224:
population is estimated at 60,000 to 70,000. Though the origin of the Cofán is the
Eastern Andean Cordilleras, Inca encroachment pushed the Cofán to the eastern lowlands, which they still inhabit today. The Cofán have undergone de facto segregation codified by the Ecuadorian government, a measles outbreak in 1923 that reduced the population to a few hundred, and illegal oil extraction that threatened the environment in Cofán territory and the Cofán way of life. The Cofán have played a major role in the Indigenous movement in Ecuador, and in 2018 they won a judicial case recognizing their right to decide over environmental activities in their territory and prohibiting the continued operation of mining activities.
4540:
1723:, specifically enclitics that appear after the stem. There are no known prefixes or proclitics. In glossed content, suffixes are typically notated with a hyphen, and clitics are notated with an equal sign. The language has a very rich inventory of clitics, that can appear either at sentence level or constituent level. Sentence-level clitics occur at second position, meaning they attach to the end of the first word in a sentence, and mark qualities such as subject and sentence type.
5701:
1264:
Aʼingae syllable structure is (C)V(ʔ), with many variations thereof. At minimum a syllable can be a singular vowel and at maximum can be consonant onset with a diphthong nucleus and glottal stop coda. Note that vowel length is not a relevant feature in syllable structure. A complete list of the
273:
Aʼingae has 27 consonants as well as 5 oral monophthongs and 6 oral diphthongs, each with a nasal counterpart which is contrastive. The language is currently considered to have an unknown amount of dialectal variation. It is quite likely that there is some, but no concrete research and evidence
231:
Aʼingae is a language isolate. The language has considerable
Amazonian borrowings from Tukanoan and Cariban languages, as well as many Quechuan borrowings. While there have been previous claims of genetic ties or language contact of Aʼingae to Barbacoan, Chicham, and Chibchan, it has been
223:
The Aʼi are traditionally hunter-gatherers who historically spanned over a large territory (AnderBois et al. 2019). In
Ecuador, the Cofán have resisted conquest by the Inca and colonization by the Spanish, as well as anti-indigenous policies by the Ecuadorian government. The pre-Colombian Cofán
3711:
elsewhere. Borman also conveyed aspirated obstruents via reduplication instead of via <h> insertion like in the modern orthography. More recently, the Cofán community has created and widely adopted a new writing system which aimed to solve some of the opacities of Borman's script. A comparison
1421:
Generally speaking, in the absence of a glottal stop, stress in Aʼingae is found on the penultimate syllable as in examples (12a) and (12b). When a glottal stop is present however, stress is found on the syllable with the second mora before the glottal stop (Dąbkowski, 2020), compare examples
885:
Along with being contrastive, nasalization also plays a key phonological role in the surface realization of morphemes, working both backwards and forwards. The consonants /p/, /t/, /ʋ/, and /j/ all become nasalized when following a nasal vowel, becoming /ᵐb/, /ⁿd/, /m/, and /ɲ/, respectively, as in
3977:
The prenasalized voiced stops and affricates are written without a homorganic nasal at the beginning of words. This is because word-initially, voiced stops are realized with less nasality than they are word-medially, hence the orthographic representation. However
Repetti-Ludlow et al. (2020) found
3702:
Aʼingae has two principal orthographies, both using the Latin alphabet. The first was developed by missionaries
Marlytte and Roberta Borman, and first employed in M. Borman (1962). This orthography was influenced by Spanish and thus contained some needless complexity such as representing the
227:
The Cofán's religious tradition is shamanistic, and a key cultural value of the Cofán is harmonious conviviality. In addition, participation in cultural practices such as drinking yaje and traditional skills like hunting and housebuilding, rather than descent or ethnicity, plays a large role in
282:
The 27 consonant phonemes are listed below in the table with their IPA representations. In Aʼingae, there is a three-way, contrastive distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and prenasalized plosives and affricates. There are no such distinctions for fricatives. All consonants can be
219:
in southern
Colombia. The language has approximately 1500 speakers and is relatively vital in Ecuador and severely endangered in Colombia. However, language attitudes about Aʼingae are positive and it is considered foundational to Cofán identity and community (Cepek 2012).
813:
Nasalization is a major feature of the Aʼingae sound system. As already seen, there are contrastive prenasalized consonants as well as contrastive nasal counterparts to all monophthongs and diphthongs. Example (4) below demonstrates their contrasting nature:
4956:
ACC1:accusative case ACC2:accusative case ANG:angular CMP:comparative DIST2:distal DMN:diminutive HORT2:hortative IMP3:imperative mood LAT:lateral PLH:human plural PLS:plural subject PRCM:preculminative PRHB:prohibitive mood RPRT:reportative SFC:surface SH:shape
198:
or Andean B, it is now widely agreed to be a language isolate, with no known genetic relatives. Although still robustly learned by children in
Ecuadorian communities, it is considered an 'endangered' language with estimates of around 1500 native speakers.
4702:"Las construcciones relativas 'superlibres' en lenguas mayas " -- AnderBois, Scott, Miguel Oscar Chan Dzul, Jessica Coon, Juan Jesús Vázquez Álvarez, Conference on Indigenous Languages of South America (CILLA) IX, The University of Texas at Austin.
4324:
Umbaʼkhûniʼsû Fingian tuyakaen kueʼjete afaʼkhuʼjeʼfa {majan de} tiʼtshe kiʼanʼkhe, tsunʼjeninde jakanʼsû tuʼmbia saʼvutshia upûiʼjenga findiyeʼchu
166:
2758:
Constituent order in matrix clauses in Aʼingae is relatively flexible, with SOV (or SO-predicate) considered basic. In embedded clauses, word order is more rigidly SOV/SOPred. Clauses must minimally consist of a predicate.
1797:
Constituent-level clitics can either attach to the noun phrase or subordinate clause, or to the predicate clause. Clitics in the noun phrase occur in a fixed order, and can mark case, negation, and other grammatical features.
3228:
Note that there are two accusative case markers. Accusative 2 typically is used in negative sentences or when the P-argument is not yet present or does not exist, in contexts of expressing desire, causation, or creation.
