716:
705:
239:
248:
787:
did not find their capital in Grozny either, which gave rise to a powerful complex of disadvantaged people, especially among the intelligentsia and economic elite of Ingush origin. During the period of industrialization no new city emerged on the territory of
Ingushetia that could take on the role of a national center, and the subsequent tragic history of the Ingush did not give them such a chance. That is why the issue of transferring part of Vladikavkaz to house the capital administration of the newly formed republic became one of the most important demands of the radical wing of the Ingush national movement. The second important factor in the modern history of the Ingush, which had a huge impact on the mentality and behavior of this group, was the 1944 deportation. By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 7, 1944, the Chechen-Ingush Republic was liquidated, and all Chechens and Ingush were deported, mainly to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
1259:
Ossetian forces, often supported by
Russian troops. There are no authoritative figures for the number of Ingush forcibly evicted from the Prigorodnyi region and other parts of North Ossetia, because there were no accurate figures for the total pre-1992 Ingush population of Prigorodnyi and North Ossetia. Ingush often lived there illegally and thus were not counted by a census. Thus the Russian Federal Migration Service counts 46,000 forcibly displaced from North Ossetia, while the Territorial Migration Service of Ingushetiya puts the number at 64,000. According to the 1989 census 32,783 Ingush lived in the North Ossetian ASSR; three years later the passport service of the republic put the number at 34,500. According to the migration service of North Ossetia, about 9,000 Ossetians were forced to flee the Prigorodnyi region and seek temporary shelter elsewhere; the majority have returned.
991:
which lasted six days, had at its root a dispute between ethnic Ingush and
Ossetians over the Prigorodnyi region, a sliver of land of about 978 square kilometers over which both sides lay claim. That dispute has not been resolved, nor has the conflict. Both sides have committed human rights violations. Thousands of homes have been wantonly destroyed, most of them Ingush. More than one thousand hostages were taken on both sides, and as of 1996 approximately 260 individuals-mostly Ingush-remain unaccounted for, according to the Procuracy of the Russian Federation. Nearly five hundred individuals were killed in the first six days of conflict. Hostage-taking, shootings, and attacks on life and property continued at least until 1996. President
1272:
the mountain trails in
Ingushetia, we saw the flow of Ingush refugees from North Ossetia, which has not stopped since November 2. People walked for days and nights in the snow and rain. Many are naked, with only small children wrapped in blankets. The Ingush called this path "the path of death", dozens of women and children have already died on it, falling into the gorge, and dozens of civilians have died of hypothermia. There were cases of childbirth and miscarriages in the mountains. Ingush tribesmen on the other side of the border provided assistance to the refugees on bare enthusiasm.
938:
for the Ingush minority in the cultural and linguistic sphere were possible if even the
Ossetians themselves did not have them. The Committee on Interethnic Relations under the government also lacked any programs to support the Ingush language and culture in the republic. The Russian language has in fact completely replaced Ossetian and other languages in all the most important spheres of use: from state institutions and the media to education and services. Language Russification in the republic was a much more unpleasant challenge for the Ingush than for the Ossetians.
220:
209:
184:
137:
258:
173:
148:
942:
which had existed until 1934 when
Ingushetiya was merged with Chechnya. In 1989 and 1990 60,000 signatures were gathered supporting that demand. In March 1990, an article in Pravda perceived by the Ingush as denying their claim to the Prigorodnyi region provoked almost a week of demonstrations that reportedly drew 10,000 people. Consequently, the USSR Supreme Soviet created the "Belyakov Commission" to investigate Ingush demands. The commission concluded that Ingush claims to the Prigorodnyi region were not unfounded.
1305:
Ingushetia, according to
Magomed Mutsolgov, head of the NGO Mashr. Those who have returned experience problems finding work; Ingush and Ossetian children attend separate schools. Neither has the Russian leadership undertaken any serious effort to promote reconciliation. As a result deep-rooted stereotyped perceptions of "the adversary," often based on a distorted or mythologized perception of past events, continue to poison relations between the two ethnic groups.
229:
48:
715:
704:
1283:
the parties and stopping inter-communal violence, its representatives rashly distributed automatic and other weapons to
Ossetian civilians, and even more riskily decided to reach Chechnya with armored vehicles using the might of the Russian army, which had pounded Ingush villages in North Ossetia and part of Ingushetia.
1294:
economic and cultural relations". The signed agreements, however, have not eliminated all existing problems. The Ingush demand the return of refugees to
Prigorodny district and the implementation of the federal laws "On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples" and "On the Establishment of the Ingush Republic".
