Osteonecrosis of the jaw - Knowledge (XXG)

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frequently present multiple lesions, i.e., multiple sites in the same or similar bones, with normal marrow in between. In the hip, at least half of all patients will get the disease in the opposite hip over time; this pattern occurs in the jaws as well. Recently, it has been found that some osteonecrosis patients respond to anticoagulation therapies alone. The earlier the diagnosis the better the prognosis. Research is ongoing on other non-surgical therapeutic modalities that could alone or in combination with surgery further improve the prognosis and reduce the morbidity of ONJ. A greater emphasis on minimizing or correcting known causes is necessary while further research is conducted on chronic ischaemic bone diseases such as oral osteoporosis and ONJ.

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colloquially as "phossy jaw", a similar, earlier occupational disease. However, the pharmaceutical manufacturers of bisphosphonates drugs such as Merck and Novartis have stated that ONJ in patients on this class of drug, can be related to a pre-existing condition, coagulopathy, anemia, infection, use of corticosteroids, alcoholism and other conditions already known to be associated with ONJ in the absence of bisphosphonate therapy. The implication is that bisphosphonates may not be the initiating cause of ONJ and that other pre-existing or concurrent systemic and/or local dental factors are involved.

81: 577:, in bone marrow, are sensitive to anoxia and are the first to die after reduction or removal of the blood supply. In anoxic conditions they usually die within 12 hours. Experimental evidence suggests that bone cells composed of osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts die within 12–48 hours, and marrow fat cells die within 120 hours. The death of bone does not alter its radiographic opacity nor its mineral density. Necrotic bone does not undergo resorption; therefore, it appears relatively more opaque. 808:, were reported in the literature. This disease apparently did not often occur in individuals with good gingival health, and usually targeted the mandible first. It was associated with localized or generalized deep ache or pain, often of multiple jawbone sites. The teeth often appeared sound and suppuration was not present. Even so, the dentist often began extracting one tooth after another in the region of pain, often with temporary relief but usually to no real effect. 818:"An important and often incompletely understood principle of radiography is the amount of bone destruction that goes undetected by routine x-rays procedures; this has been demonstrated by numerous investigators. Destruction confined to the cancellous portion of the bone cannot be detected radiographically, as radiolucencies appear only when there is internal or external erosion or destruction of the bone cortex." 307:

based study in Germany identified more than 300 cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw, 97% occurring in cancer patients (on high-dose intravenous bisphosphonates) and 3 cases in 780,000 patients with osteoporosis for an incidence of 0.00038%. Time to event ranged from 23 to 39 months and 42–46 months with high dose intravenous and oral bisphosphonates. A prospective, population based study by Mavrokokki

562:(MSC). However, in both non-traumatic osteonecrosis and alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head, a decrease in the differentiation ability of mesenchymal stem into bone cells has been demonstrated, and altered osteoblastic function plays a role in ON of the femoral head. If these results are extrapolated to ONJ the altered differentiation potential of bone marrow 299: 780:

treating this form of ONJ. Although an effective treatment for bisphosphonate-associated bone lesions has not yet been established, and this is unlikely to occur until this form of ONJ is better understood, there have been clinical reports of some improvement after 6 months or more of complete cessation of bisphosphonate therapy.

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Since ONJ has been diagnosed in many patients who did not take bisphosphonates, it is thus logical to assume that bisphosphonates are not the only factor in ONJ. While the oversuppression of bone turnover seems to play a major role in aggravating the disease process, other factors can and do initiate

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factors (as discussed elsewhere in this article). It is recommended that all sites of potential jaw infection should be eliminated before bisphosphonate therapy is initiated in these patients to reduce the necessity of subsequent dentoalveolar surgery. The degree of risk for osteonecrosis in patients

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were spontaneously reported to the FDA by an oral surgeon in 2002, with the toxicity being described as a potentially late toxicity of chemotherapy. In 2003 and 2004, three oral surgeons independently reported to the FDA information on 104 cancer patients with bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis

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Treatment options have been explored; however, severe cases of ONJ still require surgical removal of the affected bone. A thorough history and assessment of pre-existing systemic problems and possible sites of dental infection are required to help prevent the condition, especially if bisphosphonate

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In the modern dental profession, it is only recently, when severe cases associated with bisphosphonates came to light, that the issue of ONJ has been brought to the attention of a majority of dentists. At present, the focus is mostly on bisphosphonate-associated cases, and is sometimes referred to

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In patients with bisphosphonates-associated ONJ, the response to surgical treatment is usually poor. Conservative debridement of necrotic bone, pain control, infection management, use of antimicrobial oral rinses, and withdrawal of bisphosphonates are preferable to aggressive surgical measures for

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Although the majority of cases of ONJ have occurred in cancer patients receiving high dose intravenous bisphosphonates, almost 800 cases have been reported in oral bisphosphonate users for osteoporosis or Pagets disease. In terms of severity most cases of ONJ in oral bisphosphonate users are stage

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The International Myeloma Foundation's web-based survey included 1203 respondents, 904 patients with myeloma and 299 with breast cancer and an estimate that after 36 months, osteonecrosis of the jaw had been diagnosed in 10% of 211 patients on zoledronate and 4% of 413 on pamidronate. A population

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However, in patients on bisphosphonates, the cortical bone is frequently involved as well. Spontaneous exposure of necrotic bone tissue through the oral soft tissues or following non-healing bone exposure after routine dental surgery, characteristics of this form of ONJ, may be the result of late

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that do not heal. Pain, inflammation of the surrounding soft tissue, secondary infection or drainage may or may not be present. The development of lesions is most frequent after invasive dental procedures, such as extractions, and is also known to occur spontaneously. There may be no symptoms for

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ONJ, even in its mild or minor forms, creates a marrow environment that is conducive to bacterial growth. Since many individuals have low-grade infections of the teeth and gums, this probably is one of the major mechanisms by which the marrow blood flow problem can worsen; any local infection /

295:. Subsequently, numerous instances of persons with this adverse drug reaction were reported to the manufacturers and to the FDA. By December 2006, 3607 cases of people with this ADR had been reported to the FDA and 2227 cases had been reported to the manufacturer of intravenous bisphosphonates. 820:

In fact no radiographic findings are specific for bone infarction / osteonecrosis. A variety of pathologies may mimic bone infarction, including stress fractures, infections, inflammations, and metabolic and neoplastic processes. The limitations apply to all imaging modalities, including plain

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and decortication, will eliminate the problem (and the pain) in 74% of patients with jaw involvement. Repeat surgeries, usually smaller procedures than the first, may be required. Almost a third of jawbone patients will need surgery in one or more other parts of the jaws because the disease so

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and are characterized by extensive delamination or microcracking along cement lines as well as the formation of excessive cement lines. Ultimate failure of repair mechanisms due to persistent and repeated ischaemic events is manifested as trabecular fractures that occur in the dead bone under

199:(MRONJ). Patients are in a lot of pain, the area may swell up, bone may be seen and fractures may take place. The patients may also have a dry mouth and find it difficult to keep their mouth clean. A patient that has osteonecrosis may also be susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections. 1117: 815:

mediated by a range of local and systemic factors. Bone infarcts as well as damage to the deeper portion of the cancellous bone is an insidious process. It is certainly not visible clinically and routine imaging techniques such as radiographs are not effective for that sort of damage.