4359:
Tsumbate, umbaniʼsû fingian {ûʼfa kiaʼme} tise ushaʼfanga, tsama tise tiʼtshe ûfaʼni jakanʼsû tise upûiʼjema findi; usefaʼpanga umbakhûniʼsû fingian ushambipa
1039:
Note that nasalization of vowels can cross consonant boundaries when the vowels are separated by a glottal fricative /h/ or glottal stop /ʔ/ (even when a glide is present) as in example (*) above and example (7) below:
9129:
191:, an indigenous group whose ancestral territory lies at the interface between the Andean foothills and Amazonia in the northeast of Ecuador (Sucumbíos province) and southern Colombia (Putumayo & Nariño provinces).
574:
The 5 oral vowels and their nasal counterparts are listed in the table below with their IPA representation. The 6 diphthongs and their nasal counterparts in IPA representation are the following: /, /, /, /, /, and /.
3245:
Aʼingae distinguishes between several different sentence types. These distinctions are indicated using different morphosyntactic strategies. Declarative sentences can contain the optional veridical clitic
1650:
While many stems are free, there are also a number of bound stems, which typically express states of being or properties, and are in a class of "flexible stems" by themselves. In the following sentence,
3232:
Sentences follow a nominative-accusative pattern. Aʼingae displays optional agreement—optional agreement in person using second position clitics, and optional agreement in number using the clitic
4960:
ADJR:adjectivalizer ADVR:adverbializer ANA.LOC:anaphoric locative ANA:anaphoric reference to entity or event IGNR1:ignorative 1 IGNR2:ignorative 2 OTHER:difference marker QUAL:quality SIM:similative
1493:
Morphology in Aʼingae consists of stems, clitics, and suffixes. Free stems include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbials, and meteorological stems (such as words for "wind", "rain", and "sun").
228:
determining one's status as an aʼi (Cepek 2012). The Cofán credit their strong linguistic identity for their ability to withstand colonial oppression and protect their traditional way of life.
1947:
Suffixes also mark certain grammatical features. Some example include sentential type/mood, nominalization, and aspect. Passive, causative, and shape features are also indicated with suffixes.
9154:
700:
When vowels appear adjacent to one another, they either become a diphthong (for the pairs listed above) or a glide is inserted if a diphthong does not exist for that pair. For example:
9103:
7789:
4365:
Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt.
9091:
7770:
1230:
1185:
1145:
1100:
1064:
1018:
982:
946:
910:
869:
838:
9098:
5015:
7635:
5543:
4893:
9081:
4677:
775:
Triphthongs do not exist in Aʼingae, and glottal stops are inserted phonemically when a sequence of three vowels would occur as in example (1) below.
9144:
5737:
9086:
554:
8989:
8548:
7748:
4394:
Tsumbate umbaniʼsû fingian tansiʼñaʼchovedaʼya tsa kueʼje khuaʼnginga inʼjani tiʼtshe kianʼkhe.
8936:
7763:
9149:
7783:
8497:
7260:
5484:
7779:
7150:
6731:
3270:. There is a distinction between yes/no interrogative and content interrogative sentences, with the former using the interrogative clitic
5008:
6232:
4882:
5536:
4987:
4342:{Tansiʼfate tsa} majan uʼtie tise jakansû findiyeʼchu upûiʼjema ushiʼchhachhu tiʼtshe kiʼañe
8956:
7417:
8361:
7756:
4943:
4347:
They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other.
8911:
7393:
8921:
7819:
283:
word-initial, except for /ʔ/ and /ɰ/. Note that glottal stop, although phonologically contrastive, can be realized as creakiness.
9108:
8976:
8041:
6632:
465:
355:
6551:
6487:
5730:
5510:
641:
451:
8265:
7164:
6915:
6406:
9134:
5001:
520:
8931:
8926:
8741:
8350:
7277:
6412:
4754:
3252:. There are several imperative types, depending on what speech act is being performed, using either the imperative clitics
9139:
9030:
8654:
7630:
6237:
6023:
6017:
5941:
5529:
4574:
Greenberg. Joseph H. (1960), The general classification of
Central and South American languages. In: Anthony Wallace ed.,
2137:
Clitics and suffixes in the language have a relatively fixed order of how they will attach to a verb or predicate phrase.
619:
8961:
8941:
7324:
6612:
8876:
7640:
7625:
6625:
6383:
6344:
5358:
4933:
4576:
Men and cultures: Selected papers of the 5th
International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (1956).
656:
458:
348:
152:
8916:
8400:
7399:
6257:
4377:
Tsunsite kueʼje savutshi chanʼjun, tsuinʼkhûte favatsheyi jacanʼsu tise upûiʼjema ushicha
1121:
Additionally, oral vowels become nasalized when preceding prenasalized consonants and when following nasal consonants.
7620:
7614:
6672:
6590:
6563:
6267:
5652:
5566:
606:
474:
8951:
8901:
8465:
8060:
7186:
6644:
6302:
6262:
6252:
4330:
The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak.
4686:
9065:
6847:
6442:
6272:
5958:
5723:
4309:
678:
529:
341:
334:
8906:
8792:
8707:
8470:
8250:
8147:
7405:
7381:
7356:
7329:
7312:
6220:
5791:
5138:
8891:
7598:
6322:
6277:
6247:
5746:
7077:
6909:
5964:
5780:
8866:
8861:
8416:
7645:
7452:
7089:
5971:
5686:
5303:
5257:
536:
8896:
7879:
6650:
6575:
5978:
5928:
5505:
1206:
They also become nasalized when either preceded or followed by a nasal vowel, as in examples (10) and (11).
362:
232:
determined that there are no substantial borrowings. No complete grammar of the language has been produced.
9050:
9010:
8886:
8881:
8871:
8856:
8394:
8322:
8166:
8102:
8080:
8045:
7664:
7512:
7307:
7302:
7083:
7036:
6666:
6583:
6242:
6226:
6034:
5935:
5798:
5774:
5166:
4753:
Repetti-Ludlow, Chiara; Zhang, Haoru; Lucitante, Hugo; AnderBois, Scott; Sanker, Chelsea (December 2020).