1300:
The
Russian authorities are also afraid that the start of revision of internal administrative borders (i.e. the decision to transfer Prigorodny district under the jurisdiction of Ingushetia) may cause a "domino effect" for other constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Chechnya and Ingushetia,
1286:
By the end of July 1994, many Ingush were refugees. Only half of the Ingush who lived in Prigorodny district had official registration in Prigorodny district; back in the Soviet years they had tried not to register them in the disputed territory so that they would move to the ChIASSR rather than stay
1271:
Special correspondents of the Kommersant newspaper who visited North Ossetia wrote about what they saw: The result of the "separation" was the completely extinct and scorched Prigorodny district, from which the entire 30,000-strong Ingush population was deported. Not far from the village of Alkun, on
786:
Two historical circumstances are of particular relevance to the prehistory of the conflict. One of them is connected with the Bolshevik experiment of territorialization of ethnicity, the creation of internal administrative formations on an ethnic basis. Having been deprived of Vladikavkaz, the Ingush
974:
by their Ossetian neighbours, police, security forces and militia. Ingush fighters marched to take control over Prigorodny District and on the night of October 30, 1992, open warfare broke out, which lasted for a week. The first people killed were respectively Ossetian and Ingush militsiya staff (as
1293:
Since the conflict, the parties have repeatedly signed agreements on overcoming its consequences. The last one was signed after Murat Zyazikov was elected president of Ingushetia in 2002. The document again did not resolve the territorial issue, but only suggested that the two sides expand "social,
1282:
The federal authorities failed to provide timely assistance in the form of a constructive pacification program and failed to ensure legal order in the zone of inter-ethnic tension. When the conflict escalated, the Center shared the primitive version of "Ingush aggression", and instead of separating
941:
In 1989, the Nijskho public movement was formed, which advocated the restoration of Ingush autonomy and the transfer of Prigorodny district under its jurisdiction. A September 1989 conference of Ingush intellectuals and nationalists decided to reestablish an Ingush territorial unit within the RSFSR
937:
Ensuring the rights and cultural needs of the Ingush in North Ossetia, not only in the Prigorodny district but also at the level of the republican center, was poor. The North Ossetian leadership, including members of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, was dominated by the view that no preferences
933:
In the early 1980s, the ethno-political situation in the region sharply escalated. There were riots among the Ossetian population of a number of villages in the Prigorodny district (Oktyabrskoye, Kambileevskoye, Chermen). At crowded meetings there were demands for forced eviction of Ingush from the
990:
of North Ossetia. Although Russian troops often intervened to prevent some acts of violence by Ossetian police and republican guards, the stance of the Russian peacekeeping forces was strongly pro-Ossetian, not only objectively as a result of its deployment, but subjectively as well. The fighting,
747:
After the end of the civil war, the Ingush demanded that the Soviet authorities fulfill their promise to return the lands settled by the Cossacks to the Ingush. In connection with the latter, during the formation of the Gorskaya ASSR, a considerable amount of land was returned to the Ingush, while
916:
and its government to send a special commission to the Ossetian-Ingush border zone in order to prevent the impending conflict, but no action was taken. On 24 October the leaders of the Prigorodny District gathered in the village of Yuzhny where they called on all local village councils to declare
1304:
A program unveiled in May 2005 for expediting the return of the Ingush displaced persons to their abandoned homes in Prigorodny Raion by the end of 2006 was only partially implemented. Consequently, as of October 2016, just 23,430 Ingush had succeeded in returning, with a similar number still in
929:
The ideas of "return of lands" and "restoration of historical justice" have been popular among the Ingush since their return from deportation. For the first time, demands to return the Prigorodny district were voiced on January 16-19, 1973, during open speeches by Ingush intellectuals in Grozny.
859:
The deterioration of relations happened back in 1981. The reason for the deterioration of relations was another murder of an Ossetian taxi driver, 28-year-old resident of Kambileevsky Kazbek Gagloev. He was killed in the Ingush village of Plievo. His funeral actually became an anti-Ingush rally,
907:
on 26 April 1991; in particular, the third and the sixth article on "territorial rehabilitation". The law gave the Ingush legal grounds for their demands, which caused serious turbulence in the region. As the tensions grew throughout 1991, Ossetian thugs harassed the Ingush and a slow exodus of
895:
appeared in schools, literature in the Ingush language arrived in the region, broadcasts in the Ingush language began on radio and television, for the first time Ingush deputies appeared in the Ordzhonikidze City Executive Committee and the Prigorodny District Executive Committee. However, much
782:
were located in Vladikavkaz. On 1 July 1933, after the removal of Zyazikov from the political scene and reprisals against other most stubborn opponents and the Ingush Regional Committee being forced to withdraw its previous objections under pressure, the leadership of the North Caucasusian Krai
238:
1258:
The fighting was the first armed conflict on Russian territory after the collapse of the Soviet Union. When it ended after the deployment of Russian troops, most of the estimated 34,500–64,000 Ingush residing in the Prigorodnyi region and North Ossetia as a whole had been forcibly displaced by
751:
On July 7, 1924 the Gorskaya ASSR was abolished and divided into the North Ossetian and Ingush Autonomous Regions and the Sunzhensky District. The city of Vladikavkaz became an independent administrative unit directly subordinated to the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, but was the
743:
With the arrival of Russia in the Caucasus, a number of territories inhabited by the Ingush were transferred to the Terek Cossacks. The lands that had previously belonged to the Ingush were given to the Terek Cossacks and a line of Cossack stanzas was created, dividing plain and mountainous
911:
On 20 October 1992, an Ingush girl was crushed by an Ossetian armored personnel carrier and two days later Ossetian traffic police officers shot and killed two Ingush. After the series of murders of Ingush citizens in the district, Ingush deputies requested on 23–24 October the
247:
847:
Between 1944 and 1957, the Prigorodny district was inhabited by Ossetians. The resettlement of Ossetians to the former Ingush lands was also carried out by the authorities against their will and desire. In 1957, when the Ingush were returning from the deportation and
896:
remained the same: authorities continued to limit the registration of Ingush in the district, Ingush children couldn't receive a normal education, discrimination in employment continued and Ingush were negatively portrayed in historical and fiction literature.
