8190:
972:, is one of the main Iranian languages with a sizable community of speakers in the Caucasus. As it is descended from Alanic, spoken by the Alan medieval tribes emerging from the earlier Sarmatians, it is believed to be the only surviving descendant of a Sarmatian language. The closest genetically related language may be the Yaghnobi language of Tajikistan, the only other living Northeastern Iranian language. Ossetian has a plural formed by the suffix -
2824:(as they still do in the Digor dialect), and the addition of the syllable caused the stress to shift. The above patterns apply not just within the content word, rather to prosodic words, units that result from content words being joined into a single prosodic group with only one stress. Not only compound verbs, but also every noun phrase constitutes such a group containing only one stressed syllable, regardless of its length, for instance
6312:
10032:
11148:
548:
498:
7796:
5022:. In spite of some nuances and tendencies reflecting from their historical functions, there is a lot of overlap between the uses of the 'present-future' and the 'future' subjunctive (desire, possibility etc.), but a clear contrast between the two is found in conditional clauses, where the former expresses unreal conditions and the latter – real ones.
32:
1243:) would usually be given the value "t", it instead is "d", which is thought to be the way the early Ossetes would have pronounced it. The scholarly transliteration of the Alanic phrases is: "dӕ ban xʷӕrz, mӕ sfili, (ӕ)xsinjӕ kurθi kӕndӕ" and "du farnitz, kintzӕ mӕ sfili, kajci fӕ wa sawgin?"; equivalents in modern Ossetian would be
1293:, and were stressed on the first-occurring syllable of this type; "light-stem" nouns were stressed on their final syllable. This is precisely the situation observed in the earliest (though admittedly scanty) records of Ossetian presented above. This situation also obtains in Modern Ossetian, although the emphasis in
6373:
In 1820, I. Yalguzidze published a
Georgian-script alphabetic primer, adding three letters to the Georgian alphabet. The Georgian orthography receded in the 19th century, but was made official with Georgian autonomy in 1937. The "one nation – two alphabets" issue caused discontent in South Ossetia in
2990:
which many Indo-European languages have preserved until today. According to the
Encyclopӕdia Britannica 2006 Ossetian preserves many archaic features of Old Iranian, such as eight cases and verbal prefixes. It is debated how many of these cases are actually inherited from Indo-Iranian case morphemes
2976:
In the course of centuries-long propinquity to and intercourse with
Caucasian languages, Ossetian became similar to them in some features, particularly in phonetics and lexicon. However, it retained its grammatical structure and basic lexical stock; its relationship with the Iranian family, despite
3907:
The personal pronouns mostly take the same endings as the nouns. The 1st and 2nd person singular exhibit suppletion between the stem used in the nominative case and the stem used in the other (oblique) cases; the oblique stem without other endings is the genitive case form. The 1st and 2nd persons
7859:
The first modern translation of the Qur’an into
Ossetic took place in 2007, initiated by an Ossetian Robert Bolloev, who at that time resided in St. Petersburg. The first Ossetian language Bible was published in 2010. It is currently the only full version of the Bible in the Ossetian language. In
3908:
plural have only one stem each, functioning as both nominative and genitive. The third person pronoun coincides with the demonstrative 'that'. In addition, there are enclitic non-nominative forms of the pronouns of all three persons, which are somewhat deviant. Their genitive ends in -ӕ
2999:: the number of "inherited" cases according to different scholars ranges from as few as three (nominative, genitive and inessive) to as many as six (nominative, dative, ablative, directive, inessive). Some (the comitative, equative, and adessive) are secondary beyond any doubt.
6345:
An Iron literary language was established in the 18th century, written using the
Cyrillic script in Russia and the Georgian script in Georgia. The first Ossetian book was published in Cyrillic in 1798, and in 1844 the alphabet was revised by a Russian scientist of
486:
9255:
The Old
Ossetic Inscription from the River Zelencuk. [Illustr.] – Wien: Verl. D. Österr. Akad. D. Wiss. 1987. 68 S., 1 Bl. Kt. Gr. 8° (Veröffentlichungen D. Iranischen Kommission. 21.) (Österr. Akad. D. Wiss., Phil. -hist. Kl. Sitzungsberichte.
1017:
8930:
3467:
Since inessive and genitive show the same forms in both numbers, it is sometimes debated whether
Ossetian might possess eight case forms for each number instead of nine. If the addition of the case suffix would result in
7830:
While
Ossetian is the official language in both South and North Ossetia (along with Russian), its official use is limited to publishing new laws in Ossetian newspapers. There are two daily newspapers in Ossetian:
1016:
5286:
can express habituality in the present and either repetition or rapidity and brevity in the past. A morphophonological peculiarity of the prefixes is that when they are added to roots beginning in the vowel а
3179:: the case suffixes and the number suffix are separate, the case suffixes are the same for both numbers and the number suffix is the same for all cases (illustrated here for the Iron dialect with the noun сӕр
9173:
Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Rychkov, Sergey; Naumova, Oksana; Zhukova, Olga; Stoneking, Mark (2004). "Genetic
Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians".
2814:/sɐˈnɐfsir/ 'grapes'. In addition, proper names are usually stressed on the second syllable regardless of their vowels, and recent Russian loanwords retain the stress they have in the source language.
2817:
In the Iron dialect, definiteness is expressed in words with stress on second syllable by shifting the stress to the initial syllable. This reflects the fact that historically they received a
1034:
2845:
In derivation or compounding, stems containing vowels /a o / <а o> change to the central vowel /ɐ/ <ӕ>, whereas those containing /i u/ < и/I у/u> may be replaced with /ɘ/:
5578:
one used colloquially. The vigesimal system was predominant in traditional usage. The decimal one is said to have been used in pre-modern times by shepherds who had borrowed it from the
1182:(The original, following Zgusta, translates only initials; presumably this is because although the uninflected forms may be inferred, no written records of them have been found to date.)
10020:
4717:
The construction appears to be, in origin, a periphrastic combination of the past passive participle and the copula; that is why the endings are similar to the ones added to -дзы(н)-
5494:
may mean '(which is) burning', etc. To receive an unambiguously adverbial, i.e. gerundial interpretation, it needs to be declined in the ablative case, as does an adjective: бадгӕйӕ
3055:'heads'. Nevertheless, the complexity of the system is increased to some extent by the fact that this suffixation may be accompanied by a number of morphophonemic alternations. A
2832:/mɐˈgwɘr zɐrond lɐg/ 'a poor old man'. Since an initial particle and a conjunction are also included in the prosodic group, the single stress of the group may fall on them, too:
1869:
postulates 26 plain consonants for
Ossetian, to which five labialized consonants and two semivowels may be added. Unusually for an Indo-European language, there is a series of
5322:
Iterativity or habituality may be expressed with the separate particle иу iw. To make a prefixed form receive imperfective meaning, the article цӕй cӕj is inserted: рацӕйцыди
78:
10668:
11871:
5464:'who will write / will be written'. Together with the copula used as an auxiliary, it forms a periphrastic immediate future tense. The dedicated active participles in -ӕг
7924:
One of them was born at the first crowing of the rooster, and the other was born at the second crowing of the rooster, before the rising of Bonvarnon (the Morning Star).
5454:'written'); it is often nominalised to a verbal noun. All the other participles, as well as the gerund, are formed from the present stem. The future participle in -инаг -
3127:'sides'; this happens regularly in polysyllabic words, but with many exceptions in monosyllabic ones. Finally, the suffix consonant is geminated after sonorants: хӕдзар
10630:
9303:
9218:
11472:
10165:
5582:, but it came into more general use only after its introduction in Ossetian schools in 1925 to facilitate the teaching of arithmetic. For example, 40 is цыппор
9998:
3010:
in the Iron dialect is, according to Abaev, only expressed by shift of word accent from the second to the first syllable (which is not possible in all nouns):
10013:
4798:
rather than the indicative (which is why the endings still almost entirely coincide with those of the future subjunctive, apart from the initial consonant т
5164:, and the aspects are most commonly expressed by prefixes of prepositional origin, which simultaneously express direction or other abstract meanings: цӕуын
9403:
508:
7860:
May, 2021, the Russian Bible Society announced the completion of a Bible translation into Ossetian; fundraising continues in order to have it printed.
10635:
7843:(Хурзӕрин, "The Sun") in the South. Some smaller newspapers, such as district newspapers, use Ossetian for some articles. There is a monthly magazine
8211:
3027:
Erschler reported in 2021 that he has been unable to replicate Abaev's observations of a distinction between definite and indefinite nouns in Iron.
11907:
10661:
10006:
9371:
6381:. Di- and tri-graphs in parentheses are not officially letters of the alphabet, but are listed here to represent phonemically distinctive sounds:
976:, a feature it shares with Yaghnobi, Sarmatian and the now-extinct Sogdian; this is taken as evidence of a formerly wide-ranging Iranian-language
382:
11835:
6347:
2611:
9264:
9239:
9214:. Alan S. Kaye and Peter T. Daniels (eds.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa: Winona Lake: Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 707–732.
9056:
8683:
8489:
4649:
The past tense uses the past stem. The endings, however, are different for intransitive and transitive verbs. The intransitive endings are:
4577:(originally a separate root meaning 'wish' according to Fredrik Thordarson) and endings which appear to derive from encliticised copula уын
901:
From the 7th–8th centuries BCE, the languages of the Iranian group were distributed across a vast territory spanning present-day
8954:
2655:
11530:
2619:
11897:
10654:
9298:
8280:
7988:
Celestial Kurdalagon bestowed special names on Warkhag's beloved boys: on the elder one – Akhsar, and on the younger one – Akhsartag.
2725:
2320:
11465:
10158:
9089:
9070:. Geoffrey Haig and Geoffrey Khan (eds.), The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton. pp. 851–881.
9033:
8900:
6363:
5468:
and receive 'present' or 'past', or more accurately, imperfective or perfective meaning depending on the aspect of the stem: фыссӕг
2793:
2777:
1444:
666:
628:
590:
9134:
Ivanov, Sergey A.; Lubotsky, Alexandr (2010). "An Alanic Marginal Note and the Exact Date of John II's Battle with the Pechenegs".
10622:
In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required.
4164:). However, there are usually various other vowel and consonant changes as well. Some of the most common vowel alternations are ӕ
6359:
5486:'(while) sitting'), can be used adverbially, as a gerund, but also attributively like a participle with absolutive voice: кӕрдгӕ
2709:
2499:
2167:
1330:
1318:
1272:
of Greek religious books, with some parts (such as headlines) of the book translated into Old Ossetic, have recently been found.
1232:
The portions in bold face above are Ossetian. Going beyond a direct transliteration of the Greek text, scholars have attempted a
875:
8457:
4102:), the latter normally being identical to the past participle. The past stem commonly differs from the present stem by adding т
11866:
11737:
11550:
9396:
8644:
Ossetic language. (2006). In Encyclopӕdia Britannica. Retrieved August 26, 2006, from Encyclopӕdia Britannica Premium Service:
8331:
7651:
7317:
6941:
6601:
6378:
2761:
2473:
1631:
1469:
762:
520:
376:
4806:
of the transitive as well as the intransitive past endings appear in verbs whose present stem ends in vowels and sonorants (й
4353:
There are also many related transitive-intransitive verb pairs, which also differ by means of a vowel alternation (commonly а
11825:
11575:
11434:
10036:
4066:
Verbs distinguish six persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd, singular and plural), three tenses (present, past and future, all expressed
867:
8326:
3087:, the vowel is usually elided in the plural, making the stem eligible for the above-mentioned svarabhakti insertion: барӕг
11747:
11379:
11087:
10764:
2717:
2412:
2042:
1275:
It is theorized that during the Proto-Ossetic phase, Ossetian underwent a process of phonological change conditioned by a
8853:Багаев, Н. К. 1963. Современный осетинский язык, ч. 1. Орджоникидзе, Северо-Осетинское книжное издательство, стр. 211–212
11902:
11840:
11792:
11662:
11657:
11458:
10625:
10151:
6374:
the year 1951 demanding reunification of the script, and in 1954 Georgian was replaced with the 1937 Cyrillic alphabet.
5535:
2491:
2386:
2151:
1649:
1487:
10923:
9325:
6377:
The table below shows the modern Cyrillic alphabet, used since 1937, with phonetic values for the Iron dialect in the
2769:
2304:
1590:
1401:
5634:('5 times twenty'). An additional difference is that the decimal system places tens before units (35 is ӕртын фондз
11892:
11797:
11622:
10566:
9389:
8588:
2637:
2519:
2135:
2111:
1701:
1539:
5547:
11802:
11764:
10688:
10677:
9839:
9676:
9451:
9106:
5543:
3951:
Reflexive forms are constructed from the enclitic forms of the personal pronouns and the reflexive pronoun хӕдӕг
3143:
Nouns and adjectives share the same morphology and distinguish two numbers (singular and plural) and nine cases:
2404:
2026:
1882:
863:
709:
220:
10775:
5112:'be built'; causative meaning is also expressed periphrastically by combining the infinitive and the verb кӕнын
811:
744:
364:
11722:
11369:
10559:
10483:
10476:
8580:
8028:
The Narts put the magic flute on their table, and it sang to them a marvellous song with the voice of a flute:
2996:
2231:
1608:
1419:
530:
470:
57:
6315:
Ossetic text written with Georgian script, from a book on Ossetian folklore published in 1940 in South Ossetia
4834:, which would normally arise from the combinations of the dentals of the stem and the ending: e.g. кал-д-т-он
9354:
476:
411:
11692:
11652:
11632:
11612:
11515:
11429:
11202:
11156:
10530:
10509:
10490:
10394:
10234:
10227:
9904:
9111:
8596:
8556:
6351:
2801:
2737:
2432:
2191:
2010:
1994:
1674:
1512:
1236:
965:
847:
429:
205:
9288:
8465:. Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans – Iranian-Speaking Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes. Barcelona. pp. 21–22
7817:
The first printed book in Ossetian was a short catechism published in Moscow in 1798. The first newspaper,
1029:
11830:
11627:
10821:
10523:
10516:
10272:
10132:
9426:
8189:
7763:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
2288:
2272:
1908:
1039:) which dates back to the 10th–12th centuries and named after the river near which it was found: the
210:
74:
11850:
11782:
11752:
11707:
11702:
11677:
11535:
11412:
10498:
9985:
7985:
Wærxædžy warzon læpputyl buc næmttæ sæværdta wælarv Kwyrdalægon: xistæryl — Æxsar, kæstæryl — Æxsærtæg.