4539:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
6000:
9060:
9040:
9025:
8984:
8946:
8731:
8683:
8568:
8295:
8225:
8162:
7710:
7608:
7297:
7100:
6890:
6879:
6841:
6448:
6422:
6327:
6317:
5916:
5767:
5024:
495:
488:
8507:
7981:
7846:
7411:
7136:
5597:
4452:. (Serie de vocabularios indígenas Mariano Silva y Aceves, 19). Quito: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
9035:
9015:
8817:
8751:
8612:
8556:
8405:
8128:
7988:
7685:
7570:
7442:
7250:
7223:
7206:
7174:
7072:
6786:
6711:
6638:
6417:
6394:
6366:
6297:
6208:
5989:
5552:
5285:
502:
216:
9055:
9020:
8994:
8512:
8487:
8380:
8316:
8272:
8221:
8211:
8054:
7906:
7864:
7462:
7366:
7266:
7255:
7217:
7196:
7094:
7053:
6828:
6810:
6804:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6678:
6661:
6400:
6066:
6053:
5947:
5897:
5754:
5373:
5267:
5095:
212:
1215:
1170:
1130:
1085:
1049:
1003:
967:
931:
895:
854:
823:
8808:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8746:
8688:
8600:
8573:
8475:
8458:
8329:
8305:
8260:
8243:
8206:
8201:
8016:
7899:
7859:
7808:
7376:
7371:
7361:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7318:
7287:
7282:
7235:
7229:
7180:
7125:
7048:
6932:
6896:
6857:
6799:
6606:
6601:
6312:
6071:
6040:
6006:
5994:
5953:
5828:
5670:
5434:
5333:
5328:
5295:
5280:
5181:
5113:
5108:
5057:
4863:
4782:
296:
208:
195:
8626:
8023:
8002:
7869:
7473:
7436:
5642:
5627:
3237:--both of which agree with the subject argument. Within the noun phrase, there is no agreement.
2047:
Also present in the language is the process of reduplication, which expresses iterative aspect.
9045:
8966:
8693:
8666:
8633:
8579:
8528:
8444:
8410:
8384:
8356:
8341:
8277:
8183:
7967:
7914:
7892:
7885:
7828:
7478:
7447:
7387:
7292:
7272:
7211:
7191:
6902:
6863:
6834:
6822:
6759:
6705:
6683:
6656:
6596:
6569:
6388:
6349:
6339:
6307:
6180:
6106:
6088:
6082:
5984:
5902:
5816:
5785:
5404:
5343:
5308:
5118:
5070:
5038:
4973:
Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: COFÁN
4939:
4855:
4774:
3122:
311:
301:
1422:(13a) and (13b). This is a stress pattern that is currently cross-linguistically unattested.
194:
While past classifications have identified Cofán as belonging to linguistic families such as
8797:
8764:
8720:
8701:
8647:
8606:
8586:
8502:
8451:
8437:
8430:
8423:
8367:
8283:
8196:
8190:
8141:
8073:
8066:
8009:
7995:
7974:
7940:
7935:
7874:
7835:
7695:
7555:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7494:
7488:
7483:
7457:
7350:
7245:
7169:
7107:
7059:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6955:
6939:
6874:
6869:
6852:
6793:
6687:
6619:
6530:
6497:
6475:
6465:
6361:
6333:
6282:
6203:
6187:
6173:
6155:
6148:
6134:
6094:
6076:
6060:
6046:
5868:
5851:
5660:
5637:
5632:
5617:
5592:
5444:
5378:
5353:
5275:
5252:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5161:
5146:
5103:
5075:
4970:
4897:
4845:
4766:
3105:
291:
91:
8823:
8757:
8593:
8537:
8311:
8255:
8108:
7960:
7953:
7946:
7690:
7565:
7550:
7519:
7240:
7201:
7066:
7012:
6884:
6746:
6512:
6507:
6372:
6287:
6168:
6161:
6141:
6123:
6028:
6011:
5810:
5612:
5571:
5489:
5474:
5449:
5429:
5409:
5383:
5368:
5363:
5338:
5323:
5229:
5171:
5128:
5085:
5065:
3072:
482:
306:
274:
has been put forward to make a strong claim either way, warranting further investigation.
83:
8233:
8229:
7854:
4916:
1545:
1501:
188:
64:
3475:
3358:
1827:
1560:
8851:
8830:
8713:
8676:
8640:
8134:
8120:
8096:
8089:
7700:
7560:
7529:
7500:
7131:
7017:
7000:
6950:
6945:
6816:
6753:
6523:
6517:
6437:
6432:
6378:
6355:
6100:
5922:
5879:
5862:
5856:
5834:
5822:
5705:
5665:
5622:
5576:
5454:
5439:
5424:
5388:
5348:
5318:
5313:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5156:
5123:
5080:
4487:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016).
101:
4422:
Language planning and policy in Latin
America: Language Planning and Policy in Ecuador
4399:
And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.
3276:
and the latter using the indeterminate/interrogative wh-word in the initial position (
144:
9123:
8619:
8562:
8522:
7584:
7524:
7506:
7022:
7006:
6960:
6717:
6537:
6502:
6492:
6470:
6427:
6292:
5873:
5805:
5219:
5209:
5204:
5151:
4867:
4786:
4488:
3186:
3154:
588:
546:
8030:
6481:
5607:
5214:
3220:
369:
108:
5419:
4978:
3203:
684:
662:
647:
625:
612:
583:
514:
157:
4382:
Then the Sun shone out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak.
207:
Aʼingae is a language isolate of Amazonia spoken by the Cofán people in
6128:
5479:
4850:
4834:"Dominance is non-representational: evidence from Aʼingae verbal stress"
4833:
4770:
4553:
4532:
4457:
4429:
3960:
Both Borman and Community orthographies show inconsistency between the use of
600:
593:
4859:
4778:
4527:
5715:
4493:
4482:
Cofan cosmology and history as revealed in their legends: The Cofan Alphabet
670:
635:
445:
323:
137:
121:
17:
4805:
2040:
IGNR2=ATTR=ACC.REAL=3 really chicha=ACC.IRR chicha-CAUS-INF HAB.AUX=SBJ.PL
128:
4983:
54:
4993:
1915:
1148:
253:, means 'in the manner of the people'. Though the speakers use the word
5521:
1265:
structures allowed is given in the table below with examples for each.
