2017 2465: 2454: 2432:Calhoun 2017 2412: 2405: 2400: 2375: 2367: 2360:Calhoun 2017 2337:Chernow 2017 2314: 2302: 2291: 2280: 2269: 2250: 2238: 2208: 2199: 2180: 2155: 2146: 2121:Babcock 1903 2116: 2104: 2049:Google Books 2043: 2036: 2028: 1960: 1952: 1932: 1915: 1907: 1895: 1887: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1825:sudden storm 1820: 1814: 1809: 1783:John Sherman 1776: 1763: 1756: 1755:appeared in 1749: 1728: 1720: 1699: 1678:Chain Bridge 1670: 1637: 1621: 1612: 1606: 1562: 1545: 1537: 1531: 1510: 1504: 1473: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1394: 1377: 1373:Whiskey Ring 1365: 1357: 1354:Whiskey Ring 1327:Whiskey Ring 1284: 1236: 1230:Black Friday 1229: 1200: 1184: 1178: 1174:Jacob D. Cox 1171: 1166: 1161: 1147: 1143: 1132: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1068: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1030: 1025: 1022: 1002:Allan Nevins 998: 975: 943: 933: 924: 918: 908: 905: 903: 900:On Indians: 899: 888: 883: 880: 878: 874: 863: 847:Fort Bridger 843:Camp Collins 832: 811: 787: 776: 734: 719: 664: 632: 620: 602: 596: 554: 538: 523:and guarded 510: 481:aide-de-camp 454: 422:, the first 401: 375: 365:Whiskey Ring 357: 337: 314:aide-de-camp 306:aide-de-camp 295: 254: 253: 176:Battles/wars 77:(1884-06-02) 75:June 2, 1884 4603:1884 deaths 4598:1835 births 4578:Archive.org 3716:Garmon_2009 3628:Coffey 2014 3574:Coffey 2014 3468:Brands 2012 3351:O'neil 2017 3269:Brands 2012 3241:Brands 2012 3177:Brands 2012 3021:Porter 2000 2878:Brands 2012 2861:Brands 2012 2849:Brands 2012 1865:resuscitate 1701:successors 1573:Ulysses Jr. 1350:Thomas Nast 1055:) from the 934:confederate 827:Morrill Act 605:XXIII Corps 475:and in the 265:during the 248:(1869–1877) 4592:Categories 4263:. Norton. 4196:Carbondale 3869:Smith 2001 3375:White 2016 3326:White 2016 3222:White 2016 3210:White 2016 3193:Smith 2001 3173:White 2016 3157:White 2016 3145:White 2016 3124:White 2016 3107:White 2016 3068:Kahan 2018 3056:Kahan 2018 2993:Knott 1876 2894:White 2016 2807:White 2016 2784:White 2016 2677:White 2016 2595:Kahan 2018 2478:Kahan 2018 2447:Kahan 2018 2417:Simon 2002 2307:Kahan 2018 2160:White 2016 2004:References 1789:candidate 1787:dark horse 1488:David Dyer 1401:Tweed Ring 1270:trust deed 1266:greenbacks 1254:James Fisk 1210:Corruption 936:uniform." 895:Poland Act 851:Fort Boise 712:campaign. 702:City Point 689:, and the 613:Brig. Gen. 579:, and the 569:Louisville 398:Early life 298:West Point 263:Union Army 125:Union Army 101:Allegiance 58:1835-12-25 4513:April 29, 4330:cite book 3659:BDOA_1906 1939:majordomo 1833:grounding 1829:inlet bar 1680:over the 1587:Aftermath 1250:Jay Gould 1243:Gold Ring 1122:Telégrafo 1033:Caribbean 962:Civil War 737:President 536:Potomac. 