Oscar Niemeyer - Knowledge (XXG)

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Capanema (1947) (the minister who commissioned the Ministry of Education and Health building), the Leonel Miranda house (1952), featuring two spiral ramps which provide access to the butterfly-roofed first floor, lifted up on oblique piloti. These houses featured the same inclined façade used in the Tremaine design, which allowed good natural lighting. In 1954 he built the famous Cavanelas house, with its tent-like metallic roof and which, with the help of Burle Marx's gardens, is perfectly adapted to its mountainous site. However, his residential (and free-form architecture) masterpiece is considered to be the 1953 Canoas House Niemeyer built for himself. The house is located on sloped terrain overlooking the ocean from afar. It comprises two floors, the first of which is under a free form roof, supported on thin metallic columns. The living quarters is located on the floor below and is more traditionally divided. The design takes advantage of the uneven terrain so that the house seems not to disturb the landscape. Although the house is extremely well-suited to its environment, it did not escape criticism. Niemeyer recalled that

1674:, basing his beliefs both on the "injustices of this world" and on cosmological principles: "It's a fantastic Universe which humiliates us, and we can't make any use of it. But we are amazed by the power of the human mind … in the end, that's it—you are born, you die, that's it!". Such views never stopped him from designing religious buildings, which included small Catholic chapels, huge Orthodox churches and large mosques. He also catered to the spiritual beliefs of the public who facilitated his religious buildings. In the Cathedral of Brasília, he intended for the large glass windows "to connect the people to the sky, where their Lord's paradise is." 1041: 961: 1667:, who defended a rational and industrial architecture capable of molding society to make it suitable for the new industrial era. Skeptical about architecture's ability to change an "unjust society", Niemeyer defended that such activism should be undertaken politically. Using architecture for such purposes would be anti-modern (as it would be limiting constructive technology). Niemeyer says: "Our concern is political too – to change the world ... Architecture is my work, and I've spent my whole life at a drawing board, but life is more important than architecture. What matters is to improve human beings." 804:

proportion and program allowed him to resolve complex problems with simple and intelligent plans. Stamo Papadaki in his monography on Niemeyer mentioned the spatial freedom that characterized his work. The headquarters of the Banco Boavista, inaugurated in 1948 show such an approach. Dealing with a typical urban site, Niemeyer adopted creative solutions to enliven the otherwise monolithic high rise, thus challenging the predominant solidity which was the norm for bank buildings. The glazed south façade (with least insulation) reflects the 19th century

1029:, the museum had an inverted pyramid shape which dominated and overpowered its surroundings. The opaque prismatic building had almost no connection to the outside through its walls, although its glass ceiling allowed natural light to enter. An electronic system was used to keep lighting conditions unchanged throughout the day using artificial light to complement it. The interior, however, was more recognizably done in Niemeyer's mode, with cat-walk ramps linking the different levels and the mezzanine made as a free-form slab hung from ceiling beams. 789: 1493: 936:(1953–66). This landmark represents a microcosm of the diverse population of the city. Its horizontality, which is emphasized by the concrete brise-soleil, together with the fact that it was a residential building made it an interesting approach to popular housing, given that in the 1950s suburbanization had begun and city centres were being occupied primarily by business, usually occupying vertical "masculine" buildings, as opposed to Niemeyer's "feminine" approach. In 1954 Niemeyer also designed the "Niemeyer apartment building" at the 1512: 1562: 773:

was attracted by the curve – the liberated, sensual curve suggested by the possibilities of new technology yet so often recalled in venerable old baroque churches. I deliberately disregarded the right angle and rationalist architecture designed with ruler and square to boldly enter the world of curves and straight lines offered by reinforced concrete. This deliberate protest arose from the environment in which I lived, with its white beaches, its huge mountains, its old baroque churches and the beautiful suntanned women.'

1458: 1474: 1053: 1582: 3587: 1706:, published an article asking whether Niemeyer's last work had been affected by advanced age. Ouroussoff found the "Niterói Contemporary Art Museum" to be of significantly lower quality than the architect's earlier works. He argued that "the greatest threat to Mr. Niemeyer's remarkable legacy may not be the developer's bulldozer or insensitive city planners, but Mr. Niemeyer himself." He considers iconic works at "Esplanada dos Ministérios" to "have been marred by the architect's own hand." 4886: 4874: 4862: 4837: 1543: 982: 1636: 5185: 5137: 5089: 5041: 4776: 1528: 1061: 753:'s geometry to build extremely thin shells. Niemeyer's decision to use such an economical approach, based on the inherent plasticity allowed by reinforced concrete was revolutionary. According to Joaquim Cardoso, the unification of wall and roof into a single element was revolutionary for fusing vertical and horizontal elements. The church's exuberance added to the integration between architecture and art. The church is covered by Azulejos by 1089: 918: 4788: 299: 646:). Neighbouring the much larger French pavilion, the Brazilian structure contrasted with its heavy mass. Costa explained that the Brazilian Pavilion adopted a language of 'grace and elegance', lightness and spatial fluidity, with an open plan, curves and free walls, which he termed 'Ionic', contrasting it to the mainstream contemporary modernist architecture, which he termed 'Doric'. Impressed by its avant-garde design, Mayor 4606: 4825: 4726: 4678: 4666: 670: 952:, who was visiting the country as a jury in the second Biennial exhibition in São Paulo, argued that the house could not be mass-produced, to which Niemeyer responded that the house was designed with himself in mind and for that particular site, not a general flat one. For Henry-Russell Hitchcock, the house at Canoas was Niemeyer's most extreme lyrical statement, placing rhythm and dance as the antithesis of utility. 5806: 4567: 1075: 67: 5173: 4945: 4714: 4690: 1715: 4702: 4619: 4580: 5005: 4593: 4922: 5125: 4749: 5017: 881: 5161: 5077: 4654: 815:. Niemeyer's scheme 32 was approved by the Board of Design, but he eventually gave in to pressure by Le Corbusier, and together they submitted project 23/32 (developed with Bodiansky and Weissmann), which combined elements from Niemeyer's and Le Corbusier's schemes. Despite Le Corbusier's insistence to remain involved, the design was carried forward by the Director of Planning, 723: 5149: 5113: 5101: 5065: 5053: 5029: 4993: 4981: 4969: 4957: 4800: 1011: 1141:

populating inhospitable regions and bringing progress to a region where only cattle ranching then existed. Niemeyer and Costa used it to test new concepts of city planning: streets without transit, buildings floating off the ground supported by columns and allowing the space underneath to be free and integrated with nature.

587: 626:), known as the Brazilian order; further allusions to the icons of the Brazilian landscape; and specially commissioned works by Brazilian artists. This building is considered by some architects as one of the most influential of the 20th century. It was taken as a model on how to blend low- and high-rise structures ( 701:(MoMA). Most of the buildings show Niemeyer's particular approach to the Corbusian language. In the casino, with its relatively rigid main façade, Niemeyer departed from Corbusian principles and designed curved volumes outside the confinement of a rational grid. He also expanded upon Corbusier's idea of a 1373:, London, a gallery that each year invites a famous architect, who has never previously built in the UK, to design this temporary structure. He was still involved in diverse projects at the age of 100, mainly sculptures and adjustments of previous works. On Niemeyer's 100th birthday, Russia's president 693:

and commissioned Niemeyer to design a series of buildings which would become known as the "Pampulha architectural complex". The complex included a casino, a restaurant/dance hall, a yacht club, a golf club and a church, all of which would be distributed around a new artificial lake. A weekend retreat

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I am not attracted to straight angles or to the straight line, hard and inflexible, created by man. I am attracted to free-flowing, sensual curves. The curves that I find in the mountains of my country, in the sinuousness of its rivers, in the waves of the ocean, and on the body of the beloved woman.

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composed of bent steel and leather in limited numbers for private clients. Later, in 1978, this chair and other designs, including the "Rio" chaise-longue were produced in Brazil by Tendo company, then Tendo Brasileira. The easy chairs and ottomans were made of bent wood and were placed in Communist

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that the Saint Francis of Assisi Church and, to a lesser extent (due to its primary Corbusian language) the Ministry building, had pioneered. Works of this period shows the traditional modernist method in which form follows function, but Niemeyer's (and other Brazilian architects) handling of scale,

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Niemeyer married Annita Baldo in 1928. They had one daughter, Anna Maria, in 1929 (she predeceased her father on June 6, 2012). Niemeyer subsequently had five grandchildren, thirteen great-grandchildren, and seven great-great-grandchildren. Annita died in 2004, at 93, after 76 years of marriage. In

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Although it was badly received and to an extent an exaggeration, Bill's words were effective in bringing to attention the mediocre architecture coming from less talented architects, who employed Niemeyer's vocabulary in the decorative fashion that Bill had criticised. Niemeyer himself admitted that

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in an interview for Manchete Magazine. He attacked Niemeyer's use of free-form as purely decorative (as opposed to Reidy's Pedregulho housing), his use of mural panels and the individualistic character of his architecture which "is in risk of falling in a dangerous anti-social academicism". He even

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Niemeyer stated that Pampulha offered him the opportunity to 'challenge the monotony of contemporary architecture, the wave of misinterpreted functionalism that hindered it and the dogmas of form and function that had emerged, counteracting the plastic freedom that reinforced concrete introduced. I

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The project adopted a socialist ideology: in Brasília all the apartments would be owned by the government and rented to employees. Brasília did not have "nobler" regions, meaning that top ministers and common laborers would share the same building. Many of these concepts were ignored or changed by

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in his Módulo Magazine. He proposed a simplification, discarding multiple elements such as brises, sculptural piloti and marquees. His architecture from then on would be a pure expression of structure as a representation of solid volumes. His design method would also change, prioritizing aesthetic

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himself should be invited as a consultant. Though Niemeyer was not initially part of the team, Costa agreed to accept him after Niemeyer insisted. During the period of Le Corbusier's stay in Rio, he was appointed to help the master with his drafts, which allowed him a close contact with the Swiss.

