788:
800:
812:
904:
1054:
896:
123:
828:
752:
728:
716:
740:
78:
776:
764:
51:
705:(ovaries) have grown together; thus, it is classified a multiple-accessory fruit. Each small drupe is oblong, compressed and rounded; they contain a milky latex which oozes when the fruit is damaged or cut. The seeds are oblong. Although the flowering is dioecious, the pistillate tree when isolated will still bear large oranges, perfect to the sight but lacking the seeds. The fruit has a
100:
1066:
666:; the four stamens are inserted opposite the lobes of calyx, on the margin of a thin disk. Pistillate flowers are borne in a dense spherical many-flowered head which appears on a short stout peduncle from the axils of the current year's growth. Each flower has a hairy four-lobed calyx with thick, concave lobes that invest the ovary and enclose the fruit.
939:
species that became extinct at the same time also has been suggested as the plant's original dispersal agent because modern horses and other livestock will sometimes eat the fruit. This hypothesis is controversial. For example, a 2015 study indicated that Osage orange seeds are not effectively spread
594:
Mature trees range from 12 to 20 metres (40–65 ft) tall with short trunks and round-topped canopies. The roots are thick, fleshy, and covered with bright orange bark. The tree's mature bark is dark, deeply furrowed and scaly. The plant has significant potential to invade unmanaged habitats.
2174:
Murphy, Serena, Virginia
Mitchell, Jessa Thurman, Charli N. Davis, Mattew D. Moran, Jessica Bonumwezi, Sophie Katz, Jennifer L. Penner, and Matthew D. Moran. "Seed Dispersal in Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera) by Squirrels (Sciurus spp.)." The American Midland Naturalist 180, no. 2 (2018): 312-317.
633:
are at first bright green and pubescent; during their first winter they become light brown tinged with orange, and later they become a paler orange brown. Branches contain a yellow pith, and are armed with stout, straight, axillary spines. During the winter, the branches bear lateral buds that are
623:, a long oval terminating in a slender point. The leaves are 8 to 13 centimetres (3–5 in) long and 5 to 8 centimetres (2–3 in) wide, and are thick, firm, dark green, shining above, and paler green below when full grown. In autumn they turn bright yellow. The
2109:
Boone, Madison J.; Davis, Charli N.; Klasek, Laura; del Sol, Jillian F.; Roehm, Katherine; Moran, Matthew D. (March 11, 2015). "A Test of
Potential Pleistocene Mammal Seed Dispersal in Anachronistic Fruits using Extant Ecological and Physiological Analogs".
532:, "So much ... esteem the wood of this tree for the purpose of making their bows, that they travel many hundreds of miles in quest of it." The trees are also known as "bodark", "bodarc", or "bodock" trees, most likely originating as a corruption of
1467:
1153:
Osage orange wood is more rot-resistant than most, making good fence posts. They are generally set up green because the dried wood is too hard to reliably accept the staples used to attach the fencing to the posts. Palmer and Fowler's
505:
from its base; as these shoots grew, they became interwoven and formed a dense, thorny barrier hedge. The thorny Osage orange tree was widely naturalized throughout the United States until this usage was superseded by the invention of
1167:
Compounds extracted from the fruit, when concentrated, may repel insects. However, the naturally occurring concentrations of these compounds in the fruit are too low to make the fruit an effective insect repellent. In 2004, the
510:
in 1874. By providing a barrier that was "horse-high, bull-strong, and pig-tight", Osage orange hedges provided the "crucial stop-gap measure for westward expansion until the introduction of barbed wire a few decades later".
602:
is golden to bright yellow but fades to medium brown with ultraviolet light exposure. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and flexible, capable of receiving a fine polish and very durable in contact with the ground. It has a
1127:, a Scottish botanist who had traveled the interior United States extensively in the early 19th century, reported that a bow made of Osage timber could be traded for a horse and a blanket. Additionally, a yellow-orange
994:. A neglected hedge will become fruit-bearing. It is remarkably free from insect predators and fungal diseases. A thornless male cultivar of the species exists and is vegetatively reproduced for ornamental use.
549:. Some historians believe that the high value this wood had to Native Americans throughout North America for the making of bows, along with its small natural range, contributed to the great wealth of the
1119:, fence posts, and other applications requiring a strong, dimensionally stable wood that withstands rot. Although its wood is commonly knotty and twisted, straight-grained Osage orange timber makes good
867:
of Texas. It has since become widely naturalized in the United States and
Ontario, Canada. Osage orange has been planted in all the 48 contiguous states of the United States and in southeastern Canada.