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characteristic of ischaemic osteoporosis. Further deterioration can be triggered by additional bone infarcts leading to anoxia and localized areas of osteonecrosis within the osteoporotic cancellous bone. Secondary events such as dental infection, injection of

376:(2:1 ratio), and 60% of cases are preceded by a dental surgical procedure. According to Woo, Hellstein and Kalmar, oversuppression of bone turnover is probably the primary mechanism for the development of this form of ONJ, although there may be contributing 50: 360:

However, osteoporosis is essentially the result of a lack of new bone formation in combination with bone resorption in reactive hyperemia, related to various causes and contributing factors, and bisphosphonates do not address these factors at all.

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In 2011, a proposal incorporating both the reduced bone turnover and the infectious elements of previous theories has been put forward. It cites the impaired functionality of affected macrophages as the dominant factor in the development of ONJ.

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is well vascularized by the surrounding soft tissues thus less susceptible to ischaemic damage. Cancellous bone, with its mesh like structure and spaces filled with marrow tissue is more susceptible to damage by bone infarcts, leading to

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Bouquot J; Margolis M; Shankland WE; Imbeau J (April 2002). "Through-transmission alveolar sonography (TTAS) – a new technology for evaluation of medullary diseases, correlation with histopathology of 285 scanned jaw sites".

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This form of therapy has been shown to prevent loss of bone mineral density (BMD) as a result of a reduction in bone turnover. However, bone health entails quite a bit more than just BMD. There are many other factors to consider.

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Osteonecrosis of the jaw is classified based on severity, number of lesions, and lesion size. Osteonecrosis of greater severity is given a higher grade, with asymptomatic ONJ designated as grade 1 and severe ONJ as grade 4.

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Other factors such as toxicants can adversely impact bone cells. Infections, chronic or acute, can affect blood flow by inducing platelet activation and aggregation, contributing to a localized state of excess coagulability

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Gangji V; Hauzeur JP; Schoutens A; Hinsenkamp M; Appelboom T; Egrise D (2003). "Abnormalities in the replicative capacity of osteoblastic cells in the proximal femur of patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head".

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Auto fluorescence image of post-radiation maxillary bone osteonecrosis in a 64-year-old patient – Case Report Aleksandra Szczepkowska1, Paweł Milner1, Anna Janas 1 Institute of Dental Surgery, Medical University, Łódź,

554:. The mean life-span of osteocytes has been estimated to be 15 years in cancellous bone, and 25 years in cortical bone. while the average lifespan of human osteoclasts is about 2 to 6 weeks and the average lifespan of 2721:

Gruppo R; Glueck C; McMahon R; Bouquot J; Rabinovich B; Becker A; Tracy T; Wang P (1996). "The pathophysiology of alveolar osteonecrosis of the jaw: anticardiolipin antibodies, thrombophilia, and hypofibrinolysis".

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Merigo E; Manfredi M; Meleti M; Corradi D; Vescovi P (2005). "Jaw bone necrosis without previous dental extractions associated with the use of bisphosphonates (pamidronate and zoledronate): a four-case report".

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Post radiation maxillary bone osteonecrosis is something that is found more in the lower jaw (mandible) rather than the maxilla (upper jaw) this is because there are many more blood vessels in the upper jaw.

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mechanisms responsible for ONJ. In non-bisphosphonate cases of ONJ, it is mainly the cancellous portion of the bone and its marrow content that are involved in the disease process. The first stage is an

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tissues, bacterial elements are rarely found in large numbers. So while ONJ is not primarily an infection, many cases have a secondary, very low-level of bacterial infection and chronic non-suppurative

566:(MSC) combined with the altered osteoblastic activity and premature death of existing bone cells would explain the failed attempts at repair seen in ischaemic-damaged cancellous bone tissue in ONJ. 1712:

Marx RE; Sawatari Y; Fortin M; Broumand V (November 2005). "Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment".

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degrade dead cellular and fat debris. Second, mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts or fibroblasts. Under favorable conditions, layers of new bone form on the surface of dead spongy

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marrow since fibres can more easily live in nutrient starved areas, a greasy, dead fatty marrow (wet rot), a very dry, sometimes leathery marrow (dry rot), or a completely hollow marrow space (

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Yajima D; Motani H; Kamei K; Sato Y; Hayakawa M; Iwase H (2006). "Ethanol production by Candida albicans in postmortem human blood samples: effects of blood glucose level and dilution".

2058:"Alterations in the differentiation ability of mesenchymal stem cells in patients with nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head: comparative analysis according to the risk factor" 771:

In cases of advanced oral ischaemic osteoporosis and/or ONJ that are not bisphosphonates related, clinical evidence has shown that surgically removing the damaged marrow, usually by

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Owing to prolonged embedding of bisphosphonate drugs in the bone tissues, the risk for BRONJ is high even after stopping the administration of the medication for several years.

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Glueck C; McMahon R; Bouquot J; Triplett D (1998). "Exogenous estrogen may exacerbate thrombophilia, impair bone healing and contribute to development of chronic facial pain".

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is involved, but many patients do not experience pain, at least in the earlier stages. When severe facial pain is purported to be caused by osteonecrosis, the term NICO, for

1067:"Journal of Bone and Minerl Research, 2007, Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research" 268:). Of significance is the fact that the average concentration of cadmium in human bones in the 20th century has increased to about 10 times above the pre-industrial level. 4776: 400: 283: 277: 129: 461:

and variable micro cracking (splitting along natural cleavage planes). The microscopic features are similar to those of ischaemic or aseptic osteonecrosis of long bones,

311:. estimated an incidence of osteonecrosis of the jaw of 1.15% for intravenous bisphosphonates and 0.04% for oral bisphosphonates. Most cases (73%) were precipitated by 967: 1748:

Lehrer S; Montazem A; Ramanathan L; et al. (January 2009). "Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws, bone markers, and a hypothesized candidate gene".