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on 15 December 1907. His great-grandfather was a Portuguese immigrant who, in turn, was the grandson of a German soldier who had settled in Portugal. Niemeyer spoke about it: "my name ought to have been Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida de Niemeyer Soares, or simply Oscar de Almeida Soares, but the foreign

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visited Niemeyer at the Canoas House in September 1956, soon after he assumed the Brazilian presidency. While driving back to the city, the politician spoke to the architect about his most audacious scheme: "I am going to build a new capital for this country and I want you to help me Oscar, this

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of the complex, is built on its own artificial island and comprises an approximately circular block from which a free-form marquee follows the contour of the island. Although free form had been used even in Corbusier's and Mies's architecture, its application on an outdoors marquee was Niemeyer's

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and to remain as a political force on the national scene, which eventually led to its renewal. He was replaced by Zuleide Faria de Mello in 1996. He designed at least two more buildings in Brasília, the Memorial dos Povos Indigenas ("Memorial for the Indigenous People") and the Catedral Militar,

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Niemeyer's first response was denial, followed by a counterattack based on Bill's patronizing attitude, which prevented him from considering the differing social and economic realities of Brazil and European countries. Costa also stressed that Brazilian (and Niemeyer's) architecture was based on

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Due to its importance in the history of architecture, the church was the first listed modern building in Brazil. This fact did not influence the conservative church authorities of Minas Gerais, who refused to consecrate it until 1959, in part because of its unorthodox form and in part because of

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in São Paulo is an example. Usually neglected by its creator, it features the V piloti which had worked so well in isolated buildings, creating a different treatment to that space without the need for two separate structural systems as Corbusier had done in Marseille. Its use in a typical urban

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During this period Niemeyer built several residences. Among them were a weekend house for his father, in Mendes (1949), developed from a chicken coop, the Prudente de Morais Neto house, in Rio (1943–49), based on Niemeyer's original design for Kubitschek's house in Pampulha, a house for Gustavo

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for the city's 400th anniversary celebration. The plan, which consisted of several porticoed pavilions related via a gigantic free form marquee, had to be simplified due to cost. The resulting buildings were less interesting individually, which meant that the ensemble effect became the dominant

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and Carlos Leão, even though they could not pay him. Niemeyer joined them as a draftsman, an art that he mastered (Corbusier himself would later compliment Niemeyer's 'beautiful perspectives'). The contact with Costa would be extremely important to Niemeyer's maturation. Costa, after an initial

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Berlin's 1957 Interbau exhibition gave Niemeyer the chance to build an example of his architecture in Germany along with the chance to visit Europe for the first time. The contact with the monuments of the old world had a lasting impact on Niemeyer's views, which he now believed was completely

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skyscraper in the world, of a much larger scale than anything Le Corbusier had built until then. Completed in 1943, when he was 36 years old, the building that housed the regulator and manager of Brazilian culture and cultural heritage developed the elements of what was to become recognized as

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Behind the construction of Brasília lay a monumental campaign to construct an entire city in the barren center of the country, hundreds of kilometers from any major city. The brainchild of Kubitschek, Niemeyer had as aims included stimulating industry, integrating the country's distant areas,

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Niemeyer's formal creativity has been compared to that of sculptors. In the 1950s, a time of intensive construction in Brazil produced numerous commissions. Yves Bruand stressed that Niemeyer's 1948 project for a theatre next to the Ministry of Education and Health allowed him to develop his

1445:'s obituary of Niemeyer stated that he "built some of the world's most striking buildings – monumental, curving concrete and glass structures which almost defy description", describing him as "one of the most innovative and daring architects of the last 60 years". 1337:(PCB). As a lifelong activist, Niemeyer was a powerful public figure who could be linked to the party at a time when it appeared to be in its death throes after the USSR's demise. Although not politically active, his image helped the party survive its crisis, after the 808:, showing Niemeyer's sensitivity to the surroundings and older architecture. Such austere designs to high rises within urban grids can also be seen in the Edifício Montreal (1951–1954), Edifício Triângulo (1955) and the Edifício Sede do Banco Mineiro da Produção. 5970: 572:

in Rio de Janeiro. Costa himself, although open to change, was unsure of how to proceed. He assembled a group of young architects (Carlos Leão, Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Jorge Moreira and Ernani Vasconcellos) to design the building. He also insisted that

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Niemeyer's politics cost him during the military dictatorship. His office was pillaged, the headquarters of the magazine he coordinated were destroyed and clients disappeared. In 1965, two hundred professors, Niemeyer among them, resigned from the

1609:, perhaps the most important left-winger in Brazil. After several weeks, he gave up the house to Prestes and his supporters, who founded the Brazilian Communist Party. Niemeyer joined the party in 1945 and became its president in 1992. 1415:. The project was delayed for several years due to objections arising from its design, siting, and clear difference from the local architecture; since its inauguration the project has experienced problems and was closed for a year. 3117: 761:. Though some European purists condemned its formalism, the fact that the form's idea was directly linked to a logical, structural reason placed the building in the 20th century, while refusing to break completely from the past. 4487: 1002:

dependent on its aesthetic qualities. Together with his own realisations of how Brazilian architecture had been harmed by untalented architects, this trip led Niemeyer to revise his approach, which he published as a text named

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Both lauded and criticized for being a "sculptor of monuments", Niemeyer was hailed as a great artist and one of the greatest architects of his generation by his supporters. He said his architecture was strongly influenced by

396:, received critical acclaim and drew international attention. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Niemeyer became one of Brazil's most prolific architects, working both domestically and overseas. This included the design of the 2149: 843:, Painting toward architecture...". In 2010, Berry Bergdoll, a curator at MoMA asserted the importance of the exhibition as fusing strands of the geometric and organic soon after WWII. Hitchcock's seminal essay in the 1145:

other presidents with different visions in later years. Brasília was designed, constructed, and inaugurated within four years. After its completion, Niemeyer was named chief of the college of architecture of the

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designed one year earlier, but never realised. At 33 stories and over 400 meters long, it was to contain 5,700 living units together with communal services such as shops, schools etc., his version of Corbusier's

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In 1953 modern Brazilian architecture, which had been praised since Brazil Builds, became the target of international criticism, mainly from rationalists. Niemeyer's architecture in particular was criticised by

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FERNANDES, LUIZ GUSTAVO SOBRAL; MARTINS, Carlos Alberto Ferreira . Interpretando a historiografia da Arquitetura Moderna Brasileira: Brasília e monografias entre 1959 e 1973. DOCOMOMO BRASIL, v. 2, p. 50-58,

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In 2013, soon after Niemeyer's death, the Brazilian street artist Eduardo Kobra and four other painters paid their tribute to the architect with a gigantic mural, covering the entire side of a skyscraper at

4099: 1757:, paying tribute to the legacy of Niemeyer in France. In 2010 the Brasília Jubilee Commission chose Benoit's works for an exhibition that celebrated the 50th anniversary of the city. The exhibition – 5930: 5920: 351:, but in an interview, assured that this "didn't prevent architecture from going in a different direction". Niemeyer was most famous for his use of abstract forms and curves and wrote in his memoirs: 1616:

his office was raided and he was forced into exile in Europe. The Minister of Aeronautics of the time reportedly said that "the place for a communist architect is Moscow." He subsequently visited the

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2006, shortly before his 99th birthday, Niemeyer married for the second time, to his longtime secretary Vera Lucia Cabreira at his apartment, a month after he had fractured his hip in a fall.

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After his departure, Niemeyer's significant changes to Corbusier's scheme impressed Costa, who allowed him to progressively take charge of the project, of which he assumed leadership in 1939.

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and relatively unconcerned with his future. In 1928, at age 21, Niemeyer left school (Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria priory school) and married Annita Baldo, daughter of Italian immigrants from

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by Stamo Papadaki, was released. It was the first systematic study of his architecture, which significantly contributed to the awareness of his work abroad. It would be followed in 1956 by

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1922 glass skyscraper, although with a much more material feel than the airy German one. Also in 1954 as part of the same plaza Niemeyer built a library the (Biblioteca Pública Estadual).

5915: 5950: 1426:, he was quoted as saying that hospitalization is a "very lonely thing; I needed to keep busy, keep in touch with friends, maintain my rhythm of life." His daughter and only child, 1256: 901:

aesthetic experience. Niemeyer developed V-shaped pilotis for the project, which became fashionable for a time. A variation on that theme was the W-shaped piloti which supports the

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during his exile, and on his return served as the PCB's president from 1992 to 1996. Niemeyer continued working at the end of the 20th and early 21st century, notably designing the

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party headquarters around the world. Much like his architecture, Niemeyer's furniture designs evoked the beauty of Brazil, with curves mimicking the female form and the hills of

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This stay in the United States also facilitated contact regarding the unbuilt Burton G. Tremaine house project, one of Niemeyer's boldest residential designs. Amidst gardens by

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celebrated the life of Niemeyer in their carnival parade. It was the first time that Vila Isabel paid tribute to a living historical figure. The parade's theme song –

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unskilled work which allowed for a crafted architecture based on concrete, expressing a tradition of (Brazilian) church builders, as opposed to (Swiss) clock builders.

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innovation. This application of free-form, together with the butterfly roof used at the Yacht Club and Kubitschek's house became extremely fashionable from then on.

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housing complex (1951), two large buildings containing around 1,000 apartments. Its design was based on Niemeyer's scheme for the Quitandinha apartment hotel in

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During the homage to Oscar Niemeyer on December 15, 2012 (it would have been his 105th birthday), the citizens movement released "Sentimiento Niemeyer" at the

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to design the International Permanent Exhibition Centre. Despite completing construction, the start of the civil war in 1975 in Lebanon disrupted its launch.

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in Europe were the way forward for architecture. His writings on the insights that could unite Brazil's traditional colonial architecture (such as that in

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This aesthetic simplicity would culminate in his work in Brasília, where the qualities of the buildings are expressed by their structural elements alone.

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Pampulha was the starting point of this freer architecture full of curves which I still love even today. It was in fact, the beginning of Brasília ...

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for a certain period he had "handled too many commissions, executing them in a hurry, trusting the improvisational skills he believed to have". The

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With the success of Pampulha and the Brazil Builds exhibition, Niemeyer achieved international recognition. His architecture further developed the

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In the space of a few months, Niemeyer designed residential, commercial and government buildings. Among them were the residence of the President (

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of London to be "an incoherent and vulgar construction"). The memorial sculpture represents a wounded hand, whose wound bleeds in the shape of

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Ministries Esplanade with several of Niemeyer's buildings: the National Congress, the Cathedral, the National Museum and the National Library,

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on December 5, 2012, at the Hospital Samaritano in Rio de Janeiro. He had been hospitalised with a respiratory infection prior to his death.

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in Spain. The verses were written by different people through a Facebook event and put together by musicians. The song was released under a

994: 985: 4499: 2256: 1096: 365: 141: 1303:'s rule it softened and gradually turned towards democracy. At this time Niemeyer returned to his country. During the 1980s, he made the 1025:. The design of this museum was the material realization of his work revision. Meant to rise from the top of a cliff overlooking central 1727: 1542: 1498: 697:

The buildings were completed in 1943 and received international acclaim following the 1943 'Brazil Builds' exhibition, at the New York

122: 3597: 2006: 1464: 1343: 1210: 866:, but because of his political views the United States government denied his visa therefore preventing him from entering the country. 554: 497: 472: 336: 835:, it featured an open plan in Montecito, California on the Pacific Ocean. In February–April 1949, the Museum of Modern Art exhibited 5855: 3642: 3504: 2637: 2597: 2461: 2373: 2322: 2282: 2189: 1992: 1656: 1040: 863: 726: 689:. Kubitschek, together with the state's governor Benedito Valadares, wanted to develop a new suburb to the north of the city called 409: 393: 4229: 3592: 3473: 653:

In 1937, Niemeyer was invited by a relative to design a nursery for philanthropic institution which catered for young mothers, the

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context was formalistic and even compromised the building's structural logic in that it required many different sized supports.

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impact over programmatic functions, given that for him "when form creates beauty, it has in beauty itself its justification".