7979:Уӕрхӕджы уарзон лӕппутыл буц нӕмттӕ сӕвӕрдта уӕларв Куырдалӕгон: хистӕрыл — Æхсар, кӕстӕрыл — Æхсæртæг.
5173:
2684:
2574:
2558:
1052:
776:
11820:
9767:
7982:Ўӕрхӕԫѵ ўарзон лӕппутѵл буц нӕмттӕ сӕвӕрдта ўӕларв Кўѵрдалӕгон: хістӕрѵл — Æхсар, кӕстӕрѵл — Æхсæртæг.
790:
only 36% of North Ossetians claimed to be fluent in Ossetian, with the number decreasing year by year.
7852:
Ossetian is taught in secondary schools for all pupils. Native Ossetian speakers also take courses in
5498:'(while) sitting'. There are also verbal nouns: one derived from the present stem with the suffix -ӕн
11742:
11732:
11682:
11642:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11580:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11540:
11525:
11520:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11424:
11334:
11114:
10701:
10340:
10247:
10071:
9822:
9762:
9556:
9352:
Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)
8594:
8586:
8578:
8564:
8562:
8554:
8403:
Kim, Ronald (2003). "On the Historical Phonology of Ossetic: The Origin of the Oblique Case Suffix".
5539:
3469:
2799:
2791:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2682:
2653:
2635:
2617:
2609:
2572:
2556:
2533:
2517:
2497:
2489:
2471:
2446:
2430:
2410:
2402:
2384:
2350:
2334:
2318:
2302:
2286:
2270:
2245:
2229:
2213:
2205:
2189:
2181:
2165:
2149:
2133:
2125:
2109:
2101:
2072:
2058:
2056:
2040:
2024:
2008:
1992:
1699:
1672:
1647:
1629:
1606:
1588:
1537:
1510:
1485:
1467:
1442:
1417:
1399:
1341:), spoken by one-sixth and five-sixths of the population, respectively. A third dialect of Ossetian,
1282:
1186:
The only other extant record of Proto-Ossetic are the two lines of "Alanic" phrases appearing in the
5334:
There is an infinitive, four participles (present and past active, past passive, and future), and a
3912:; not only the inessive, but also the ablative coincides with the genitive; the allative ends in -м
1277:
11917:
11845:
11787:
11727:
11717:
11697:
11687:
11672:
11667:
11647:
11617:
11585:
11570:
11545:
11481:
11439:
10745:
10711:
10348:
10174:
10091:
9978:
9520:
9473:
8963:
Translatio of the Bible into Ossetian is Completed: Fundraising for Publication Announced (Russian)
7853:
2753:
2365:
2336:
2183:
2127:
2103:
1973:
1338:
787:
359:
7952:
To (bring) good fortune for the day of his boys' birth, Warkhag made a Nartic feast of game meat.
11757:
11712:
11637:
11607:
11232:
11124:
10912:
10553:
10419:
10389:
10333:
10287:
9893:
9870:
9860:
9607:
9493:
9310:
9198:
9161:
8420:
7999:
Nomæværædžy lævaræn Kwyrdalægon radta Wærxægæn udævdz jæ kwyrdadzy fætygæj, bolat ændonæj aræzt.
7993:Номӕвӕрӕджы лӕварӕн Куырдалӕгон радта Уӕрхӕгӕн удӕвдз йӕ куырдадзы фӕтыгӕй, болат ӕндонӕй арӕзт.
5527:
4067:
2987:
2706:
Voiceless consonants become voiced word-medially (this is reflected in the orthography as well).
2352:
2257:
1936:
1903:
1874:
1322:
922:
725:
490:
Latin-script Ossetian text from a book published in 1935; part of an alphabetic list of proverbs.
225:
7819:
4090:). The person, tense and mood morphemes are mostly fused. The following description is of Iron.
3488:
There is no morphological distinction between adjectives and nouns in Ossetian. The suffix -дӕр
7921:
Iw dzy rajgwyrdis fyccag kærkwasæny, innæ ta rajgwyrdis dykkag kærkwasæny, Bonværnony skastmæ.
7915:Иу дзы райгуырдис фыццаг кӕркуасӕны, иннӕ та райгуырдис дыккаг кӕркуасӕны, Бонвӕрноны скастмӕ.
11293:
11248:
11167:
11068:
11043:
10990:
10816:
10811:
10798:
10716:
10460:
10050:
10031:
9885:
9865:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9789:
9691:
9660:
9549:
9498:
9468:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9412:
9260:
9235:
9190:
9085:
9052:
9029:
9010:
8896:
8679:
8385:
8370:
8276:
7996:Номӕвӕрӕԫѵ лӕварӕн Кўѵрдалӕгон радта Ўӕрхӕгӕн удӕвꚉ јӕ кўѵрдаꚉѵ фӕтѵгӕј, болат ӕндонӕј арӕзт.
7918:Іў ꚉѵ рајгўѵрдіс фѵццаг кӕркўасӕнѵ, іннӕ та рајгўѵрдіс дѵккаг кӕркўасӕнѵ, Бонвӕрнонѵ скастмӕ.
7839:
5075:
A special future imperative form can be formed by the addition of the independent particle иу
2371:
1979:
1913:
1040:
977:
961:
891:
843:
839:
772:
370:
215:
9126:
9021:
Abaev, V. I. Ossetian Language and Folklore, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow-Leningrad, 1949
7845:
4830:), since only these consonants are phonotactically compatible with a following sequence -дт-
11912:
11344:
11339:
11284:
11265:
11258:
11253:
11227:
11219:
11192:
11175:
11097:
11026:
11002:
10963:
10907:
10883:
10873:
10838:
10807:
10793:
10600:
10590:
10538:
10470:
10455:
10435:
10404:
10322:
10267:
10262:
10252:
10188:
10106:
10076:
9914:
9899:
9875:
9810:
9750:
9745:
9730:
9724:
9708:
9702:
9696:
9654:
9562:
9503:
9488:
9182:
9151:
9143:
8675:
8671:
8412:
7938:
The bright rays of the sun glanced down at Warkhag – he knew how dear the child was to him.
6339:
5015:
5014:
is added before the ending in transitive verbs. The future forms derive from the historical
4099:
2821:
2668:
1923:
1898:
1893:
717:
640:
602:
561:
325:
20:
8232:
1171:ΣΑΧΗΡΗ ΦΟΥΡΤ ΧΟΒΣ ΗΣΤΟΡΗ ΦΟΥΡΤ ΠΑΚΑΘΑΡ ΠΑΚΑΘΑΡΗ ΦΟΥΡΤ ΑΝΠΑΛΑΝ ΑΝΠΑΛΑΝΗ ΦΟΥΡΤ ΛΑΚ ΑΝΗ ΤΖΗΡΘΕ
11387:
11326:
11301:
11197:
11119:
11107:
11039:
11035:
11014:
10936:
10868:
10863:
10851:
10846:
10783:
10721:
10605:
10585:
10543:
10465:
10450:
10440:
10414:
10361:
10302:
10297:
10282:
10277:
10257:
10221:
10211:
10066:
9855:
9827:
9817:
9775:
9718:
9713:
9582:
9577:
9525:
9460:
9358:
9329:
9249:
8872:
Correspondence table between the Georgian-based and the modern script with examples of use
6335:
5551:
4079:
1918:
1658:
1496:
1428:
981:
969:
803:
782:
Despite Ossetian being the official languages of both North and South Ossetia, since 2009
319:
197:
551:
Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.
4581:'be' (see above table) used as an auxiliary. Thus, the resulting composite endings are:
11406:
11311:
11306:
11132:
11102:
11048:
10977:
10958:
10941:
10902:
10891:
10802:
10503:
10409:
10399:
10384:
10379:
10369:
10354:
10312:
10216:
10206:
9974:
9932:
9919:
9634:
9623:
9572:
9515:
9509:
9483:
9478:
8384:
Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. by Rudiger Schmitt, 456-479. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
8074:
6320:
5153:
5095:
1968:
1870:
1342:
1302:
1048:
914:
829:
758:
303:
272:
6311:
1281:
or "Rhythm-law" whereby nouns were divided into two classes, those heavily or lightly
1174:
Saxiri Furt Xovs Istori Furt Bӕqӕtar Bӕqӕtari Furt Æmbalan Æmbalani Furt Lak Ani čirtī
462:
11886:
11316:
11052:
10985:
10856:
10828:
10788:
10754:
10735:
10548:
10445:
10327:
10307:
10242:
10116:
10111:
10081:
9880:
9834:
9755:
9645:
9628:
9186:
9165:
9075:
9045:
8886:
7963:Ærxwydta wælarvæj Kwyrdalægony, furdæj — Donbettyry, Nartæj ta — Boræjy æmæ ændærty.
7960:Ӕрхўѵдта ўӕларвӕј Кўѵрдалӕгонѵ, фурдӕј — Донбеттѵрѵ, Нартӕј та — Борӕјѵ ӕмӕ ӕндӕртѵ.
7957:Ӕрхуыдта уӕларвӕй Куырдалӕгоны, фурдӕй — Донбеттыры, Нартӕй та — Борӕйы ӕмӕ ӕндӕрты.
7833:
7801:
7101:
loans. The Ossetian Knowledge (XXG) uses the Latin 'æ' instead of the Cyrillic 'ӕ'.
6331:
5087:
5019:
3176:
3168:
2535:
2458:
2448:
2247:
2215:
2207:
2088:
2074:
1960:
1948:
1878:
1866:
1564:
1375:
1334:
1314:
1294:
985:
825:
754:
388:
277:
83:
47:
9100:
8976:"Holy Scripture Fully Translated into Ossetian Language, Completing 19-Year Project"
8645:
4845:
The subjunctive mood has its own forms for each tense. The endings are as follows:
11364:
11270:
11073:
11007:
10946:
10917:
10740:
10727:
10609:
10595:
10317:
10292:
10101:
10086:
9202:
9040:
7530:
7507:
7484:
7471:
6355:
5559:
5523:
5161:
5091:
4087:
3071:'flowers'), but there are also numerous exceptions from this. This insertion of ы
3007:
2991:
and how many have re-developed, after the loss of the original case forms, through
2969:
1326:
1191:
910:
906:
775:). Ossetian-speakers number about 614,350, with 451,000 recorded in Russia per the
485:
338:
313:
67:
11147:
8002:
As a godfather's ('name-giver's') present, Kurdalagon gave Warkhag a magic flute (
7849:(Мах дуг, "Our era"), mostly devoted to contemporary Ossetian fiction and poetry.
6801:
6430:
5638:'30 + 5'), whereas the vigesimal uses the opposite order (35 is фынддӕс ӕмӕ сӕндз
4571:
The future tense forms consist of the present stem, the element -дзы(н)- ~ -дзӕн-
547:
9253:
9229:
9079:
8890:
8203:
8019:Удӕвдзы Нарт сӕвӕрдтой сӕ фынгыл, ӕмӕ сын кодта диссаджы зарӕг уадындз хъӕлӕсӕй:
5602:'six') in the decimal system, whereas the vigesimal designations are дыууиссӕдзы
2790:
Stress normally falls on the first syllable, unless it contains a central vowel (
9925:
8025:
Udævdzy Nart sæværdtoj sæ fyngyl, æmæ syn kodta dissadžy zaræg wadyndz qælæsæj:
7824:
4156:'sing'; nonetheless, the past participle of this type is still formed with -д/т
4075:
3056:
2595:
1576:
1559:
1387:
1370:
1202:
898:) show certain commonalities, but also deep-reaching divergences from Ossetian.
883:
497:
9372:
Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
9366:
925:. The Scythian group included numerous tribes, known in ancient sources as the
9600:
9339:
History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters
8993:
8955:"ПЕРЕВОД БИБЛИИ НА ОСЕТИНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ЗАВЕРШЕН: ОБЪЯВЛЕН СБОР СРЕДСТВ НА ИЗДАНИЕ"
8666:
Erschler, David (January 13, 2021), "Iron Ossetic", in Polinsky, Maria (ed.),
8459:
Some New Observations on the Zelenchuk Inscription and Tzetzes' Alanic Phrases
8304:
8182:
7967:
5531:
5422:
5300:
5157:
4083:
4071:
3172:
3144:
2731:
2544:
1685:
1569:
1523:
1380:
1297:
is also affected by the "openness" of the vowel. The trend is also found in a
1269:
938:
930:
895:
871:
729:
8527:
8022:Удӕвꚉѵ Нарт сӕвӕрдтој сӕ фѵнгѵл, ӕмӕ сѵн кодта діссаԫѵ зарӕг ўадѵнꚉ qӕлӕсӕј:
5128:'to seat'. Reflexive meaning is expressed by adding the reflexive pronoun хи
11207:
10646:
9782:
9047:
Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages
8916:
8124:
Before a nasal, word-finally or within a word-final nasal-obstruent cluster.
7971:
6367:
5575:
2947:
consonant gemination in certain grammatical forms, such as after the prefix
1617:
1455:
1290:
1263:"Aren't you ashamed, my lordly lady, that you are having sex with a priest?"
1233:
1195:
1025:
926:
921:. Ossetian is the sole survivor of the branch of Iranian languages known as
799:
721:
455:
439:
421:
403:
178:
9322:
9194:
7795:
6338:. The father of the modern Ossetian literary language is the national poet
9147:
8177:
8093:
The original Ossetian expression is profane and thus has been paraphrased.
446:
11180:
10680:
9735:
8975:
8299:
7949:
Wærxæg jæ læpputy rajgwyrdy bony farnæn skodta nærton kwyvd syrdy fydæj.
7946:Ўӕрхӕг јӕ лӕппутѵ рајгўѵрдѵ бонѵ фарнӕн скодта нӕртон кўѵвд сѵрдѵ фѵдӕј.