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diagnosis of a disease process that has been masked by the oversuppression of osteoclastic activity, allowing pre-existing factors to further aggravate bone damage.

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of toxicants such as exogenous estrogens, endogenous acetaldehyde and heavy metals, a balanced diet, healthy lifestyle, assessment of factors related to potential

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This condition cannot be treated by antibiotics as there is no blood supply to the bone, making it difficult for the antibiotics to reach the potential infection.

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will cause increased pressures and clotting in the area involved. No other bones have this mechanism as a major risk factor for osteonecrosis. A wide variety of

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This condition makes eating and drinking very difficult, and surgical management removing the necrotic bone improves circulation and decreases microorganisms.

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Otto, Sven; Aljohani, Suad; Fliefel, Riham; Ecke, Sara; Ristow, Oliver; Burian, Egon; Troeltzsch, Matthias; Pautke, Christoph; Ehrenfeld, Michael (May 2021).

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Osteonecrosis can affect any bone, but the hips, knees and jaws are most often involved. Pain can often be severe, especially if teeth and/or a branch of the

2868: 256:(the mechanism by which the body breaks down clots) and shown to be a cause of hypofibrinolysis. Persistent blood clots can lead to congestive blood flow ( 230:), a known cause of bone infarct and ischaemia. Exogenous estrogens, also called hormonal disruptors, have been linked with an increased tendency to clot ( 196: 287:

of the jaw seen in their referral practices in California, Florida, and New York. These case series were published as peer-reviewed articles – two in the

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The treatment should be tailored to the cause involved and the severity of the disease process. With oral osteoporosis, the emphasis should be on good

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Suh KT; Kim SW; Roh HL; Youn MS; Jung JS (2005). "Decreased osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in alcohol-induced osteonecrosis".

315:. In contrast, safety studies sponsored by the manufacturer reported bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw rates that were much lower. 845:

is combined with detailed clinical findings, the diagnosis, with the help of various imaging modalities, can be achieved earlier in most patients.

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Gibbs SD; O'Grady J; Seymour JF; Prince HM (2005). "Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw requires early detection and intervention".

3299: 932: 2510: 1468: 841:) is helpful in assessing changes in jawbone density. When practitioners have an up-to-date understanding of the disease process and a good 811:

Today a growing body of scientific evidence indicates that this disease process, in the cancellous bone and bone marrow, is caused by bone

574: 1118:"Painful trigeminal neuropathy induced by oral bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a new etiology for the numb-chin syndrome" 837:(MRI). Through-transmission alveolar ultrasound, based on quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in combination with panoramic dental radiography ( 5091: 4934: 1100: 1922:

Parfitt AM (1994). "Osteonal and hemi-osteonal remodeling: the spatial and temporal framework for signal traffic in adult human bone".

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ONJ is not a new disease: around 1850, forms of "chemical osteomyelitis" resulting from environmental pollutants, such as lead and the

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Cordts PR; Kaminski MV; Raju S; Clark MR; Woo KM (2001). "Could gut-liver function derangements cause chronic venous insufficiency?".

403:, since it is the only gene known to be associated with bone abnormalities and atrial fibrillation, both of which are side effects of 5335: 3968: 2012: 249: 2654: 530:

infections in the involved bone do not seem to be a problem, but viral infections have not been studied. Some viruses, such as the

457:"most bony trabeculae appear at first glance viable, mature and otherwise normal, but closer inspection demonstrates focal loss of 1292:

Jaworowski Z; Barbalat F; Blain C; Peyre E (1985). "Heavy metals in human and animal bones from ancient and contemporary France".

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Glueck CJ; McMahon RE; Bouquot J; et al. (1996). "Thrombophilia, hypofibrinolysis, and alveolar osteonecrosis of the jaws".

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Arlet J; Durroux R; Fauchier C; Thiechart M. "Topographic and evolutive aspects". In Arlet J; Ficat PR; Hungerford DS. (eds.).

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functional load. Later followed by cracks and fissures leading to structural collapse of the area involved (osteocavitation).

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Adams WR; Spolnik KJ; Bouquot JE (1999). "Maxillofacial osteonecrosis in a patient with multiple "idiopathic" facial pains".

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Bouquot J; Wrobleski G; Fenton S (2000). "The most common osteonecrosis? Prevalence of maxillofacial osteonecrosis (MFO)".

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The osteoblasts, which form the bone tissue, are destroyed due to the radiation with increased activity of osteoclasts.

5443: 5033: 4996: 4726: 4007: 3919: 117:). Various forms of ONJ have been described since 1861, and a number of causes have been suggested in the literature. 604:

resulting from repair. Under unfavorable conditions repeated attempts at repair in ischaemic conditions can be seen

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Attempts at repair of ischaemic-damaged bone will usual occur in 2 phases. First, when dead bone abuts live marrow,

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The rapidity with which premature cell death can occur depends on the cell type and the degree and duration of the

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changes in the bone marrow and trabeculae of oral cancellous bone have been documented. Microscopically, areas of

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is approximately 3 months. In healthy bone these cells are constantly replaced by differentiation of bone marrow

132:) since 2003. The possible risk from lower oral doses of bisphosphonates, taken by patients to prevent or treat 5355: 5134: 5119: 4815: 4716: 4589: 4547: 4315: 4161: 3217: 2916: 396: 5188: 4520: 3382: 3357: 2642: 883:, and trauma can add further complications to the disease process and chronic non-pus forming bone infection 5252: 5053: 5018: 4844: 4711: 4515: 4295: 4136: 4082: 4012: 3934: 3914: 3901: 3878: 3421: 2978: 2935: 1669:

Woo SB; Hellstein JW; Kalmar JR (2006). "Narrative review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws".

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absorption and metabolic wastes elimination through a healthy gastro-intestinal function, effective hepatic

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Imbeau J (2005). "Introduction to through-transmission alveolar ultrasonography (TAU) in dental medicine".

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Bouquot JE; Christian J (1995). "Long-term effects of jawbone curettage on the pain of facial neuralgia".

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Woo S; Hellstein J; Kalmar J (2006). "Narrative review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws".

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of the bone marrow initiated by a bone infarct, which is itself modulated by numerous causes, leading to

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Lewis RJ; Johnson RD; Angier MK; Vu NT (2004). "Ethanol formation in unadulterated postmortem tissues".

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In a systematic review of cases of bisphosphonate-associated ONJ up to 2006, it was concluded that the

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Parfin AM; Kleerekoper M; Villanueva AR (1987). "Increased bone age: mechanisms and consequences".