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While in Paris, Niemeyer began designing furniture that was produced by Mobilier International. He created an easy chair and

525: 361: 136: 5636: 614:, made adjustable and related to the Moorish shading devices of colonial architecture; bold colors; the tropical gardens of 3605: 5945: 5895: 5875: 5860: 2881: 780:, considered the most important modern landscape architect. They would be partners in many projects in the next 10 years. 639: 550: 3341: 5752: 5009: 2111: 960: 480: 271: 5490: 568:

In 1936, at 29, Lúcio Costa was appointed by Education Minister Gustavo Capanema to design the new headquarters of the

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Some critics pointed out that Niemeyer's architecture was often in opposition to his views. His first major work, the

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Oscar Niemeyer was a keen smoker of cigars, smoking more in later life. His architectural studio was a smoking zone.

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Grand Officer of the Order of Merit Teaching and Cultural Gabriela Mistral (Ministry of Education of Chile, 2001)

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Arquitetura em Transição: interpretação do trabalho de Oscar Niemeyer a partir de seu discurso – 1955–1962

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In 1947, Niemeyer returned to New York City to integrate the international team working on the design for the

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and was inaugurated in 2011. In January 2010, the Auditorium Oscar Niemeyer Ravello was officially opened in

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Castroviejo Ribeiro, Alessandro José; Carrilho, Marcos José and Bárbaro Del Negro, Paulo Sérgio. Bolsistas:

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Comas, Carlos Eduardo (2005) "Niemeyer's Casino and the Misdeeds of Brazilian Architecture", pp. 169–188 in

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After reaching 100, Niemeyer was regularly hospitalized. In 2009, after a four-week hospitalization for the

1264: 734: 590: 569: 381: 50: meaning "son", which is used for someone whose name is the same as their father, like "Jr." in English. 1601:

Niemeyer had a left-wing political ideology. In 1945, many communist militants who were arrested under the

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book included an illustration of Niemeyer's design, and in an associated 28-venue exhibition, Burle-Marx's

561:) with modernist principles would be the basis of the architecture that he and his contemporaries, such as 5540: 5472: 5464: 5424: 5236: 5177: 4973: 4753: 3944: 2474: 1606: 1316: 1078: 436: 432: 373: 3142: 3024: – BBC News (Latin America & Caribbean). Published December 6, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012. 2556: 1350:, a city next to Rio de Janeiro. The building cantilevers out from a sheer rock face, offering a view of 5326: 5321: 5226: 5129: 3900: 3305: 1924: 1823:

around the world could make their own cover of the song, keeping the melody and translating the lyrics.

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house. Even though he was not financially stable, he insisted on working in the architecture studio of

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Challenging the Hierarchies of the City: Oscar Niemeyer's Mid-Twentieth-Century Residential Buildings.

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character and Brasília was famous for its palaces. Niemeyer never saw architecture in the same way as

5835: 5830: 5532: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4836: 4388: 4277: 4259: 4040: 2215: 1248: 1103: 839:. According to the museum, "The theme of this show is based on Henry Russell-Hitchcock's book on the 805: 754: 698: 416: 3161: 1797:'s financial district. The artwork is inspired by Niemeyer's architecture, his love of concrete and 981: 769:, which depicts Saint Francis as the savior of the ill, the poor and, most importantly, the sinner. 5352: 5231: 5216: 4926: 4730: 4643: 4465: 4428: 3039: 2157: 2081: 1794: 1447: 1427: 1378: 1283: 1217: 1194: 1082: 893: 858:

usually prevented him from obtaining a visa. This happened in 1946 when he was invited to teach at

738: 647: 545: 340: 324: 319: 216: 47: 3190:"Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961" 1635: 509:

surname prevailed and I am known simply as Oscar Niemeyer". He spent his youth as a typical young

5768: 5596: 5556: 5069: 4634: 4450: 4265: 4235: 4056: 3558: 3272: 3008: 2707:

Mara Lucia da Silva e Marina Rodrigues Amado. Edifício e galeria Califórnia: o desenho e a cidade

2238: 2052: 1758: 1702: 1697: 1678: 1366: 1179: 832: 777: 643: 615: 254: 5117: 4311: 4247: 4217: 3614: 335:

that became Brazil's capital in 1960, as well as his collaboration with other architects on the

862:, when his political views cost him a visa. In 1953, at 46, Niemeyer was appointed dean of the 5652: 5444: 5331: 5189: 4997: 4556: 4438: 4400: 4289: 4271: 3984: 3736: 3544: 3500: 2633: 2593: 2457: 2405: 2369: 2318: 2278: 2185: 1747:

Oscar Niemeyer's projects have also been a major source of inspiration for the French painter

1640: 1621: 1602: 1423: 1370: 1333:, architecture's most prestigious award. From 1992 to 1996, Niemeyer was the president of the 1170: 1154: 1060: 921: 459:

and opened an office in Paris. He returned to Brazil in 1985, and was awarded the prestigious

397: 230: 3267: 3216:"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials" 5778: 5773: 5676: 5660: 5572: 5548: 5414: 5347: 5292: 5203: 5057: 4985: 4301: 4295: 4253: 4205: 4187: 4169: 4028: 4000: 3688: 3624: 3157: 2869: 2857: 2071: 2034:

Darcy Ribeiro Medal of Merit (State Board of Education of the State of Rio de Janeiro, 2001)

2021: 1913: 1816: 1741: 1451:

said he was "widely regarded as the foremost Latin American architect of the last century".

1412: 1391:

received in 1989, he collaborated on the 25th anniversary of the award with the donation to

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with his designs for floating catwalk-like ramps which unfold open vistas to the occupants.

248: 2498: 1342:

Igreja de N.S. da Paz. In 1996, at the age of 89, he was responsible for the design of the

1088: 917: 323:), was a Brazilian architect considered to be one of the key figures in the development of 5728: 5692: 5454: 5439: 5033: 4765: 4418: 4406: 4197: 4145: 3752: 3609: 3379: 3348: 3325: 3146: 3088: 3021: 2990: 2785: 2706: 2616: 2560: 2481: 2441: 2301: 2153: 2043:"20th century architect" (Superior Council of the Institute of Architects of Brazil, 2001) 1955: 1876: 1812: 1790: 1767: 1548: 1326: 1321: 897: 859: 746: 405: 298: 27: 4394: 2687:

Lucio Costa on Flavio Aquino's MAX BILL CRITICA A NOSSA MODERNA ARQUITETURA. 13th/06/1953

1202: 749:

in Zurich had experimented with the plastic freedom of concrete, taking advantage of the

3634: 3404:

Kobra Pays Honor to Architect Niemeyer in São Paulo | Jaime Rojo & Steven Harrington

3081: 2935: 1605:' dictatorship were released, and Niemeyer sheltered some of them at his office. He met 854:

Niemeyer produced very few designs for the United States because his affiliation to the

5628: 5516: 5498: 5449: 5429: 5373: 5261: 5221: 5211: 5184: 5136: 5088: 5040: 4841: 4804: 4780: 4775: 4694: 4541: 4434: 4353: 4209: 4064: 4024: 3936: 3908: 3780: 3744: 3680: 3586: 1951: 1896:

Premio Benito Juarez on the occasion of the centennial of the Mexican Revolution (1964)

1839: 1748: 1664: 1629: 1435: 1374: 1288: 1115: 949: 933: 820: 793: 750: 742: 682: 669: 541: 505: 389: 377: 236: 94: 20: 1819:

license (attribution, non-profit, no-variations) so that other artists who shared the

1677:

He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a

1114:, the new capital, and the winner was the project of his old master and great friend, 5824: 5720: 5708: 5668: 5588: 5482: 5419: 5389: 5368: 5271: 5045: 4878: 4829: 4792: 4546: 4422: 4341: 4335: 4223: 4213: 4139: 4016: 3992: 3932: 3924: 3876: 3868: 3796: 3720: 3293: 2387:

Critical Studies, Transculturation. Cities, Spaces and Architectures in Latin America

1835: 1831: 1357:

Niemeyer maintained his studio in Rio de Janeiro into the 21st century. In 2002, the

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in 1988. A socialist and atheist from an early age, Niemeyer had spent time in both

66: 5684: 5620: 5564: 5266: 5021: 4961: 4890: 4787: 4611: 4536: 4444: 4347: 4175: 4036: 3852: 3820: 3728: 3166: 3109:"Swerve with verve: Oscar Niemeyer, the architect who eradicated the straight line" 2900: 2224: 1985: 1798: 1778: 1714: 1625: 1617: 1408: 1198: 851:(1948) was exhibited in several shows, as was a photo mural of Church at Pampulha. 686: 574: 468: 348: 332: 5604: 2399: 1719: 929: 401: 3241: 2925: – News Track India. Published October 30, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012. 5971:

Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)

5580: 5153: 4904: 4658: 4412: 4359: 4305: 4283: 4008: 3996: 3968: 3916: 3836: 3828: 3764: 3704: 3602: 2776: 2499:"Museum exhibits architectural models and plans, 'from Le Corbusier to Niemeyer' 2046: 2015: 1930:

Lorenzo il Magnifico Prize of the Accademia Internazionale Medicea (Italy, 1980)

1906: 1872: 1502: 1304: 1165: 1111: 1045: 902: 627: 514: 420: 384:

in Rio de Janeiro. Niemeyer's first major project was a series of buildings for

328: 3629: 1830:(MoT) organized the first major retrospective of Niemeyer in Japan, curated by 1735: 940:, Belo Horizonte. The building's completely free form layout is reminiscent of 880: 638:

In 1939, at age 32, Niemeyer and Costa designed the Brazilian pavilion for the

5434: 5406: 4866: 4824: 4725: 4677: 4665: 4572: 4531: 4323: 3892: 3884: 3812: 3772: 3246:

The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA)

2678:

MAX BILL E A ARQUITETURA CONTEMPORÂNEA. Arquitetura e Engenharia. n. 26 . p.18

2018:

at the Venice Biennale, VI International Architecture Exhibition (Italy, 1996)

1620:, meeting with a number of the country's leaders, and in 1963 was awarded the 1347: 1213:

assumed command of the country, which would remain a dictatorship until 1985.

1186: 537: 524:

He pursued his passion at the National School of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro (

369: 3461:

La canción homenaje "Sentimiento Niemeyer" supera las 1000 visitas en YouTube

2401:

Da Matéria à Invenção: As Obras de Oscar Niemeyer em Minas Gerais (1938–1954)

2064:

Patron of Brazilian architecture, declared by Law No. 11,117, of May 18, 2005

5612: 5300: 4814: 4718: 4317: 3976: 3712: 1431: 1268: 869:

In 1950 the first book about his work to be published in the United States,

722: 619: 602: 2966:"Anna Maria Niemeyer (1929–2012) – Galerista e parceira do pai, Oscar" 2882:

President Putin's executive order awarding Niemeyer the Order of Friendship

1400: 741:

was used in traditional ways, such as in pillar, beam and slab structures.