318:
165:
50:
4720:
4410:
7705:
7603:
4556:(1924). Antoine Meillet; Marcel Cohen (eds.). "Langues américaines".
4420:
Baldauf, R. B., Kaplan, R. B., King, K. A., & Haboud, M. (2007).
3028:
2570:
2208:
1865:
1720:
1446:
1439:
1103:
1067:
4901:
3712:
between the two orthographies can be observed in the tables below:
3652:
3627:
3585:
3046:
2983:
2959:
2928:
2865:
2537:
2423:
2366:
2330:
2095:
2059:
3673:
3445:
3036:
2480:
2172:
2109:
1703:
1455:
Stress can in some cases be contrastive, compare (14a) and (14b).
3530:
3494:
3379:
3375:
3002:
2880:
2810:
2776:
2444:
2019:
1990:
1963:
1904:
1846:
1777:
1750:
1672:
1524:
247:('person, Cofán person, civilized person') and the manner clitic
2296:
2023:
1432:
789:
754:
7752:
7724:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
5719:
5525:
4997:
4932:
Gijn, Rik van; Haude, Katharina; Muysken, Pieter (2011-04-29).
4436:. SIL International Publications in Linguistics. pp. 45–59
3555:
3483:
3441:
3418:
3052:‘In earlier times they used to go downriver for charapa eggs.’
3032:
3017:
3006:
2833:
2829:
2814:
2603:
2378:
2313:
2232:
2220:
2189:
2031:
1994:
1919:
1869:
1746:
1736:
1699:
1676:
1152:
4979:
ELAR archive of Aʼingae language documentation materials
4497:. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3631:
3623:
3426:
3393:
3371:
3341:
2939:
2855:
2615:
2591:
2468:
2456:
2411:
2244:
2113:
2037:
jungue=sû=ma=tsû ñua’me tsetse’pa=ve tsetse’pa-en-ñe atesû=’fa
1971:
1955:
1900:
1680:
1668:
1618:
1505:
1241:
1188:
949:
913:
721:
9130:
Indigenous languages of the South American Northern Foothills
3589:
3345:
2884:
2558:
2390:
2081:
1967:
1959:
1923:
1850:
1781:
1754:
1732:
1646:‘After coming (he) slept and dawned (i.e., got up at dawn).’
1528:
3559:
3479:
2949:
2876:
2354:
2009:
1817:
1664:
1595:
1237:
717:
3642:
3455:
3422:
3312:("how")). Exhortative sentences use the hortative particle
2513:
2492:
2155:
2128:"Then they cook and when they're warmed up, we crush them."
2005:
1861:
1806:
1691:
1021:
985:
4721:"Aʼingae (Ecuador and Colombia) - Language Snapshot"
2525:
2277:
2265:
3437:
2825:
2806:
2077:
2027:
1695:
750:
259:, the language is also known by the Spanish denomination
4918:
Cofan cosmology and history as revealed in their legends
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4578:
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 791-794.
4509:
South American Indian languages: retrospect and prospect
4411:
Aʼingae (Ecuador and Colombia) - Language Snapshot
1890:
1719:
Beyond stems, Aʼingae has both bound suffixes and
1233:
713:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
3049:
charapa.turtle egg=ACC.IRR downriver=LOC go-IPFV=PL=ASS
2073:
1758:
1881:‘Let’s go to where that man is selling beer.’ (elic.)
1878:
HORT go-INF ANA person beer=ACC.REAL buy-CAUS-IPFV=LOC
27:
Endangered indigenous language of Ecuador and Colombia
4450:
Vocabulario cofán: Cofán-castellano, castellano-cofán
1218:
1173:
1133:
1088:
1052:
1006:
970:
934:
898:
857:
826:
4587:
Adelaar, Willem F.H. with Pieter C. Muysken (2004),
1712:
white-CLF:lateral=AUG=ACC.IRR=3 long-CAUS=SBJ.PL=ASS
9074:
9003:
8975:
8844:
8806:
8730:
8664:
8547:
8486:
8379:
8339:
8293:
8220:
8160:
8118:
8040:
7928:
7845:
7818:
7798:
7678:
7655:
7583:
7427:
7149:
7117:
7035:
6924:
6730:
6697:
6550:
6458:
6202:
6116:
5893:
5844:
5753:
5679:
5651:
5585:
5559:
5498:
5467:
5397:
5294:
5266:
5228:
5180:
5137:
5094:
5056:
5047:
5031:
3324:. Below are some examples of these sentence types.
3042:
tayupi=ja charapa dû’sûchu=ve kaje=ni ja-je=’fa=’ya
151:
135:
119:
114:
98:
80:
70:
60:
46:
32:
4500:Gijn, E. V., Haude, K., & Muysken, P. (2011).
4484:. Quito, Ecuador: Instituto Linguistico de Verano.
2919:Subordinate clauses are strictly predicate-final.
1224:
1179:
1139:
1094:
1058:
1012:
976:
940:
904:
863:
832:
4759:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4935:Subordination in Native South American Languages
4502:Subordination in native South-American languages
1715:‘They lengthened (the cotton) into white rope.’
9155:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
4432:. In Elson, Benjamin; Peeke, Catherine (eds.).
2125:do=DS soften=SH.SFC=ADV warm.up=DS hurl~ITER=SS
1875:jingesû ja-ye tsa a’i cerveza=ma chava-en-je=ni
1790:know=INT=2 2.SG=CNTR.TOP Secoya person=ACC.REAL
772:Note that the vowel pair /ae/ is realized as .
211:in northeastern Ecuador and the departments of
4806:"Aʼingae Language Documentation Project"
3978:that there is still some nasalisation present.
3056:The full list of case markers is shown below.
2141:Inflection template of the Aʼingae verb
7764:
5731:
5537:
5009:
4881:Borman, M. B. (1962). Elson, Banjamin (ed.).