440:Engineers 414:close to 361:Civil War 275:President 267:Civil War 134:1861–1884 4393:(2001). 4257:(1981). 4063:(2001). 3990:(2017). 3945:(2012). 3293:McCarthy 2258:Archived 2179:(2001). 2031:, p. 460 1966:See also 1943:Svengali 1684:and the 1530:General 1201:Senator 859:San Juan 575:and the 565:IX Corps 561:VI Corps 404:Franklin 333:polygamy 115:Service/ 4438:Primary 3903:Sources 3771:NPR.org 1247:tycoons 708:during 637:at the 525:pontoon 466:in the 408:Vermont 261:in the 259:general 148:Colonel 4426: 4405: 4379: 4353: 4307: 4286: 4267: 4232: 4202: 4179: 4160: 4139: 4095: 4071: 4048: 4021: 4000: 3976: 3957: 3538: 3434: 3407: 3305:Jordan 3004:Simon 2388: 2264:(2008) 2187: 1899:Alaska 1860:swells 1856:Pharos 1849:Pharos 1845:Pharos 1841:Pharos 1837:Bonito 1821:Pharos 1709:, and 1387:, the 1339:, and 1165:Brady 988:, and 695:brevet 685:, the 626:, and 461:Brevet 322:brevet 289:, and 157:Brevet 117:branch 4544:(PDF) 4397:Grant 3993:Grant 3908:Books 3403:–81. 1652:frame 1626:with 1448:Sylph 1133:Tybee 1118:Tybee 1110:Tybee 1065:Haiti 925:class 391:Union 109:Union 4515:2024 4499:2018 4457:2017 4424:ISBN 4403:ISBN 4377:ISBN 4351:ISBN 4336:link 4305:ISBN 4284:ISBN 4265:ISBN 4230:ISBN 4200:ISBN 4177:ISBN 4158:ISBN 4137:ISBN 4122:link 4069:ISBN 4046:ISBN 4019:ISBN 3998:ISBN 3974:ISBN 3955:ISBN 3733:Puck 3536:ISBN 3432:ISBN 3405:ISBN 2386:ISBN 2185:ISBN 1815:The 1781:and 1758:Puck 1744:and 1722:Puck 1646:for 1300:and 1252:and 1179:want 1167:1870 1026:1871 966:Iago 806:Utah 758:and 455:The 344:Iago 166:Unit 139:Rank 72:Died 67:, US 52:Born 4564:at 4104:". 4042:615 1241:'s 426:of 4594:: 4546:. 4483:. 4332:}} 4328:{{ 4194:. 4118:}} 4114:{{ 4044:. 3849:^ 3832:^ 3811:^ 3789:. 3769:. 3757:^ 3740:^ 3698:^ 3681:^ 3666:^ 3647:^ 3608:^ 3581:^ 3554:^ 3502:^ 3401:80 3333:^ 3312:^ 3233:^ 3200:^ 3131:^ 3114:^ 3075:^ 3028:^ 3013:^ 2929:^ 2868:^ 2841:^ 2814:^ 2795:^ 2760:^ 2653:^ 2638:^ 2564:^ 2549:^ 2514:^ 2497:^ 2439:^ 2424:^ 2384:. 2382:59 2344:^ 2325:^ 2217:^ 2167:^ 2128:^ 2057:^ 2012:^ 1797:. 1705:, 1583:. 1335:, 984:, 837:, 785:. 583:. 491:. 406:, 293:. 285:, 4517:. 4501:. 4459:. 4432:. 4411:. 4385:. 4363:. 4338:) 4313:. 4292:. 4273:. 4238:. 4208:. 4185:. 4166:. 4145:. 4124:) 4077:. 4054:. 4027:. 4006:. 3982:. 3963:. 3844:. 3827:. 3773:. 3752:. 3718:. 3661:. 3548:. 3440:. 3413:. 3353:. 3038:. 3023:. 2633:. 2394:. 2193:. 2099:. 2051:. 1731:" 1727:" 1468:I 1051:( 1039:( 808:. 60:) 56:( 20:)

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