1915:
Raion Chrezvychainogo Polozheniya (Severnaya Osetiya I Ingushetiya), (The Region of Emergency Rule: North Ossetia and Ingushetiya,) Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia, 1994, p. 63. This compilation of reports, statistics, and documents is published by the Temporary
1278:
The republican authorities completely took the position of "national interests of Ossetians" and preferred blood solidarity with citizens of another state to protecting the interests and security of the republic's residents, who were an ethnic minority.
887:", "restoration of Leninist norms" with the order being maintained by the Ingush themselves, they received no response from the authorities and the rally ended in clashes with the police and the condemnation of its most active participants. According to
969:
During the summer and early autumn of 1992, there was a steady increase in the militancy of Ingush nationalists. At the same time, there was a steady increase in incidents of organized harassment, kidnapping and rape against Ingush inhabitants of
945:
Moscow approached the problem insufficiently decisively: the federal center practically withdrew itself, did not stop the arming of both sides and could not contain the growing tension. And by legislative acts it only fueled the conflict.
773:
1263:
There was no official position or political and legal assessment by the Russian authorities on this issue. The Security Council of the Russian Federation prepared only a draft political assessment of the events of October-November 1992.
863:
During the Soviet period, programs in support of Ingush language and culture in North Ossetian ASSR were totally lacking. The policies of the ASSR limited Ingush residency in the district and hindered their access to plots of land. The
816:
882:
where they demanded that the Soviet authorities solve the problem of the Prigorodny District, provide the Ingush with social equality with the Ossetians. Despite the rally being peaceful, held under the slogans of
1267:
As a result of the conflict, the Ingush population of Vladikavkaz and Prigorodny district (with the exception of some residents of Karts, Mayskoye and Ezmi) fled almost entirely from North Ossetia to Ingushetia.
739:
The oldest Ingush settlements founded in the Prigorodny district (Tarskaya valley) in the 17th century are Angusht (now the village of Tarskoye), from whose name the ethnonym "Ingush" is derived, and Akhki-Yurt.
825:
2316:
Tishkov, Valery (2013). "Социально-политическая ситуация в 1940–1990-е годы" [Socio-political situation in the 1940s–1990s]. In Albogachieva, Makka; Martazanov, Arsamak; Solovyeva, Lyubov (eds.).
921:. In addition, an attempt was made to create Ingush self-defense units. At the end of October, things came to an armed confrontation, with the Ossetian side relying on the support of the Russian army.
852:, they were denied the return to Prigorodny District which remained part of the North Ossetian ASSR. Those who tried to return to their villages faced considerable hostility. Nevertheless, during the
331:
986:
On October 31, 1992, armed clashes broke out between Ingush militias and North Ossetian security forces and paramilitaries supported by Russian Interior Ministry (MVD) and Army troops in the
2776:
2457:
778:. The transfer would have brought the Ingush irreparable losses as the main industrial enterprises, a hospital, technical schools, educational institutions and many cultural institutions of
955:
52:
2693:
341:
744:
Ingushetia. The Ingush, however, did not accept this state of affairs. Confrontation with the Cossacks continued constantly, even though the tsarist authorities supported the Cossacks.
1649:[All-Union Population Census of 1939. National composition of the population of districts, cities and large villages of the RSFSR: Chechen-Ingush ASSR >> Prigorodny].
1242:
Thirteen of the 15 villages in Prigorodny district, where Ingush lived compactly, were destroyed. Up to 90% of the cultural and historical values of the Ingush people were lost.
796:
1297:
The Russian authorities are not interested in changing the local status quo, fearing further politicization of ethnicity. Ossetian-Ingush contradictions arise again and again.
836:
of Chechen-Ingush ASSR. At the same time, the destruction of Chechen and Ingush cemeteries began, the tombstones from which were used for building material, and 25-35 thousand
877:
2341:
2677:
324:
535:
2590:
2450:
623:
463:
392:
677:
385:
90:
2761:
1418:
868:
and local courts where Ossetians dominated treated the Ingush with prejudice, especially during the state of emergency imposed in Prigorodny in April 1992.