7943:Уӕрхӕг йӕ лӕппуты райгуырды боны фарнӕн скодта нӕртон куывд сырды фыдӕй.
7805:
in 1923, illustrating Sjögren's Cyrillic alphabet, including the letters
6826:
6814:
6793:
6785:
6762:
6740:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3148:
2818:
1298:
950:
946:
918:
887:
820:
807:
749:
704:
538:
526:
167:
146:
140:
7929:Рухс хуры тынтӕ ныккастис Уӕрхӕгмӕ, базыдта, хъӕбул куыд адджын у, уый.
4030:, respectively. Negatives are formed similarly, but with the prefix ни-
10996:
9955:
9587:
9542:
8570:
8424:
8052:
7935:
Ruxs xury tyntæ nykkastis Wærxægmæ, bazydta, qæbul kwyd addžyn u, wyj.
5571:
5555:
5526:(derived from nouns), although two prepositions exist in the language.
5152:
Somewhat similarly to the Slavic languages, verbs belong to one of two
5025:
The imperative consists of the present stem and the following endings:
3035:
There is only one plural suffix for the nominal parts of speech, -т(ӕ)
1346:
1259:"Good day to you my lord's lady, where are you from?" and other things:
834:
767:
713:
534:
157:
11450:
10143:
9376:
9315:
9156:
7932:Рухс хурѵ тѵнтӕ нѵккастіс Ўӕрхӕгмӕ, базѵдта, ԛӕбул кўѵд адԫѵн у, ўѵј.
3940:
everywhere outside of the ablative and inessive, which appears as дзы
9740:
9594:
9567:
8931:"Russian Censorship: Ossetian & Russian Bibles, Bible Literature"
8602:
8149:
caused palatalization and labialization on preceding velar consonant.
7098:
5579:
5429:, which phonologically coincides with the 1st person singular: цӕуын
5335:
4098:
Each verb has a present stem and a past stem (similar in practice to
3152:
2992:
1265:"Aren't you ashamed, my lady, to have a love affair with the priest?"
1044:
954:
879:
815:
783:
740:
505:
9381:
9299:
Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians
8416:
5266:
In addition, these prefixes may express small aspectual nuances: а-
8369:
Translated by Stephen P. Hill and edited by Herbert H. Paper, 1964
3075:
regularly palatalises preceding velars to affricates in Iron: чызг
11374:
9351:
8574:
8011:
7794:
6324:
6310:
1286:
1261:
When an Alan woman takes a priest as a lover, you might hear this:
1177:"K., son of S., son of I., son of B., son of A.; their monument."
1015:
942:
733:
546:
9338:
6330:
Written Ossetian may be immediately recognized by its use of the
5172:'go out (perf.). The directional prefixes simultaneously express
4342:, whereas the present forms are highly irregular and begin in д-
9909:
9346:
9280:
8656:Т. Т. Камболов. 2006 Очерк истории осетинского языка. p. 330–339
1198:
934:
902:
11454:
10650:
10147:
10002:
9385:
5554:: rather, the direct object is in the nominative (typically if
4338:'give'. It is also seen in the copula, whose past stem is уыд-
1249:"(De’) f(s)arm neč(ij), kinźi ӕfšini xӕcc(ӕ) (ku) fӕwwa sawgin"
9281:
Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic
8961:. Russian orthodox Church, Moscow Patriarchate. May 29, 2021.
8327:"One Nation, Two Polities, Two Endangered Ossetian Languages?"
4391:'be heard') and sometimes by the addition of the consonant -с
4022:
are formed from the interrogatives by means of the prefix ис-
3496:'more beautiful'. It, too, can be added to typical nouns: лӕг
1240:
984:. The names of ancient Iranian tribes (as transmitted through
658:
652:
620:
614:
582:
25:
8871:
1209:
8273:
Van Sanskriet tot Spijkerschrift Breinbrekers uit alle talen
7799:
The first page of the first issue of the Ossetian newspaper
6334:(Ӕ ӕ), a letter to be found in no other language using
4042:
is used adjectivally. Other pronouns meaning 'all' are ӕгас
3492:
can express the meaning of a comparative degree: рӕсугъддӕр
2936:
the voicing of voiceless consonants in voiced environments:
2913:
before the (currently or historically) front vowels, namely
2806:), in which case stress falls on the second syllable. Thus,
9015:
5642:'15 + 20'). Ordinal numbers are formed with the suffix -ӕм
5478:'having written'. The participle-gerund form ending in -гӕ
3063:
is normally inserted after stems ending in a cluster (цӕст
2977:
considerable individual traits, does not arouse any doubt.
1222:οὐκ αἰσχύνεσαι αὐθέντρια μου νά μου γαμῇ τὸ μουνί σου παπᾶς
643:
579:
573:
6362:
in the 1920s, but in 1937 a revised Cyrillic alphabet was
4794:
Remarkably, these forms actually derive from the old past
724:, and a relative and possibly a descendant of the extinct
655:
617:
605:
564:
537:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7779:
were used to transcribe Russian words. The "weak" vowels
6327:, the oldest known attestation of the Ossetian language.
5562:) or in the genitive (typically if animate or definite).
5311:
also causes gemination of the following consonant: кӕлын
4415:
The present and future tense forms use the present stem.
9219:
Thordarson, Fridrik. Ossetic. In Rüdiger Schmitt (ed.),
7896:
At that time, the most senior of the Narts was Warkhag.
5630:'one hundred' has the vigesimal equivalent фондзыссӕдзы
2782:; this alternation is still retained to a large extent.
9347:
Ossetic language materials in English and partly French
5626:'twenty'). In the same way, the inherited decimal сӕдӕ
5270:
is used for rapid, brief and superficial motion, арба-
5589:
5583:
5473:
5459:
5445:
5139:
5133:
5123:
5117:
5103:
4718:
4572:
4402:
4396:
4386:
4380:
4362:
4309:
4151:
4125:
4119:
3993:
3983:
857:
695:
8553:
Despite the transcription used here, Abaev refers to
8436:
8434:
8275:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 34.
4054:
for 'another of two, a definite other one' and ӕндӕр
1257:"Good day to you my lord's lady, where are you from?"
667:
649:
629:
611:
591:
570:
8759:
8757:
5502:
with the meaning 'fit to be X-ed' – e.g. зын ссарӕн
5458:
may have either active or passive meaning: фыссинаг
5425:
is formed from the present stem with the ending -ын
3099:, but the consonant is also labialised there: мӕсыг
1024:
The earliest known written sample of Ossetian is an
798:
Ossetian is the spoken and literary language of the
576:
287:
16:
Eastern Iranian language of Ossetia, in the Caucasus
11859:
11811:
11773:
11488:
11357:
11325:
11292:
11283:
11241:
11218:
11166:
11155:
11086:
11061:
11025:
10976:
10882:
10837:
10774:
10763:
10700:
10687:
10578:
10428:
10197:
10181:
10125:
10059:
10043:
9948:
9848:
9684:
9675:
9534:
9459:
9450:
9419:
7974:(the sea god), and of the Narts – Bora and others.
7837:(Рӕстдзинад / Рӕстꚉінад, "Truth") in the North and
6323:inscription of the 10th–12th centuries is found in
4564:The copula also has a special iterative stem вӕйй-
3932:). The 3rd singular stem has the doublet forms йV-
1003:
993:
739:The northern half of the Ossetia region is part of
646:
608:
567:
469:
453:
437:
419:
401:
396:
353:
348:
300:
266:
247:
194:
184:
173:
163:
153:
135:
105:
9099:
9044:
7787:are among the most common vowels in the language.
5570:For numerals above 20, two systems are in use – a
3095:'riders'. The same happens in words ending in -ыг
1211:Τοῖς ἀλανοῖς προσφθέγγομαι κατὰ τὴν τούτων γλῶσσαν
957:were also closely affiliated in linguistic terms.
9081:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus
8892:The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus
8646:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ossetic-language
4082:), and belong to one of two grammatical aspects (
1213:Καλὴ ἡμέρα σου αὐθέντα μου ἀρχόντισσα πόθεν εἶσαι
73:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
9367:Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)
8668:The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus
8613:
8611:
4726:The transitive endings, on the other hand, are:
4418:The indicative present endings are as follows:
4330:). Suppletion is found in the stem pair дӕттын
4050:. There are two pronouns meaning 'other': иннӕ
2974:
1877:) stops and affricates. This may constitute an
1253:
1207:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8351:
8349:
3944:, and the comitative, which can only have йV-
2676:
2647:
2629:
2603:
2566:
2550:
2527:
2511:
2483:
2465:
2440:
2424:
2396:
2378:
2344:
2328:
2312:
2296:
2280:
2264:
2239:
2223:
2199:
2175:
2159:
2143:
2119:
2095:
2066:
2050:
2034:
2018:
2002:
1986:
1693:
1666:
1641:
1623:
1600:
1582:
1531:
1504:
1479:
1461:
1436:
1411:
1393:
1285:. "Heavy-stem" nouns possessed a "heavy" long
878:. The other Eastern Iranian languages such as
851:
122:
111:
11466:
10662:
10159:
10014:
9397:
8670:, Oxford University Press, pp. 639–685,
7907:Wærxægæn rajgwyrdis dywwæ læppujy, fazzættæ.
7904:Ўӕрхӕгӕн рајгўѵрдіс дѵўўӕ лӕппујѵ, фаззӕттӕ.
7901:Уӕрхӕгӕн райгуырдис дыууӕ лӕппуйы, фаззӕттӕ.
3476:is usually inserted between them: зӕрдӕ-й-ӕн
2986:Ossetic has lost the grammatical category of
2886:assimilate, yielding the vowel /е/ <e>.
1245:"Dӕ bon xwarz, me’fšini ‘xšinӕ, kurdigӕj dӕ?"
8:
8294:
8292:
5138:'to shave (something, somebody)' – хи дасын
3998:) 'that'. The interrogative pronouns are чи
1225:τὸ φάρνετζ κίντζι μέσφιλι καίτζ φουὰ σαοῦγγε
1220:ἂν ὃ ἔχῃ ἀλάνισσα παπᾶν φίλον ἀκούσαις ταῦτα
786:has listed Ossetian as "vulnerable". In the
504:Ossetian is classified as Vulnerable by the
8451:
8449:
5282:for especially intensive action, while фӕ-
4058:for 'some other, an indefinite other one'.
1551:The Digor dialect of Ossetic has 6 vowels:
988:) in fact reflect this pluralization, e.g.
11473:
11459:
11451:
11289:
11163:
10771:
10697:
10669:
10655:
10647:
10166:
10152:
10144:
10021:
10007:
9999:
9681:
9456:
9404:
9390:
9382:
9223:, 456-479. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert.
1362:The Iron dialect of Ossetic has 7 vowels:
496:
484:
102:
9155:
8549:
8547:
8488:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIvanov2010 (
5510:denoting permanent quality – e.g. нуазаг
1239:using the Greek as clues, thus, while τ (
810:and constituting the basic population of
747:, while the southern half is part of the
716:, a region situated on both sides of the
8405:Journal of the American Oriental Society
8243:
7867:
7103:
6383:
5774:
5490:may mean '(which has been) cut', судзгӕ
5340:
5178:
5094:with the past passive participle and an
5027:
4847:
4728:
4651:
4583:
4494:
4420:
4220:(mostly in bisyllabic stems, e.g. араз-
4212:'speak'); some other alternations are a
4034:; the totality prefix ('every-') is ал-
3924:); and the comitative has the vowel -е-
3511:
3185:
1887:
1712:
1553:
1364:
850:of languages (as hinted by its endonym:
842:). The Ossetian language belongs to the
509:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
9323:Minority languages of Russia on the Net
8266:
8264:
8170:
8086:
5646:, or, for the first three numbers, -аг
1325:) which is considered more archaic and
862:). Within Iranian, it is placed in the
531:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
10631:Knowledge (XXG) in languages of Russia
9259:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
8514:
8502:
8483:
8440:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8392:
8102:Before a word-final consonant cluster.
7910:Two boys were born to Warkhag, twins.
7876:Cyrillic text (Sjögren alphabet 1844)
5274:also for rapid and sudden action, ба-
3115:in closed syllables are weakened to ӕ
3043:occurring in the nominative case (see
8676:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.17
8255:
6285:('1000 + 100'), иуæндæс фондзыссӕдзы
5444:coincides with the past stem (фыссын
5307:'became (3rd person)'. The prefix ны
5291:, as well as to the copula's form ис
1890:
1047:, Russia. The text is written in the
703:
265:
145:
139:
7:
9127:participating institution membership
8204:"World Atlas of Languages: Ossetian"
7105:The Latin alphabet (used 1923–1938)
4252:. Frequent consonant changes are -д
3955:'self' (with the oblique forms хиц-
2995:of adverbs or re-interpretations of
2830:мӕгуы́р зӕронд лӕг/mægwýr zærond læg
1255:The Alans I greet in their language:
8214:from the original on August 2, 2018
7893:Nartæn wæd sæ xistær Wærxæg wydis.
7890:Нартӕн ўӕд сӕ хістӕр Ўӕрхӕг ўѵдіс.
7887:Нартӕн уӕд сӕ хистӕр Уӕрхӕг уыдис.
5018:and the others from the historical
720:. It is the native language of the
11411:Languages between parentheses are
9984:Languages between parentheses are
9377:Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary
8895:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 83.
8456:Kambolov, Tamerlan (10 May 2007).
8047:Ajs æj, anaz æj — rondžy nwazæn!»
8045:«Ajs æj, anaz æj Xwycawy xælaræj,
8039:«Ајс ӕј, аназ ӕј Хўѵцаўѵ хӕларӕј,
8035:Айс ӕй, аназ ӕй — ронджы нуазӕн!»
8033:«Айс ӕй, аназ ӕй Хуыцауы хӕларӕй,
5436:The past passive participle in -т
4314:'run away'), elision of a final н
3970:There are two demonstratives – ай
1313:There are two important dialects:
1216:Ταπαγχὰς μέσφιλι χσινὰ κορθὶ κάντα
806:living in the central part of the
316:(First documented written records)
63:for transliterated languages, and
43:of its non-English content, using
14:
11872:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
8367:A Grammatical Sketch of Ossetian.