4462:SIL International Publications in Linguistics
2896:‘I bought a different fishing hook.’ (elic.)
260:
8:
7734:Families with more than 30 languages are in
4827:
4825:
4558:Langues de l'Amérique du Sud et des Antilles
2974:Case markers are constituent-level clitics.
1608:‘that big valley behind the forest’ (elic.)
4591:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 454.
4192:
4164:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3210:
3193:
3176:
3161:
3144:
3129:
3112:
3095:
3080:
3062:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2564:
2552:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2417:
2405:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2324:
2307:
2290:
2271:
2259:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2183:
2166:
2149:
254:
248:
242:
236:
38:
8115:
7842:
7815:
7771:
7757:
7749:
7591:
7157:
7041:
6738:
6556:
6213:
5908:
5759:
5738:
5724:
5716:
5544:
5530:
5522:
5053:
5016:
5002:
4994:
164:
29:
7780:Indigenous language families and isolates
4890:Studies in Ecuadorian Indian Languages: I
4849:
4507:Klein, H. E., & Stark, L. R. (2011).
4434:Studies in Ecuadorian Indian languages: I
4424:(Vol. 1). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
2043:‘What did they use to make chicha with?’
1217:
1172:
1132:
1087:
1051:
1005:
969:
933:
897:
856:
825:
4458:"Cofan paragraph structure and function"
4098:
3984:
3714:
3058:
2712:
2644:
2139:
1605:ANA valley big forest behind-CLF:lateral
1267:
577:
285:
4564:. Paris: Société Linguistique de Paris.
4520:
3953:
3318:. Prohibitive sentences use the clitic
2893:buy=1 OTHER fishing-CL:angular=ACC.REAL
2122:tsun=si chape=ju=en ake=si kikhû~khû=pa
4725:Language Documentation and Description
4415:Language Documentation and Description
1602:tsa sinjûnkhû rande tsampi sepakhue-fa
7:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4560:. Les langues du monde (in French).
4511:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
4504:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co.
1655:"long" is one of these bound stems.
1551:‘Then the tiger became the chief.’
9145:Language isolates of South America
4988:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
4921:. Instituto Linguistico de Verano.
4676:Fischer, Rafael; Hengeveld, Kees,
1709:tutu-fa-’khu=ve=tsû bia-ña=’fa=’ya
25:
3545:"Don't look (you shouldn't look)"
2583:
2550:
2505:
2436:
2403:
2346:
2257:
2200:
2119:Tsunsi chapejuen akesi kikhûkhûpa
1940:DIST 1.SG child=HUM.PL=ATTR child
683:
677:
661:
655:
646:
640:
624:
618:
611:
605:
553:
535:
528:
519:
501:
494:
487:
473:
464:
457:
450:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
187:, is the primary language of the
5699:
4538:
2842:dirty-QUAL=ACC.IRR do=SBJ.PL=IRR
1943:‘those children of my children’
1937:juva ña dû’shû=ndekhû=’sû dû’shû
5511:Providence Island Sign Language
4894:Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
4832:Dąbkowski, Maksymilian (2021).
4719:Dąbkowski, Maksymilian (2021).
3405:do=SS=RPRT ANA 3.SG=ACC cure=SS
3402:tsun=pa=te tsa tise=ma se'je=pa
2962:think=1 tree=ACC.IRR become-INF
2796:‘The people took the peanuts.’
1787:atesû=ti=ki ke=ja Secoya a’i=ma
4409:Dąbkowski, Maksymilian. 2021.
4313:translated into Aʼingae.
3707:before front vowels, and with
2965:‘I think I’ll become a tree.’
2714:Second person subject clitics
1548:=3 tiger chief=ACC.REAL become
1219:
1174:
1134:
1089:
1053:
1007:
971:
935:
899:
858:
827:
1:
4938:. John Benjamins Publishing.
2890:chava=ngi fûesû simba-’khu=ma
1793:‘Do you know Secoya people?’
241:, which consists of the stem
9150:Endangered language isolates
4915:Borman, M. B. (1990-01-01).
3461:‘They came from downriver.’
1225:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1180:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1140:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1095:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1059:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1013:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
977:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
941:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
905:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
864:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
833:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
4679:Aʼingae (Cofán/Kofán)
4589:The languages of the Andes.
3399:Tsumbate tsa tisema se'jepa
9171:
8498:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
4310:The North Wind and the Sun
3693:‘Don’t let it go please!’
3451:setsa=ne=ta=tsû ji=’fa=’ya
2839:amûnde=tshi=ve tsun=’fa=ya
235:The name of the language,
203:History and current status
7719:
7594:
7160:
7044:
6741:
6559:
6216:
5911:
5762:
5747:Primary language families
5695:
4851:10.1017/S0952675721000348
4771:10.1017/S0025100319000082
4318:Umbaʼkhûniʼsû
4047:
4041:
4033:
4027:
4019:
4013:
3946:
3943:
3935:
3929:
3921:
3915:
3907:
3890:
3884:
3876:
3859:
3853:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3814:
3797:
3780:
3774:
3766:
3749:
3743:
3264:or the diminutive suffix
2701:"he/she/it, his/her/its"
2579:
2546:
2501:
2337:
2320:
2303:
2286:
2253:
2196:
2179:
2162:
2145:
1542:tse=tsû thesi na’sû=ma da
552:
545:
525:
513:
493:
481:
456:
444:
317:
295:
288:
163:
37:
6564:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
5687:Ecuadorian Sign Language
3609:‘Is there another one?’
3571:‘Mind you!/Be careful!’
189:Aʼi (Cofán) people
7731:have no living members.
5506:Colombian Sign Language
4755:"Aʼingae (Cofán)"
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3211:
3194:
3177:
3162:
3145:
3130:
3113:
3096:
3081:
3063:
2845:‘We’ll make it dirty.’
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2565:
2553:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2418:
2406:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2325:
2308:
2291:
2272:
2260:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2184:
2167:
2150:
255:
249:
243:
237:
39:
9099:Unclassified languages
7711:Unclassified languages
7665:list of sign languages
6633:Northeastern Tasmanian
5485:San Andrés–Providencia
4480:Borman, M. B. (1990).