1647:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения районов, городов и крупных сел РСФСР: Чечено-Ингушская АССР >> Пригородный"
643:
317:
1993:
1290:
It is estimated that between 1994 and 2008, around 25,000 of the Ingush people returned to Prigorodny District while some 7,500 remained in Ingushetia.
2443:
453:
811:(28132 out of 33753). In 1944, with the deportation of the Chechens and Ingush and the abolishment of their ASSR, the district was transferred to
2017:
553:
548:
1287:
in Ossetia. Those who had lived for many years without registration now faced difficulties: they could not obtain land or rebuild their homes.
849:
804:
262:
975:
they had basic weapons). While Ingush militias were fighting the Ossetians in the district and on the outskirts of the North Ossetian capital
540:
2225:
2056:
1864:
865:
2607:
681:
380:
530:
1486:
Russia: The Ingush–Ossetian Conflict in the Prigorodnyi Region (Paperback) by Human Rights Watch Helsinki Human Rights Watch (April 1996)
2179:
Rezvan, Babak (2010-01-01). Asatrian, Garnik; et al. (eds.). "The Ossetian-Ingush Confrontation: Explaining a Horizontal Conflict".
2751:
2662:
1516:
2545:
987:
618:
608:
590:
2530:
1976:
856:
some Ingush managed to unofficially purchase and occupy their own houses back but they were never recognized as official residents.
2413:
2355:
2253:
1491:
1881:
A. Dzadziev. The Ingush–Ossetian conflict: The Roots and the Present Day // Journal of Social and Political Studies. 2003, _ 6 (24)
1452:
2431:
Getting back home? Towards sustainable return of Ingush forced migrants and lasting peace in Prigorodny district of North Ossetia
458:
273:
2535:
1895:
1275:
The dead Ingush were buried in a cemetery in Nazran. In 2012, a "memorial to the victims of the fall of 1992" was opened there.
414:
404:
2698:
1314:
2781:
2756:
2496:
2306:
370:
872:
2318:
2041:
1937:
748:
the Terek Cossacks were evicted. Until 1924 the territory of North Ossetia and Ingushetia was part of the Gorskaya ASSR.
438:
409:
2766:
2667:
2635:
900:
2771:
2600:
2501:
2470:
853:
767:
because of strong objections from the Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks led by
638:
375:
903:, when the Ingush openly declared their rights to the Prigorodny District according to the Soviet law adopted by the
2746:
2652:
2565:
2491:
2148:
2139:
1407:
904:
365:
2486:
523:
518:
360:
94:
56:
913:
779:
720:
565:
268:
2348:
Ossetian-Ingush conflict (1992–...): its background and development factors. Historical and sociological essay
2741:
2280:
1342:
498:
2612:
2555:
648:
470:
419:
2645:
2343:Осетино-ингушский конфликт (1992—...): его предыстория и факторы развития. Историко-социологический очерк
2672:
2580:
2513:
884:
633:
603:
493:
39:
2010:
1683:
979:, Ingush from elsewhere in North Ossetia were forcibly evicted and expelled from their homes. Russian
768:
2585:
2235:
2161:
2088:
1715:
812:
800:
764:
756:
709:
615:
2239:
1849:
1408:"The Localized Geopolitics of Displacement and Return in Eastern Prigorodnyy Rayon, North Ossetia"
820:
2703:
2570:
2560:
2525:
2388:
2220:. International Comparative Social Studies. Vol. 31. Leiden; Boston: Brill. pp. 1–361.
2196:
1251:
673:
560:
480:
448:
424:
399:
152:
1646:
995:
issued a decree that the Prigorodny district was to remain part of North Ossetia on November 2.
783:
transferred the city of Vladikavkaz (called from 1931 Ordzhonikidze) into North Ossetian ASSR.
2550:
2508:
2409:
2369:[The Ossetian-Ingush armed conflict of 1992 as covered by the Russian central press].
2351:
2332:
2302:
2259:
2249:
2221:
2204:
2157:
1960:"География межэтнических конфликтов на постсоветском пространстве. Осетино-ингушский конфликт"
1487:
1353:
983:
forces actively participated in the fighting and sometimes led Ossetian fighters into battle.
475:
443:
188:
2518:
2378:
2188:
2126:
2118:
1512:
1333:
1301:
Kalmykia and Astrakhan Oblast, and various districts within Dagestan have disputed borders.
583:
578:
513:
109:
2708:
2622:
2298:
1370:
963:
892:
685:
503:
1446:
891:, after the protest, conditions of Ingush in the Prigorodny District improved somewhat.
47:
17:
2478:
2288:
1537:
888:
251:
2083:
2735:
2713:
2595:
2192:
2171:
1891:
992:
971:
918:
808:
724:
689:
628:
233:
177:
157:
141:
113:
2435:
2718:
2430:
841:
242:
2383:
2366:
2294:
Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and After the Soviet Union: The Mind Aflame
2122:
2292:
2246:
To be Alans: Intellectuals and Politics in the North Caucasus in the 20th Century
2640:
2630:
2079:
976:
959:
760:
2657:
2575:
2130:
1929:
917:
secession from North Ossetia and entry into Ingushetia in accordance with the
598:
98:
2392:
2263:
2208:
2200:
1850:"Russian Federation: The Ingush-Ossetian Conflict in the Prigorodnyi Regions"
1554:
2114:
1832:
1595:
837:
693:
117:
1994:"Осетино-ингушский конфликт:причины и последствия трагедии осени 1992 года"
2248:] (in Russian). Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. pp. 1–348.