8055:'s (the supreme deity's) health,
8041:Ајс ӕј, аназ ӕј — ронԫѵ нўазӕн!»
5278:for more substantial action, ны-
4568:, which is conjugated regularly.
4492:'be' is conjugated differently:
4130:'to love'), or, more rarely, -ст
3959:in the dative and ablative, хиу-
3916:and the dative has the vowel -у-
2889:the palatalisation of the velars
11146:
10636:Mass media by language of Russia
10030:
9958:(unknown further classification)
9187:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00131.x
8188:
7970:(the smith god), from the sea –
7823:, appeared on July 23, 1906, in
5534:is not rigid, but tends towards
5506:'hard to find' – and one in -аг
3083:'girls'. In words ending in -ӕг
1331:Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
1319:Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
1317:(distributed in the west of the
712:that is spoken predominantly in
639:
601:
560:
30:
9221:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum
9011:A grammatical sketch of Ossetic
8332:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
8057:take it, drink it – the cup of
6366:, with digraphs replacing most
4014:). Indefinite pronouns meaning
377:Administration of South Ossetia
11908:Languages of Georgia (country)
11415:of the language on their left.
10429:Languages with official status
9988:of the language on their left.
8996:in Dzhanayev's 1946 collection
8158:Before a word-final consonant.
6354:. A new alphabet based on the
1012:Evidence for Medieval Ossetian
79:multilingual support templates
1:
9304:An article on Ossetic grammar
9051:. Columbia University Press.
3504:'more of a man, more manly'.
1251:. The passage translates as:
329:
9028:. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2004,
8271:Lubotsky, Alexander (2010).
6247:dywwӕ fondzyssædzy ӕmӕ ssӕdz
6243:дыууӕ фондзыссӕдзы ӕмӕ ссӕдз
3920:before the ending (e.g. мын
3447:
3439:
3418:
3410:
3389:
3381:
3360:
3352:
3331:
3323:
3302:
3294:
3273:
3265:
3244:
3236:
3215:
3207:
3175:. The nominal morphology is
2479:
2392:
708:southern; northern), is an
8380:Thordarson, Fridrik. 1989.
8325:Fuller, Liz (28 May 2015).
5590:
5584:
5574:one used officially, and a
5474:
5460:
5446:
5140:
5134:
5124:
5118:
5104:
4719:
4573:
4403:
4397:
4387:
4381:
4363:
4350:оr in a vowel (see below).
4310:
4152:
4126:
4120:
3994:
3984:
2840:Morphophonemic alternations
858:
696:
675:), commonly referred to as
11934:
4411:Tense and mood conjugation
2810:/ˈsud͡zag/ 'burning', but
1210:
1004:
994:
794:History and classification
763:Russian-occupied territory
383:Partially recognised state
190:490,000 (2020 census)
18:
11898:Eastern Iranian languages
11397:
11144:
10620:
9965:
9228:Windfuhr, Gernot (2013).
9136:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
9107:Oxford English Dictionary
7771:In addition, the letters
7431:
7109:
7061:In addition, the letters
6715:
6389:
6385:Modern Cyrillic alphabet
6239:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6199:
6194:
6191:
6188:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5614:'twenty') and ӕртиссӕдзы
5544:morphosyntactic alignment
5411:
5400:
5367:
5361:
5224:
5168:'go (imperf.)' – рацӕуын
4858:
4855:
4852:
4838:'I poured', but саф-т-он
3863:
3780:
3722:
3647:
3605:
3530:
3517:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3119:before the suffix – фарс
2677:
2667:
2648:
2630:
2604:
2594:
2567:
2551:
2543:
2528:
2512:
2484:
2481:
2466:
2441:
2425:
2397:
2394:
2379:
2364:
2345:
2329:
2313:
2297:
2281:
2265:
2240:
2224:
2200:
2176:
2160:
2144:
2120:
2096:
2067:
2051:
2035:
2019:
2003:
1987:
1967:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1892:
1883:languages of the Caucasus
1847:
1794:
1775:
1770:
1750:
1734:
1694:
1667:
1642:
1624:
1601:
1583:
1532:
1505:
1480:
1462:
1437:
1412:
1394:
1345:, was formerly spoken in
868:Northeastern sub-subgroup
852:
688:
517:
495:
483:
355:Official language in
123:
112:
110:
11370:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
9175:Annals of Human Genetics
9066:Erschler, David (2018).
7966:From the sky he invited
5594:'four') and 60 is ӕхсӕй
4401:'to warm' : тафсын
2951:and before the suffixes
2828:/mɐˈt͡ʃinɘg/ 'my book',
1865:The Ossetian researcher
960:Ossetian, together with
710:Eastern Iranian language
147:[digoˈronɐvˈzäɡ]
19:Not to be confused with
11430:Languages of Azerbaijan
9289:Ossetic National Corpus
9112:Oxford University Press
7097:are used to transcribe
5786:old (vigesimal) system
5550:, although there is no
5122:'to sit' – бадын кӕнын
3963:in the adessive and хи
1041:Bolshoy Zelenchuk River
814:, which is part of the
11531:Bosnia and Herzegovina
10133:Georgian Sign Language
9210:Testen, David (1997).
9084:. London: Bloomsbury.
9024:Arys-Djanaieva, Lora.
8917:"Коран стал дигорским"
8051:'Take it, drink it to
7814:
6370:of the 1844 alphabet.
6316:
5472:'writing' – ныффыссӕг
5433:'to go' (and 'I go').
5203:away from the speaker
5108:'build' – арӕзт цӕуын
4385:'hear' : хъуысын
2979:
1267:
1230:
1194:, a 12th century
1021:
552:
519:This article contains
9231:The Iranian Languages
9148:10.1515/byzs.2010.017
8781:Abaev 1964, p. 52–53.
8751:Abaev 1964, p. 42–43.
8742:Abaev 1964, p. 35–42.
8601:as velar rather than
7798:
6314:
5783:new (decimal) system
5548:nominative–accusative
5330:Non-finite verb forms
4723:in the future tense.
3967:in the other cases).
2997:derivational suffixes
2874:Sequences /ɐ/ + /i/ (
1714:Vowel correspondence
1030:Zelenchuk Inscription
1020:Zelenchuk Inscription
1019:
705:[iˈronɐvˈzäɡ]
550:
141:[iˈronɐvˈzäɡ]
11482:Languages of Europe
11435:Languages of Georgia
11425:Languages of Armenia
10037:Languages of Georgia
9979:historical languages
8835:Abaev 1964, p. 47–50
8826:Abaev 1964, p. 45–47
8799:Abaev 1964, p. 76–79
8733:Abaev 1964, p. 26–31
8724:Abaev 1964, p. 22–26
8014:steel of his forge.
6287:iwændæs fondzyssædzy
5522:Ossetic uses mostly
5326:'he was going out'.
5239:towards the speaker
5116:'to do': e.g. бадын
4802:). The variable -т-
4367:'lose' : сӕфын
4026:and the suffix -дӕр
3131:'house' – хӕдзӕрттӕ
2944:'of equal strength'.
1329:(in the rest of the
982:Central Asian steppe
949:. The more easterly
848:Indo-European family
812:North Ossetia–Alania
804:Iranian ethnic group
745:North Ossetia–Alania
365:North Ossetia–Alania
77:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
41:specify the language
39:This article should
11903:Languages of Russia
11774:States with limited
11440:Languages of Russia
10626:Languages of Russia
10200:of federal subjects
10175:Languages of Russia
9110:(Online ed.).
9008:Abaev, V. I. 1964.
7869:
7854:Ossetian literature
7106:
6386:
5937:dæs æmæ dywwissædzy
5933:дӕс ӕмӕ дыууиссӕдзы
5776:
5530:precede nouns. The
5342:
5180:
5174:ventive or andative
5029:
4422:
3514:
3091:'rider' – барджытӕ
3067:'flower' – цӕстытӕ
3039:, with the vowel ӕ
2869:/ɐvˈdɐm/ 'seventh'.
1715:
1339:Karachay-Cherkessia
840:Republic of Georgia
828:(recognized by the
788:2010 Russian census
777:2010 Russian census
757:(recognized by the
322:(Ossetian alphabet)
10924:Caucasian Albanian
10060:Minority languages
9357:2011-07-16 at the
9328:2009-04-20 at the
9311:Fridrik Thordarson
8844:Thordarson, p. 474
8808:Abaev 1964, p. 10.
8790:Abaev 1964, p. 44.
8772:Abaev 1964, p. 59.
8763:Abaev 1964, p. 51.
8715:Thordarson, p. 471
8706:Abaev 1964, p. 12.
8617:Thordarson, p. 466
8528:"OSSETIC LANGUAGE"
8061:(magical drink)!'
7868:
7815:
7104:
6384:
6332:Cyrillic letter Ae
6317:
6207:dywwӕ fondzyssædzy
6203:дыууӕ фондзыссӕдзы
6045:dæs æmæ ærtissædzy
6041:дӕс ӕмӕ ӕртиссӕдзы
5991:dæs æmæ ærtissædzy
5987:дӕс ӕмӕ ӕртиссӕдзы
5775:
5622:'three' and ссӕдз
5341:
5315:'pour' – ныккӕлын
5295:, the consonant ц
5179:
5028:
4421:
4196:'tremble'), and у
4010:(oblique stem сӕ-
4002:(oblique stem кӕ-
3526:enclitic genitive
3512:
3480:'heart (dative)'.
3472:, the consonant й
3079:'girl' – чызджытӕ
2834:фӕлӕ́ уый/fælǽ wyj
2826:мӕ чи́ныг/mӕ čínyg
2812:cӕнӕ́фсир/sænǽfsir
1713:
1323:Kabardino-Balkaria
1305:dating from 1422.
1022:
816:Russian Federation
553:
11893:Ossetian language
11880:
11879:
11448:
11447:
11407:extinct languages
11353:
11352:
11279:
11278:
11142:
11141:
11082:
11081:
10644:
10643:
10612:
10567:Southern Yukaghir
10560:Northern Yukaghir
10237:
10230:
10141:
10140:
10044:Official language
9996:
9995:
9944:
9943:
9671:
9670:
9413:Iranian languages
9266:978-3-7001-0994-5
9241:978-1-135-79703-4
9212:Ossetic Phonology
9125:(Subscription or
9058:978-0-231-11568-1
8992:Beginning of the
8980:orthochristian.ru
8817:Abaev 1964, p. 11
8685:978-0-19-069069-4
8532:iranicaonline.org
8186:(26th ed., 2023)
8111:Sometimes before
8066:
8065:
7811:⟨ԫ⟩
7807:⟨ꚉ⟩
7785:⟨ы⟩
7781:⟨ӕ⟩
7777:⟨ž⟩
7773:⟨š⟩
7769:
7768:
7095:⟨я⟩
7091:⟨ю⟩
7087:⟨э⟩
7083:⟨ь⟩
7079:⟨ъ⟩
7075:⟨щ⟩
7071:⟨ш⟩
7067:⟨ж⟩
7063:⟨ё⟩
7059:
7058:
6299:1 000 000 милуан
6268:
6267:
5883:fynddæs æmæ ssædz
5879:фынддӕс ӕмӕ сӕндз
5640:fynddæs æmæ ssædz
5540:Wackernagel's law
5419:
5418:
5264:
5263:
5144:'shave oneself'.
5073:
5072:
5010:In addition, a т
5008:
5007:
4792:
4791:
4715:
4714:
4647:
4646:
4574:-dzy(n)- ~ -dzӕn-
4562:
4561:
4486:
4485:
4371:'be lost', and у
4118:'to hold'; уарз-
3905:
3904:
3465:
3464:
3047:below): e.g. сӕр
2933:'hen (genitive)'.
2758:when followed by
2704:
2703:
2461:
2374:
2260:
2091:
1982:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1858:
1857:
1711:
1710:
1549:
1548:
978:dialect continuum
866:and further to a
694:
545:
544:
527:rendering support
523:phonetic symbols.
286:dialect|Jassic]]
259:Standard Ossetian
101:
100:
81:may also be used.