4456:Borman, M. B. (1977).
4448:Borman, M. B. (1976).
4428:Borman, M. B. (1962).
4307:The following text is
2793:person peanut=ACC take
2502:information structure
1226:
1181:
1141:
1096:
1060:
1014:
978:
942:
906:
886:examples (5) and (6).
865:
834:
261:
9135:Languages of Colombia
8669:, Bolivia, and Chile)
8490:(west-central Brazil)
7686:Constructed languages
5025:Languages of Colombia
4303:Aʼingae passage
4251:person; Cofán person
4160:Chiga tsû afepuenjan
3614:Content Interrogative
3328:Assertive/Declarative
2133:Inflectional template
1352:we/they/you all bring
1227:
1182:
1142:
1097:
1061:
1015:
979:
943:
907:
866:
835:
9140:Languages of Ecuador
6233:Binanderean–Goilalan
5586:Indigenous languages
5553:Languages of Ecuador
4810:cofan-aldp.github.io
4336:Tansiʼfate tsa
3576:Yes/no-Interrogative
1216:
1171:
1131:
1127:(8) /dɨ.ʃo.ⁿde.kʰɨ/
1086:
1050:
1004:
968:
932:
896:
855:
824:
179:, commonly known as
9092:Marañón River basin
8957:Tequiraca–Canichana
8937:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
7515:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
7418:Tequiraca–Canichana
7261:Harákmbut–Katukinan
6024:Northwest Caucasian
6018:Northeast Caucasian
5942:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
4971:Alain Fabre, 2005,
4224:Ña inise tsû ____.
4219:What is your name?
4216:Junguesû inise ki?
4175:I don't understand
4167:"May God pay you")
4100:
3987:
3717:
3506:‘Do it like that!’
3503:ANA=SIM=ADVR do=IMP
2955:ña=ja asithaen=ngi
2715:
2647:
2142:
1660:tutu-fa-’khu=ve=tsû
1212:(10) /ho.ʋaʔ.kã.o/
735:'exactly like that'
8912:Esmeralda–Yaruroan
8845:Proposed groupings
7799:Language families
7137:Tarascan/Purépecha
6626:Northern Tasmanian
6384:South Bougainville
6345:North Bougainville
5706:Ecuador portal
5560:Official languages
5032:Official languages
4183:That's good; good
4099:
3985:
3962:⟨dz⟩
3715:
3705:⟨qu⟩
3690:let.go=PROH please
3687:anthe=jama chigane
3658:‘Who let you in?’
3648:ma=jan=tsû ka’ni-a
3500:tsa=’ka=en tsun=ja
3458:=3 come=SBJ.PL=ASS
2970:Case and alignment
2713:
2646:Personal pronouns
2645:
2254:associated motion
2140:
1260:Syllable structure
1222:
1177:
1137:
1092:
1056:
1010:
974:
938:
902:
861:
830:
209:Sucumbios Province
9117:
9116:
9087:Extinct languages
8840:
8839:
8156:
8155:
7924:
7923:
7793:
7746:
7745:
7696:Language isolates
7674:
7673:
7579:
7578:
7145:
7144:
7031:
7030:
6726:
6725:
6673:Western Tasmanian
6591:Eastern Tasmanian
6546:
6545:
6268:East Geelvink Bay
6198:
6197:
5889:
5888:
5713:
5712:
5653:Spanish varieties
5519:
5518:
5463:
5462:
4536:(25th ed., 2022)
4295:
4294:
4227:My name is ____.
4092:
4091:
3966:⟨z⟩
3950:
3949:
3709:⟨c⟩
3703:phoneme /k/ with
3226:
3225:
2751:
2750:
2711:
2710:
2638:
2637:
1911:dû’shû=ndekhû=’sû
1643:come=SS sleep day
1414:
1413:
1249:exactly like that
693:
692:
567:
566:
172:
171:
76:1,000 (2012)
16:(Redirected from
9162:
9109:Linguistic areas
8977:Linguistic areas
8519:? Mura–Matanawí
8266:Andoque–Urequena
8116:
7843:
7816:
7787:
7773:
7766:
7759:
7750:
7592:
7546:Huaorani/Waorani
7430:(extant in 2000)
7394:Esmeralda–Yaruro
7165:Andoque–Urequena
7158:
7042:
6848:Plateau Penutian
6739:
6714:(Northern Daly?)