3637: 1554:"The importance of a thorough medical and pharmacological history before dental implant placement" 911: 425: 5403: 5257: 5061: 4877: 4825: 4786: 4483: 4399: 4330: 4039: 3863: 3843: 3796: 3682: 3627: 3590: 3580: 3565: 3495: 3138: 3084: 2610: 2551: 2356: 2277: 2234: 2122: 2030: 1947: 1818: 1694: 1486: 1430: 1010: 872: 838: 223: 5350: 5325: 4986: 3331: 260:) in bone marrow, impaired blood flow and ischaemia in bone tissue resulting in lack of oxygen ( 1868: 5101: 4690: 4655: 4488: 4384: 4242: 4166: 3873: 3813: 3776: 3751: 3600: 3478: 3473: 3326: 2877: 2805: 2739: 2703: 2602: 2543: 2506: 2348: 2313: 2269: 2226: 2185: 2150: 2114: 2079: 2018: 2008: 1939: 1872: 1806: 1765: 1730: 1686: 1651: 1610: 1575: 1474: 1464: 1422: 1387: 1352: 1317: 1274: 1233: 1198: 1180: 1129: 1048: 1002: 941: 797: 570: 547: 433: 312: 261: 69: 1682: 1097: 998: 17: 5071: 4706: 4696: 4660: 4569: 4320: 4259: 4193: 4183: 4131: 4029: 3924: 3761: 3345: 3032: 2731: 2695: 2594: 2535: 2340: 2305: 2261: 2216: 2177: 2106: 2069: 2000: 1995:

Owen M; Friedenstein AJ (1988). "Stromal Stem Cells: Marrow-Derived Osteogenic Precursors".

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Neville BW; Damn D; Allen C; Bouquot JE (1995). "Facial pain and neuromuscular diseases.".

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weeks or months, until lesions with exposed bone appear. Lesions are more common on the

5393: 5345: 5315: 5183: 5114: 5081: 4803: 4542: 4276: 4156: 3951: 3736: 3549: 3392: 3174: 3169: 3111: 2968: 2799: 2598: 2344: 2181: 2110: 1801: 1193: 1158: 510: 462: 390: 369: 149: 121: 114: 2735: 2699: 2413: 5427: 5295: 5173: 5001: 4820: 4584: 4564: 4473: 4340: 4300: 4097: 3858: 3833: 3808: 3786: 3570: 3560: 3525: 2946: 2309: 1997:

Ciba Foundation Symposium 136 - Cell and Molecular Biology of Vertebrate Hard Tissues

1861: 1606: 1570: 1553: 1313: 1253:"[Toxicity of cadmium and lead on vascular cells that regulate fibrinolysis]" 1044: 884: 863: 542: 523: 514: 386: 320: 231: 102: 57: 2614: 2555: 2360: 2281: 2238: 2126: 1951: 1698: 1434: 1383: 1348: 1014: 465:-induced osteonecrosis, and the osteomyelitis of caisson (deep-sea diver's) disease" 5146: 4922: 4917: 4902: 4882: 4852: 4685: 4394: 4335: 4266: 4188: 4178: 4146: 4109: 4070: 4062: 3677: 3632: 3617: 3515: 3510: 3413: 3195: 3157: 3022: 3005: 3000: 2963: 2885: 2834: 1229: 867: 826: 765: 597: 593: 502: 497:, is sometimes used, but this is controversial and far from completely understood. 450: 449:"apparent fatty degeneration and/or necrosis, often with pooled fat from destroyed 444: 440:, a blood clot forming inside the smaller blood vessels of cancellous bone tissue. 354: 342: 253: 237: 133: 74: 1269: 1252: 2643:"Statement by Merck regarding Fosamax and rare cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw" 248:

have been implicated in osteoporosis. Cadmium and lead promotes the synthesis of

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56th annual meeting of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

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and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells grow into the dead marrow spaces, while

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1–2 and tend to progress to resolution with conservative measures such as oral

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treatment regimens, has been identified and defined as a pathological entity (

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of the upper left jaw in a patient diagnosed with chronic venous insufficiency

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or nutrient-starved. Bone with chronically poor blood flow develops either a

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Purcell PM; Boyd IW (2005). "Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw".

1540: 772: 605: 551: 475: 458: 377: 265: 257: 173: 2606: 2547: 2352: 2317: 2273: 2230: 2189: 2154: 2118: 2083: 1810: 1769: 1734: 1690: 1655: 1614: 1579: 1426: 1391: 1356: 1278: 1202: 1133: 1006: 2743: 2707: 2022: 1943: 1935: 1646: 1629: 1478: 1321: 1237: 1052: 436:), also typical of ONJ. The blood flow impairment occurs following a bone 298: 5178: 5129: 4897: 4650: 4631: 4611: 4432: 4310: 4254: 3500: 2894: 2846: 2628:

Carreyrou J (12 April 2006). "Fosamax Drug Could Become Next Merck Woe".

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Rise in reported cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw from 1988 through 2007

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In the cancellous portion of femoral head it is not uncommon to find

125: 453:(oil cysts) and with marrow fibrosis (reticular fatty degeneration)" 3306: 1552:

Zadik Y, Abu-Tair J, Yarom N, Zaharia B, Elad S (September 2012).

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virus (no longer existent in the wild) can produce osteonecrosis.

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have been cultured from ONJ lesions. Typically, they are the same

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Rodan GA; Reszka AA (2003). "Osteoporosis and bisphosphonates".

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or devitalized teeth. However, according to special staining of

241: 98: 5382: 5281: 5205: 4963: 4842: 4628: 4418: 4056: 3719: 3659: 3547: 3455: 3417: 2850: 1999:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 136. pp. 42–60. 1846:

Histophatology of the nontraumatic necrosis of the femoral head

3457: 2205:"Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with pamidronate therapy" 482:. This appears to be consistent with the findings in alveolar 106: 61: 2452:

Noel HR (1868). "A lecture on caries and necrosis of bone".

592:. If sufficiently thickened, these layers may decrease the 2392:"Necrosis of the lower jaw in makers of Lucifer matches". 1116:

Zadik Y, Benoliel R, Fleissig Y, Casap N (February 2012).

1455:. Vol. 81. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 1–5. 195:

The symptoms of this are very similar to the symptoms of

2056:

Lee JS; Lee JS; Roh HL; Kim CH; Jung JS; Suh KT (2006).

478:

which seem to be "alive" but are no longer synthesizing

2252:

Abu-Id MH; Açil Y; Gottschalk J; Kreusch T (2006). "".