3353:
439:
has many names, including mock orange, hedge apple, hedge, monkey ball, pap, monkey brains and yellow-wood. The name bois d'arc (from French meaning "bow-wood") has also been corrupted into
1037:
present in the wood and fruit in an approximately 1:2 ratio by weight, and in turn comprise 4–6% of the weight of dry fruit and wood samples. Primary components of fresh fruit include
911:
Because of the limited original range and lack of obvious effective means of propagation, the Osage orange has been the subject of controversial claims by some authors to be an
1093:
containing 220 million trees that stretched for 18,600 miles (29,900 km). The sharp-thorned trees were also planted as cattle-deterring hedges before the introduction of
1089:
project, which was launched in 1934 as an ambitious plan to modify weather and prevent soil erosion in the Great Plains states; by 1942 it resulted in the planting of 30,233
2639:
2441:
940:
by extant horse or elephant species, while a 2018 study concludes that squirrels are ineffective, short-distance seed dispersers. The claim has been criticised as a "
3037:
1508:
Sinnott-Armstrong, Miranda A.; Deanna, Rocio; Pretz, Chelsea; Liu, Sukuan; Harris, Jesse C.; Dunbar-Wallis, Amy; Smith, Stacey D.; Wheeler, Lucas C. (March 2022).
3112:
2553:
2347:
1169:
990:. It must be regularly pruned to keep it in bounds, and the shoots of a single year will grow one to two metres (3–6 ft) long, making it suitable for
475:
in March 1804. According to Lewis's letter, the samples were donated by "Mr. Peter
Choteau, who resided the greater portion of his time for many years with the
397:, is roughly spherical, bumpy, 8 to 15 centimetres (3–6 in) in diameter, and turns bright yellow-green in the fall. The fruits secrete a sticky white
3333:
545:
also used this wood for their bows. They liked the wood because it was strong, flexible and durable, and the bush/tree was common along river bottoms of the
947:
The fruit is not poisonous to humans or livestock, but is not preferred by them, because it is mostly inedible due to a large size (about the diameter of a
787:
2024:"The mystery of Patrick Henry's osage-orange: which enigma is greater; the age of the national champion or how it got to Virginia? - Free Online Library"
2023:
1164:). Its dense grain structure makes for good tonal properties. Production of woodwind instruments and waterfowl game calls are common uses for the wood.
2237:
The Carbon
Farming Solution: A Global Toolkit of Perennial Crops and Regenerative Agriculture Practices for Climate Change Mitigation and Food Security
2975:
1003:
872:
3050:
2988:
1976:
1591:
1582:
811:
799:
3233:
3148:
2245:
1840:
525:
494:
1862:
393:, native to the south-central United States. It typically grows about 8 to 15 metres (30–50 ft) tall. The distinctive fruit, a
3338:
2691:
3348:
3130:
2926:
1773:
374:
2538:
1077:
in prairie states, which gives it one of its colloquial names, "hedge apple". It was one of the primary trees used in
President
501:
to exclude free-range livestock from vegetable gardens and corn fields. Under severe pruning, the hedge apple sprouted abundant
3024:
107:
662:
developed from the axils of crowded leaves on the spur-like branchlets of the previous year. They feature a hairy, four-lobed
433:—that is, a fruit coevolved with a large animal seed dispersal partner that is now extinct. This hypothesis is controversial.
3282:
3091:
2669:
2511:
2274:
1921:
1800:
1623:
33:
3212:
3055:
2468:
1587:
1086:
256:
1972:
839:
Osage orange's pre-Columbian range was largely restricted to a small area in what is now the United States, namely the
2864:
2841:
1746:
2560:
1438:
2400:
3287:
3246:
1124:
1259:
3358:
3117:
3086:
1078:
751:
456:
2087:
122:
3153:
2073:
1958:
1082:
986:
prefers a deep and fertile soil, but is hardy over most of the contiguous United States, where it is used as a
975:, a declining species in much of North America, use the tree for nesting and cache prey items upon its thorns.
967:
The fruits are consumed by black-tailed deer in Texas, and white-tailed deer and fox squirrels in the
Midwest.
912:
856:
430:
3251:
2586:
1950:
903:
2954:
1097:
and afterward became an important source of fence posts. In 2001, its wood was used in the construction in
775:
2949:
2879:
2764:
2695:
2149:
1697:
840:
763:
2869:
2498:
Native Trees, Shrubs, & Vines: A Guide to Using, Growing, and
Propagating North American Woody Plants
1098:
916:
884:
727:
715:
480:
239:
2993:
2802:
1573:
1045:(17%), fat (5%), and sugar (before hydrolysis, 5%). The moisture content of fresh fruits is about 80%.
1237:
1053:
895:
654:(male) flowers are found on different trees. Staminate flowers are pale green, small, and arranged in
459:, a Scottish explorer, in his narrative of a journey made in 1804 from St. Catherine's Landing on the
429:
proposed in 1982 that the fruit of this species might be an example of what has come to be called an
3140:
2900:
1521:
1411:
488:
2941:
1998:
1654:
1381:
3197:
876:
739:
426:
67:
3104:
2967:
2299:"HPLC Determination of Isoflavone Levels in Osage Orange from the United States Midwest and South"
1664:. Manhattan, Kansas: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Manhattan Plant Materials Center
3305:
2962:
2750:
2392:
2384:
2216:
2207:
Tyler, Jack D (March 1992). "Nesting
Ecology of the Loggerhead Shrike in Southwestern Oklahoma".