6557:
6443:Northwest Papuan
6407:Trans–New Guinea
6273:East New Britain
6248:Central Solomons
6214:
5959:Great Andamanese
5909:
5760:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5717:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5523:
5359:Tanimuca-Retuarã
5054:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4995:
4950:
4949:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4887:
4883:"Cofán Phonemes"
4878:
4872:
4871:
4853:
4829:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4802:
4791:
4790:
4750:
4733:
4732:
4716:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4685:, archived from
4684:
4673:
4592:
4585:
4579:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4525:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4430:"Cofan phonemes"
4195:"God with you")
4194:
4166:
4123:hello (evening)
4115:hello (morning)
4101:
3988:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3675:
3654:
3644:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3591:
3587:
3561:
3557:
3532:
3496:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3457:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3408:"They cured him"
3395:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3360:
3347:
3343:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3214:
3197:
3180:
3165:
3148:
3133:
3116:
3099:
3084:
3066:
3059:
3048:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3019:
3008:
3004:
2985:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2930:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2867:
2857:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2778:
2716:
2690:"you all, your"
2648:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2332:
2328:
2315:
2311:
2298:
2294:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2191:
2187:
2174:
2170:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2115:
2111:
2097:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2061:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1992:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:jungue=sû=ma=tsû
1925:
1921:
1917:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1829:
1819:
1808:
1783:
1779:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1734:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1620:
1597:
1562:
1547:
1530:
1526:
1507:
1503:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1268:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1046:(7a) /tsɨi-ʔhe/
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
997:
994:
991:
987:
983:
981:
980:
975:
961:
958:
955:
951:
947:
945:
944:
939:
925:
922:
919:
915:
911:
909:
908:
903:
879:
876:
873:
870:
868:
867:
862:
848:
845:
842:
839:
837:
836:
831:
791:
756:
752:
723:
719:
715:
687:
681:
665:
659:
650:
644:
628:
622:
615:
609:
578:
557:
539:
532:
523:
505:
498:
491:
477:
468:
461:
454:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
286:
264:
258:
252:
246:
240:
168:
147:
131:
124:
104:
92:Language isolate
86:
42:
30:
21:
9170:
9169:
9165:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9160:
9159:
9120:
9119:
9118:
9113:
9070:
8999:
8971:
8932:Mataco–Guaicuru
8927:Katembri–Taruma
8892:Macro-Puinavean
8877:Macro-Otomákoan
8836:
8802:
8742:Mataco–Guaicuru
8726:
8660:
8543:
8482:
8375:
8351:Sechura–Catacao
8340:Pacific coast (
8335:
8294:Pacific coast (
8289:
8216:
8152:
8114:
8036:
7920:
7841:
7814:
7800:
7794:
7792:classification)
7786:
7777:
7747:
7742:
7741:
7715:
7701:Mixed languages
7670:
7651:
7586:
7575:
7429:
7423:
7278:Katembri–Taruma
7152:
7141:
7113:
7027:
6920:
6733:
6722:
6693:
6542:
6454:
6413:Turama–Kikorian
6323:Lower Mamberamo
6278:East Strickland
6206:
6194:
6112:
5900:
5895:
5885:
5840:
5749:
5744:
5714:
5709:
5700:
5698:
5691:
5675:
5647:
5581:
5555:
5550:
5520:
5515:
5494:
5459:
5393:
5304:Barasana-Eduria
5290:
5262:
5258:Northern Embera
5224:
5176:
5133:
5090:
5049:
5043:
5027:
5022:
4967:
4962:
4953:
4946:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4831:
4830:
4823:
4814:
4812:
4804:
4803:
4794:
4752:
4751:
4736:
4718:
4717:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4692:on Sep 29, 2022
4689:
4682:
4675:
4674:
4595:
4586:
4582:
4573:
4569:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4471:
4469:
4455:
4439:
4437:
4427:
4406:
4404:Further reading
4401:
4392:
4384:
4375:
4367:
4357:
4349:
4340:
4332:
4322:
4305:
4300:
4097:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3685:
3677:
3665:
3660:
3646:
3635:
3616:
3611:
3606:OTHER=INT exist
3601:
3593:
3578:
3573:
3563:
3547:
3534:
3520:
3508:
3498:
3487:
3468:
3463:
3449:
3430:
3414:setsa=ne=ta=tsû
3410:
3397:
3383:
3362:
3349:
3330:
3243:
3054:
3040:
3021:
3010:
2995:
2987:
2972:
2967:
2953:
2943:
2932:
2917:
2907:
2898:
2888:
2869:
2859:
2847:
2837:
2818:
2798:
2790:a’i mani=ma isû
2788:
2780:
2769:
2756:
2643:
2628:
2627:
2580:subject person
2547:sentence-level
2340:
2287:subject number
2135:
2130:
2117:
2099:
2085:
2063:
2045:
2035:
2013:
2001:tsetse’pa-en-ñe
1998:
1983:
1975:
1945:
1935:
1927:
1908:
1894:
1883:
1873:
1854:
1839:
1831:
1821:
1810:
1795:
1785:
1770:
1762:
1740:
1717:
1707:
1684:
1648:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1610:
1600:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1553:
1540:
1532:
1517:
1509:
1491:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1419:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1262:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1214:
1213:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1084:
1083:
1082:(7b) /tsõ-ʔhe/
1077:
1074:
1071:
1048:
1047:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1002:
1001:
995:
992:
989:
966:
965:
959:
956:
953:
930:
929:
923:
920:
917:
894:
893:
877:
874:
871:
853:
852:
846:
843:
840:
822:
821:
811:
806:
794:
780:
770:
758:
741:
737:
725:
705:
698:
572:
411:
377:
328:
322:
280:
271:
205:
143:
127:
120:
105:
100:
94:
87:
84:Language family
82:
73:
72:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9168:
9166:
9158:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9122:
9121:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9106:
9104:Classification
9101:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9084:
9078:
9076:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9007:
9005:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8997:
8992:
8990:Mamoré–Guaporé
8987:
8981:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8969:
8964:
8962:Wamo–Chapakura
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8942:Moseten–Chonan
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8867:Macro-Chibchan
8864:
8862:Macro-Arawakan
8859:
8854:
8848:
8846:
8842:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8834:
8827:
8820:
8814:
8812:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8761:
8754:
8749:
8737:
8735:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8705:
8698:
8697:
8696:
8691:
8680:
8672:
8670:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8658:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8630:
8623:
8616:
8609:
8604:
8597:
8590:
8583:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8559:
8553:
8551:
8549:Mamoré–Guaporé
8545:
8544:
8542:
8541:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8525:
8517:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8493:
8491:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8480:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8462:
8455:
8448:
8441:
8434:
8427:
8420:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8390:
8388:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8364:
8353:
8347:
8345:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8301:
8299:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8247:
8239:
8237:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8172:
8170:
8158:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8145:
8138:
8131:
8125:
8123:
8113:
8112:
8105:
8100:
8093:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8077:
8070:
8057:
8051:
8049:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8027:
8020:
8013:
8006:
7999:
7992:
7985:
7978:
7971:
7964:
7957:
7950:
7943:
7938:
7932:
7930:
7929:Eastern Brazil
7926:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7910:
7903:
7896:
7889:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7851:
7849:
7840:
7839:
7832:
7824:
7822:
7813:
7812:
7804:
7802:
7796:
7795:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7753:
7744:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7732:
7725:
7721:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7626:Indo-Pakistani
7623:
7618:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7595:
7589:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7509:
7504:
7497:
7492:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7433:
7431:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7415:
7409:
7403:
7397:
7391:
7385:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7325:Piaroa–Saliban
7322:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7226:
7221:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7147:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7092:
7090:Tequistlatecan
7087:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7003:
6998:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6936:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6894:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6826:
6819:
6814:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6757:
6750:
6742:
6736:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6709:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6681:
6676:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6648:
6641:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6617:
6613:Marrku–Wurrugu
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6567:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6403:
6398:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6184:
6177:
6171:
6166:
6158:
6153:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6038:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5975:
5972:Hurro-Urartian
5968:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5944:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5920:
5912:
5906:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5866:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5814:
5808:
5803:
5795:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5720:
5711:
5710:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5680:Sign languages
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5499:Sign languages
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5157:Minica Huitoto
5154:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4981:
4976:
4966:
4965:External links
4963:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4944:
4924:
4907:
4902:10.1086/465008
4873:
4844:(4): 611–650.