11925:
11812:Dependencies and
11748:Northern Ireland
11489:Sovereign states
11475:
11468:
11461:
11452:
11290:
11164:
11150:
10772:
10698:
10678:Languages of the
10671:
10664:
10657:
10648:
10604:
10601:Mongolian script
10591:Cyrillic Braille
10569:
10562:
10533:
10526:
10519:
10512:
10493:
10486:
10479:
10364:
10357:
10343:
10336:
10233:
10226:
10182:Federal language
10168:
10161:
10154:
10145:
10077:Western Armenian
10035:
10034:
10023:
10016:
10009:
10000:
9840:Zoroastrian Dari
9682:
9457:
9406:
9399:
9392:
9383:
9363:
9343:
9335:
9317:Ossetic language
9308:
9293:
9285:
9270:
9250:Zgusta, Ladislav
9245:
9215:
9206:
9169:
9159:
9130:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9103:
9095:
9071:
9062:
9050:
8997:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8972:
8966:
8965:
8951:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8941:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8869:
8863:
8860:
8854:
8851:
8845:
8842:
8836:
8833:
8827:
8824:
8818:
8815:
8809:
8806:
8800:
8797:
8791:
8788:
8782:
8779:
8773:
8770:
8764:
8761:
8752:
8749:
8743:
8740:
8734:
8731:
8725:
8722:
8716:
8713:
8707:
8704:
8698:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8663:
8657:
8654:
8648:
8642:
8636:
8633:
8627:
8624:
8618:
8615:
8606:
8600:
8592:
8584:
8568:
8560:
8551:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8538:
8524:
8518:
8512:
8506:
8500:
8494:
8493:
8481:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8464:
8453:
8444:
8438:
8429:
8428:
8400:
8387:
8378:
8372:
8363:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8339:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8312:
8296:
8287:
8286:
8268:
8259:
8253:
8247:
8241:
8235:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8175:
8159:
8156:
8150:
8131:
8125:
8122:
8116:
8109:
8103:
8100:
8094:
8091:
7870:
7812:
7808:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7765:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7107:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6387:
6340:Kosta Khetagurov
6292:2000 дыууӕ мины
6251:2 × 5 × 20 + 20
6236:dywwæ sædæ ssædz
6232:дыууӕ сӕдӕ ссӕдз
5777:
5610:'two' and ссӕдз
5593:
5587:
5477:
5463:
5449:
5343:
5181:
5143:
5137:
5127:
5121:
5107:
5102:'to go': аразын
5092:periphrastically
5030:
4848:
4729:
4722:
4652:
4584:
4576:
4495:
4488:Only the copula
4423:
4406:
4400:
4390:
4384:
4366:
4313:
4155:
4142:'weigh') or -ыд
4129:
4123:
4070:), three moods (
3997:
3987:
3861:
3786:
3720:
3653:
3603:
3536:
3515:
3186:
3123:'side' – фӕрстӕ
2858:/avd/ 'seven' —
2822:definite article
2805:
2797:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2730:were originally
2729:
2721:
2713:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2087:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1932:
1888:
1716:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1554:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1365:
1228:
1227:
1038:
1007:
1006:
997:
996:
870:, but these are
864:Eastern subgroup
861:
855:
854:
743:and is known as
718:Greater Caucasus
707:
702:
699:
693:romanized:
692:
690:
671:
665:
664:
661:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
633:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
595:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
511:
500:
488:
479:
465:
449:
442:
433:
432:
424:
415:
414:
406:
334:
333: 1938–1954
331:
306:
296:Ossetian|Kudar]]
289:
200:
149:
143:
126:
125:
115:
114:
103:
96:
93:
87:
72:
66:
62:
56:
52:
46:
34:
33:
26:
21:Occitan language
11933:
11932:
11928:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11883:
11882:
11881:
11876:
11855:
11813:
11807:
11793:Northern Cyprus
11775:
11769:
11663:North Macedonia
11484:
11479:
11449:
11444:
11418:
11393:
11388:Shirvani Arabic
11349:
11321:
11302:Karachay-Balkar
11275:
11237:
11214:
11158:
11151:
11138:
11090:
11078:
11057:
11021:
10972:
10878:
10833:
10767:
10759:
10722:Judaeo-Georgian
10704:
10691:
10683:
10675:
10645:
10640:
10616:
10574:
10565:
10558:
10529:
10522:
10515:
10508:
10489:
10484:Southern Khanty
10482:
10477:Northern Khanty
10475:
10424:
10360:
10353:
10339:
10332:
10298:Karachay-Balkar
10199:
10198:State languages
10193:
10177:
10172:
10142:
10137:
10121:
10055:
10039:
10029:
10027:
9997:
9992:
9991:
9961:
9940:
9844:
9667:
9530:
9446:
9415:
9410:
9361:
9359:Wayback Machine
9341:
9333:
9330:Wayback Machine
9306:
9291:
9283:
9277:
9267:
9248:
9242:
9227:
9209:
9172:
9133:
9124:
9116:
9114:
9098:
9092:
9074:
9065:
9059:
9039:
9016:Russian version
9005:
9000:
8991:
8987:
8982:. May 31, 2021.
8974:
8973:
8969:
8953:
8952:
8948:
8939:
8937:
8929:
8928:
8924:
8915:
8914:
8910:
8903:
8885:
8884:
8880:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:Abaev, p. 20–21
8861:
8857:
8852:
8848:
8843:
8839:
8834:
8830:
8825:
8821:
8816:
8812:
8807:
8803:
8798:
8794:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8776:
8771:
8767:
8762:
8755:
8750:
8746:
8741:
8737:
8732:
8728:
8723:
8719:
8714:
8710:
8705:
8701:
8697:Abaev, p. 12–16
8696:
8692:
8686:
8665:
8664:
8660:
8655:
8651:
8643:
8639:
8634:
8630:
8625:
8621:
8616:
8609:
8552:
8545:
8536:
8534:
8526:
8525:
8521:
8513:
8509:
8501:
8497:
8487:
8482:
8478:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8455:
8454:
8447:
8439:
8432:
8417:10.2307/3217844
8402:
8401:
8390:
8379:
8375:
8364:
8347:
8337:
8335:
8324:
8323:
8319:
8310:
8308:
8298:
8297:
8290:
8283:
8270:
8269:
8262:
8254:
8250:
8242:
8238:
8231:
8227:
8217:
8215:
8202:
8201:
8197:
8187:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8153:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8110:
8106:
8101:
8097:
8092:
8088:
8083:
8071:
7866:
7810:
7806:
7793:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
6352:Andreas Sjögren
6348:Finland-Swedish
6336:Cyrillic script
6319:An Old Ossetic
6309:
5568:
5552:accusative case
5520:
5450:'write' – фыст
5332:
5154:lexical aspects
5150:
5085:
4853:present-future
4413:
4407:'to be warm').
4334: : лӕвӕрд
4308: : лыгъд-
4208: : дзырд-
4150: : зарыд-
4138: : барст-
4096:
4064:
4006:) 'who' and сы
3901:
3892:
3881:
3872:
3859:
3854:
3845:
3837:
3826:
3817:
3806:
3797:
3784:
3776:
3767:
3756:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3718:
3713:
3704:
3693:
3684:
3673:
3664:
3651:
3643:
3634:
3623:
3614:
3601:
3596:
3587:
3576:
3567:
3556:
3547:
3534:
3510:
3500:'man' – лӕгдӕр
3486:
3141:
3107:. The vowels а
3051:'head' – сӕртӕ
3033:
3005:
2984:
2966:
2925:, for instance
2882:and /ɐ/ + /ɐ/ (
2842:
2788:
1972:
1935:
1930:
1911:
1902:
1863:
1360:
1355:
1311:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1179:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1051:, with special
1032:
1014:
796:
722:Ossetian people
700:
669:
642:
638:
631:
604:
600:
593:
563:
559:
525:Without proper
513:
512:
503:
491:
475:
461:
445:
438:
428:
427:
420:
410:
409:
402:
356:
349:Official status
344:
332:
307:
302:
262:
250:
243:
201:
198:Language family
196:
187:
186:Native speakers
144:
121:
97:
91:
88:
82:
70:
64:
60:
58:transliteration
54:
50:
44:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11931:
11929:
11921:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11885:
11884:
11878:
11877:
11875:
11874:
11869:
11867:European Union
11863:
11861:
11860:Other entities
11857:
11856:
11854:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11817:
11815:
11814:other entities
11809:
11808:
11806:
11805:
11800:
11795:
11790:
11785:
11779:
11777:
11771:
11770:
11768:
11767:
11762:
11761:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11738:United Kingdom
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11551:Czech Republic
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11492:
11490:
11486:
11485:
11480:
11478:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11455:
11446:
11445:
11443:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11416:
11409:
11399:
11398:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11391:
11384:
11383:
11382:
11377:
11367:
11361:
11359:
11355:
11354:
11351:
11350:
11348:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11331:
11329:
11323:
11322:
11320:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11298:
11296:
11287:
11281:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11262:
11261:
11256:
11245:
11243:
11239:
11238:
11236:
11235:
11230:
11224:
11222:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11212:
11211:
11210:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11184:
11183:
11172:
11170:
11161:
11153:
11152:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11136:
11129:
11128:
11127:
11122:
11112:
11111:
11110:
11105:
11094:
11092:
11084:
11083:
11080:
11079:
11077:
11076:
11071:
11065:
11063:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11055:
11046:
11032:
11030:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11019:
11018:
11017:
11012:
11011:
11010:
11000:
10988:
10982:
10980:
10974:
10973:
10971:
10970:
10969:
10968:
10967:
10966:
10961:
10953:
10952:
10951:
10950:
10949:
10939:
10931:
10930:
10929:
10928:
10927:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10894:
10888:
10886:
10880:
10879:
10877:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10860:
10859:
10849:
10843:
10841:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10831:
10826:
10825:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10805:
10796:
10791:
10780:
10778:
10769:
10761:
10760:
10758:
10757:
10752:
10751:
10750:
10749:
10748:
10743:
10733:
10732:
10731:
10724:
10708:
10706:
10695:
10685:
10684:
10676:
10674:
10673:
10666:
10659:
10651:
10642:
10641:
10639:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10621:
10618:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10582:
10580:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10572:
10571:
10570:
10563:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10535:
10534:
10531:Southern Mansi
10527:
10520:
10513:
10510:Northern Mansi
10501:
10496:
10495:
10494:
10491:Eastern Khanty
10487:
10480:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10432:
10430:
10426:
10425:
10423:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10366:
10365:
10358:
10346:
10345:
10344:
10337:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10239:
10238:
10235:Southern Altai
10231:
10228:Northern Altai
10219:
10214:
10209:
10203:
10201:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10191:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10178:
10173:
10171:
10170:
10163:
10156:
10148:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10135:
10129:
10127:
10126:Sign languages
10123:
10122:
10120:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10063:
10061:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10053:
10047:
10045:
10041:
10040:
10028:
10026:
10025:
10018:
10011:
10003:
9994:
9993:
9990:
9989:
9982:
9967:
9966:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9959:
9952:
9950:
9946:
9945:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9938:
9937:
9936:
9933:Middle Persian
9929:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9897:
9890:
9889:
9888:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9852:
9850:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9820:
9815:
9814:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9793:
9786:
9779:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9760:
9759:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9728:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9699:
9694:
9688:
9686:
9679:
9673:
9672:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9665:
9664:
9663:
9651:
9650:
9649:
9642:
9641:
9640:
9639:
9638:
9631:
9626:
9604:
9597:
9592:
9591:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9565:
9560:
9553:
9546:
9538:
9536:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9465:
9463:
9454:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9444:
9439:
9437:Middle Iranian
9434:
9429:
9423:
9421:
9417:
9416:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9401:
9394:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9349:
9344:
9336:
9313:
9301:
9296:
9295:
9294:
9276:
9275:External links
9273:
9272:
9271:
9265:
9246:
9240:
9225:
9216:
9207:
9181:(6): 588–599.
9170:
9142:(2): 595–603.
9131:
9096:
9090:
9076:Foltz, Richard
9072:
9063:
9057:
9037:
9026:Parlons Ossète
9022:
9019:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8998:
8985:
8967:
8946:
8922:
8908:
8901:
8887:Foltz, Richard
8878:
8864:
8855:
8846:
8837:
8828:
8819:
8810:
8801:
8792:
8783:
8774:
8765:
8753:
8744:
8735:
8726:
8717:
8708:
8699:
8690:
8684:
8658:
8649:
8637:
8635:Abaev, p. 8–10
8628:
8619:
8607:
8573:" rather than
8543:
8519:
8507:
8495:
8476:
8445:
8430:
8388:
8373:
8345:
8317:
8288:
8282:978-9089641793
8281:
8260:
8248:
8236:
8225:
8208:www.unesco.org
8195:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8151:
8126:
8117:
8104:
8095:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8030:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8020:
8016:
8015:
8000:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7947:
7944:
7940:
7939:
7936:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7925:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7905:
7902:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7884:
7883:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7873:Cyrillic text
7865:
7862:
7792:
7791:Language usage
7789:
7767:
7766:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7480:
7475:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6823:
6818:
6811:
6806:
6797:
6790:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6668:
6663:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6308:
6307:Writing system
6305:
6304:
6303:
6297:
6290:
6281:1100 мин сӕдӕ
6279:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6260:iwændæsyssædzy
6257:
6256:иуæндæсыссӕдзы
6253:
6252:
6249:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6193:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5773:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5567:
5564:
5528:Noun modifiers
5519:
5516:
5417:
5416:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5331:
5328:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5149:
5146:
5096:auxiliary verb
5084:
5081:
5071:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5006:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4790:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4713:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4412:
4409:
4379:, e.g. хъусын
4280: : карст
4224: : арӕз-
4192: : рызт-
4176: : каст-
4124: : уарзт
4114: : дард-
4095:
4092:
4063:
4060:
3903:
3902:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3838:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3513:Pronoun stems
3509:
3506:
3485:
3482:
3463:
3462:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3140:
3137:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3004:
3001:
2983:
2980:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2945:
2934:
2887:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2841:
2838:
2808:су́дзаг|súdzag
2787:
2786:Phrasal stress
2784:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2644:
2642:
2626:
2624:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2563:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2524:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2480:
2478:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2437:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2393:
2391:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2341:
2325:
2309:
2293:
2277:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2236:
2220:
2196:
2172:
2156:
2140:
2116:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2063:
2047:
2031:
2015:
1999:
1983:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1891:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1725:Digor dialect
1723:
1720:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1638:
1636:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1597:
1595:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1476:
1474:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1408:
1406:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1310:
1307:
1303:Jassic dialect
1278:Rhythmusgesetz
1237:reconstruction
1184:
1183:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1049:Greek alphabet
1013:
1010:
915:Eastern Europe
876:genetic groups
830:United Nations
795:
792:
759:United Nations
679:and rarely as
543:
542:
529:, you may see
515:
514:
502:
501:
493:
492:
489:
481:
480:
473:
467:
466:
459:
451:
450:
443:
435:
434:
425:
417:
416:
407:
399:
398:
397:Language codes
394:
393:
392:
391:
380:
379:
368:
367:
357:
354:
351:
350:
346:
345:
343:
342:
336:
323:
317:
310:
308:
304:Writing system
301:
298:
297:
295:
294:
284:
283:
280:
275:
268:
264:
263:
261:
260:
257:
253:
251:
249:Standard forms
248:
245:
244:
242:
241:
240:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
204:
202:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
154:Native to
151:
150:
137:
133:
132:
108:
107:
99:
98:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11930:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11864:
11862:
11858:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11826:Faroe Islands
11824:
11822:
11819:
11818:
11816:
11810:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11798:South Ossetia
11796:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11780:
11778:
11772:
11766:
11763:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11740:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11623:Liechtenstein
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11487:
11483:
11476:
11471:
11469:
11464:
11462:
11457:
11456:
11453:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11410:
11408:
11404:
11401:
11400:
11396:
11390:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11372:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11356:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11324:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11299:
11297:
11295:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11282:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11251:
11250:
11247:
11246:
11244:
11240:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11221:
11217:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11182:
11179:
11178:
11177:
11174:
11173:
11171:
11169:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11154:
11149:
11135:
11134:
11130:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11117:
11116:
11113:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11100:
11099:
11096:
11095:
11093:
11089:
11085:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11066:
11064:
11060:
11054:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11041:
11037:
11034:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11024:
11016:
11013:
11009:
11006:
11005:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10998:
10994:
10993:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10975:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10956:
10954:
10948:
10945:
10944:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10926:
10925:
10921:
10920:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10900:
10898:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10889:
10887:
10885:
10881:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10840:
10836:
10830:
10827:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10786:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10777:
10773:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10756:
10753:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10734:
10730:
10729:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10719:
10718:
10715:
10714:
10713:
10710:
10709:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10690:
10686:
10682:
10679:
10672:
10667:
10665:
10660:
10658:
10653:
10652:
10649:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10623:
10619:
10611:
10610:Kalmyk script
10607:
10606:Buryat script
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10583:
10581:
10577:
10568:
10564:
10561:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10532:
10528:
10525:
10524:Eastern Mansi
10521:
10518:
10517:Western Mansi
10514:
10511:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10492:
10488:
10485:
10481:
10478:
10474:
10473:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10433:
10431:
10427:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10363:
10359:
10356:
10352:
10351:
10350:
10347:
10342:
10338:
10335:
10331:
10330:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10273:Crimean Tatar
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10236:
10232:
10229:
10225:
10224:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10202:
10196:
10190:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10169:
10164:
10162:
10157:
10155:
10150:
10149:
10146:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10124:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10058:
10052:
10049:
10048:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10033:
10024:
10019:
10017:
10012:
10010:
10005:
10004:
10001:
9987:
9983:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9969:
9968:
9964:
9957:
9954:
9953:
9951:
9947:
9935:
9934:
9930:
9928:
9927:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9905:Caucasian Tat
9903:
9902:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9884:
9883:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9847:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9829:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9798:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9791:
9787:
9785:
9784:
9780:
9778:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9766:
9765:
9764:
9761:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9733:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9726:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9704:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9689:
9687:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9674:
9662:
9659:
9658:
9657:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9647:
9643:
9637:
9636:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9617:
9616:
9615:
9612:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9605:
9603:
9602:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9570:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9558:
9554:
9552:
9551:
9547:
9545:
9544:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9533:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9511:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9462:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9449:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9427:Proto-Iranian
9425:
9424:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9407:
9402:
9400:
9395:
9393:
9388:
9387:
9384:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9360:
9356:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9340:
9337:
9331:
9327:
9324:
9320:
9318:
9314:
9312:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9290:
9287:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9274:
9268:
9262:
9258:
9257:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9237:
9234:. Routledge.