2467:
1959:
309:
1814:
871:
The constant discrimination of the Ingush forced them to organize the
2328:
2276:
2110:
2093:
2057:"Prigorodny Dispute Poisons Ossetian-Ingush Relations 25 Years Later"
1865:"Prigorodny Dispute Poisons Ossetian-Ingush Relations 25 Years Later"
2402:Осетино-Ингушский конфликт: Перспективы выхода из тупиковой ситуации
2241:Быть Аланами: Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке
934:
North Ossetian ASSR; leaflets with threats against Ingush appeared.
2101:
Gammer, Moshe (2014-09-22). "Separatism in the Northern Caucasus".
832:
714:
2086:[Ossetian-Ingush conflict: each side has its own truth].
980:
2439:
313:
2084:"Осетино-ингушский конфликт: у каждой из сторон – своя правда"
2011:"Russian Federation: Imminent forcible eviction in Ingushetia"
2406:
Ossetian-Ingush conflict: Prospects for breaking the deadlock
1233:
Unified Investigative Group, Russian Ministry of the Interior
1178:
Unified Investigative Group, Russian Ministry of the Interior
684:, which started in 1989 and developed, in 1992, into a brief
27:
Ethnic conflict between Ingush and Ossetians in North Ossetia
1610:
1608:
1451:(in Russian). Inca Group "War and Peace". November 8, 2008.
2042:"Ossetian-Ingush Tensions Escalate Into Series of Clashes"
1538:"Краткий очерк о населении, территории конфликта, истории"
708:
Prigorodny District during the period when it was part of
830:, replaced the toponymy in the former Chechen and Ingush
1698:
1696:
925:
Movement of Ingush for the return of Prigorodny district
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1364:
1062:
Killed between November 5, 1992 and December 31, 1992
727:
making up no less than 98,9% of the population of the
2408:] (in Russian). Moscow: ROSSPEN. pp. 1–127.
2350:] (in Russian). Moscow: ROSSPEN. pp. 1–200.
1684:"Пригородный район: старые проблемы и новое звучание"
1347:
1099:
Unified Investigative Group, Ministry of the Interior
1381:
2686:
2621:
2477:
2777:Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union
2367:"Осетино-ингушский вооружённый конфликт 1992 год"
1225:Russian Ministry of the Interior, Internal Troops
1170:Russian Ministry of the Interior, Internal Troops
1052:Russian Ministry of the Interior, Internal Troops
954:Ethnic violence rose steadily in the area of the
899:The tensions increased in early 1991, during the
70:October 30 – November 6, 1992
2608:Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)
2142:[About the problem of Ingush autonomy]
1502:Prague Watchdog Report, published July 28, 2006
1256:
860:which caused rallies in Ordzhonikidze in 1981.
32:
2451:
1815:"Russia: Ingush Commemorate Landmark Protest"
1776:
325:
8:
2663:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)
1800:
1764:
1752:
1670:
1582:
1570:
1448:Осетино‑ингушский конфликт: хроника событий
962:, despite the introduction of 1,500 Soviet
844:were resettled to the Prigorodny District.
2458:
2444:
2436:
2273:Allah's Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya
672:, was an inter-ethnic conflict within the
332:
318:
310:
29:
2382:
719:Report of the Executive Committee of the
2636:Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
1977:"Война закончилась. Начинается газават?"
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1441:
1439:
1186:
1107:
1060:
1005:
703:
2678:Macedonian inter-ethnic violence (2012)
2152:(in Russian) (5). Moscow: Nauka: 29–33.
1740:
1728:
1399:
1326:
1146:North Ossetian Ministry of the Interior
1036:North Ossetian Ministry of the Interior
807:, the population was mostly made up of
755:On October 1928, the leadership of the
752:administrative center of both oblasts.
1924:
1922:
1702:
1633:
1614:
1555:"Осетино-ингушский конфликт 1992 года"
1424:from the original on 23 September 2015
805:deportation of the Chechens and Ingush
2487:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
2218:Conflict and Peace in Central Eurasia
2187:(2). Leiden; Boston: Brill: 419–430.
1788:
1188:Killed in 1994 (as of June 30, 1994)
1003:Total dead as of June 30, 1994: 644.
873:Rally in Grozny on 16–19 January 1973
7:
2631:Slovenian War of Independence (1991)
2546:Russian constitutional crisis (1993)
2514:Transnistria conflict (1990–present)
723:for the years 1924-1925 showing the
2591:Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)
2586:Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)
1940:from the original on 25 March 2017
25:
2174:: Khronika Press. pp. 1–170.