2387: 2385: 2203:

Zarychanski R; Elphee E; Walton P; Johnston J (2006).

1867:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 1630:"Osteonecrosis of the jaw and the role of macrophages" 353:

form new bone to replace it, thus maintaining healthy

2505:(2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. pp. 55–7. 1098:

American Dental Association, Osteonecrosis of the Jaw

2757: 928:"Bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw" 3368: 3342: 3285: 3276: 3258: 3251: 3226: 3203: 3194: 3074: 3041: 2991: 2932: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2820: 2761: 2414:"The History of Maxillofacial Osteonecrosis (NICO)" 345:. Diseased or damaged bone is resorbed through the 68: 39: 34: 4857:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities 2409: 2407: 1911:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1859:Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002). 1787:. Vol. 1. W.B Saunders Co. pp. 631–632. 796:), as well as from popular medications containing 420:Persons with ONJ may have either necrotic bone or 401:bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw 284:bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw 278:Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw 130:bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw 600:evidence of previous osteonecrosis may be patchy 148:The definitive symptom of ONJ is the exposure of 2688:Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2433:Ferguson W (1868). "New treatment of necrosis". 5212:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues 2490:(2nd ed.). Chicago: Medico_Dental Publ Co. 357:. This process is commonly called remodelling. 3824:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis 697:*Lesion size measured as the largest diameter 4782:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis 3429: 2862: 1026: 1024: 538:Effects of persistent ischaemia on bone cells 495:neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis 264:), bone cell damage and eventual cell death ( 8: 1530: 1528: 1526: 966:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 455:are seen. These changes are present even if 1969:. Copenhagen: Osteopress. pp. 301–308. 1510: 1508: 866:as a result of hypoxia and gradual loss of 197:medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw 5379: 5278: 5202: 4960: 4839: 4625: 4415: 4053: 3716: 3656: 3544: 3452: 3436: 3422: 3414: 3282: 3255: 3200: 2899: 2890: 2869: 2855: 2847: 2758: 692:Multiple lesions, largest >2.0 cm 660:Multiple lesions, largest <1.0 cm 644:Multiple lesions, largest <0.5 cm 79: 48: 31: 2475:. Philadelphia: S.S. White Dental Mfg Co. 2220: 2073: 1800: 1645: 1569: 1446: 1444: 1268: 1192: 1174: 980: 978: 289:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 226:) that may contribute to clot formation ( 120:Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with 2378:. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston. 2170:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 1683:10.7326/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00009 999:10.7326/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00009 702: 621: 252:(PAI-1) which is the major inhibitor of 5409:Oral manifestations of systemic disease 4558:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 3102:Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy 2376:A practical treatise on dental medicine 1519:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Wolfe-Mosby. 899: 676:Multiple lesions, largest ≤2.0 cm 4595:As a manifestation of systemic disease 2298:Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 2038: 2028: 1826: 1816: 1494: 1484: 1451:Marcus R; Feldman D; Kelsey J (1996). 959: 1984:. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. 933:Rev. chir. oro-maxilo-fac. implantol. 381:taking oral bisphosphonates, such as 7: 4441:Gums and tooth-supporting structures 792:used in early (non-safety) matches ( 443:Under ischaemic conditions numerous 5092:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum 4935:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction 372:is more commonly affected than the 124:therapy, which is required by some 4209:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis 3693:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia 2599:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06762.x 2488:A work on special dental pathology 2345:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb07172.x 2182:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1999.tb02101.x 2111:10.1097/01.blo.0000150568.16133.3c 1863:Oral & maxillofacial pathology 972:(webpage has a translation button) 596:of the bone; therefore, the first 333:In healthy bone tissue there is a 282:The first three reported cases of 25: 887:can also be associated with ONJ. 250:plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 5311:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin 5248:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome 5243:Central hypoventilation syndrome 5125:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma 4553:Necrotizing periodontal diseases 4533:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis 3445:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 2310:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00351.x 1896:. Osford: Blackwell Science Ltd. 1785:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 1607:10.2106/00004623-200300003-00003 1571:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2012.01717.x 5157:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis 4794:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect 4248:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour 3163:Infantile cortical hyperostosis 1384:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.009 1349:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.03.015 1039:(4): 387–97, discussion 397–9. 636:Single lesion, <0.5 cm 5142:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis 4977:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion 3097:Complex regional pain syndrome 1230:10.1080/08869634.1998.11746052 684:Single lesion >2.0 cm 652:Single lesion <1.0 cm 399:2 may be a candidate gene for 1: 5336:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome 5285:Soft tissues around the mouth 4982:Ectopic salivary gland tissue 2736:10.1016/S0022-2143(96)90065-7 2700:10.1016/S1079-2104(96)80047-3 1270:10.1248/yakushi1947.120.5_463 416:Histopathological alterations 234:) and impaired bone healing. 43:Osteonecrosis of the mandible 18:Osteonecrosis of the mandible 4506:Gingival cyst of the newborn 4115:Failure of eruption of teeth 3819:Hand, foot and mouth disease 3804:Focal epithelial hyperplasia 3742:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica 3688:Palatal cysts of the newborn 3611:Transient lingual papillitis 1628:Pazianas M (February 2011). 1314:10.1016/0048-9697(85)90034-8 1045:10.1016/0278-2391(95)90708-4 668:Single lesion, ≤2.0 cm 526:can be associated with ONJ. 293:Journal of Clinical Oncology 156:bone through lesions in the 5034:Salivary gland diverticulum 4997:Necrotizing sialometaplasia 4008:Smokeless tobacco keratosis 3920:Basaloid squamous carcinoma 2473:Oral pathology and practice 5460: 5044:Salivary gland hyperplasia 4992:HIV salivary gland disease 4501:Gingival cyst of the adult 3947:Oral florid papillomatosis 3300:Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease 2655:"Osteonecrosis of the Jaw" 2501:Burns RC; Cohen S (1980). 