2127:
1487:
1193:
1106:
879:, and is believed to be almost 350 years old. Another historic tree is located on the grounds of
265:
117:
3297:
3238:
2503:
3042:
1914:
The Ghosts of
Evolution, Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners, and Other Ecological Anachronisms
1859:
3202:
3174:
3068:
2887:
2665:
2507:
2376:
2328:
2270:
2262:
2241:
2185:
1917:
1909:
1836:
1796:
1769:
1619:
1613:
1555:
1537:
1176:
fruits online remove any mention of their supposed repellent properties as false advertising.
972:
659:
581:
from whom young plants were first obtained, as told in the notes of Meriwether Lewis in 1804.
460:
1790:
1158:
2nd edition rates Osage orange wood as being at least twice as hard and strong as white oak (
3343:
3179:
2699:
2616:
2368:
2318:
2310:
2119:
1968:
1824:
1545:
1529:
1479:
1232:
864:
827:
616:
604:
472:
468:
422:
351:
3016:
619:
in a slender growing shoot 90 to 120 centimetres (3–4 ft) long. In form they are
3161:
2359:
1866:
1832:
948:
566:
160:
3225:
2813:
2048:
1729:(Raf.) Schneid.) (Moraceae) and the Origin and Early Spread of 'Hedge Apple' Folklore".
1525:
1306:
1214:
685:
The mature multiple fruit's size and general appearance resembles a large, yellow-green
627:
contain formidable spines which when mature are about 2.5 centimetres (1 in) long.
3220:
2496:
2446:
2323:
2298:
1550:
1509:
686:
675:
671:
667:
546:
464:
402:
394:
147:
59:
3327:
3063:
2193:
1223:
1147:
941:
87:
82:
2396:
2131:
1491:
959:, which typically would consume fruits and disperse seeds, mainly ignore the fruit.
417:
secretions and woody pulp, the fruit is typically not eaten by humans and rarely by
3310:
2892:
2539:
Kansas Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff.
1160:
1120:
1011:
920:
634:
depressed-globular, partly immersed in the bark, and pale chestnut brown in color.
578:
550:
529:
476:
2833:
1115:
The heavy, close-grained yellow-orange wood is dense and prized for tool handles,
689:, about 10 to 13 centimetres (4–5 in) in diameter, with a roughened and
3078:
2846:
2425:
2235:
1825:
3274:
3099:
3001:
2796:
1483:
1094:
932:
880:
860:
620:
507:
502:
50:
2823:
2787:
2472:
1468:"Seed Dispersal in Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera) by Squirrels (Sciurus spp.)"
483:.) Those cuttings did not survive. In 1810, Bradbury relates that he found two
401:
when cut or damaged. Despite the name "Osage orange", it is not related to the
3189:
1885:
1132:
1034:
647:
2931:
2380:
1541:
2913:
1725:
Michael L. Ferro. "A Cultural and Entomological Review of the Osage Orange (
1189:
1090:
1074:
1030:
991:
968:
956:
651:
630:
624:
383:
17:
3264:
2332:
1559:
1329:
1065:
3166:
1886:"Osage Orange | the Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)"
1766:
The culture of cultivation: recovering the roots of landscape architecture
524:
settlers who observed the wood being used for war clubs and bow-making by
3259:
3125:
2856:
2781:
2123:
1871:
1185:
1116:
952:
928:
852:
844:
706:
690:
542:
410:
406:
206:
173:
1284:
491:, one of the first settlers of Saint Louis, apparently the same person.
2980:
2388:
2372:
2220:
1150:
of any commonly available North American wood, and burns long and hot.
1136:
1058:
1007:
924:
694:
216:
196:
2314:
1712:
Barlow, Connie. "Anachronistic fruits and the ghosts who haunt them".
1533:
1510:"How to approach the study of syndromes in macroevolution and ecology"
1391:. US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service
1131:
can be extracted from the wood, which can be used as a substitute for
569:(1763–1840), a Scottish-born American geologist. The specific epithet
455:
The earliest account of the tree in the English language was given by
3006:
1038:
1026:
936:
702:
655:
643:
521:
418:
186:
2758:
2721:
951:) and hard, dry texture. The edible seeds of the fruit are used by
907:
Mound of a single fallen fruit sprouting seeds (April in Illinois).
3029:
2918:
1064:
1052:
1042:
1015:
999:
987:
902:
894:
848:
826:
698:
679:
663:
498:
414:
398:
390:
134:
386:
2905:
2762:
1128:
479:". (Note: This referred to Pierre Chouteau, a fur trader from
1439:"The Osage Orange Tree: Useful and Historically Significant"
363:
357:
2297:
Darji, K; Miglis, C; Wardlow, A; Abourashed, E. A (2013).
674:, ovate, compressed, green, and crowned by a long slender
366:
607:
of 0.7736 or 773.6 kg/m (48.29 lb/cu ft).