1455:from the original on May 20, 2011
817:North Ossetian Regional Committee
2193:10.1163/157338410X12743419190502
2140:"К проблеме ингушской автономии"
1007:Killed through November 4, 1992
908:refugees began into Ingushetia.
682:Republic of North Ossetia–Alania
274:76th Guards Air Assault Division
256:
246:
237:
227:
218:
207:
182:
171:
146:
135:
116:from the Prigorodny District by
46:
2762:History of North Ossetia–Alania
2699:List of ongoing armed conflicts
2541:East Prigorodny conflict (1992)
2061:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2055:Fuller, Liz (6 February 2018).
2023:from the original on 2017-04-22
1898:from the original on 2017-02-07
1869:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1863:Fuller, Liz (6 February 2018).
1819:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1519:from the original on 2017-04-22
1154:Ingush Ministry of the Interior
759:failed to transfer the city of
224:North Ossetian Republican Guard
2668:Insurgency in Macedonia (2001)
2561:Second Chechen War (1999–2009)
2526:Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)
2400:Zdravosmyslov, Andrey (1998).
1513:"The Secret History of Beslan"
545:Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes
1:
2694:List of Post-Soviet conflicts
2646:Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994)
2613:Wagner Group rebellion (2023)
2551:First Chechen War (1994–1996)
2509:Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995)
2384:10.23859/2587-8344-2022-6-2-3
2238:(2006). Kalinin, Ilya (ed.).
2216:Rezvani, Babak (2015-01-27).
1349:Osetinsko-ingushskiy konflikt
676:, in the eastern part of the
302:30,000–60,000 Ingush refugees
2581:Revolution of Dignity (2014)
2566:Tuzla Island conflict (2003)
2519:Transnistria War (1990–1992)
1833:"Осетино-ингушский конфликт"
1813:Fuller, Liz (8 April 2008).
1596:"Осетино-ингушский конфликт"
1382:
1338:Осетинско-ингушский конфликт
901:collapse of the Soviet Union
735:Ethnic processes of the past
2601:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2536:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
2531:South Ossetia War (1991–92)
1365:
1348:
1217:Russian Ministry of Defense
1162:Russian Ministry of Defense
1044:Russian Ministry of Defense
815:. Soon, on 8 May 1944, the
2798:
2752:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
2365:Tumakov, Denis V. (2022).
1716:"Забытое восстание осетин"
1374:
1315:Georgian–Ossetian conflict
905:Supreme Soviet of the USSR
668:, also referred to as the
2653:Albanian Civil War (1997)
2571:Russo-Georgian War (2008)
2340:Tsutsiev, Arthur (1998).
2271:Smith, Sebastian (2009).
2131:10.1080/23761202-00102003
1358:Ирон-Мӕхъхъӕлон конфликты
1357:
1337:
459:North Caucasus insurgency
351:
301:
284:
199:
164:
128:
62:
45:
37:
2709:List of frozen conflicts
1447:
1375:ХӀирий-ГӀалгӀай конфликт
914:Supreme Soviet of Russia
780:Ingush Autonomous Oblast
721:Ingush Autonomous Oblast
670:Ossetian–Ingush conflict
666:East Prigorodny conflict
269:9th Motor Rifle Division
33:East Prigorodny conflict
18:Ossetian-Ingush conflict
2673:Unrest in Kosovo (2004)
2641:Bosnian War (1992–1995)
2281:Tauris Parke Paperbacks
1383:Hiriy-Ghalghay konflikt
1366:Iron-Mæqqælon konflikty
850:their ASSR was restored
304:9,000 Ossetian refugees
2658:Kosovo War (1998–1999)
2576:Maidan Uprising (2013)
2556:War in Abkhazia (1998)
1261:
731:
712:
649:Wagner Group rebellion
234:South Ossetian militia
213:North Ossetian militia
165:Commanders and leaders
2782:Wars involving Russia
2757:History of Ingushetia
2181:Iran and the Caucasus
2149:Sovetskaya etnografia
2138:Karpov, Yury (1990).
1138:Unknown nationalities
1091:Unknown Nationalities
958:, to the east of the
885:friendship of peoples
718:
707:
696:paramilitary forces.
604:Revolution of Dignity
541:Dungan–Kazakh clashes
343:Post-Soviet conflicts
285:Casualties and losses
40:Post-Soviet conflicts
2327:] (in Russian).
2236:Schnirelmann, Victor
2170:] (in Russian).
2168:The Punished peoples
624:annexation of Crimea
95:North Ossetia–Alania
57:North Ossetia–Alania
2767:Massacres in Russia
2471:conflicts in Europe
2371:Historia provinciae
2089:Nezavisimaya gazeta
1979:. 11 November 1992.
1617:, pp. 423–424.