1762:10.1016/j.joms.2008.09.015 1727:10.1016/j.joms.2005.07.010 1419:10.1177/153857440103500204 835:magnetic resonance imaging 275: 5389: 5378: 5291: 5283:Orofacial soft tissues – 5277: 5218: 5201: 5049:Salivary gland hypoplasia 4972: 4959: 4863: 4838: 4777:Bisphosphonate-associated 4671:Idiopathic osteosclerosis 4646: 4624: 4447: 4414: 4142:Dentinogenesis imperfecta 4078: 4052: 3732: 3715: 3668: 3655: 3606:Median rhomboid glossitis 3556: 3543: 3464: 3451: 3268:Osteochondritis dissecans 2266:10.1007/s10006-005-0670-0 2005:10.1002/9780470513637.ch4 1793:10.1007/s12105-007-0007-4 1715:J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1558:Australian Dental Journal 1461:10.1210/jcem.81.1.8550734 696: 56: 47: 35:Osteonecrosis of the jaws 5356:Orofacial granulomatosis 5135:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 5120:Adenoid cystic carcinoma 5054:Salivary gland neoplasms 4845:Temporomandibular joints 4816:Periapical periodontitis 4548:Linear gingival erythema 4316:Regional odontodysplasia 4162:Enamel hypocalcification 3312:Osgood–Schlatter disease 3218:Relapsing polychondritis 3090:Osteonecrosis of the jaw 2917:Osteitis fibrosa cystica 2254:Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 2099:Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res 1982:Bone Remodeling Dynamics 1894:Textbook of osteoporosis 1750:J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg 1176:10.3390/medicina57050463 1033:J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg 397:Matrix metalloproteinase 182:Erythema and suppuration 91:Osteonecrosis of the jaw 5253:Obstructive sleep apnea 5019:Salivary duct stricture 4799:Paget's disease of bone 4296:Pulp canal obliteration 4137:Dentin hypersensitivity 4083:Amelogenesis imperfecta 3935:Squamous cell carcinoma 3915:Adenosquamous carcinoma 3902:Squamous cell papilloma 3879:Melanocytic oral lesion 3028:Paget's disease of bone 2979:Vertebral osteomyelitis 2630:The Wall Street Journal 2419:16 October 2006 at the 2400:(series 3): 96–7. 1867. 1251:Yamamoto C (May 2000). 474:with apparently intact 393:are at increased risk. 349:mediated process while 140:therapy is considered. 5399:Hemifacial hypertrophy 5366:Pyostomatitis vegetans 5039:Salivary gland fistula 5029:Salivary gland atresia 5024:Salivary gland aplasia 4878:Mandibular dislocation 4849:muscles of mastication 4727:Calcifying odontogenic 4356:Vertical root fracture 4351:Cracked tooth syndrome 4326:Shovel-shaped incisors 4221:Wisdom tooth impaction 4103:Early childhood caries 3969:Benign mucous membrane 3930:Spindle cell carcinoma 3839:Intraoral dental sinus 3757:Burning mouth syndrome 2878:Bone and joint disease 564:mesenchymal stem cells 560:mesenchymal stem cells 303: 5208:Stomatognathic system 5110:Acinic cell carcinoma 4732:Glandular odontogenic 3884:Molluscum contagiosum 3358:Scheuermann's disease 3234:Slipping rib syndrome 3056:Hajdu–Cheney syndrome 2460:(series 3): 425, 482. 1936:10.1002/jcb.240550303 1909:Orthopaedic pathology 1907:Vigorita VJ. (1999). 1517:Orthopaedic pathology 1103:3 August 2009 at the 424:that has been slowly 301: 136:, remains uncertain. 5351:Oral Crohn's disease 5306:Basal cell carcinoma 4945:Condylar hyperplasia 4930:Maxillary hypoplasia 4496:Gingival enlargement 4429:periodontal ligament 4035:Verruciform xanthoma 3767:Condyloma acuminatum 3151:Aneurysmal bone cyst 3107:Nonossifying fibroma 2540:10.1179/crn.2005.015 2503:Pathways of the pulp 2374:Bond TE Jr. (1848). 1634:J. Natl. Cancer Inst 1595:J Bone Joint Surg Am 1515:Bullough PG (1997). 575:Haematopoietic cells 5361:Perioral dermatitis 5097:Pleomorphic adenoma 5077:Monomorphic adenoma 5067:Canalicular adenoma 4940:Condylar hypoplasia 4873:Condylar resorption 4717:Lateral periodontal 4676:Mandibular fracture 4575:Periodontal abscess 4172:Turner's hypoplasia 3940:Verrucous carcinoma 3889:Morsicatio buccarum 3869:Lupus erythematosus 3782:Erythema multiforme 3698:Stomatitis nicotina 2471:Barrett WC (1898). 1647:10.1093/jnci/djq516 1306:1985ScTEn..43..103J 550:and premature cell 105:) that affects the 5444:Skeletal disorders 5404:Facial hemiatrophy 5258:Periodic breathing 5189:Sjögren's syndrome 5062:Basal cell adenoma 4826:Torus mandibularis 4804:Periapical abscess 4787:Osteoradionecrosis 4712:Buccal bifurcation 4691:Intraosseous cysts 4580:Periodontal trauma 4484:Pyogenic granuloma 4331:Supernumerary root 4284:Pulp calcification 4272:Premature eruption 4243:Odontogenic tumors 4040:White sponge nevus 4013:Submucous fibrosis 3957:Smoker's melanosis 3844:Irritation fibroma 3683:High-arched palate 3591:Foliate papillitis 3581:Cunnilingus tongue 3566:Black hairy tongue 3496:Congenital lip pit 3383:Kienböck's disease 3139:Skeletal fluorosis 3085:Avascular necrosis 2821:External resources 1892:Kanus JA. (1996). 1294:Sci. Total Environ 924:Mihai Bogdan Bucur 873:local anaesthetics 855:pathophysiological 839:orthopantomography 513:as those found in 313:dental extractions 304: 224:hypercoagulability 144:Signs and symptoms 5421: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5374: 5373: 5273: 5272: 5197: 5196: 5102:Sebaceous adenoma 4955: 4954: 4834: 4833: 4745:Median mandibular 4740:Nasopalatine duct 4656:Alveolar osteitis 4620: 4619: 4607:Perio-endo lesion 4489:Congenital epulis 4410: 4409: 4167:Enamel hypoplasia 4048: 4047: 4023:Riga–Fede disease 3874:Melanocytic nevus 3814:Hairy leukoplakia 3777:Epulis fissuratum 3711: 3710: 3651: 3650: 3601:Geographic tongue 3539: 3538: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3247: 3246: 3190: 3189: 3122:Fibrous dysplasia 2987: 2986: 2844: 2843: 2669:J Oral Pathol Med 2512:978-0-8016-1009-7 2486:Black GV (1915). 2454:Am J Dent Science 2435:Am J Dent Science 2394:Am J Dent Science 2222:10.1002/ajh.20481 2075:10.1002/jor.20078 1980:Frost HM (1963). 1601:(Suppl 3): 8–12. 1470:978-0-12-470863-1 1372:Forensic Sci. Int 1337:Forensic Sci. Int 926:(November 2011). 745: 744: 701: 700: 628:Size (diameter*) 88: 87: 29:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 5451: 5380: 5279: 5203: 5072:Ductal papilloma 4961: 4840: 4737:Non-odontogenic: 4722:Globulomaxillary 4661:Buccal exostosis 4626: 4570:Peri-implantitis 4416: 4132:Dentin dysplasia 4054: 4030:Verruca vulgaris 3925:Mucosal melanoma 3772:Darier's disease 3747:Behçet's disease 3717: 3673:Bednar's aphthae 3657: 3545: 3531:Trumpeter's wart 3453: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3415: 3373: 3349: 3317:Blount's disease 3290: 3283: 3256: 3201: 3066:Gorham's disease 3033:Hypophosphatasia 2940: 2910: 2900: 2891: 2871: 2864: 2857: 2848: 2759: 2748: 2747: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2441:(series 3): 189. 