9233:
9232:
9226:
9224:
9222:
9217:
9213:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9132:
9128:
9113:
9109:
9108:
9102:
9097:
9093:
9091:9780755618453
9087:
9083:
9082:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9064:
9060:
9054:
9049:
9048:
9042:
9041:Dalby, Andrew
9038:
9035:
9034:2-7475-6235-2
9031:
9027:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9013:
9012:
9007:
9006:
9002:
8995:
8989:
8986:
8981:
8977:
8971:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8950:
8947:
8936:
8932:
8926:
8923:
8918:
8912:
8909:
8904:
8902:9780755618453
8898:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8882:
8879:
8873:
8868:
8865:
8859:
8856:
8850:
8847:
8841:
8838:
8832:
8829:
8823:
8820:
8814:
8811:
8805:
8802:
8796:
8793:
8787:
8784:
8778:
8775:
8769:
8766:
8760:
8758:
8754:
8748:
8745:
8739:
8736:
8730:
8727:
8721:
8718:
8712:
8709:
8703:
8700:
8694:
8691:
8687:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8662:
8659:
8653:
8650:
8647:
8641:
8638:
8632:
8629:
8623:
8620:
8614:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8598:
8590:
8582:
8576:
8572:
8566:
8558:
8550:
8548:
8544:
8533:
8529:
8523:
8520:
8517:, p. 55.
8516:
8511:
8508:
8505:, p. 51.
8504:
8499:
8496:
8491:
8485:
8480:
8477:
8461:
8460:
8452:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8399:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8389:
8386:
8383:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8365:Abaev, V. I.
8362:
8360:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8346:
8334:
8333:
8328:
8321:
8318:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8295:
8293:
8289:
8284:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8229:
8226:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8199:
8196:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8171:
8165:
8155:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8130:
8127:
8121:
8118:
8114:
8108:
8105:
8099:
8096:
8090:
8087:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8062:
8060:
8054:
8050:
8048:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8024:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7987:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7948:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7937:
7934:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7923:
7920:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7879:Romanisation
7878:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7855:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7841:
7836:
7835:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7804:
7803:
7797:
7790:
7788:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7430:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6669:
6664:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6360:made official
6357:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6342:(1859–1906).
6341:
6337:
6333:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6313:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6240:2 × 100 + 20
6237:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6197:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6180:farastyssӕdzy
6178:
6176:фарастыссӕдзы
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6019:
6018:cypparyssædzy
6016:
6014:цыппарыссæдзы
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5856:dæs æmæ ssædz
5854:
5852:дӕс ӕмӕ ссӕдз
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5778:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5735:
5732:14 цыппæрдæс
5731:
5729:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5588:(from цыппар
5586:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5542:applies. The
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5524:postpositions
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5439:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5415:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5365:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5337:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5090:is expressed
5089:
5088:Passive voice
5082:
5080:
5078:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4558:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4361:, e.g. сафын
4360:
4356:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4068:synthetically
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3982:) 'this' and
3981:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3523:oblique stem
3522:
3519:
3516:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3200:romanization
3199:
3194:romanization
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:agglutinative
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3155:, directive,
3154:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:cliticization
2989:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2968:According to
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:ӕмдых (æmdyx)
2940:'strength' —
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:карчы (karčy)
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:, /ɐ/ + /ə/ (
2877:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2488:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:areal feature
1876:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:Iron dialect
1721:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:South Ossetia
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1217:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1001:
991:
987:
986:Ancient Greek
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
849:
845:
844:Iranian group
841:
837:
836:
831:
827:
826:South Ossetia
823:
822:
818:, and of the
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
755:South Ossetia
752:
751:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
698:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:
663:
636:
635:
625:
598:
597:
587:
557:
549:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
516:
510:
507:
499:
494:
487:
482:
478:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
458:
457:
452:
448:
444:
441:
436:
431:
426:
423:
418:
413:
408:
405:
400:
395:
390:
389:South Ossetia
387:
386:
385:
384:
378:
375:
374:
373:
372:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
352:
347:
340:
337:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
309:
305:
299:
292:
291:
290:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
269:
258:
255:
254:
252:
246:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
207:
206:Indo-European
203:
199:
193:
189:
183:
180:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
148:
142:
138:
136:Pronunciation
134:
130:
129:digoron ævzag
124:дигорон ӕвзаг
119:
109:
104:
95:
85:
80:
76:
69:
59:
49:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
11803:Transnistria
11765:Vatican City
11402:
11386:
11365:Kalmyk Oirat
11271:Pontic Greek
11187:
11131:
10995:
10922:
10728:Old Georgian
10726:
10705:(Kartvelian)
10692:
10596:Latin script
10499:Komi-Permyak
10374:
10102:Pontic Greek
10096:
9970:
9931:
9924:
9892:
9788:
9781:
9774:
9723:
9701:
9653:
9644:
9633:
9618:
9613:
9606:
9599:
9555:
9548:
9541:
9508:
9362:(in English)
9342:(in Russian)
9334:(in Russian)
9316:
9307:(in English)
9292:(in English)
9284:(in English)
9254:
9230:
9220:
9211:
9178:
9174:
9139:
9135:
9115:. Retrieved
9105:
9080:
9067:
9046:
9025:
9009:
9003:Bibliography
8988:
8979:
8970:
8962:
8958:
8949:
8938:. Retrieved
8934:
8925:
8911:
8891:
8881:
8875:(in Russian)
8867:
8858:
8849:
8840:
8831:
8822:
8813:
8804:
8795:
8786:
8777:
8768:
8747:
8738:
8729:
8720:
8711:
8702:
8693:
8667:
8661:
8652:
8640:
8631:
8622:
8535:. Retrieved
8531:
8522:
8510:
8498:
8479:
8467:. Retrieved
8458:
8411:(1): 43–72.
8408:
8404:
8381:
8376:
8366:
8336:. Retrieved
8330:
8320:
8309:. Retrieved
8303:
8272:
8251:
8244:OED:Ossetian
8239:
8233:AHD:Ossetian
8228:
8216:. Retrieved
8207:
8198:
8181:
8173:
8154:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8129:
8120:
8112:
8107:
8098:
8089:
8058:
8056:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8007:
8003:
7882:Translation
7858:
7851:
7844:
7838:
7832:
7829:
7818:
7816:
7800:
7770:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7542:
7537:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7482:
7477:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7060:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6820:
6813:
6808:
6799:
6792:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6376:
6372:
6356:Latin script
6344:
6329:
6321:Greek Script
6318:
6300:
6296:('2 X 1000')
6293:
6289:('11 X 100')
6286:
6282:
6276:
6272:
6259:
6246:
6235:
6219:
6206:
6195:
6179:
6168:
6152:
6141:
6125:
6114:
6099:æxsæzyssædzy
6098:
6095:ӕхсӕзыссӕдзы
6087:
6072:fondzyssædzy
6071:
6068:фондзыссӕдзы
6060:
6049:10 + 4 × 20
6044:
6033:
6017:
6006:
5995:10 + 2 × 30
5990:
5979:
5963:
5952:
5941:10 + 2 × 20
5936:
5925:
5909:
5898:
5882:
5871:
5855:
5844:
5829:iw æmæ ssædz
5828:
5825:иу ӕмӕ ссӕдз
5817:
5803:Romanisation
5794:Romanisation
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5744:16 æхсæрдæс
5739:
5733:
5727:
5726:13 æртындæс
5721:
5720:12 дыууадæс
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5632:fondzyssædzy
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5606:(from дыууӕ
5603:
5599:
5598:(from ӕхсӕз
5595:
5569:
5521:
5514:'drunkard'.
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5413:
5402:
5390:
5384:
5380:
5369:
5363:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5301:epenthesised
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5213:
5207:
5176:direction:
5169:
5165:
5162:imperfective
5151:
5129:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5067:
5061:
5050:
5024:
5011:
5009:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4786:
4780:
4769:
4763:
4752:
4746:
4725:
4716:
4709:
4703:
4692:
4686:
4675:
4669:
4648:
4641:
4635:
4624:
4618:
4607:
4601:
4578:
4570:
4565:
4563:
4556:
4550:
4546:
4535:
4529:
4518:
4512:
4489:
4487:
4480:
4474:
4463:
4457:
4446:
4440:
4417:
4414:
4392:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4326: : над
4323:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4284:'cut'), -дз
4281:
4277:
4276:(e.g. кӕрд-
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4228:'make'), ау
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4204:(e.g. дзур-
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4088:imperfective
4065:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:, pl. уыдон
3989:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3754:
3752:symax / smax
3751:
3749:сымах / смах
3748:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3180:
3142:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:Definiteness
3006:
3003:Definiteness
2985:
2975:
2967:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2789:
2705:
2675:
2646:
2628:
2602:
2596:Approximants
2565:
2549:
2526:
2510:
2482:
2464:
2439:
2423:
2395:
2377:
2343:
2327:
2311:
2295:
2279:
2263:
2238:
2222:
2198:
2174:
2158:
2142:
2118:
2094:
2065:
2049:
2033:
2017:
2001:
1985:
1909:Postalveolar
1867:V. I. Abayev
1864:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1719:Old Iranian
1692:
1665:
1640:
1622:
1599:
1581:
1550:
1530:
1503:
1478:
1460:
1435:
1410:
1392:
1361:
1312:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1234:phonological
1231:
1224:
1215:
1208:
1192:John Tzetzes
1187:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1023:
999:
989:
973:
959:
911:Central Asia
900:
874:rather than
838:part of the
833:
819:
797:
781:
766:
748:
738:
684:
680:
676:
555:
554:
518:
471:Linguasphere
454:
381:
369:
285:
230:
211:Indo-Iranian
128:
117:
92:October 2021
89:
75:ISO 639 code
71:}}
65:{{
61:}}
55:{{
51:}}
45:{{
40:
11841:Isle of Man
11776:recognition
11723:Switzerland
11658:Netherlands
11335:Azerbaijani
10385:Yakut/Sakha
10248:Azerbaijani
10072:Azerbaijani
9926:Old Persian
9763:Mazanderani
9557:Khwarezmian
9442:New Iranian
9432:Old Iranian
8626:Abaev, p. 5
8571:postpalatal
8515:Zgusta 1987
8503:Zgusta 1987
8484:Ivanov 2010
8441:Zgusta 1987
8338:23 February
8075:Jász people
7864:Sample text
7825:Vladikavkaz
6211:2 × 5 × 20
6115:sædæ cyppor
6111:сӕдӕ цыппор
5910:dywwissædzy
5906:дыууиссӕдзы
5872:ærtyn fondz
5868:ӕртын фондз
5738:15 фынддӕс
5714:11 иуæндæс
5636:ærtyn fondz
5618:(from ӕртӕ
5604:dywwissædzy
5409:infinitive
5125:badyn kӕnyn
5110:arӕzt cӕwyn
5057:3rd person
5043:2nd person
5016:subjunctive
4968:3rd person
4927:2nd person
4886:1st person
4796:subjunctive
4776:3rd person
4759:2nd person
4742:1st person
4699:3rd person
4682:2nd person
4665:1st person
4634:-дзӕн-(ис)
4631:3rd person
4614:2nd person
4597:1st person
4542:3rd person
4525:2nd person
4508:1st person
4470:3rd person
4453:2nd person
4436:1st person
4375: : уы
4188:(e.g. риз-
4180:'look'), и
4172:(e.g. кӕс-
4134:(e.g. бар-
4110:(e.g. дар-
4076:subjunctive
3978:, pl. адон
3928:(e.g. мемӕ
3781:3rd person
3648:2nd person
3531:1st person
3520:nominative
3437:Comitative
3205:Nominative
3103:– мӕсгуытӕ
3057:svarabhakti
2970:V. I. Abaev
2927:карк (kark)
1871:glottalized
1218:καὶ τ’ ἄλλα
1033: [
1026:inscription
894:(spoken in
884:Afghanistan
882:(spoken in
824:country of
753:country of
736:languages.