1209:Other nationalities
1189:
1130:Other nationalities
1110:
1083:Other Nationalities
1063:
1028:Other Nationalities
1008:
988:Prigorodny District
956:Prigorodny district
813:North Ossetian ASSR
801:Chechen-Ingush ASSR
797:Prigorodny District
765:North Ossetian ASSR
757:North Caucasus Krai
710:Chechen-Ingush ASSR
678:Prigorodny District
510:Kyrgyz revolutions
280:Local Ingush groups
215:and security forces
91:Prigorodny District
53:Prigorodny District
2772:Politics of Russia
2704:List of proxy wars
2301:. pp. 1–334.
2158:Nekrich, Аlexander
1777:Zdravosmyslov 1998
1718:. 26 October 2017.
1686:. 5 February 2009.
1653:(in Russian). 1939
1252:Human Rights Watch
1187:
1108:
1061:
1006:
732:
713:
674:Russian Federation
609:pro-Russian unrest
153:Russian Federation
97:, borderland with
2747:Conflicts in 1992
2727:
2726:
2335:. pp. 87–99.
2283:. pp. 1–288.
2227:978-90-04-27636-9
2163:Наказанные народы
1801:Schnirelmann 2006
1765:Schnirelmann 2006
1753:Schnirelmann 2006
1671:Schnirelmann 2006
1583:Schnirelmann 2006
1571:Schnirelmann 2006
1380:
1363:
1346:
1240:
1239:
1185:
1184:
1106:
1105:
1059:
1058:
661:
660:
308:
307:
189:Akhsarbek Galazov
124:
123:
16:(Redirected from
2789:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2419:
2396:
2386:
2361:
2336:
2312:
2284:
2275:(3rd ed.).
2267:
2231:
2212:
2175:
2153:
2145:
2134:
2125:: 1–10 (37–47).
2097:
2065:
2064:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1823:
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1494:
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1465:
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1462:
1460:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1412:
1404:
1387:
1385:
1379:romanized:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1362:romanized:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1190:
1111:
1064:
1009:
881:
829:
799:was part of the
777:
536:Gorno-Badakhshan
531:South Kyrgyzstan
504:Batken spillover
361:Nagorno-Karabakh
346:
344:
334:
327:
320:
311:
261:
260:
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232:
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210:
187:
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185:
176:
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151:
150:
149:
140:
139:
138:
110:Ethnic cleansing
81:
79:
75:
64:
63:
50:
30:
21:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2682:
2623:Southern Europe
2617:
2473:
2464:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2399:
2364:
2358:
2339:
2315:
2309:
2289:Tishkov, Valery
2287:
2270:
2256:
2234:
2228:
2215:
2178:
2156:
2143:
2137:
2103:Caucasus Survey
2100:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1916:Administration.
1914:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1848:
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1826:
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1727:
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1714:
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1709:
1701:
1694:
1688:
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1669:
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1651:Demoskop Weekly
1645:
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1425:
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1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1311:
1248:
1109:Killed in 1993
1001:
964:Internal Troops
952:
927:
893:Ingush language
875:
866:internal police
823:
803:. Prior to the
793:
771:
737:
702:
662:
657:
616:Russo-Ukrainian
570:
485:
454:guerrilla phase
439:Chechen–Russian
347:
342:
340:
338:
303:
296:
291:
257:
255:
254:
245:
236:
228:
226:
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183:
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147:
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101:
77:
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51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
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2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2742:1992 in Russia
2734:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2687:Related topics
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2523:
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2511:
2506:
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2504:
2499:
2494:
2483:
2481:
2479:Eastern Europe
2475:
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2465:
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2462:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2425:External links
2423:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2397:
2377:(2): 439–484.
2373:(in Russian).
2362:
2356:
2337:
2313:
2307:
2285:
2268:
2254:
2232:
2226:
2213:
2176:
2154:
2135:
2098:
2092:(in Russian).
2082:(2007-02-11).
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2047:
2033:
2002:
1985:
1968:
1951:
1918:
1908:
1883:
1874:
1855:
1841:
1824:
1805:
1803:, p. 154.
1793:
1791:, p. 108.
1781:
1769:
1767:, p. 147.
1757:
1755:, p. 144.
1745:
1743:, p. 131.
1733:
1731:, p. 163.
1721:
1707:
1705:, p. 424.
1692:
1675:
1663:
1638:
1619:
1604:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1546:
1529:
1504:
1495:
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1435:
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1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1000:
997:
951:
950:Armed conflict
948:
926:
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889:Idris Bazorkin
792:
789:
769:Idris Zyazikov
736:
733:
701:
698:
688:between local
659:
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646:
636:
631:
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611:
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593:
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587:
586:
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573:Eastern Europe
569:
568:
566:Karakalpakstan
563:
558:
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551:
543:
538:
533:
528:
527:
526:
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508:
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481:Russo-Georgian
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393:2023 offensive
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252:Terek Cossacks
202:
201:
200:Units involved
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166:
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161:
155:
131:
130:
126:
125:
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121:
107:
103:
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89:
87:
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82:
68:
60:
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43:
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35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2794:
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2780:
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2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
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2737:
2730:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:War on terror
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
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2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
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2611:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:War in Donbas
2594:
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2529:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:2016 conflict
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2415:5-86004-177-2
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
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2390:
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2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2357:5-86004-178-0
2353:
2349:
2345:
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2334:
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2322:
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2314:
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2257:
2255:5-86793-406-3
2251:
2247:
2243:
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2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
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2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
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2091:
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2081:
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2076:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1779:, p. 30.