2617:"Heating With Wood: Species Characteristics and Volumes"
1795:. Lafayette (California): Great West Books. p. 95.
553:
that controlled all the land in which these trees grew.
2267:
Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees, Volume 1: North America
1061:
in 1954 exhibits little rot after more than six decades
1702:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 258–262.
871:
The largest known Osage orange tree is located at the
1618:. Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. p. 178.
375:
360:
2442:"Hedgerows no match for bulldozers in postwar years"
1957:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
3354:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
2771:
1768:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire & New York: Routledge.
935:, fed on the fruit and aided in seed dispersal. An
528:. Meriwether Lewis was told that the people of the
354:
2559:. University of Maryland Extension. Archived from
2495:
1860:Anachronistic Fruits and the Ghosts Who Haunt Them
1831:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. p.
1418:. Iowa State University of Science and Technology
1238:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61886714A61886723.en
899:Evidence of a seed predator (February in Kansas).
471:sent some slips and cuttings of the curiosity to
32:"Bois d'arc" redirects here. For other uses, see
2150:"Facts and Myths Associated with "Hedge Apples""
1410:Jesse, Laura; Lewis, Donald (October 24, 2014).
1073:The Osage orange is commonly used as a tree row
497:used the Osage orange (i.e. "hedge apple") as a
693:surface. The compound (or multiple) fruit is a
2143:
2141:
2346:Smith, Jeffrey L.; Perino, Janice V. (1981).
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1139:dyes. At present, florists use the fruits of
891:Ecological aspects of historical distribution
863:. A disjunct population also occurred in the
8:
533:
515:
817:Maclura pomifera tree with fruits on ground
2759:
2303:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
98:
76:
49:
40:
2596:. Iowa State University Extension Service
2542:Guilford, Conn: Globe Pequot Press, 2002.
2322:
2240:. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 230.
1699:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1549:
1236:
793:Fruit burrowed into by seed eating animal
2532:
2530:
1741:
1739:
1461:
1459:
1375:
1373:
1371:
678:covered with white stigmatic hairs. The
2640:"A block of wood and a waterfowl dream"
2074:The Undaunted and Undented Osage Orange
1977:United States Department of Agriculture
1944:
1942:
1940:
1592:United States Department of Agriculture
1583:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1205:
711:
573:means "fruit-bearing". The common name
1987:– via Southern Research Station.
1916:. New York: Basic Books. p. 120.
1285:"Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid"
2471:. Sultanaprojects.org. Archived from
1854:
1852:
1503:
1501:
1412:"Hedge Apples for Home Pest Control?"
1146:When dried, the wood has the highest
944:" that lacks any empirical evidence.
7:
3288:4a52b075-dfd3-402e-b05e-f438203b32a8
3141:43b9064b-a807-4a98-b67e-780f56d69be7
2726:Native American Ethnobotany Database
2502:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p.
2269:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 500.
2148:Jauron, Richard (October 10, 1997).
1655:"Plant fact sheet for Osage orange (
1069:Typical bright yellow newly-cut wood
3334:IUCN Red List least concern species
1224:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
883:, a Kentucky pioneer settlement in
2754:images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
2722:"Maclura Pomifera (search result)"
2585:Prestemon, Dean R. (August 1998).
2190:A Natural History of Western Trees
2088:"The Trees That Miss The Mammoths"
915:, whereby one or more now extinct
25:
2728:. University of Michigan–Dearborn
2692:"Osage Orange – Maclura pomifera"
2666:"Facts and Myths of Hedge Apples"
2619:. Utah State University Extension
1823:Rollings, Willard Hughes (2005).
1416:Horticulture & Home Pest News
1382:"Plant fact sheet: Osage orange,
805:Maclura pomifera fruits on ground
658:borne on long, slender, drooping
3252:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:148738-2
2638:Joe Duggan (November 20, 2018).
1733:, 13(m7), 1–34, (1 January 2014)
1380:Wynia, Richard L. (March 2011).
1334:Buckeye Yard & Garden Online
1172:insisted that a website selling
971:are said to peck the seeds out.
810:
798:
786:
774:
762:
750:
738:
726:
714:
350:
121:
2552:Kays, Jonathan (October 2010).
2261:Grandtner, Miroslav M. (2005).
2154:Horticulture and Home Pest News
1328:Boggs, Joe (October 15, 2021).
1123:, as used by Native Americans.
955:as food. Large animals such as
873:Patrick Henry National Memorial
487:trees growing in the garden of
2670:University of Nebraska Lincoln
2615:Kuhns, Michael; Schmidt, Tom.
1196:as a wash to treat sore eyes.
1:
2587:"Firewood Production and Use"
2352:): History and economic uses"
1764:Giannetto, Raffaella (2021).
1653:Wynia, Richard (March 2011).
1615:The Handy Biology Answer Book
1588:Agricultural Research Service
835:in pre-Columbian era America.
551:Spiroan Mississippian culture
2427:Forestry of the Great Plains
1973:United States Forest Service
1910:"The Enigmatic Osage Orange"
1747:"Osage Oranges Take a Bough"
1156:Fieldbook of Natural History
2440:Kemp, Bill (May 31, 2015).