2430: 2424: 2411: 2402: 2401: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2224: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2026: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1924:J. Cell. Biochem 1919: 1913: 1912: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1866: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1814: 1804: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1671:Ann. Intern. Med 1666: 1660: 1659: 1649: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1573: 1549: 1543: 1532: 1521: 1520: 1512: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1482: 1448: 1439: 1438: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1272: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1196: 1178: 1154: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1122:Quintessence Int 1113: 1107: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1079:on 19 March 2016 1078: 1072:. Archived from 1071: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1028: 1019: 1018: 982: 973: 971: 965: 957: 955: 953: 904: 877:vasoconstrictors 790:white phosphorus 703: 622: 491:trigeminal nerve 84: 83: 52: 32: 21: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5413: 5385: 5370: 5326:Ludwig's angina 5287: 5269: 5228:Mouth breathing 5214: 5193: 5014:Pneumoparotitis 4987:Frey's syndrome 4968: 4966:Salivary glands 4951: 4859: 4830: 4809:Phoenix abscess 4642: 4638:hard tissues – 4616: 4538:Hypercementosis 4457:Cementoblastoma 4443: 4406: 4120:Dens evaginatus 4074: 4044: 3996:Denture-related 3981:Plasmoacanthoma 3907:Keratoacanthoma 3728: 3726:Lining of mouth 3707: 3703:Torus palatinus 3664: 3647: 3628:Lingual thyroid 3586:Fissured tongue 3576:Crenated tongue 3552: 3535: 3521:Nasolabial cyst 3506:Herpes labialis 3460: 3447: 3442: 3412: 3399: 3369: 3364: 3343: 3338: 3332:Sever's disease 3286: 3272: 3260:Osteochondritis 3243: 3239:Tietze syndrome 3222: 3213:Costochondritis 3186: 3182:Pycnodysostosis 3117:Stress fracture 3070: 3043:Bone resorption 3037: 2983: 2933: 2928: 2903: 2880: 2875: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2816: 2815: 2770: 2756: 2751: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2421:Wayback Machine 2412: 2405: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2037: 2027: 2015: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1825: 1815: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1721:(11): 1567–75. 1711: 1710: 1706: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1533: 1524: 1514: 1513: 1506: 1493: 1483: 1471: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1378:(2–3): 116–21. 1369: 1368: 1364: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1300:(1–2): 103–26. 1291: 1290: 1286: 1257:Yakugaku Zasshi 1250: 1249: 1245: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1141: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1105:Wayback Machine 1096: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1030: 1029: 1022: 984: 983: 976: 958: 951: 949: 936:(in Romanian). 920:Cristian Vlădan 908:Alexandru Bucur 906: 905: 901: 897: 843:medical history 786: 754: 620: 615: 540: 484:cancellous bone 434:osteocavitation 418: 413: 411:Pathophysiology 405:bisphosphonates 391:glucocorticoids 339:bone resorption 291:and one in the 280: 274: 272:Bisphosphonates 219: 214: 146: 78: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5457: 5455: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5426: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5394:Eagle syndrome 5390: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5316:Cystic hygroma 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5282: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5206: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5184:Sialolithiasis 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5115:Adenocarcinoma 5112: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5082:Myoepithelioma 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5009: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4843: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4755:Traumatic bone 4752: 4750:Median palatal 4747: 4742: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4629: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4550: 4545: 4543:Hypocementosis 4540: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4419: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4277:Neonatal teeth 4269: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4164: 4159: 4157:Ectopic enamel 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4057: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3952:Oral melanosis 3949: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3909: 3904: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3752:Bohn's nodules 3749: 3744: 3739: 3737:Amalgam tattoo 3733: 3730: 3729: 3720: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3393:Panner disease 3387: 3386: 3385: 3376: 3374: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3350: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3327:Köhler disease 3321: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3293: 3291: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3175:Melorheostosis 3170:Osteosclerosis 3167: 3166: 3165: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3141: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3119: 3114: 3112:Pseudarthrosis 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2969:Brodie abscess 2966: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2943: 2941: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2913: 2911: 2897: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2802: 2787: 2771: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762:Classification 2755: 2754:External links 2752: 2750: 2749: 2724:J Lab Clin Med 2713: 2678: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2620: 2577: 2561: 2518: 2511: 2493: 2478: 2463: 2444: 2425: 2423:. Bouquot J.E. 2403: 2381: 2366: 2339:(10): 549–50. 2323: 2287: 2244: 2209:Am. J. Hematol 2195: 2160: 2132: 2105:(431): 220–5. 2089: 2062:J. Orthop. Res 2048: 2039:|journal= 2013: 1987: 1972: 1957: 1914: 1899: 1884: 1878:978-0721690032 1877: 1851: 1836: 1827:|journal= 1775: 1740: 1704: 1677:(10): 753–61. 1661: 1620: 1585: 1564:(3): 388–392. 1544: 1522: 1504: 1495:|journal= 1469: 1440: 1397: 1362: 1327: 1284: 1243: 1208: 1149: 1139: 1108: 1090: 1058: 1020: 993:(10): 753–61. 987:Ann Intern Med 974: 916:Octavian Dincă 898: 896: 893: 785: 782: 766:coagulopathies 753: 750: 743: 742: 739: 735: 734: 731: 727: 726: 723: 719: 718: 715: 711: 710: 707: 699: 698: 694: 693: 690: 686: 685: 682: 678: 677: 674: 670: 669: 666: 662: 661: 658: 654: 653: 650: 646: 645: 642: 638: 637: 634: 630: 629: 626: 619: 618:Classification 616: 614: 611: 606:histologically 539: 536: 511:microorganisms 463:corticosteroid 417: 414: 412: 409: 276:Main article: 273: 270: 218: 215: 213: 210: 189: 188: 183: 180: 145: 142: 122:bisphosphonate 97:) is a severe 86: 85: 72: 66: 65: 54: 53: 45: 44: 41: 37: 36: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5456: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5439:Osteonecrosis 5437: 5435: 5434:Jaw disorders 5432: 5431: 5429: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5296:Actinomycosis 5294: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5174:Sialodochitis 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4853:malocclusions 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4821:Stafne defect 