533:instead of
341:(1923–1937)
11918:Sarmatians
11887:Categories
11693:San Marino
11653:Montenegro
11633:Luxembourg
11613:Kazakhstan
11516:Azerbaijan
11115:Circassian
10776:Avar–Andic
10746:Mingrelian
10092:Mingrelian
9601:Sarghulami
9521:Yazghulami
9474:Ishkashimi
9157:1887/18310
9129:required.)
9117:2 December
9101:"Ossetian"
8994:Nart sagas
8940:2017-01-08
8537:2023-12-07
8469:2 February
8311:2019-01-08
8305:Ethnologue
8256:Dalby 1998
8183:Ethnologue
8166:References
8133:Note that
8006:) made of
7968:Kurdalagon
7834:Ræstdzinad
7820:Iron Gazet
7802:Ræstdzinad
6368:diacritics
6364:introduced
6294:dywwæ miny
6220:dæsyssædzy
6216:дӕсыссӕдзы
6196:dywwæ sædæ
6192:дыууӕ сӕдӕ
6169:sædæ æstaj
6165:сӕдӕ æстай
6153:æstyssædzy
6149:астыссӕдзы
6142:sædæ æxsaj
6138:сӕдӕ ӕхсӕй
6126:avdyssædzy
6122:авдыссӕдзы
6088:sædæ ssædz
6084:сӕдӕ ссӕдз
5964:ærtissædzy
5960:ӕртиссӕдзы
5756:18 æстдæс
5750:17 æвддæс
5616:ærtissædzy
5560:indefinite
5532:word order
5504:zyn ssarӕn
5423:infinitive
5303:: фӕ-ц-ис
5158:perfective
4842:'I lost'.
4836:kal-d-t-on
4636:-dzӕn-(is)
4623:-дзы-стут
4606:-дзы-стӕм
4357: : ӕ
4322:(e.g. нӕм
4300:> -гъд
4248: : ы
4240: : ы
4232: : ы
4216: : ӕ
4200: : ы
4184: : ы
4168: : а
4084:perfective
4080:imperative
4072:indicative
4046:and ӕппӕт
4038:, and ӕлы
3988:(stem уы-
3484:Adjectives
3478:zærdæ-j-æn
3173:comitative
3145:nominative
3135:'houses'.
2836:'but he'.
2732:allophones
2366:Fricatives
1974:Affricates
1961:labialized
1949:labialized
1861:Consonants
1270:Marginalia
1203:grammarian
945:, and the
939:Sarmatians
931:Massagetae
917:, and the
896:Tajikistan
701:pronounced
697:iron ӕvzag
689:ирон ӕвзаг
118:iron ævzag
113:ирон ӕвзаг
11831:Gibraltar
11628:Lithuania
11413:varieties
11405:indicate
11233:Ukrainian
11208:Judeo-Tat
11125:Kabardian
11088:Northwest
10933:Southern
10913:Tabasaran
10768:(Caspian)
10765:Northeast
10712:Karto-Zan
10689:Caucasian
10420:Ukrainian
10390:Tabasaran
10288:Kabardian
10067:Abkhazian
9986:varieties
9973:indicate
9894:Pahlavani
9886:Bakhtiari
9871:Kuhmareyi
9861:Bashkardi
9783:Old Azeri
9494:Sanglechi
9166:162785119
8959:blagos.ru
8577:, and to
8300:"Ossetic"
7972:Donbettyr
6271:1000 мин
6173:100 + 80
6146:100 + 60
6119:100 + 40
6092:100 + 20
5768:20 ссӕдз
5762:19 нудæс
5734:cyppærdæs
5702:9 фараст
5672:4 цыппар
5576:vigesimal
5556:inanimate
5475:nyffyssӕg
5324:racӕjcydi
5319:'spill'.
5035:singular
4878:singular
4872:singular
4866:singular
4734:singular
4657:singular
4640:-дзы-сты
4625:-dzy-stut
4608:-dzy-stӕm
4600:-дзын-ӕн
4589:singular
4500:singular
4428:singular
4272:> -ст
3974:(stem а-
3494:ræsuhddær
3408:Equative
3379:Adessive
3350:Inessive
3321:Ablative
3292:Allative
3234:Genitive
3191:Singular
3183:"head"):
3133:xӕdzӕrttӕ
3023:"the axe"
2938:тых (tyx)
2880:ӕ + ы/y),
2459:voiceless
2089:voiceless
1659:Near-open
1497:Near-open
1429:Close-mid
1353:Phonology
1291:diphthong
1196:Byzantine
1005:Μασαγέται
1000:Masagetae
995:Σαρομάται
990:Saromatae
927:Scythians
800:Ossetians
730:Sarmatian
456:Glottolog
440:ISO 639-3
422:ISO 639-2
404:ISO 639-1
179:Ossetians
177:700,000
174:Ethnicity
11851:Svalbard
11836:Guernsey
11783:Abkhazia
11753:Scotland
11708:Slovenia
11703:Slovakia
11678:Portugal
11536:Bulgaria
11421:See also
11375:Assyrian
11249:Armenian
11188:Ossetian
11181:Kurmanji
11159:European
11091:(Pontic)
11069:Khinalug
11044:Khwarshi
11029:(Didoic)
10955:Western
10899:Eastern
10817:Chamalal
10812:Godoberi
10799:Bagvalal
10717:Georgian
10681:Caucasus
10586:Cyrillic
10554:Yukaghir
10461:Karelian
10375:Ossetian
10097:Ossetian
10051:Georgian
9915:Hazaragi
9866:Garmsiri
9806:Sangsari
9801:Lasgerdi
9790:Parthian
9768:Tabaroid
9736:Kurmanji
9692:Ashtiani
9661:Yaghnobi
9619:Ossetian
9608:Scythian
9583:Southern
9578:Northern
9550:Bactrian
9499:Sarikoli
9469:Bartangi
9355:Archived
9332:project
9326:Archived
9252:(1987).
9195:15598217
9078:(2022).
9043:(1998).
8889:(2022).
8382:Ossetic.
8212:Archived
8178:Ossetian
8069:See also
7840:Xurzærin
6350:origin,
6283:min sædæ
6264:11 × 20
6224:10 × 20
6200:2 × 100
5887:15 + 20
5860:10 + 20
5818:ssædz iw
5814:ссӕдз иу
5800:Cyrillic
5791:Cyrillic
5746:æxsærdæs
5728:ærtyndæs
5722:dywwadæs
5684:6 ӕхсӕз
5678:5 фондз
5660:2 дыууӕ
5566:Numerals
5461:fyssinag
5376:passive
5351:present
5317:nykkӕlyn
5198:neutral
5141:xi dasyn
5132:: дасын
5020:optative
4948:-аиккат
4907:-аиккам
4840:saf-t-on
4720:-dzy(n)-
4702:-(и(с))
4642:-dzy-sty
4617:-дзын-ӕ
4602:-dzyn-ӕn
4244:, and о
4160:: зард-
3785:singular
3652:singular
3535:singular
3508:Pronouns
3169:equative
3165:adessive
3161:inessive
3157:ablative
3149:genitive
3105:mӕsgwytӕ
3093:bardžytӕ
3081:čyzdžytӕ
3059:vowel ы
3017:"an axe"
2949:ны (ny-)
2929:'hen' —
2876:ӕ + и/i)
2819:syllabic
2258:ejective
1937:sibilant
1904:alveolar
1875:ejective
1309:Dialects
1299:glossary
1283:stressed
1188:Theogony
1135:Æmbalani
1132:ΑΝΠΑΛΑΝΗ
1111:Bӕqӕtari
1108:ΠΑΚΑΘΑΡΗ
1053:digraphs
955:Sogdians
951:Khwarazm
947:Roxolani
923:Scythian
919:Caucasus
892:Yaghnobi
888:Pakistan
821:de facto
808:Caucasus
771:part of
765:that is
750:de facto
726:Scythian
685:Ossetian
556:Ossetian
539:Help:IPA
477:58-ABB-a
463:osse1243
326:Georgian
320:Cyrillic
282:[[Jassic
267:Dialects
256:Ossetian
231:Ossetian
226:Scythian
168:Caucasus
106:Ossetian
11913:Ossetia
11743:England
11733:Ukraine
11683:Romania
11643:Moldova
11601:Ireland
11596:Iceland
11591:Hungary
11581:Germany
11576:Georgia
11566:Finland
11561:Estonia
11556:Denmark
11541:Croatia
11526:Belgium
11521:Belarus
11511:Austria
11506:Armenia
11501:Andorra
11496:Albania
11403:Italics
11345:Turkmen
11340:Turkish
11294:Kipchak
11259:Western
11254:Eastern
11228:Russian
11193:Persian
11176:Kurdish
11168:Iranian
11003:Chechen
10997:Arshtin
10991:Vainakh
10964:Tsakhur
10874:Kubachi
10808:Botlikh
10794:Akhvakh
10693:(areal)
10579:Scripts
10456:Finnish
10436:Chukchi
10405:Tsakhur
10349:Mordvin
10268:Chuvash
10263:Chechen
10253:Bashkir
10189:Russian
10107:Russian
9975:extinct
9971:Italics
9956:Badeshi
9900:Persian
9876:Kumzari
9818:Taleshi
9811:Sorkhei
9796:Semnani
9751:Kordali
9731:Kurdish
9725:Gorgani
9703:Daylami
9697:Balochi
9677:Western
9655:Sogdian
9614:Alanian
9588:Wanetsi
9573:Central
9563:Parachi
9543:Avestan
9504:Shughni
9489:Roshani
9452:Eastern
9420:History
9321:at the
9203:1717933
9068:Ossetic
8425:3217844
8053:Khutsaw
7846:Max dug
7432:Letter
7110:Letter
7099:Russian
6716:Letter
6390:Letter
6275:, ӕрзӕ
6184:9 × 20
6157:8 × 20
6130:7 × 20
6103:6 × 20
6076:5 × 20
6038:9 × 10
6022:4 × 20
6011:8 × 10
5984:7 × 10
5968:3 × 20
5957:6 × 10
5930:5 × 10
5926:fændzaj
5922:фæндзай
5914:2 × 20
5903:4 × 10
5876:30 + 5
5849:3 × 10
5833:1 + 20
5822:20 + 1
5780:number
5740:fynddæs
5716:iwændæs
5708:10 дӕс
5666:3 ӕртӕ
5580:Balkars
5572:decimal
5496:badgӕjӕ
5482:(бадгӕ
5398:gerund
5368:-инаг -
5359:active
5354:future
5305:fӕ-c-is
5192:'down'
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5038:plural
4991:-aikkoj
4989:аиккой
4977:-иккой
4950:-aikkat
4936:-иккат
4909:-aikkam
4895:-иккам
4881:plural
4875:plural
4869:plural
4859:future
4785:-(т)ой
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4745:-(т)он
4737:plural
4704:-(i(s))
4691:-ыстут
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4668:-(т)ӕн
4660:plural
4619:-dzyn-ӕ
4592:plural
4503:plural
4431:plural
4395:(тавын
4304:(лидз-
4292:, -ндз
4100:Persian
3440:сӕримӕ
3263:Dative
3197:Plural
3069:cӕstytӕ
2964:Grammar
2911:чъ (čh)
2907:къ (kh)
2903:дж (dž)
1914:palatal
1565:Central
1376:Central
1347:Hungary
1333:and in
1315:Digoron
1301:of the
1127:Æmbalan
1124:ΑΝΠΑΛΑΝ
1103:Bӕqӕtar
1100:ΠΑΚΑΘΑΡ
980:on the
962:Kurdish
846:of the
835:de jure
773:Georgia
768:de jure
714:Ossetia
677:Ossetic
535:Unicode
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293:[[Kudar
221:Eastern
216:Iranian
158:Ossetia
84:See why
11846:Jersey
11788:Kosovo
11728:Turkey
11718:Sweden
11698:Serbia
11688:Russia
11673:Poland
11668:Norway
11648:Monaco
11618:Latvia
11586:Greece
11571:France
11546:Cyprus
11380:Bohtan
11358:Others
11285:Turkic
11266:German
11242:Others
11220:Slavic
11198:Talysh
11120:Adyghe
11108:Abkhaz
11098:Abazgi
11062:Others
11049:Hinukh
11040:Hunzib
11036:Bezhta
11027:Tsezic
11015:Ingush
10937:Budukh
10908:Lezgin
10896:Samur
10884:Lezgic
10869:Kaitag
10864:Itsari
10852:Dargwa
10847:Chirag
10839:Dargin
10822:Karata
10544:Selkup
10539:Nenets
10471:Khanty
10466:Kazakh
10451:Evenki
10441:Dolgan
10415:Udmurt
10362:Moksha
10341:Meadow
10323:Lezgin
10303:Khakas
10293:Kalmyk
10283:Ingush
10278:Dargwa
10258:Buryat
10212:Adyghe
9949:Others
9856:Achomi
9828:Tatoid
9776:Median
9746:Xwarin
9741:Sorani
9719:Gorani
9714:Gilaki
9635:Jassic
9595:Ormuri
9568:Pashto
9535:Others
9526:Yidgha
9263:
9238:
9201:
9193:
9164:
9088:
9055:
9032:
8935:JW.ORG
8899:
8682:
8603:uvular
8423:
8279:
8218:Mar 3,
8010:, the
8004:udævdz
7093:, and
6301:milwan
6034:næwædz
6030:нæуæдз
5899:cyppor
5895:цыппор
5806:Logic
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5752:ævddæs
5704:farast
5696:8 аст
5690:7 авд
5674:cyppar
5591:cyppar
5585:cyppor
5518:Syntax
5512:nwazag
5492:sudzgӕ
5488:kӕrdgӕ
5470:fyssӕg
5447:fyssyn
5440:or -д
5336:gerund
5248:ӕрба-
5186:'out'
5148:Aspect
5105:arazyn
5098:цӕуын
4979:-ikkoj
4938:-ikkat
4897:-ikkam
4787:-(t)oj
4770:-(t)at
4764:-(t)aj
4753:-(t)am
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4685:-(т)ӕ
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4670:-(t)ӕn
4545:-и(с)
4404:tӕfsyn
4388:qwysyn
4346:, ст-
4336:lӕvӕrd
4332:dӕttyn
4296:, -нц
4268:, -нт
4264:, -нд
4260:, -тт
4210:dzyrd-
4153:zaryd-
4146:(зар-
3860:plural
3850:jӕ, ӕj
3847:йӕ, ӕй
3719:plural
3602:plural
3502:lægdær
3470:hiatus
3444:sӕrimӕ
3411:сӕрау
3382:сӕрыл
3324:сӕрӕй
3295:сӕрмӕ
3266:сӕрӕн
3171:, and
3153:dative
3129:xӕdzar
3125:fӕrstӕ
3111:and о
3031:Number
2988:gender
2884:ӕ + ӕ)
2750:, and
2722:, and
2669:Rhotic
2545:Nasals
2372:voiced
1980:voiced
1924:Uvular
1899:Dental
1894:Labial
1358:Vowels
1343:Jassic
1164:ΤΖΗΡΘΕ
1087:Istori
1084:ΗΣΤΟΡΗ
1063:Saxiri
1060:ΣΑΧΗΡΗ
1045:Arkhyz
998:) and
970:Talysh
968:, and
941:, the
937:, the
933:, the
929:, the
907:Persia
890:) and
880:Pashto
784:UNESCO
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734:Alanic
732:, and
681:Ossete
596:-ee-ən
506:UNESCO
360:Russia
164:Region
11821:Åland
11758:Wales
11713:Spain
11638:Malta
11608:Italy
11327:Oghuz
11312:Nogai
11307:Kumyk
11157:Indo-
11133:Ubykh
11103:Abaza
10959:Rutul
10942:Kryts
10903:Aghul
10892:Archi
10857:Kadar
10803:Tindi
10784:Andic
10702:South
10504:Mansi
10410:Tuvan
10400:Tatar
10380:Rutul
10370:Nogai
10355:Erzya
10313:Kumyk
10222:Altai
10217:Aghul
10207:Abaza
9920:Tajik
9849:South
9685:North
9624:Digor
9516:Wakhi
9510:Vanji
9484:Munji
9479:Khufi
9461:Pamir
9256:486.)