1696:Keeler, Harriet L. (1900).
1484:10.1674/0003-0031-180.2.312
1472:American Midland Naturalist
1437:Wayman, Dave (March 1985).
34:Bois d'arc (disambiguation)
3375:
3339:NatureServe secure species
1260:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
31:
3349:Trees of Northern America
2494:Cullina, William (2002).
2234:Toensmeier, Eric (2016).
1753:. March 2004. p. 35.
1143:for decorative purposes.
1079:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
646:plant, the inconspicuous
271:
264:
245:
238:
118:Scientific classification
116:
96:
74:
65:
57:
48:
43:
2594:Forestry Extension Notes
1965:Silvics of North America
1789:Dillon, Richard (2003).
1716:61, no. 2 (2001): 14–21.
1264:explorer.natureserve.org
1231:: e.T61886714A61886723.
1083:Great Plains Shelterbelt
913:evolutionary anachronism
431:evolutionary anachronism
405:. It is a member of the
344:, commonly known as the
2186:Peattie, Donald Culross
2156:. Iowa State University
2112:Southeastern Naturalist
2086:Bronaugh, Whit (2010).
1908:Barlow, Connie (2002).
1875:, vol. 61, no. 2 (2001)
1731:Southeastern Naturalist
1466:Murphy, Serena (2018).
1336:. Ohio State University
2696:University of Illinois
2028:www.thefreelibrary.com
1612:Bobick, James (2004).
1070:
1062:
908:
900:
836:
781:Multiple fruit, sliced
579:Osage Native Americans
534:
520:("bow-wood") by early
516:
1514:Ecology and Evolution
1099:Chestertown, Maryland
1068:
1056:
917:Pleistocene megafauna
906:
898:
885:Harrodsburg, Kentucky
830:
769:Mature multiple fruit
565:is named in honor of
514:The trees were named
2702:on November 17, 2016
2644:Lincoln Journal Star
2566:on September 6, 2015
2124:10.1656/058.014.0109
1949:Burton, J D (1990).
1751:Smithsonian Magazine
1213:Stritch, L. (2018).
1180:Traditional medicine
757:Female inflorescence
617:arranged alternately
421:animals. Ecologists
2554:"Heating with Wood"
2209:The Wilson Bulletin
2049:"Osage-orange - VA"
1526:2022EcoEv..12E8583S
877:Brookneal, Virginia
611:Leaves and branches
503:adventitious shoots
473:President Jefferson
311:Toxylon aurantiacum
68:Conservation status
2690:Nelson, Jennifer.
2469:"Schooner Sultana"
2373:10.1007/BF02859211
2263:"Maclura pomifera"
2003:Virginia Big Trees
1999:"Tree Information"
1865:2007-01-06 at the
1071:
1063:
973:Loggerhead shrikes
909:
901:
857:Blackland Prairies
837:
697:of numerous small
687:orange (the fruit)
291:Maclura aurantiaca
3321:
3320:
3175:Open Tree of Life
2765:Taxon identifiers
2475:on March 13, 2014
2406:on April 28, 2020
2315:10.1021/jf400954m
2309:(28): 6806–6811.
2247:978-1-60358-571-2
1842:978-0-7910-8349-9
1534:10.1002/ece3.8583
1443:Mother Earth News
998:is cultivated in
861:post oak savannas
855:, as well as the
831:Natural range of
638:Flowers and fruit
495:American settlers
461:Mississippi River
337:
336:
331:
327:Toxylon pomiferum
323:
315:
307:
295:
287:
283:Joxylon pomiferum
279:
275:Ioxylon pomiferum
111:
91:
16:(Redirected from
3366:
3359:Dioecious plants
3314:
3313:
3301:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3203:Maclura pomifera
3193:
3192:
3190:Maclura_pomifera
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3131:Maclura~pomifera
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3033:
3032:
3020:
3019:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2970:
2968:Maclura pomifera
2958:
2957:
2945:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2895:
2883:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2803:Maclura pomifera
2792:
2791:
2790:
2773:Maclura pomifera
2760:
2752:Maclura pomifera
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2698:. Archived from
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2501:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2437:
2431:
2424:R. Douglas Hurt
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2399:. Archived from
2356:
2350:Maclura pomifera
2343:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2098:(Winter): 38–43.
2092:American Forests
2083:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2053:American Forests
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1969:Washington, D.C.