4819: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4772:Osteonecrosis 4770: 4768: 4767:Osteomyelitis 4765: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4640:Bones of jaws 4637: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4585:Periodontitis 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4565:Pericoronitis 4563: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521:Granulomatous 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4474:Eruption cyst 4472: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301:Pulp necrosis 4299: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4260:Dens in dente 4258: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4152:Discoloration 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3859:Lichen planus 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3834:Herpes zoster 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3809:Fordyce spots 3807: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3787:Erythroplakia 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3571:Caviar tongue 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3561:Ankyloglossia 3559: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3526:Sun poisoning 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2947:Osteomyelitis 2945: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2931: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694:(5): 557–66. 2693: 2689: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2534:(2): 100–12. 2533: 2529: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2304:(10): 613–7. 2303: 2299: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2256:(in German). 2255: 2248: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2176:(9): 423–32. 2175: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2149:(2): 348–51. 2148: 2144: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2014:9780470513637 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930:(3): 273–86. 1929: 1925: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1756:(1): 159–61. 1755: 1751: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1640:(3): 232–40. 1639: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413:(2): 107–14. 1412: 1408: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1263:(5): 463–73. 1262: 1258: 1254: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224:(3): 143–53. 1223: 1219: 1212: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1153: 1150: 1143: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1128:(2): 97–104. 1127: 1123: 1119: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1075: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 981: 979: 975: 969: 963: 947: 943: 939: 935: 934: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 903: 900: 894: 892: 888: 886: 885:osteomyelitis 882: 878: 874: 869: 865: 864:myelofibrosis 861: 856: 850: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 783: 781: 777: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 751: 749: 740: 737: 736: 732: 729: 728: 724: 721: 720: 717:Asymptomatic 716: 713: 712: 708: 705: 704: 695: 691: 688: 687: 683: 680: 679: 675: 672: 671: 667: 664: 663: 659: 656: 655: 651: 648: 647: 643: 640: 639: 635: 632: 631: 627: 624: 623: 617: 612: 610: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 543:Cortical bone 537: 535: 533: 529: 525: 524:osteomyelitis 520: 516: 515:periodontitis 512: 508: 504: 498: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 464: 460: 454: 452: 451:adipose cells 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 415: 410: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 392: 388: 387:dexamethasone 384: 379: 375: 371: 366: 362: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 331: 327: 324: 322: 321:chlorhexidine 316: 314: 310: 300: 296: 294: 290: 285: 279: 271: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 233: 232:thrombophilia 229: 225: 216: 211: 209: 206: 203: 200: 198: 193: 187: 184: 181: 179: 175: 172: 171: 170: 168: 164: 159: 155: 151: 143: 141: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 103:osteonecrosis 100: 96: 92: 82: 76: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58:Osteonecrosis 55: 51: 46: 42: 38: 33: 27: 19: 5284: 5211: 5147:Sialadenitis 5106: 5058: 4923:Scissor bite 4918:Retrognathia 4903:Overeruption 4883:Malocclusion 4856: 4771: 4736: 4695: 4686:Micrognathia 4639: 4630:Periapical, 4516:Desquamative 4440: 4421:Periodontium 4395:Acid erosion 4336:Taurodontism 4267:Open contact 4179:Enamel pearl 4147:Dilaceration 4110:Concrescence 3911: 3898: 3725: 3678:Cleft palate 3638:Microglossia 3633:Macroglossia 3618:Glossoptosis 3516:Microcheilia 3511:Macrocheilia 3370: 3344: 3287: 3158:Hyperostosis 3143: 3089: 3023:Osteomalacia 3006:Osteoporosis 3001:Bone density 2964:Sesamoiditis 2934: 2904: 2895:Inflammation 2828: 2804: 2789: 2774: 2730:(5): 481–8. 2727: 2723: 2716: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2632:. Dow Jones. 2629: 2623: 2593:(8): 417–8. 2590: 2587:Med. J. Aust 2586: 2580: 2571: 2564: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2502: 2496: 2487: 2481: 2472: 2466: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2397: 2393: 2375: 2369: 2336: 2333:Med. J. Aust 2332: 2326: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2260:(2): 73–81. 2257: 2253: 2247: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2146: 2143:J. Rheumatol 2142: 2135: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2068:(4): 604–9. 2065: 2061: 2051: 1996: 1990: 1981: 1975: 1967:Osteoporosis 1966: 1960: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1908: 1902: 1893: 1887: 1862: 1854: 1845: 1839: 1784: 1778: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1718: 1713: 1707: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1637: 1633: 1623: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1536:Bone infarct 1534: 1516: 1453:Osteoporosis 1452: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1343:(1): 17–24. 1340: 1336: 1330: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1260: 1256: 1246: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1166: 1162: 1152: 1142: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1093: 1081:. Retrieved 1074:the original 1061: 1036: 1032: 990: 986: 962:cite journal 950:. Retrieved 940:(3): 24–27. 937: 931: 912:Tiberiu Niță 902: 889: 868:bone density 851: 847: 827:radionuclide 817: 810: 787: 778: 770: 755: 746: 598:radiographic 594:radiodensity 579: 568: 541: 503:inflammation 499: 488: 469: 456: 448: 445:pathological 442: 426:strangulated 419: 395: 367: 363: 359: 355:bone density 343:ossification 332: 328: 325: 317: 308: 305: 292: 288: 281: 254:fibrinolysis 238:Heavy metals 236: 220: 217:Toxic agents 207: 204: 201: 194: 190: 147: 138: 134:osteoporosis 119: 94: 90: 89: 75:Rheumatology 26: 5341:Microstomia 5331:Macrostomia 5321:Gnathophyma 5238:Catathrenia 5233:Sleep apnea 5164:Sialectasis 4707:Dentigerous 4697:Odontogenic 4526:Plasma cell 4462:Gigantiform 4238:Microdontia 4228:Macrodontia 4199:Hyperdontia 3894:Oral cancer 3854:Leukoplakia 3762:Candidiasis 3722:Oral mucosa 3643:Rhabdomyoma 3623:Hypoglossia 3484:Plasma cell 3132:Polyostotic 2974:Periostitis 2922:Brown tumor 2657:. 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