496: 606:

Brazilian modernism. It employed local materials and techniques, like the

5508: 5276: 5172: 4944: 4713: 4689: 4624: 4585: 3960: 3952: 3668: 3603:

Niemeyer's Brasilia Photo Gallery: Year of Brazil at Queens College, CUNY

3363:. Jornaldebrasilia.com.br (October 27, 2010). Retrieved on June 30, 2015. 2295:

Life Is More Important Than Architecture: A Celebration of Oscar Niemeyer

1771: 1483: 1392: 1362: 970: 776:

The experience also marked the first collaborations between Niemeyer and

2896:"Brussels demands answers as Italy's new €16m concert hall stays silent" 1010: 737:

church is considered the masterpiece of the complex. When it was built,

483:. Niemeyer died in Rio de Janeiro on 5 December 2012 at the age of 104. 5016: 4701: 4598: 1671: 1568: 1404: 1276: 1272: 1252: 1026: 758: 607: 510: 31: 3463:. Asturiasmundial.com (February 24, 2013). Retrieved on June 30, 2015. 3091: – ME design. Published July 8, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2012. 2422:

Sigfried Giedion e o caso Brasileiro: uma aproximação hirtoriográfica.

5160: 5076: 5004: 4851: 4653: 2763: 1234: 1118:. Niemeyer would design the buildings, Lúcio the layout of the city. 885: 757:

and tile murals by Paulo Werneck. It led to the church being seen as

558: 1201:, he came back to a completely different Brazil. In March President 601:" (new man, Brazilian and modern). It was the first state-sponsored 356:

Curves make up the entire Universe, the curved Universe of Einstein.

3268:"Even if His Own Work Isn't Broken, a Brazilian Architect Fixes It" 3043:

Obituaries. Published December 6, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012.

2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 1751:. In 2006 Benoit presented in Paris a series of paintings entitled 5148: 5124: 5112: 5100: 5064: 5052: 5028: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4799: 4748: 3058:"Niemeyer finds love at 98 with marriage to 60-year-old secretary" 3004:

Oscar Niemeyer, Architect Who Gave Brasília Its Flair, Dies at 104

2424:, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Retrieved December 8, 2012 1843: 1713: 1634: 1580: 1190: 1087: 1073: 1059: 1051: 1039: 1009: 980: 959: 916: 879: 787: 766: 721: 668: 585: 518: 495: 451:. Due to his largely left-wing ideology, and involvement with the 343:

was highly influential in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

837:

From Le Corbusier to Niemeyer: Savoye House – Tremaine House 1949

610:

linked to the Portuguese tradition; the revolutionized Corbusian

5713: 3593:

May 2006 Interview with Niemeyer, age 98, in Metropolis Magazine

3541:

Oscar Niemeyer. Eine Legende der Moderne / A Legend Of Modernism

2510:

Bergdoll, Barry. (Summer 2010). The synthesis of arts and MoMa.

1240:

The following year, Niemeyer moved to Paris. In 1962 he visited

1158: 586: 464: 327:. Niemeyer was best known for his design of civic buildings for 4469: 4376: 4121: 4081: 3638: 3139: 2553: 597:

The Ministry of Education had assumed the task of shaping the "

339:

in New York. His exploration of the aesthetic possibilities of

3580: 3382:. White Cube (September 29, 2013). Retrieved on June 30, 2015. 2993:. BBC. Published December 6, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012. 2527:. The Miller Company: Meriden, CT. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 2199: 2197: 2087:

Medal Oscar Niemeyer's Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (2007)

1442: 884:

Palácio da Agricultura, current MAC USP, showing the V-shaped

376:

for local architectural firms. In the 1930s, he interned with

3619: 3308:. Estadao.com.br (June 24, 2015). Retrieved on June 30, 2015. 3306:

Vila Isabel homenageia Niemeyer – Cultura – Estadão

1726:

Since 1984 the Rio de Janeiro carnival parade is held in the

2090:

ALBA Arts Award (Venezuela, 2008), Cuba, Bolivia, Nicaragua

1977:

Gold Medal of the Colegio de Arquitectos de Barcelona (1990)

1808:

discussing his design process and architectural philosophy.

1365:, Paraná. In 2003, at 96, Niemeyer was called to design the 1329:

and South America. In 1988, at 81, Niemeyer was awarded the

479:(2002). Over a career of 78 years he designed approximately 3392: 2389:. Felipe Hernández, Mark Millington and Iain Borden (eds.) 419:, to design the civic buildings for Brazil's new capital, 5966:

Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art

3101: 3099: 3097: 3012:. Published December 5, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012. 2501:. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Retrieved June 27, 2018 1659:, informally known also as the Church of Pampulha, had a 415:

In 1956, Niemeyer was invited by Brazil's new president,

1399:(also known in Spain as Centro Niemeyer), is located in 1251:

and found customers in diverse countries, especially in

3393:

Street artist Eduardo Kobra's tribute to Oscar Niemeyer

3170:. Published August 1, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2012. 2781:"World Heritage honour for 'daring' Sydney Opera House" 2696:

NIEMEYER, Oscar. Depoimento. in MÓDULO, n. 9, p.3, 1958

5931:

Knights Commander of the Order of St Gregory the Great

5921:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

3438:. Blog.educastur.es. December 16, 2012. Archived from 3035:

Oscar Niemeyer dies; famed Brazilian architect was 104

2343:

Glancey, Jonathan; Pawley, Martin (December 6, 2012).

1681:. As a result, for the first time in human history, a 1257:

University of Science and Technology-Houari Boumediene

5748:

World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention

2669:(New York Museum of Modern Art, Exhibition Catalogue) 2538:"Rethinking 'Painting toward architecture' (1947–52)" 2093:

Order of Arts and Letters of Spain (November 6, 2009)

1164:

Niemeyer and his contribution to the construction of

1153:

in the United States; the same year, he received the

2220:"Oscar Niemeyer: architects and critics pay tribute" 1863:

Medal of the Order of Merit of Labour (Brazil, 1959)

1299:

The Brazilian dictatorship lasted until 1985. Under

1110:

Niemeyer organized a competition for the lay-out of

974:

belittled Niemeyer's V piloti, as purely aesthetic.

380:, with the pair collaborating on the design for the 310:(15 December 1907 – 5 December 2012), known as 5761: 5740: 5525: 5507: 5481: 5463: 5405: 5382: 5361: 5340: 5309: 5285: 5254: 5245: 5202: 4935: 4912: 4903: 4850: 4813: 4764: 4739: 4642: 4633: 4555: 4324:

Sistema de Orquesta Juvenil e Infantil de Venezuela

3523:

Oscar Niemeyer, un architecte engagé dans le siècle

3436:""Sentimiento Niemeyer" in AULA_de_INFANTIL_de Isa" 2936:"Reports: 101-yr-old Brazil architect back at work" 2923:

Brazilian architect Niemeyer released from hospital

2304:. Soundsandcolours.com. Retrieved on June 30, 2015. 1909:

composer Hermann Meier dedicated to Niemeyer (1967)