1953:Maclura pomifera
1946:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1905:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1830:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1792:Meriwether Lewis
1786:
1780:
1779:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1734:
1727:Maclura pomifera
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1657:Maclura pomifera
1650:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1576:Maclura pomifera
1570:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1384:Maclura pomifera
1377:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1309:. The Plant List
1307:"The Plant List"
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1217:Maclura pomifera
1210:
1188:formerly used a
1101:of the schooner
984:Maclura pomifera
865:Chisos Mountains
814:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
730:
718:
605:specific gravity
537:
526:Native Americans
519:
485:Maclura pomifera
469:Meriwether Lewis
437:Maclura pomifera
423:Daniel H. Janzen
378:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
341:Maclura pomifera
329:
321:
313:
305:
299:Maclura pomifera
293:
285:
277:
251:
249:Maclura pomifera
231:M. pomifera
126:
125:
105:
102:
101:
85:
80:
79:
53:
41:
27:Species of plant
21:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3309:
3304:
3296:
3294:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3162:Observation.org
3160:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3076:MichiganFlora:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2767:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2535:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2360:Economic Botany
2354:
2348:"Osage orange (
2345:
2344:
2340:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1967:. Vol. 2.
1948:
1947:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1907:
1906:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1867:Wayback Machine
1858:Connie Barlow.
1857:
1850:
1843:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1695:
1694:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1182:
1105:, a replica of
1051:
1024:
981:
965:
893:
825:
818:
815:
806:
803:
794:
791:
782:
779:
770:
767:
758:
755:
746:
743:
734:
731:
722:
719:
701:, in which the
640:
613:
592:
587:
567:William Maclure
559:
489:Pierre Chouteau
453:
376:
353:
349:
319:Toxylon maclura
260:
253:
247:
234:
120:
112:
103:
99:
92:
81:
77:
70:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:wfo-0000447854
3302:
3292:
3279:
3269:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3217:
3207:
3194:
3184:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3135:
3122:
3109:
3096:
3083:
3073:
3060:
3047:
3034:
3021:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2936:
2923:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2874:
2861:
2851:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2793:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2745:External links
2743:
2740:
2739:
2713:
2682:
2664:Ogg, Barbara.
2656:
2630:
2607:
2577:
2544:
2526:
2512:
2486:
2460:
2447:The Pantagraph
2432:
2417:
2338:
2289:
2275:
2253:
2246:
2226:
2199:
2196:. p. 482.
2177:
2167:
2137:
2101:
2078:
2065:
2040:
2015:
1990:
1936:
1922:
1891:
1877:
1848:
1841:
1815:
1801:
1781:
1775:978-0367356422
1774:
1756:
1735:
1718:
1705:
1675:
1638:
1624:
1604:
1565:
1497:
1478:(2): 312–317.
1455:
1429:
1402:
1347:
1320:
1298:
1276:
1251:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1181:
1178:
1050:
1047:
1023:
1020:
980:
977:
964:
961:
892:
889:
824:
821:
820:
819:
816:
809:
807:
804:
797:
795:
792:
785:
783:
780:
773:
771:
768:
761:
759:
756:
749:
747:
744:
737:
735:
732:
725:
723:
720:
713:
709:-like flavor.
639:
636:
612:
609:
591:
588:
586:
583:
558:
555:
465:Ouachita River
457:William Dunbar
452:
449:
427:Paul S. Martin
395:multiple fruit
382:), is a small
335:
334:
333:
332:
324:
316:
308:
296:
288:
280:
269:
268:
262:
261:
254:
243:
242:
236:
235:
228:
226:
222:
221:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
177:
176:
171:
164:
163:
158:
151:
150:
145:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
114:
113:
97:
94:
93:
75:
72:
71:
66:
63:
62:
60:multiple fruit
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3371:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2487:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2410:September 17,
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2215:(1): 95–104.
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2194:Bonanza Books
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1816:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1192:of the roots
1191:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1148:heating value
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:John Bradbury
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:, the former
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
976:
974:
970:
962:
960:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
942:just-so story
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:ground sloths
918:
914:
905:
897:
890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
834:
829:
822:
813:
808:
801:
796:
789:
784:
777:
772:
765:
760:
753:
748:
741:
736:
729:
724:
717:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
682:is solitary.
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:(female) and
649:
645:
637:
635:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
610:
608:
606:
601:
596:
590:General habit
589:
584:
582:
580:
577:derives from
576:
572:
568:
564:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
531:
527:
523:
518:
512:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:. Due to its
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
381:
380:
371:
347:
343:
342:
328:
325:
320:
317:
312:
309:
304:
300:
297:
292:
289:
284:
281:
276:
273:
272:
270:
267:
263:
258:
252:
250:
244:
241:
240:Binomial name
237:
233:
232:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:Tracheophytes
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
124:
119:
115:
109:
95:
89:
84:
83:Least Concern
73:
69:
64:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:Osage orange
42:
39:
35:
30:
19:
2772:
2751:
2732:December 24,
2730:. Retrieved
2725:
2716:
2706:November 11,
2704:. Retrieved
2700:the original
2685:
2675:November 11,
2673:. Retrieved
2659:
2649:November 16,
2647:. Retrieved
2643:
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2593:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2561:the original
2547:
2537:
2536:Grout, Pam.
2517:. Retrieved
2497:
2489:
2479:February 24,
2477:. Retrieved
2473:the original
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2445:
2435:
2426:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2401:the original
2367:(1): 24–41.