1778:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1673:, p. 50.
1672:
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1597:
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993:Boris Yeltsin
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972:North Ossetia
967:
966:to the area.
965:
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919:law of Russia
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142:North Ossetia
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114:ethnic Ingush
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19:
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2719:War on drugs
2540:
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2319:
2293:
2279:; New York:
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2180:
2167:
2162:
2147:
2106:
2102:
2087:
2080:Deutch, Mark
2060:
2050:
2036:
2025:. Retrieved
2005:
1999:(in Russian)
1988:
1982:(in Russian)
1971:
1965:(in Russian)
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1933:
1911:
1900:. Retrieved
1886:
1877:
1868:
1858:
1844:
1838:(in Russian)
1827:
1818:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1741:Nekrich 1978
1736:
1729:Tishkov 1997
1724:
1710:
1689:(in Russian)
1678:
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1650:
1641:
1636:, p. 4.
1601:(in Russian)
1590:
1578:
1566:
1560:(in Russian)
1549:
1543:(in Russian)
1532:
1521:. Retrieved
1507:
1498:
1457:. Retrieved
1426:. Retrieved
1415:colorado.edu
1414:
1402:
1329:
1303:
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846:
842:Georgian SSR
831:
821:Kubadi Kulov
819:, headed by
794:
785:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
728:
669:
665:
663:
634:Kerch Strait
579:Transnistria
488:Central Asia
433:
386:2022 clashes
263:Russian Army
243:Don Cossacks
205:
193:
129:Belligerents
38:Part of the
1703:Rezvan 2010
1634:Gammer 2014
1615:Rezvan 2010
977:Vladikavkaz
960:Terek River
876: [
824: [
772: [
761:Vladikavkaz
591:1993 Moscow
297:457 wounded
292:379 wounded
2736:Categories
2502:Second War
2325:The Ingush
2308:0761951857
2297:. London:
2027:2017-08-26
1902:2019-09-05
1789:Smith 2009
1657:2023-11-10
1523:2017-04-21
1394:References
999:Casualties
700:Background
686:ethnic war
599:Euromaidan
561:Kazakhstan
499:Uzbekistan
494:Tajikistan
476:Ingushetia
99:Ingushetia
78:1992-11-06
74:1992-10-30
2492:First War
2393:2587-8344
2264:1813-6583
2209:1609-8498
2201:1573-384X
2123:Schöningh
2115:Paderborn
1343:romanized
1246:Aftermath
838:Ossetians
619:(outline)
2468:Cold War
2291:(1997).
2172:New York
2160:(1978).
2018:Archived
1938:Archived
1930:"Russia"
1896:Archived
1892:"Russia"
1517:Archived
1453:Archived
1419:Archived
1354:Ossetian
1309:See also
1193:Ossetian
1114:Ossetian
1067:Ossetian
1012:Ossetian
694:Ossetian
595:Ukraine
471:Dagestan
410:Abkhazia
355:Caucasus
295:409 dead
290:192 dead
120:militias
118:Ossetian
86:Location
76: –
2072:Sources
1944:28 June
1934:hrw.org
1459:June 4,
1428:19 July
1345::
1334:Russian
680:in the
644:prelude
400:Georgia
160:militia
72: (
2412:
2391:
2354:
2329:Moscow
2320:Ингуши
2305:
2277:London
2262:
2252:
2224:
2207:
2199:
2111:Leiden
2094:Moscow
1490:
1371:Ingush
1201:Ingush
1122:Ingush
1075:Ingush
1020:Ingush
833:raions
809:Ingush
729:oblast
725:Ingush
690:Ingush
629:Donbas
425:Kodori
158:Ingush
106:Result
2466:Post–
2404:[
2389:eISSN
2346:[
2333:Nauka
2323:[
2244:[
2197:eISSN
2166:[
2144:(PDF)
2119:Brill
2109:(2).
2021:(PDF)
2014:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1321:Notes
880:]
840:from
828:]
776:]
763:into
514:Tulip
2410:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2299:SAGE
2260:ISSN
2250:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2205:ISSN
1946:2015
1488:ISBN
1461:2010
1430:2015
1023:302
1015:151
981:OMON
795:The
791:1944
692:and
664:The
584:1992
554:2022
549:2021
524:2020
519:2010
371:2016
67:Date
2379:doi
2189:doi
2127:doi
1141:30
1133:21
1125:33
1117:40
1094:12
1031:25
449:2nd
444:1st
420:2nd
415:1st
376:2nd
366:1st
194:N/A
112:of
55:in
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2121:;
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2113:;
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2059:.
2016:.
1936:.
1932:.
1921:^
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1867:.
1817:.
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1622:^
1607:^
1515:.
1469:^
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1417:.
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1962:.
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