1107:time we are going to build the capital of Brazil." 650:awarded Niemeyer the keys to the city of New York. 528:) and graduated with a BA in architecture in 1934. 291: 277: 267: 222: 212: 158: 150: 129: 118: 102: 76: 57: 3615:Niemeyer's Brasilia: A Photographic Tribute (2009) 3107: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 368:, and after graduating, he worked at his father's 19:For the First World War Iron Cross recipient, see 3497:The Curves of Time: The Memoirs of Oscar Niemeyer 2012:Saurí Order, 1st class (Dominican Republic, 1996) 1643:, Marxist guerrilla theorist assassinated by the 1585:Oscar Niemeyer with Polish architect Jerzy Świech 1209:in 1961, was deposed in a military coup. General 5986:World Constitutional Convention call signatories 5911:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 3410:(February 18, 2013). Retrieved on June 30, 2015. 3361:BrasĂlia de Corpo e Alma no EspaĂ§o Renato Russo 3051: 3049: 2991:Oscar Niemeyer, Brazilian architect, dies at 104 1781:filmed Niemeyer in his office for her 2012 film 1777:Shortly before Niemeyer's death in 2012, artist 928:A similar program was realized in the centre of 2315:Brazil Built: The Architecture of Modern Brazil 1313:Panteão da Pátria e da Liberdade Tancredo Neves 1149:. In 1963, he became an honorary member of the 792:Headquarters of the Banco Mineiro da Produção, 38: and the second or paternal family name is 5916:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Arts 3179:Marcos Sá Corrêa. Oscar Niemeyer. Ediouro 2005 2818:. Floornature.com. Retrieved on June 30, 2015. 2037:Unesco Award in the category of Culture (2001) 308:Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho 81:Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho 5951:Order of Arts and Letters of Spain recipients 4481: 4093: 3650: 3296:. Sambadrome.com. Retrieved on June 30, 2015. 2959: 2957: 2872:. Fredcamper.com. Retrieved on June 30, 2015. 2860:. Fredcamper.com. Retrieved on June 30, 2015. 2647: 2645: 2584: 2582: 2574:Oscar Niemeyer and the Architecture of Brazil 1740: – was composed by the Brazilian singer 8: 3630:https://re.public.polimi.it/cris/rp/rp116405 3620:Tribute to Oscar Niemeyer by Sancar Seckiner 3563:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3525:(dir. Marc-Henri Wajnberg, 2001, 60 minutes) 3317:Torres Assumpção, Mauricio (April 4, 2012), 1534:Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre 1397:Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre 1216:In 1987, Brasília was inscribed as a UNESCO 536:After graduating, he worked in his father's 3391:for the mural and his work in general see 2360: 2358: 892:vocabulary. In 1950 he was asked to design 729:, Belo Horizonte City, Minas Gerais, Brazil 455:(PCB), Niemeyer left the country after the 5251: 4909: 4639: 4488: 4474: 4466: 4373: 4118: 4100: 4086: 4078: 3657: 3643: 3635: 3625:Oscar Niemeyer Architecture on Google Maps 3585: 2829:"In search of... Oscar Niemeyer in Brazil" 2523:Hitchcock, Henry-Russell (essay). (1948). 1261:Headquarters of the French Communist Party 65: 54: 4527:World Constitution Coordinating Committee 2764:"Brasilia – UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 2514:, 42, pp. 110-13. Retrieved June 27, 2018 1056:The National Congress of Brazil, Brasília 995:Califórnia Building (Edifício Califórnia) 986:Califórnia Building (Edifício Califórnia) 841:Miller Company Collection of Abstract Art 4514:Constitution for the Federation of Earth 3266:Nicolai Ouroussoff (December 26, 2007). 2741: 2554:Publicação de The Work of Oscar Niemeyer 2203: 1730:designed by Oscar Niemeyer. In 2003 the 1687:Constitution for the Federation of Earth 1434:in June 2012, aged 82. Niemeyer died of 1395:of the design of a cultural centre. The 447:, as well as honorary membership of the 318: 5901:Commanders of the Order of Prince Henry 4378:Princess of Asturias Award for the Arts 3539:Flagge, Ingeborg; Paul Andreas (2013). 2870:Catedral Militar, Igreja de N.S. da Paz 2123: 2059:Austrian Decoration for Science and Art 1453: 1361:complex was inaugurated in the city of 1185:In 1964, at 57, after being invited by 694:for the mayor was built near the lake. 180: 1928; died 2004) 5891:Brazilian people of Portuguese descent 3556: 3162:'I pick up my pen. A building appears' 2835:. London. July 6, 2003. Archived from 2667:Latin American Architecture Since 1945 2628:Hess, Alan and Weintraub, Alan (2006) 2542:artdesigncafe.com / Sculpture magazine 2067:Order of Cultural Merit (Brazil, 2007) 1891:National Institute of Arts and Letters 1168:are portrayed in the 1964 French film 1021:In 1955, at 48, Niemeyer designed the 673:The free-form marquee at Casa do Baile 5956:Architects from Rio de Janeiro (city) 4123:Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts 2454:Oscar Niemeyer: Curves of Irreverence 2026:Royal Institute of British Architects 1858:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1774:and the history of its construction. 7: 5976:Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale 4110:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award 1974:Chico Mendes Resistance Medal (1989) 1193:, Israel, to plan the campus of the 553:, realized that the advances of the 366:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro 142:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro 5961:Pritzker Architecture Prize winners 5936:Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize 3222:. American Foundation for the Blind 3196:. American Foundation for the Blind 3056:Walker, Clive (November 20, 2006). 2816:Biography Oscar Niemeyer, architect 2590:Arquitetura Contemporânea no Brasil 2130:Magarrey, Paige (December 8, 2007) 1651:. (Made by Oscar Niemeyer in 2009.) 681:, who was at the time the mayor of 5981:Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal 5906:Commanders of the Legion of Honour 5886:Brazilian people of German descent 2894:Hooper, John (December 17, 2010). 2007:Federal University of Minas Gerais 1737:O Arquiteto no Recanto da Princesa 1732:Unidos de Vila Isabel Samba School 337:headquarters of the United Nations 14: 5841:20th-century Brazilian architects 3420:J. González (December 16, 2012). 3120:from the original on May 24, 2022 3106:Godfrey, Peter (April 18, 2010). 2654:Oscar Niemeyer: A Vida é um Sopro 2076:Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur 1993:Order of Saint James of the Sword 1804:Niemeyer is featured in the film 1657:Church of Saint Francis of Assisi 1624:. Niemeyer was a close friend of 875:Oscar Niemeyer: Works in Progress 864:Harvard Graduate School of Design 504:Niemeyer was born in the city of 410:Harvard Graduate School of Design 400:(a large residential building in 394:Church of Saint Francis of Assisi 5805: 5804: 5183: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5027: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4967: 4955: 4943: 4920: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4835: 4823: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4747: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4652: 4617: 4604: 4591: 4578: 4565: 2964:Menasce, Márcio (June 7, 2012). 2665:Hitchcock, Henry-Russell (1955) 2293:Young, Ana. (December 11, 2014) 2031:Order of Solidarity (Cuba, 2001) 1918:Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1903:Piece for strings, brass, pianos 1884:American Institute of Architects 1828:Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo 1560: 1541: 1526: 1510: 1491: 1472: 1456: 1354:and the city of Rio de Janeiro. 1151:American Institute of Architects 1125:), the chamber of deputies, the 1081:, the official workplace of the 642:(executed in collaboration with 599:novo homem, Brasileiro e moderno 591:Ministry of Education and Health 570:Ministry of Education and Health 449:American Institute of Architects 297: 4497:World Constitutional Convention 3340:Birck, Danielle (January 2007) 2576:, Rizzoli, New York, 1994 p. 15 1867:International Lenin Peace Prize 1614:military dictatorship of Brazil 1465:Niterói Contemporary Art Museum 1344:Niterói Contemporary Art Museum 1023:Museum of Modern Art in Caracas 1016:Museum of Modern Art in Caracas 903:Governador Juscelino Kubitschek 473:Niterói Contemporary Art Museum 282:Museum of Modern Art in Caracas 199: 177: 16:Brazilian architect (1907–2012) 5926:International style architects 4230:Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza 3319:"The man who painted Niemeyer" 2313:Deckker, Zilah Quezado (2001) 2257:"Konrad Heinrich von Niemeyer" 2098:Technical University of Lisbon 2005:Doctor Honoris Causa from the 1982:Order of St. Gregory the Great 1954:for Architecture (1988) (with 1685:convened to draft and adopt a 714:), which is perhaps the least 526:Escola Nacional de Belas Artes 392:. His work, especially on the 362:Escola Nacional de Belas Artes 137:Escola Nacional de Belas Artes 1: 5494:(Righteous Among the Nations) 3535:) (dir. Fabiano Maciel, 2007) 2731:Minha Experiência em Brasília 1995:(Portugal, November 26, 1994) 1939:Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 1700:, the architecture critic of 1597:Political and religious views 1305:Memorial Juscelino Kubitschek 727:São Francisco de Assis Church 677:In 1940, at 33, Niemeyer met 360:Niemeyer was educated at the 5753:Provisional World Parliament 3543:. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag. 3518:. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 3474:"The Man Who Built Brasilia" 3002:Ouroussoff, Nicolai (2012). 2858:Memorial dos Povos Indigenas 2791:Independent News & Media 2766:. Retrieved August 18, 2020. 2619:. Retrieved December 8, 2012 2563:. Retrieved December 8, 2012 2525:Painting toward architecture 2368:. Literary Licensing, LLC. 2112:List of Oscar Niemeyer works 2096:Doctor Honoris Causa of the 1998:Honorary doctorate from the 1899:Médaille Joliot-Curie (1965) 845:Painting toward architecture 388:, a planned suburb north of 5637:Maurício Campos de Medeiros 4950:Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer 4671:Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich 3666:Pritzker Architecture Prize 3373:Sarah Morris Bye Bye Brazil 2452:Philippou, Styliane (2008) 2420:Fabiano Lemes de Oliveira. 1946:Academy of Arts of the USSR 1718:Mural honoring Niemeyer in 1567:Oscar Niemeyer Auditorium, 1331:Pritzker Architecture Prize 1267:, and in Italy that of the 1247:He opened an office on the 1224:Exile and projects overseas 1127:National Congress of Brazil 1097:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 813:United Nations headquarters 461:Pritzker Architecture Prize 425:National Congress of Brazil 6002: 5106:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 3145:February 22, 2011, at the 3138:Oscar Niemeyer Interview. 2615:November 28, 2010, at the 2559:February 22, 2011, at the 2544:. Retrieved June 27, 2018. 2366:The Work of Oscar Niemeyer 2180:Salvaing, Matthieu (2002) 2152:February 28, 2009, at the 1683:World Constituent Assembly 1259:. In Paris he created the 1205:, who succeeded President 1095:, the headquarters of the 871:The Work of Oscar Niemeyer 685:, capital of the state of 634:1939 New York World's Fair 320:[ˈoskaʁni.eˈmajeʁ] 25: 18: 5787: 5010:Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza 4507: 4383: 4372: 4128: 4117: 3675: 3533:"Life Is a Breath Of Air" 3424:. Avilés.: Elcomercio.es. 3422:"A hymn for the Niemeyer" 3087:November 6, 2012, at the 2456:. Yale University Press. 