2364:
2358:
2349:
2341:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2266:
2256:
2236:
2229:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2192:. New York:
2189:
2180:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2153:
2118:(1): 22–32.
2115:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2072:Allen Bush.
2068:
2058:November 19,
2056:. Retrieved
2052:
2043:
2033:November 19,
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
2008:November 18,
2006:. Retrieved
2002:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1964:
1959:
1952:
1927:. Retrieved
1913:
1880:
1870:
1827:The Comanche
1826:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1791:
1784:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1668:December 16,
1666:. Retrieved
1656:
1629:. Retrieved
1614:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1581:
1575:
1568:
1520:(3): e8583.
1517:
1513:
1475:
1471:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1415:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1383:
1338:. Retrieved
1333:
1330:"Bois D'Arc"
1323:
1313:February 24,
1311:. Retrieved
1301:
1291:February 24,
1289:. Retrieved
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1228:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1183:
1173:
1166:
1161:Quercus alba
1159:
1155:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1091:shelterbelts
1072:
1025:
995:
983:
982:
966:
946:
933:gomphotheres
910:
870:
843:drainage of
838:
832:
823:Distribution
691:tuberculated
684:
641:
629:
614:
599:
598:The wood of
597:
593:
574:
570:
562:
560:
540:
530:Osage Nation
513:
493:
484:
477:Osage Nation
454:
444:
440:
436:
435:
346:Osage orange
345:
340:
339:
338:
326:
318:
314:(Nutt.) Raf.
310:
306:C.K.Schneid.
302:
298:
290:
282:
274:
248:
246:
230:
229:
217:
180:
167:
154:
141:
58:Foliage and
38:
29:
18:Osage orange
3226:kew-2501306
3100:NatureServe
3002:iNaturalist
2797:Wikispecies
2623:January 31,
2600:January 31,
2570:January 31,
2519:January 31,
2429:, 1902–1942
2282:January 30,
2160:October 22,
1929:January 31,
1808:January 30,
1631:January 30,
1597:January 30,
1448:January 29,
1422:January 29,
1395:October 25,
1269:October 28,
1244:October 15,
1174:M. pomifera
1141:M. pomifera
1095:barbed wire
1035:isoflavones
996:M. pomifera
979:Cultivation
881:Fort Harrod
833:M. pomifera
733:Mature bark
721:Mature tree
615:Leaves are
600:M. pomifera
585:Description
547:Comanchería
508:barbed wire
481:Saint Louis
161:Angiosperms
108:NatureServe
3328:Categories
3295:WisFlora:
3221:Plant List
2877:Calflora:
2513:0618098585
2276:0080460186
1983:October 5,
1923:0786724897
1802:0944220169
1625:1578593034
1287:. Tropicos
1200:References
1004:Yugoslavia
969:Crossbills
648:pistillate
631:Branchlets
625:leaf axils
561:The genus
535:bois d'arc
517:bois d'arc
259:) Schneid.
2955:233500764
2453:April 18,
2381:0013-0001
1960:Hardwoods
1542:2045-7758
1386:(Rafin.)"
1340:March 26,
1194:topically
1190:decoction
1117:treenails
1107:HMS
1075:windbreak
1031:pomiferin
1022:Chemistry
1010:, former
992:coppicing
957:livestock
953:squirrels
929:mastodons
841:Red River
660:peduncles
652:staminate
644:dioecious
557:Etymology
389:or large
384:deciduous
225:Species:
131:Kingdom:
3283:VicFlora
3272:VASCAN:
3265:21300468
3260:Tropicos
3187:PalDat:
3126:NSWFlora
3105:2.134467
3069:61886714
3043:10587607
3030:148738-2
2854:BioLib:
2788:Q1066106
2782:Wikidata
2397:35716036
2333:23772950
2188:(1953).