9199:S2CID
9162:S2CID
9123:
8575:velar
8463:(PDF)
8421:JSTOR
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8137:<
8081:Notes
8012:bulat
8008:fætyg
7555:(khu)
7441:(Khu)
6910:(хъу)
6590:(къу)
6535:(гъу)
6488:(Къу)
6325:Arxyz
6007:æstaj
6003:æстай
5980:ævdaj
5976:æвдай
5953:æxsaj
5949:ӕхсӕй
5845:ærtyn
5841:ӕртын
5770:ssædz
5764:nudæs
5686:æxsæz
5680:fondz
5662:dywwæ
5654:1 иу
5624:ssædz
5612:ssædz
5608:dywwæ
5600:æxsæz
5596:æxsaj
5484:badgӕ
5431:cӕwyn
5389:(-ӕн
5383:/ -д
5348:past
5313:kӕlyn
5272:arba-
5250:ӕrba-
5216:'in'
5195:'up'
5189:'in'
5166:cӕwyn
5135:dasyn
5119:badyn
5114:kӕnyn
5100:cӕwyn
5083:Voice
5066:-ӕнт
4983:-аид
4942:-аис
4901:-аин
4856:past
4710:-ysty
4687:-(t)ӕ
4566:vӕjj-
4549:, -у
4534:стут
4517:стӕм
4479:-ынц
4398:tavyn
4382:qusyn
4369:sӕfyn
4364:safyn
4318:or м
4311:lyhd-
4306:lidz-
4288:, -ц
4282:karst
4278:kӕrd-
4256:, -т
4236:, ӕу
4226:arӕz-
4222:araz-
4206:dzur-
4194:ryzt-
4178:kast-
4162:zard-
4140:barst
4127:warzt
4116:dard-
4106:or д
4094:Stems
4062:Verbs
4056:ӕndӕr
4048:ӕppӕt
4020:some-
3995:wydon
3953:xӕdӕg
3877:wydon
3874:уыдон
3870:wydon
3867:уыдон
3729:symax
3726:сымах
3415:sӕraw
3386:sӕryl
3353:сӕры
3328:sӕrӕj
3299:sӕrmӕ
3270:sӕrӕn
3237:сӕры
3139:Cases
3101:mӕsyg
3089:barӕg
3053:sӕrtӕ
3045:Cases
3037:-t(ӕ)
3021:fǽræt
3015:færǽt
2982:Nouns
2923:ы (y)
2919:и (i)
2915:е (e)
2899:г (g)
2895:ч (č)
2891:к (k)
2863:вдӕм/
1969:Stops
1955:plain
1943:plain
1931:plain
1919:Velar
1577:Close
1560:Front
1388:Close
1371:Front
1295:Digor
1287:vowel
1167:čirtī
1140:ΦΟΥΡΤ
1116:ΦΟΥΡΤ
1092:ΦΟΥΡΤ
1068:ΦΟΥΡΤ
1037:]
1028:(the
943:Alans
872:areal
802:, an
672:-shən
634:-shən
339:Latin
314:Greek
273:Digor
11317:Urum
11053:Tsez
11008:Aukh
10986:Bats
10978:Nakh
10829:Avar
10789:Andi
10755:Svan
10549:Veps
10446:Even
10334:Hill
10328:Mari
10308:Komi
10243:Avar
10117:Urum
10112:Svan
10082:Bats
9910:Dari
9881:Luri
9835:Zaza
9823:Tati
9756:Laki
9709:Fars
9646:Saka
9629:Iron
9319:page
9261:ISBN
9236:ISBN
9191:PMID
9119:2017
9086:ISBN
9053:ISBN
9030:ISBN
8897:ISBN
8680:ISBN
8593:and
8569:as "
8561:and
8490:help
8471:2015
8340:2024
8277:ISBN
8220:2021
8141:and
8059:rong
7809:and
7783:and
7775:and
7635:(xu)
7595:(qu)
7357:t͡ʃʼ
7347:t͡sʼ
7311:(ku)
7291:(hu)
7281:(gu)
7209:(Ku)
7189:(Hu)
7179:(Gu)
7049:t͡ʃʼ
7039:t͡sʼ
6900:(ху)
6580:(ку)
6525:(гу)
6478:(Ку)
6419:(Гу)
6358:was
6277:ærzæ
6229:220
6189:200
6162:180
6135:160
6108:140
6081:120
6061:sædæ
6057:сӕдӕ
6054:100
5668:ærtæ
5628:sædæ
5620:ærtæ
5456:inag
5452:fyst
5421:The
5412:-ын
5401:-гӕ
5370:inag
5362:-ӕг
5254:ӕр-
5242:ра-
5231:фӕ-
5219:ны-
5212:ба-
5160:vs.
5068:-ӕnt
5060:-ӕд
5049:-ут
5001:-ой
4985:-aid
4971:-ид
4960:-ат
4954:-ай
4944:-ais
4930:-ис
4919:-ӕм
4913:-он
4903:-ain
4889:-ин
4826:, н
4822:, м
4818:, л
4814:, р
4810:, у
4555:сты
4547:i(s)
4536:stut
4519:stӕm
4511:дӕн
4481:-ync
4462:-ут
4456:-ыс
4445:-ӕм
4439:-ын
4340:wyd-
4294:-ndz
4190:riz-
4148:zar-
4121:warz
4112:dar-
4086:and
4052:innӕ
4044:ӕgas
4028:-dӕr
4018:and
4016:any-
3980:adon
3961:xiw-
3957:xic-
3936:and
3930:memӕ
3822:wyj-
3819:уый-
3815:wyj-
3812:уый-
3745:smax
3742:смах
3689:dӕw-
3686:дӕу-
3682:dӕw-
3679:дӕу-
3572:mӕn-
3569:мӕн-
3565:mӕn-
3562:мӕн-
3490:-dær
3452:имӕ
3357:sӕry
3241:sӕry
3208:сӕр
3121:fars
3077:čyzg
3065:cӕst
2955:and
2921:and
2905:and
2867:vdæm
2774:and
2726:t͡ʃʼ
2321:t͡ʃʼ
2305:t͡sʼ
1686:Open
1570:Back
1524:Open
1381:Back
1337:and
1327:Iron
1321:and
1247:and
1201:and
1199:poet
1143:Furt
1119:Furt
1095:Furt
1079:Xovs
1076:ΧΟΒΣ
1071:Furt
953:and
935:Saka
903:Iran
886:and
859:irōn
853:ирон
278:Iron
48:lang
11203:Tat
11074:Lak
10947:Jek
10918:Udi
10741:Laz
10736:Zan
10395:Tat
10318:Lak
10087:Laz
9977:or
9309:by
9183:doi
9152:hdl
9144:doi
9140:103
8672:doi
8413:doi
8409:123
8180:at
7662:kʷʼ
7652:IPA
7376:d͡ʒ
7371:d͡z
7352:t͡ʃ
7342:t͡s
7318:IPA
7044:t͡ʃ
7034:t͡s
6942:IPA
6802:Хъу
6705:kʼʷ
6661:d͡z
6652:d͡ʒ
6602:IPA
6431:Гъу
6379:IPA
6273:min
6027:90
6000:80
5973:70
5946:60
5919:50
5892:40
5865:35
5838:30
5811:21
5710:dæs
5698:ast
5692:avd
5648:-ag
5644:-æm
5558:or
5546:is
5536:SOV
5508:-ag
5500:-ӕn
5480:-gӕ
5466:-ӕg
5427:-yn
5414:-yn
5403:-gӕ
5391:-ӕn
5379:-т
5364:-ӕg
5299:is
5284:fӕ-
5280:ny-
5276:ba-
5260:NA
5256:ӕr-
5244:ra-
5233:fӕ-
5225:с-
5221:ny-
5214:ba-
5206:а-
5156::
5062:-ӕd
5051:-ut
5046:-∅
5003:-oj
4995:-а
4973:-id
4962:-at
4956:-aj
4932:-is
4921:-ӕm
4915:-on
4891:-in
4779:-а
4579:uyn
4557:sty
4528:дӕ
4513:dӕn
4490:wyn
4473:-ы
4464:-ut
4458:-ys
4447:-ӕm
4441:-yn
4348:st-
4328:nad
4324:nӕm
4298:-nc
4174:kӕs
4158:t/d
4136:bar
4132:-st
4040:ӕly
4036:al-
4032:ni-
4024:is-
4012:cӕ-
4004:kӕ-
3990:wy-
3985:wyj
3946:jV-
3942:dzy
3938:∅V-
3934:jV-
3926:-e-
3922:myn
3918:-y-
3835:jӕ,
3832:йӕ,
3802:wyj
3799:уый
3795:wyj
3792:уый
3619:max
3616:мах
3612:max
3609:мах
3498:læg
3460:imӕ
3456:sӕr
3448:сӕр
3427:sӕr
3423:ау
3419:сӕр
3398:sӕr
3394:ыл
3390:сӕр
3369:sӕr
3361:сӕр
3340:sӕr
3336:ӕй
3332:сӕр
3311:sӕr
3307:ӕм
3303:сӕр
3282:sӕr
3278:ӕн
3274:сӕр
3253:sӕr
3245:сӕр
3224:sӕr
3216:сӕр
3212:sӕr
3181:sӕr
3097:-yg
3049:sӕr
2957:-on
2953:-ag
2909:to
2901:to
2893:to
2852:вд/
2798:or
2734:of
2718:d͡ʒ
2710:t͡ʃ
2442:гъу
2353:kʼʷ
2346:къу
2241:хъу
2208:kʷʰ
2168:t͡ʃ
2152:t͡s
2043:d͡ʒ
2027:d͡z
1881:of
1827:*au
1810:*ai
1618:Mid
1456:Mid
1289:or
1241:tau
1190:of
1159:Ani
1156:ΑΝΗ
1151:Lak
1148:ΛΑΚ
1043:in
1008:).
966:Tat
909:),
832:as
761:as
670:SEE
668:oh-
632:SEE
594:SET
521:IPA
447:oss
430:oss
68:IPA
11889::
10608:,
9197:.
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9177:.
9160:.
9150:.
9138:.
9104:.
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8678:,
8610:^
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8329:.
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8210:.
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7750:χʷ
7733:,
7726:tʼ
7702:qʷ
7692:pʼ
7657:kʼ
7615:th
7585:ph
7550:kh
7531:Xu
7508:Th
7485:Qu
7472:Ph
7436:Kh
7426:kʷ
7406:ʁʷ
7396:ɡʷ
7261:dž
7256:dz
7246:čh
7236:ch
7159:Dž
7154:Dz
7144:Čh
7134:Ch
7089:,
7085:,
7081:,
7077:,
7073:,
7069:,
7065:,
7025:qʷ
7015:χʷ
6998:,
6991:tʼ
6967:pʼ
6930:чъ
6920:цъ
6905:хъ
6880:тъ
6860:пъ
6827:Чъ
6815:Цъ
6794:Хъ
6786:Ху
6763:Тъ
6741:Пъ
6700:kʼ
6695:kʷ
6642:ʁʷ
6632:ɡʷ
6585:къ
6550:дз
6545:дж
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6483:Къ
6448:Дз
6443:Дж
6424:Гъ
6065:–
5656:iw
5650:.
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4270:nt
4266:nd
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4000:či
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3765:wӕ
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3709:dӕ
3706:дӕ
3702:dӕ
3699:дӕ
3669:dy
3666:ды
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3659:ды
3639:nӕ
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3632:nӕ
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3592:mӕ
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3431:aw
3402:yl
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3344:ӕj
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3286:ӕn
3249:ы
3220:ӕ
3167:,
3163:,
3159:,
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3085:ӕg
2972:,
2917:,
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2856:vd
2766:,
2754:kʼ
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2068:гу
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2020:дз
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