2345:"Oscar Niemeyer obituary" 1935:Order of Arts and Letters 1927:(Portugal, March 3, 1975) 1499:Brazilian National Museum 1335:Brazilian Communist Party 453:Brazilian Communist Party 296: 287: 263: 243:Prince of Asturias Awards 123:São João Batista Cemetery 64: 5856:Architects of cathedrals 5724:(teacher & pacifist) 5600:(scholar & pacifist) 5166:Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli 3805:Christian de Portzamparc 3495:Niemeyer, Oscar (2000). 3114:The Independent (London) 3033:Bernstein, Adam (2012). 3022:Obituary: Oscar Niemeyer 2651:Maciel, Fabiano (2010). 2317:. Taylor & Francis. 2273:Botey, Joseph M. (1996) 2184:. Assouline Publishing. 1980:Knight Commander of the 1962:Prince of Asturias Award 1766:August 26, 2014, at the 1760:Brasilia. Flesh and Soul 1670:Niemeyer was a lifelong 1436:cardiorespiratory arrest 1387:Prince of Asturias Award 1279:, he designed a casino. 934:Copan apartment building 827:Tremaine House (unbuilt) 704:promenade architecturale 492:Early life and education 382:Palácio Gustavo Capanema 125:, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 30:, the first or maternal 5846:21st-century architects 5393:(Chemistry & Peace) 4194:Victoria de los Ángeles 3608:April 28, 2014, at the 3516:Furniture by Architects 3378:August 7, 2021, at the 3347:August 7, 2021, at the 3324:August 7, 2021, at the 3062:The Architects' Journal 2592:. Editora Perspectiva. 2440:March 16, 2013, at the 2398:Matoso, Danilo (2008) 2364:Papadaki, Stamo (2012) 2300:April 29, 2015, at the 2206:, pp. 62, 169, 170 2000:University of São Paulo 1967:Honorary Doctor of the 1944:Honorary Member of the 1889:Honorary Member of the 1882:Honorary Member of the 1420:treatment of gallstones 1271:publishing company. In 1265:Place du Colonel Fabien 735:Saint Francis of Assisi 565:, would later realize. 5871:Brazilian centenarians 5632:(writer & scholar) 5541:David Alfaro Siqueiros 5491:André and Magda Trocmé 5473:Martin Luther King Jr. 5465:Human rights activists 5425:Edris Rice-Wray Carson 5310:Physiology or Medicine 5178:Patrick Wolrige-Gordon 4974:B. Satya Narayan Reddy 4754:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga 3945:Eduardo Souto de Moura 3861:Herzog & de Meuron 2717:Danilo Matoso Macedo. 2475:"The Mark of a Master" 1969:University of Brasília 1850:Decorations and awards 1834:in collaboration with 1723: 1652: 1586: 1317:Latin America Memorial 1255:where he designed the 1231:University of Brasília 1147:University of Brasília 1100: 1085: 1071: 1057: 1049: 1018: 989: 965: 964:Oscar Niemeyer in 1958 925: 888: 823:, then a partnership. 796: 730: 710:The small restaurant ( 674: 594: 501: 445:University of Brasília 423:. His designs for the 358: 113:Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 5327:Hermann Joseph Muller 5322:Dickinson W. Richards 5130:Komla Agbeli Gbedemah 4707:Léopold Sédar Senghor 4242:Fernando Fernán Gómez 3901:Paulo Mendes da Rocha 2940:The Guardian (London) 2630:Oscar Niemeyer Houses 2536:Preece, R. J. (2017). 2435:Guia de Bens Tombados 1925:Order of Prince Henry 1754:Three Traces of Oscar 1717: 1649:Military dictatorship 1638: 1584: 1517:Estação Cabo Branco, 1480:Oscar Niemeyer Museum 1359:Oscar Niemeyer Museum 1319:(1987) (described by 1135:hyperboloid structure 1131:Cathedral of Brasília 1091: 1077: 1069:hyperboloid structure 1065:Cathedral of Brasília 1063: 1055: 1043: 1013: 984: 963: 920: 883: 791: 725: 672: 640:New York World's Fair 589: 563:Affonso Eduardo Reidy 499: 477:Oscar Niemeyer Museum 441:Supreme Federal Court 429:Cathedral of Brasília 353: 316:Brazilian Portuguese: 5946:Modernist architects 5896:Brazilian socialists 5876:Brazilian communists 5861:Brazilian architects 5533:Arthur Ernest Bishop 5317:Albert Szent-Györgyi 4683:José Figueres Ferrer 4389:Francis Ford Coppola 4278:Krzysztof Penderecki 4164:Luis García Berlanga 4158:Antonio López García 4049:Diébédo Francis Kéré 4041:Jean-Philippe Vassal 3514:Emery, Marc (1983). 3442:on December 29, 2012 3342:Trois traces d'Oscar 3328:, and interview for 3220:Helen Keller Archive 3194:Helen Keller Archive 2608:Styliane Philippou. 2588:Bruand, Yves (1997) 2486:Architectural Digest 2480:May 3, 2015, at the 2245:. December 15, 1907. 2216:William J. R. Curtis 2147:Niemeyer, Gullar, F. 1295:Later life and death 1104:Juscelino Kubitschek 745:, in Casablanca and 699:Museum of Modern Art 679:Juscelino Kubitschek 633: 551:Neocolonial movement 549:flirtation with the 417:Juscelino Kubitschek 5704:(cultural theorist) 5353:Salvatore Quasimodo 5217:Dana McLean Greeley 4927:Cornelis Berkhouwer 4731:Otilio Ulate Blanco 4635:Head of governments 3598:Pritzker Prize 1988 3499:. London: Phaidon. 3408:The Huffington Post 3351:. jacquesbenoit.com 3040:The Washington Post 2942:. November 21, 2009 2839:on January 13, 2011 2082:Order of Friendship 1991:Grand Cross of the 1984:, bestowed by Pope 1607:Luís Carlos Prestes 1448:The Washington Post 1379:Order of Friendship 1369:Summer Pavilion in 1218:World Heritage Site 1195:University of Haifa 1123:Palácio da Alvorada 1083:President of Brazil 1079:Palácio do Planalto 942:Mies van der Rohe's 849:Design for a garden 739:reinforced concrete 648:Fiorello La Guardia 582:Brazilian modernism 555:International Style 546:Gregori Warchavchik 437:Palácio do Planalto 433:Palácio da Alvorada 341:reinforced concrete 325:modern architecture 188:Vera Lúcia Cabreira 48:generational suffix 5881:Brazilian Marxists 5866:Brazilian atheists 5769:World constitution 5597:Hugh J. Schonfield 5557:Edward J. Sparling 5082:Irène de Lipkowski 5070:Inder Kumar Gujral 4719:Muhammad Ayub Khan 4451:Joan Manuel Serrat 4266:Santiago Calatrava 4236:Alicia de Larrocha 4202:Montserrat Caballé 4152:Orfeón Donostiarra 4057:David Chipperfield 3789:Álvaro Siza Vieira 3273:The New York Times 3009:The New York Times 2797:on January 8, 2010 2572:Underwood, David, 2473:Christopher Hall: 2228:, December 7, 2012 2132:Niemeyer's Century 2053:Praemium Imperiale 1724: 1703:The New York Times 1698:Nicolai Ouroussoff 1679:world constitution 1653: 1587: 1367:Serpentine Gallery 1180:Jean-Paul Belmondo 1101: 1086: 1072: 1058: 1050: 1036:Design of Brasília 1019: 990: 966: 938:Praça da Liberdade 926: 912:Unité d'Habitation 889: 833:Roberto Burle Marx 797: 778:Roberto Burle Marx 765:Portinari's altar 731: 675: 644:Paul Lester Wiener 624:Roystonea oleracea 616:Roberto Burle Marx 595: 502: 457:1964 military coup 255:Praemium Imperiale 36:Ribeiro de Almeida 5851:Anti-revisionists 5818: 5817: 5733: 5725: 5717: 5705: 5697: 5689: 5681: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5649: 5641: 5633: 5625: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5593: 5585: 5577: 5569: 5561: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5495: 5445:Priyadaranjan Ray 5401: 5400: 5394: 5332:Macfarlane Burnet 5297: 5204:Religious leaders 5198: 5197: 5190:William Beveridge 4998:Diwan Chaman Lall 4899: 4898: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4401:William Kentridge 4368: 4367: 4272:Barbara Hendricks 4260:Sebastião Salgado 4134:Jesús López Cobos 4108:Laureates of the 4075: 4074: 3985:Alejandro Aravena 3550:978-3-03821-448-9 3529:A Vida É Um Sopro 3158:Glancey, Jonathan 3140:Niemeyer e o PCB. 2970:Folha de S. Paulo 2779:(June 27, 2007). 2410:978-85-736-5534-6 2070:Commander of the 2049:(Argentina, 2002) 1933:Commander of the 1923:Commander of the 1826:In July 2015 the 1641:Carlos Marighella 1622:Lenin Peace Prize 1536:, Asturias, Spain 1424:intestinal tumour 1384:Grateful for the 1155:Lenin Peace Prize 806:Candelária Church 305: 304: 231:Lenin Peace Prize 5993: 5941:Men centenarians 5808: 5807: 5779:World federalism 5774:World government 5731: 5723: 5711: 5703: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5677:Shigeri Yamataka 5671: 5663: 5661:Rameshwari Nehru 5655: 5647: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5615: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5584:(science editor) 5583: 5575: 5573:Gregorio Bermann 5567: 5559: 5551: 5549:E. M. L. Odjidja 5544:(Social realist) 5543: 5535: 5493: 5415:Charles C. Price 5392: 5348:Bertrand Russell 5295: 5293:Frederick Sanger 5252: 5232:Martin Niemöller 5188: 5187: 5176: 5175: 5164: 5163: 5152: 5151: 5140: 5139: 5128: 5127: 5116: 5115: 5104: 5103: 5092: 5091: 5080: 5079: 5068: 5067: 5056: 5055: 5044: 5043: 5032: 5031: 5020: 5019: 5008: 5007: 4996: 4995: 4986:Chiyo Sakakibara 4984: 4983: 4972: 4971: 4960: 4959: 4948: 4947: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4910: 4889: 4888: 4877: 4876: 4865: 4864: 4840: 4839: 4828: 4827: 4803: 4802: 4791: 4790: 4779: 4778: 4752: 4751: 4729: 4728: 4717: 4716: 4705: 4704: 4693: 4692: 4681: 4680: 4669: 4668: 4657: 4656: 4640: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4517: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4467: 4429:Marina Abramović 4374: 4302:Maya Plisetskaya 4254:Vittorio Gassman 4170:Eduardo Chillida 4119: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4079: 4068: 4060: 4052: 4044: 4032: 4029:Shelley McNamara 4020: 4012: 4004: 3988: 3980: 3972: 3964: 3956: 3948: 3940: 3928: 3920: 3912: 3904: 3896: 3888: 3880: 3872: 3864: 3856: 3848: 3840: 3832: 3824: 3816: 3808: 3800: 3792: 3784: 3776: 3768: 3760: 3748: 3740: 3732: 3724: 3716: 3708: 3700: 3692: 3684: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3636: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3581:Official website 3568: 3562: 3554: 3519: 3510: 3482: 3481: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3417: 3411: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3338: 3332: 3330:"Valor Economico 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3294:About Sambódromo 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3155: 3149: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3111: 3103: 3092: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3053: 3044: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2793:. Archived from 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2729:Oscar Niemeyer. 