2132:86809830
1975:(USFS),
1872:Arnoldia
1863:Archived
1714:Arnoldia
1560:35342598
1492:92491077
1186:Comanche
949:softball
925:mammoths
853:Arkansas
845:Oklahoma
707:cucumber
672:superior
571:pomifera
543:Comanche
419:foraging
411:Moraceae
409:family,
407:mulberry
266:Synonyms
207:Moraceae
203:Family:
174:Eudicots
88:IUCN 3.1
3344:Maclura
3087:MoBotPF
2981:2984580
2389:4254245
2324:3774050
2221:4163119
2175:Harvard
1551:8928880
1522:Bibcode
1137:aniline
1109:Sultana
1103:Sultana
1057:A tree
1041:(46%),
1008:Romania
963:Ecology
919:, such
703:carpels
695:syncarp
668:Ovaries
656:racemes
563:Maclura
463:to the
451:History
303:inermis
218:Maclura
213:Genus:
197:Rosales
193:Order:
135:Plantae
106: (
104:Secure
86: (
3234:PLANTS
3180:658498
3167:139167
3138:NZOR:
3092:282737
2942:macpom
2939:FEIS:
2932:175303
2906:594618
2870:254201
2834:149013
2831:APDB:
2811:AoFP:
2510:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2331:
2321:
2273:
2244:
2219:
2130:
1979:(USDA)
1920:
1839:
1799:
1772:
1622:
1558:
1548:
1540:
1490:
1133:fustic
1059:felled
1039:pectin
1027:Osajin
1014:, and
937:equine
851:, and
745:Leaves
699:drupes
621:simple
522:French
445:bodock
441:bodark
403:orange
187:Rosids
3210:PFI:
3149:NZPCN
3056:19102
3038:IRMNG
3014:IPA:
3007:58205
2994:23061
2963:FoAO2
2927:EUNIS
2919:MACPO
2893:3WZQJ
2857:38440
2847:58052
2821:APA:
2590:(PDF)
2564:(PDF)
2557:(PDF)
2404:(PDF)
2393:S2CID
2385:JSTOR
2355:(PDF)
2217:JSTOR
2128:S2CID
1662:(PDF)
1488:S2CID
1389:(PDF)
1043:resin
1016:India
1000:Italy
988:hedge
875:, in
849:Texas
680:ovule
676:style
664:calyx
642:As a
575:Osage
499:hedge
415:latex
399:latex
391:shrub
379:-sayj
301:var.
294:Nutt.
181:Clade
168:Clade
155:Clade
142:Clade
3298:8330
3275:6675
3247:POWO
3239:MAPO
3198:PfaF
3154:3455
3118:3496
3113:NCBI
3079:1701
3064:IUCN
3051:ITIS
3025:IPNI
3017:3298
2989:GRIN
2976:GBIF
2914:EPPO
2880:5278
2865:BOLD
2842:APNI
2824:2679
2814:1893
2734:2015
2708:2013
2677:2013
2651:2018
2625:2016
2602:2016
2572:2016
2521:2016
2508:ISBN
2481:2014
2455:2016
2412:2024
2377:ISSN
2329:PMID
2284:2016
2271:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2162:2014
2060:2022
2035:2022
2010:2022
1985:2012
1931:2016
1918:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1810:2016
1797:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1670:2015
1633:2016
1620:ISBN
1599:2016
1556:PMID
1538:ISSN
1450:2016
1424:2016
1397:2017
1342:2023
1315:2014
1293:2014
1271:2022
1246:2022
1229:2018
1184:The
1135:and
1121:bows
1081:'s "
1049:Uses
1033:are
1029:and
1012:USSR
859:and
670:are
541:The
443:and
425:and
387:tree
330:Raf.
322:Raf.
286:Raf.
278:Raf.
257:Raf.
3306:WFO
3213:292
2950:FNA
2901:EoL
2888:CoL
2504:136
2369:doi
2319:PMC
2311:doi
2213:104
2120:doi
2096:115
1546:PMC
1530:doi
1480:doi
1476:180
1233:doi
1170:EPA
1129:dye
1087:WPA
931:or
3330::
3308::
3285::
3262::
3249::
3236::
3223::
3200::
3177::
3164::
3151::
3128::
3115::
3102::
3089::
3066::
3053::
3040::
3027::
3004::
2991::
2978::
2965::
2952::
2929::
2916::
2903::
2890::
2867::
2844::
2799::
2784::
2724:.
2694:.
2668:.
2642:.
2592:.
2529:^
2506:.
2444:.
2391:.
2383:.
2375:.
2365:35
2363:.
2357:.
2327:.
2317:.
2307:61
2305:.
2301:.
2265:.
2211:.
2152:.
2140:^
2126:.
2116:14
2114:.
2094:.
2090:.
2051:.
2026:.
2001:.
1971::
1963:.
1939:^
1912:.
1894:^
1869:.
1851:^
1835:.
1833:25
1749:.
1738:^
1678:^
1659:)"
1641:^
1590:,
1586:.
1580:.
1554:.
1544:.
1536:.
1528:.
1518:12
1516:.
1512:.
1500:^
1486:.
1474:.
1470:.
1458:^
1441:.
1414:.
1350:^
1332:.
1262:.
1227:.
1221:.
1112:.
1085:"
1018:.
1006:,
927:,
923:,
887:.
847:,
538:.
467:.
447:.
377:OH
367:dʒ
364:eɪ
358:oʊ
183::
170::
157::
144::
2736:.
2710:.
2679:.
2653:.
2627:.
2604:.
2574:.
2523:.
2483:.
2457:.
2414:.
2371::
2335:.
2313::
2286:.
2250:.
2223:.
2164:.
2134:.
2122::
2076:.
2062:.
2037:.
2012:.
1955:"
1951:"
1933:.
1888:.
1845:.
1812:.
1778:.
1672:.
1635:.
1601:.
1578:"
1574:"
1562:.
1532::
1524::
1494:.
1482::
1452:.
1426:.
1399:.
1344:.
1317:.
1295:.
1273:.
1248:.
1235::
1219:"
1215:"
370:/
361:s
355:ˈ
352:/
348:(
255:(
110:)
90:)
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