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2663: 2657: 2649: 2640: 2626: 2620: 2606: 2600: 2586: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2551: 2545: 2534: 2528: 2521: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2471: 2465: 2450: 2444: 2431: 2425: 2418: 2412: 2396: 2390: 2383: 2377: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2340: 2325: 2311: 2305: 2291: 2285: 2277:. Gustavo Gili. 2271: 2265: 2264: 2261:geni_family_tree 2253: 2247: 2246: 2243:geni_family_tree 2239:"Oscar Niemeyer" 2235: 2229: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2192: 2178: 2161: 2144: 2138: 2128: 2078:) (France, 2007) 2072:Legion of Honour 2022:Royal Gold Medal 1941:) (France, 1982) 1920:) (France, 1970) 1914:Legion of Honour 1817:Creative Commons 1742:Martinho da Vila 1564: 1545: 1530: 1514: 1495: 1476: 1460: 1413:Domenico de Masi 1407:, Italy, on the 1377:awarded him the 1315:, 1985) and the 1242:Tripoli, Lebanon 1176:The Man from Rio 1093:Itamaraty Palace 817:Wallace Harrison 665:Pampulha Project 593:, Rio de Janeiro 500:Niemeyer in 1917 322: 317: 301: 249:Royal Gold Medal 203: 201: 181: 179: 109: 91:15 December 1907 90: 88: 71:Niemeyer in 1968 69: 55: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5783: 5757: 5736: 5729:Toyohiko Kagawa 5693:Stanley Slotkin 5664:(social worker) 5521: 5503: 5477: 5459: 5455:Wilder Penfield 5440:Pitirim Sorokin 5397: 5378: 5357: 5336: 5305: 5281: 5247:Nobel laureates 5241: 5194: 5182: 5170: 5158: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5118:Kenzō Matsumura 5110: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5034:Hisato Ichimada 5026: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4859: 4846: 4834: 4822: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4766:Prime Ministers 4760: 4746: 4740:Vice-presidents 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4629: 4618: 4616: 4605: 4603: 4592: 4590: 4579: 4577: 4566: 4564: 4551: 4511: 4503: 4494: 4464: 4455: 4419:Ennio Morricone 4407:Martin Scorsese 4379: 4364: 4312:Pedro Almodóvar 4248:Joaquín Rodrigo 4218:Plácido Domingo 4198:Teresa Berganza 4146:Eusebio Sempere 4124: 4113: 4106: 4076: 4071: 4063: 4055: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4015: 4007: 3991: 3983: 3975: 3967: 3959: 3951: 3943: 3931: 3923: 3915: 3907: 3899: 3891: 3883: 3875: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3843: 3835: 3827: 3819: 3811: 3803: 3795: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3763: 3753:Gordon Bunshaft 3751: 3743: 3735: 3727: 3719: 3711: 3703: 3695: 3687: 3679: 3671: 3663: 3610:Wayback Machine 3579: 3578: 3575: 3555: 3551: 3538: 3513: 3507: 3494: 3491: 3489:Further reading 3486: 3485: 3478:www.domusweb.it 3472: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3380:Wayback Machine 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3349:Wayback Machine 3339: 3335: 3326:Wayback Machine 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3156: 3152: 3147:Wayback Machine 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3105: 3104: 3095: 3089:Wayback Machine 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2972:(in Portuguese) 2963: 2962: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2833:The Independent 2827: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2786:The Independent 2775: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2643: 2627: 2623: 2617:Wayback Machine 2607: 2603: 2587: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2561:Wayback Machine 2552: 2548: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2482:Wayback Machine 2472: 2468: 2451: 2447: 2442:Wayback Machine 2432: 2428: 2419: 2415: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2363: 2356: 2342: 2341: 2328: 2312: 2308: 2302:Wayback Machine 2292: 2288: 2272: 2268: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2195: 2179: 2164: 2154:Wayback Machine 2145: 2141: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2108: 2103: 1956:Gordon Bunshaft 1877:Venice Biennale 1852: 1813:Centro Niemeyer 1791:Paulista Avenue 1768:Wayback Machine 1712: 1695: 1599: 1579: 1572: 1565: 1556: 1549:Natal City Park 1546: 1537: 1531: 1522: 1515: 1506: 1496: 1487: 1477: 1468: 1461: 1322:The Independent 1301:João Figueiredo 1297: 1226: 1189:, the mayor of 1038: 958: 898:Ibirapuera Park 860:Yale University 856:Communist Party 829: 801:Brazilian style 786: 784:1940s and 1950s 747:Robert Maillart 667: 636: 584: 534: 494: 489: 475:(1996) and the 406:Yale University 372:house and as a 315: 259: 208: 205: 202: 2006) 197: 193: 190: 189: 183: 175: 171: 168: 146: 130:Alma mater 114: 111: 110:(aged 104) 107: 106:5 December 2012 98: 92: 86: 84: 83: 82: 72: 60: 51: 40:Niemeyer Soares 28:Portuguese name 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5999: 5997: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5802: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5726: 5718: 5706: 5698: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5645:Oscar Niemeyer 5642: 5634: 5629:Mark Van Doren 5626: 5618: 5610: 5608:(union leader) 5602: 5594: 5586: 5578: 5570: 5562: 5554: 5546: 5538: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5517:Hugh B. Hester 5513: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5499:Brock Chisholm 5496: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5430:Harlow Shapley 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5374:Joseph Rotblat 5371: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5262:Alfred Kastler 5258: 5256: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5222:George MacLeod 5219: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5096: 5084: 5072: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4976: 4964: 4952: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4916: 4914: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4832: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4805:Tetsu Katayama 4795: 4783: 4781:Clement Attlee 4770: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4695:Julius Nyerere 4685: 4673: 4661: 4648: 4646: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4614: 4601: 4588: 4575: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4542:Margaret Isely 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435:Carmen Linares 4431: 4425: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4356: 4354:Michael Haneke 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4298: 4292: 4290:Miquel Barceló 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4210:Pilar Lorengar 4190: 4184: 4182:Oscar Niemeyer 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4115: 4114: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4065:Riken Yamamoto 4061: 4053: 4045: 4033: 4025:Yvonne Farrell 4021: 4013: 4005: 3989: 3981: 3973: 3965: 3957: 3949: 3941: 3937:Ryue Nishizawa 3929: 3921: 3913: 3909:Richard Rogers 3905: 3897: 3889: 3881: 3873: 3865: 3857: 3849: 3841: 3833: 3825: 3817: 3809: 3801: 3793: 3785: 3781:Robert Venturi 3777: 3769: 3761: 3757:Oscar Niemeyer 3749: 3741: 3737:Gottfried Böhm 3733: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3701: 3697:James Stirling 3693: 3685: 3681:Philip Johnson 3676: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3574: 3573:External links 3571: 3570: 3569: 3549: 3536: 3526: 3520: 3511: 3505: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3465: 3453: 3427: 3412: 3396: 3384: 3365: 3353: 3333: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3258: 3233: 3207: 3181: 3172: 3150: 3131: 3093: 3082:OSCAR NIEMEYER 3074: 3045: 3026: 3014: 2995: 2983: 2953: 2927: 2915: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2820: 2808: 2768: 2756: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2658: 2641: 2621: 2601: 2578: 2565: 2546: 2529: 2516: 2503: 2490: 2488:, October 2006 2466: 2445: 2426: 2413: 2391: 2378: 2354: 2326: 2306: 2286: 2275:Oscar Niemeyer 2266: 2263:. May 4, 1761. 2248: 2230: 2208: 2193: 2182:Oscar Niemeyer 2162: 2139: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2084:(Russia, 2007) 2079: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1965: 1959: 1952:Pritzker Prize 1949: 1942: 1931: 1928: 1921: 1912:Knight of the 1910: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1856:Member of the 1853: 1851: 1848: 1840:Ryue Nishizawa 1749:Jacques Benoit 1711: 1708: 1694: 1691: 1665:Walter Gropius 1598: 1595: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1478: 1471: 1469: 1462: 1455: 1375:Vladimir Putin 1296: 1293: 1289:Rio de Janeiro 1249:Champs-Élysées 1225: 1222: 1211:Castelo Branco 1171:L'homme de Rio 1037: 1034: 957: 954: 950:Walter Gropius 922:Edifício Copan 828: 825: 821:Max Abramovitz 794:Belo Horizonte 785: 782: 751:parabolic arch 743:Auguste Perret 683:Belo Horizonte 666: 663: 635: 632: 583: 580: 533: 530: 506:Rio de Janeiro 493: 490: 488: 485: 398:Edifício Copan 390:Belo Horizonte 312:Oscar Niemeyer 303: 302: 294: 293: 289: 288: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 261: 260: 258: 257: 251: 245: 239: 237:Pritzker Prize 233: 226: 224: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 207: 206: 195: 191: 187: 186: 184: 173: 169: 166: 165: 162: 160: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 145: 144: 139: 133: 131: 127: 126: 120: 116: 115: 112: 104: 100: 99: 95:Rio de Janeiro 93: 80: 78: 74: 73: 70: 62: 61: 59:Oscar Niemeyer 58: 21:Oskar Niemeyer 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5998: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5811: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5727: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5709:Tamaki Uemura 5707: 5702: 5699: 5696:(businessman) 5694: 5691: 5688:(theosophist) 5686: 5683: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5669:Satish Gujral 5667: 5662: 5659: 5654: 5651: 5646: 5643: 5638: 5635: 5630: 5627: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5611: 5606: 5603: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5589:Henri Laugier 5587: 5582: 5579: 5574: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5558: 5555: 5550: 5547: 5542: 5539: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526:Varied Fields 5524: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5483:Humanitarians 5480: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5420:Edward Condon 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5391: 5390:Linus Pauling 5388: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5369:John Boyd Orr 5367: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5272:Hideki Yukawa 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5237:Michael Scott 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5058:Ichirō Kiyose 5054: 5049: 5047: 5046:Henry Usborne 5042: 5037: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913:International 4911: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4879:Setsuo Yamada 4875: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4830:Culbert Olson 4826: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4793:Milton Margai 4789: 4784: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4615: 4613: 4602: 4600: 4589: 4587: 4576: 4574: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4547:Georgia Lloyd 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4501: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4424: 4423:John Williams 4420: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4343: 4342:Riccardo Muti 4339: 4337: 4336:Richard Serra 4333: 4331: 4330:Norman Foster 4327: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4297: 4296:Paco de Lucía 4293: 4291: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4224:Roberto Matta 4221: 4219: 4215: 4214:Alfredo Kraus 4211: 4207: 4206:José Carreras 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4189: 4188:Antoni Tàpies 4185: 4183: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4140:Pablo Serrano 4137: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4017:Arata Isozaki 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001:Ramón Vilalta 3998: 3994: 3993:Rafael Aranda 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933:Kazuyo Sejima 3930: 3926: 3925:Peter Zumthor 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869:Glenn Murcutt 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845:Norman Foster 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3797:Fumihiko Maki 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721:Richard Meier 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3689:Luis Barragán 3686: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3506:0-7148-4007-6 3502: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3259: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2801:September 14, 2796: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2750: 2747: 2744:, p. 70. 2743: 2742:Niemeyer 2000 2738: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2638:0-8478-2798-4 2635: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598:85-273-0114-8 2595: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2462:0-300-12038-9 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2374:1-258-36764-5 2371: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2323:0-415-23407-7 2320: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283:84-252-1576-5 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2204:Niemeyer 2000 2200: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2190:2-84323-344-5 2187: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2055:(Japan, 2004) 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1905:by the Swiss 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1879:(Italy, 1963) 1878: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836:Kazuyo Sejima 1833: 1832:Yuko Hasegawa 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639:Tombstone of 1637: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1583: 1577:Personal life 1576: 1570: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1482:(NovoMuseu), 1481: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1352:Guanabara Bay 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1207:Jânio Quadros 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1047: 1042: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1017: 1014:Model of the 1012: 1008: 1005: 999: 996: 987: 983: 979: 975: 972: 962: 955: 953: 951: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 923: 919: 915: 913: 908: 904: 899: 895: 887: 882: 878: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 826: 824: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 802: 795: 790: 783: 781: 779: 774: 770: 768: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 728: 724: 720: 717: 713: 712:Casa do Baile 708: 706: 705: 700: 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 671: 664: 662: 660: 656: 655:Obra do Berço 651: 649: 645: 641: 631: 629: 625: 621: 620:Imperial Palm 617: 613: 612:brises-soleil 609: 604: 600: 592: 588: 581: 579: 576: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 543: 539: 531: 529: 527: 522: 520: 516: 513:of the time: 512: 507: 498: 491: 486: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 357: 352: 350: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 313: 309: 300: 295: 290: 286: 283: 280: 276: 273: 270: 266: 262: 256: 252: 250: 246: 244: 240: 238: 234: 232: 228: 227: 225: 221: 218: 215: 211: 185: 164: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 132: 128: 124: 121: 119:Resting place 117: 105: 101: 96: 79: 75: 68: 63: 56: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 5685:Sophia Wadia 5644: 5621:Lloyd Morain 5565:Erich Kahler 5267:C. F. Powell 5227:John Collins 5142:Lewis Silkin 5022:Gerhard Jahn 4962:Akira Kazami 4891:Shinzo Hamai 4612:Sierra Leone 4537:Philip Isely 4512: 4445:Meryl Streep 4395:Núria Espert 4348:Rafael Moneo 4181: 4176:Jorge Oteiza 4112:for the Arts 4037:Anne Lacaton 3853:Rem Koolhaas 3821:Rafael Moneo 3756: 3729:Hans Hollein 3540: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3496: 3477: 3468: 3456: 3444:. Retrieved 3440:the original 3430: 3415: 3407: 3399: 3387: 3368: 3356: 3336: 3329: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3279:December 26, 3277:. Retrieved 3271: 3261: 3249:. Retrieved 3245: 3236: 3224:. Retrieved 3219: 3210: 3198:. Retrieved 3193: 3184: 3175: 3167:The Guardian 3165: 3153: 3134: 3122:. Retrieved 3113: 3077: 3065:. Retrieved 3061: 3038: 3029: 3017: 3007: 2998: 2986: 2974:. Retrieved 2969: 2944:. Retrieved 2939: 2930: 2918: 2906:. Retrieved 2901:The Guardian 2899: 2889: 2884:. kremlin.ru 2877: 2865: 2853: 2841:. Retrieved 2837:the original 2832: 2823: 2811: 2799:. Retrieved 2795:the original 2784: 2771: 2759: 2749: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2666: 2661: 2653: 2629: 2624: 2604: 2589: 2573: 2568: 2549: 2541: 2532: 2524: 2519: 2511: 2506: 2493: 2485: 2469: 2453: 2448: 2429: 2416: 2400: 2394: 2386: 2381: 2365: 2349:the Guardian 2348: 2314: 2309: 2289: 2274: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2225:The Guardian 2223: 2211: 2181: 2142: 2135: 2126: 2075: 1986:John Paul II 1938: 1917: 1902: 1825: 1820: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799:Le Corbusier 1787: 1782: 1779:Sarah Morris 1776: 1759: 1753: 1746: 1736: 1725: 1701: 1696: 1676: 1669: 1660: 1654: 1626:Fidel Castro 1618:Soviet Union 1611: 1600: 1592: 1588: 1446: 1440: 1417: 1409:Amalfi Coast 1385: 1383: 1356: 1320: 1312: 1307:(1980), the 1298: 1281: 1246: 1239: 1227: 1215: 1203:João Goulart 1199:Mount Carmel 1184: 1178:), starring 1175: 1169: 1163: 1143: 1139: 1122: 1120: 1109: 1102: 1048:, D.F., 2006 1031: 1020: 1003: 1000: 991: 976: 967: 946: 927: 890: 874: 870: 868: 853: 848: 844: 836: 830: 810: 800: 798: 775: 771: 763: 732: 715: 709: 702: 696: 687:Minas Gerais 676: 658: 654: 652: 637: 623: 598: 596: 575:Le Corbusier 567: 535: 532:Early career 523: 503: 481:600 projects 469:Soviet Union 414: 359: 354: 349:Le Corbusier 345: 333:planned city 311: 307: 306: 167:Annita Baldo 108:(2012-12-05) 52: 43: 39: 35: 5836:2012 deaths 5831:1907 births 5701:Stuart Hall 5656:(economist) 5653:Ōuchi Hyōei 5648:(architect) 5581:Gerard Piel 5450:René Dumont 5212:Abbé Pierre 5154:N. G. Ranga 5094:John Foster 4905:Politicians 4842:Hiroo Ōhara 4659:Edgar Faure 4502:signatories 4439:María Pagés 4413:Peter Brook 4360:Frank Gehry 4306:Tamara Rojo 4284:Woody Allen 4009:B. V. Doshi 3997:Carme Pigem 3969:Shigeru Ban 3917:Jean Nouvel 3837:Renzo Piano 3829:Sverre Fehn 3765:Frank Gehry 3745:Kenzo Tange 3705:Kevin Roche 2976:December 8, 2777:Kathy Marks 2632:. Rizzoli. 2497:(c. 1949). 2047:Konex Award 2016:Golden Lion 1907:avant-garde 1893:(USA, 1964) 1873:Golden Lion 1647:during the 1630:Hugo Chávez 1612:During the 1519:João Pessoa 1116:Lúcio Costa 988:, São Paulo 924:, São Paulo 628:Lever House 542:Lúcio Costa 378:Lúcio Costa 32:family name 5825:Categories 5732:(pacifist) 5721:Tano Jōdai 5716:executive) 5680:(feminist) 5624:(humanist) 5576:(humanist) 5560:(educator) 5536:(inventor) 5435:Jean Orcel 5407:Scientists 5341:Literature 4867:E.C. Quaye 4644:Presidents 4573:Costa Rica 4532:Thane Read 3893:Thom Mayne 3885:Zaha Hadid 3877:Jørn Utzon 3813:Tadao Ando 3773:Aldo Rossi 3446:October 5, 2908:August 26, 2158:Portuguese 2118:References 1728:Sambadrome 1430:, died of 1428:Anna Maria 1339:1992 split 1187:Abba Hushi 1004:Depoimento 956:Depoimento 907:Petrópolis 538:typography 439:, and the 370:typography 247:1998 RIBA 217:Anna Maria 151:Occupation 87:1907-12-15 5640:(teacher) 5613:Kay Boyle 5605:Kaoru Ōta 5592:(scholar) 5568:(scholar) 5552:(teacher) 5301:Otto Hahn 5286:Chemistry 4815:Governors 4557:Countries 4318:Bob Dylan 3977:Frei Otto 3713:I. M. Pei 3669:laureates 3559:cite book 1806:Urbanized 1795:São Paulo 1722:, Brazil. 1720:São Paulo 1693:Criticism 1661:bourgeois 1432:emphysema 1371:Hyde Park 1269:Mondadori 1157:from the 1099:of Brazil 930:São Paulo 894:São Paulo 755:Portinari 716:bourgeois 603:modernist 487:Biography 402:São Paulo 374:draftsman 292:Signature 268:Buildings 154:Architect 5810:Category 5791:Source: 5672:(artist) 5616:(writer) 5509:Veterans 5383:Multiple 5277:Max Born 4936:National 4625:Tanzania 4586:Pakistan 3961:Toyo Ito 3953:Wang Shu 3606:Archived 3376:Archived 3345:Archived 3322:Archived 3251:July 15, 3164: – 3160:(2007). 3143:Archived 3124:July 13, 3118:Archived 3085:Archived 3067:July 13, 3037: – 2946:July 15, 2903:(London) 2613:Archived 2557:Archived 2512:Docomomo 2478:Archived 2464:. p. 129 2438:Archived 2433:INEPAC. 2298:Archived 2150:Archived 2106:See also 1772:Brasilia 1764:Archived 1555:, Brazil 1521:, Brazil 1505:, Brazil 1503:Brasília 1486:, Brazil 1484:Curitiba 1467:, Brazil 1393:Asturias 1363:Curitiba 1309:Pantheon 1166:Brasília 1112:Brasília 1046:Brasília 971:Max Bill 691:Pampulha 608:azulejos 515:bohemian 467:and the 421:Brasília 408:and the 386:Pampulha 329:Brasília 278:Projects 272:See list 213:Children 97:, Brazil 26:In this 5741:Related 5296:(twice) 5255:Physics 4599:Senegal 4192:1991: 3226:July 3, 3200:July 1, 2843:May 20, 2376:. p. 19 2024:of the 1875:of the 1821:feeling 1672:atheist 1571:, Italy 1569:Ravello 1551:Tower, 1422:and an 1405:Ravello 1389:of Arts 1348:Niterói 1327:Central 1284:ottoman 1277:Madeira 1273:Funchal 1253:Algeria 1027:Caracas 886:pilotis 759:baroque 511:Carioca 364:at the 204: 196: 192: 182: 174: 170: 159:Spouses 44:"Filho" 4852:Mayors 4622: 4609: 4596: 4583: 4570: 4449:2024: 4443:2023: 4433:2022: 4427:2021: 4417:2020: 4411:2019: 4405:2018: 4399:2017: 4393:2016: 4387:2015: 4358:2014: 4352:2013: 4346:2012: 4340:2011: 4334:2010: 4328:2009: 4322:2008: 4316:2007: 4310:2006: 4300:2005: 4294:2004: 4288:2003: 4282:2002: 4276:2001: 4270:2000: 4264:1999: 4258:1998: 4252:1997: 4246:1996: 4240:1995: 4234:1994: 4228:1993: 4222:1992: 4186:1990: 4180:1989: 4174:1988: 4168:1987: 4162:1986: 4156:1985: 4150:1984: 4144:1983: 4138:1982: 4132:1981: 4067:(2024) 4059:(2023) 4051:(2022) 4043:(2021) 4031:(2020) 4019:(2019) 4011:(2018) 4003:(2017) 3999:, and 3987:(2016) 3979:(2015) 3971:(2014) 3963:(2013) 3955:(2012) 3947:(2011) 3939:(2010) 3927:(2009) 3919:(2008) 3911:(2007) 3903:(2006) 3895:(2005) 3887:(2004) 3879:(2003) 3871:(2002) 3863:(2001) 3855:(2000) 3847:(1999) 3839:(1998) 3831:(1997) 3823:(1996) 3815:(1995) 3807:(1994) 3799:(1993) 3791:(1992) 3783:(1991) 3775:(1990) 3767:(1989) 3759:(1988) 3747:(1987) 3739:(1986) 3731:(1985) 3723:(1984) 3715:(1983) 3707:(1982) 3699:(1981) 3691:(1980) 3683:(1979) 3547: 3503: 2636: 2596: 2460: 2408: 2372: 2321: 2281: 2188: 2100:(2009) 2061:(2005) 2028:(1998) 2009:(1995) 2002:(1995) 1988:(1990) 1971:(1989) 1964:(1989) 1948:(1983) 1886:(1963) 1869:(1963) 1860:(1949) 1710:Legacy 1645:police 1603:Vargas 1401:Avilés 1235:Louvre 1129:, the 932:, the 618:; the 559:Olinda 435:, the 431:, the 427:, the 223:Awards 42:. 5762:Other 5362:Peace 2754:2018. 2484:, in 2222:, in 2136:Azure 1844:SANAA 1842:from 1553:Natal 1191:Haifa 767:mural 519:Padua 253:2004 241:1989 235:1988 229:1963 198:( 194: 176:( 172: 46:is a 5714:YWCA 4500:call 4437:and 4421:and 4304:and 4216:and 4039:and 4027:and 3935:and 3755:and 3565:link 3545:ISBN 3501:ISBN 3448:2014 3281:2007 3253:2023 3228:2023 3202:2023 3126:2012 3069:2012 2978:2012 2948:2012 2910:2012 2845:2010 2803:2009 2634:ISBN 2594:ISBN 2458:ISBN 2406:ISBN 2370:ISBN 2319:ISBN 2279:ISBN 2186:ISBN 2156:(in 1838:and 1463:The 1441:The 1159:USSR 819:and 733:The 465:Cuba 331:, a 103:Died 77:Born 2218:in 1793:in 1783:Rio 1443:BBC 1346:in 1275:on 1197:on 1133:(a 896:'s 630:). 34:is 5827:: 5797:, 5794:, 4212:, 4208:, 4204:, 4200:, 4196:, 3995:, 3561:}} 3557:{{ 3476:. 3406:. 3270:. 3244:. 3218:. 3192:. 3116:. 3112:. 3096:^ 3060:. 3048:^ 3006:. 2968:. 2956:^ 2938:. 2898:. 2831:. 2789:. 2783:. 2644:^ 2581:^ 2540:. 2404:. 2357:^ 2347:. 2329:^ 2259:. 2241:. 2196:^ 2165:^ 2134:. 1846:. 1801:. 1785:. 1744:. 1689:. 1632:. 1501:, 1381:. 1291:. 1263:, 1237:. 1182:. 1161:. 1067:, 914:. 661:. 544:, 521:. 412:. 200:m. 178:m. 5712:( 4489:e 4482:t 4475:v 4101:e 4094:t 4087:v 3658:e 3651:t 3644:v 3567:) 3553:. 3531:( 3509:. 3480:. 3450:. 3283:. 3255:. 3230:. 3204:. 3128:. 3071:. 2980:. 2950:. 2912:. 2847:. 2805:. 2351:. 2160:) 2074:( 1958:) 1937:( 1916:( 1311:( 1174:( 622:( 314:( 89:) 85:( 23:.

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