4821:
4792:
4765:(3): 431–444.
4734:
4704:
4695:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4545:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4485:
4478:
4453:
4446:
4425:
4418:
4405:
4402:
4386:
4385:
4369:
4368:
4351:
4350:
4334:
4333:
4316:
4315:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4203:What is this?
4201:
4200:Junguesû tsû?
4197:
4196:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4107:English gloss
4105:
4104:Aʼingae
4096:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3981:
3980:
3970:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3699:
3698:Writing system
3696:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3636:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3594:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3549:
3548:
3521:
3510:
3509:
3488:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3431:
3412:
3411:
3384:
3363:
3350:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3242:
3239:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3022:
3011:
2996:
2993:charapa.turtle
2988:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2944:
2933:
2922:
2921:
2900:
2899:
2870:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2819:
2802:amûnde=tshi=ve
2800:
2799:
2781:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2709:
2708:
2707:"they, their"
2702:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2401:
2400:cosubordinate
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2147:
2134:
2131:
2100:
2086:
2064:
2050:
2049:
2014:
1999:
1984:
1976:
1950:
1949:
1928:
1909:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1857:chava-en-je=ni
1855:
1840:
1832:
1822:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1771:
1763:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1687:bia-ña=’fa=’ya
1685:
1658:
1657:
1640:ji=pa ana a’ta
1631:
1623:
1612:
1611:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1555:
1554:
1533:
1518:
1510:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1471:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:(13b) 'sweep-
1443:
1436:
1429:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1221:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1176:
1167:(9) /ɲoɲa.pa/
1165:
1136:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1091:
1080:
1055:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1009:
1000:(6b) /hĩ-ʔja/
998:
973:
964:(6a) /hi-ʔja/
962:
937:
926:
901:
883:
882:
881:
880:
860:
849:
829:
810:
807:
781:
778:
777:
765:good=QUAL=ADJR
742:
739:
738:
706:
703:
702:
697:
694:
691:
690:
688:
675:
673:
667:
666:
653:
651:
638:
632:
631:
629:
616:
603:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
571:
568:
565:
564:
562:
560:
558:
551:
549:
543:
542:
540:
533:
526:
524:
517:
511:
510:
508:
506:
499:
492:
485:
479:
478:
471:
469:
462:
455:
448:
442:
441:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
408:
407:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
374:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
326:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
279:
276:
270:
267:
204:
201:
170:
169:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
141:
133:
132:
125:
117:
116:
115:Language codes
112:
111:
106:
102:Writing system
99:
96:
95:
90:
88:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
48:
47:Native to
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9167:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9093:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9079:
9077:
9073:
9067:
9066:French Guiana
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9006:
9002:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8978:
8974:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8922:Je–Tupi–Carib
8920:
8918:
8917:Hibito–Cholon
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8897:Macro-Warpean
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8843:
8833:
8832:
8828:
8826:
8825:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8805:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8767:
8766:
8762:
8760:
8759:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8718:
8716:
8715:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8686:
8685:
8681:
8679:
8678:
8674:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8602:
8598:
8596:
8595:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8584:
8582:
8581:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8552:
8550:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8530:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8485:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8449:
8447:
8446:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8428:
8426:
8425:
8421:
8419:
8418:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8401:Hibito–Cholon
8399:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8363:
8362:Cañari–Puruhá
8360:
8359:
8358:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8307:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8181:
8179:
8178:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8164:
8159:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8094:
8092:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8082:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8069:
8068:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8007:
8005:
8004:
8000:
7998:
7997:
7993:
7991:
7990:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7972:
7970:
7969:
7965:
7963:
7962:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7927:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7821:
7820:Je–Tupi–Carib
7817:
7811:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7790:Campbell 2012
7785:
7784:South America
7781:
7774:
7769:
7767:
7762:
7760:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7737:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7677:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7636:Original Thai
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7582:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7426:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7400:Hibito–Cholón
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7148:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7034:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6917:
6916:Yuman–Cochimí
6914:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6729:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6651:Southern Daly
6649:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6576:Darwin Region
6573:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6258:Demta–Sentani
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5979:Indo-European
5976:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5929:Austroasiatic
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5899:
5892:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5736:
5734:
5729:
5727:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5708:
5707:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:Creoles/Other
5466:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5167:Murui Huitoto
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5007:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4947:
4945:9789027287090
4941:
4937:
4936:
4928:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4911:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4688:
4681:
4680:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:Glottolog 2.7
4490:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:banana drink
4234:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4155:How are you?
4154:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3974:
3971:
3957:
3954:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3655:=3 enter-CAUS
3649:
3645:
3639:
3634:
3621:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3583:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3565:injan=’fa=kha
3562:
3552:
3551:injan=’fa=kha
3546:
3543:
3540:
3539:me'in kan='se
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3486:
3473:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3452:
3448:
3434:
3429:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3335:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3241:Sentence type
3240:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3171:manner, path
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:accusative 2
3089:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3043:
3039:
3025:
3024:ja-je=’fa=’ya
3020:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2873:
2872:simba-’khu=ma
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2822:
2817:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2017:
2012:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1912:
1907:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1858:
1853:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1744:
1739:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1688:
1683:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1472:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1438:(13a) 'open-
1437:
1431:(12b) 'open-
1430:
1428:(12a) 'open'
1427:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1259:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1166:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1081:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
999:
963:
928:(5b) /hẽ-pa/
927:
892:(5a) /ha-pa/
891:
890:
889:
888:
887:
850:
819:
818:
817:
816:
815:
808:
805:
802:
799:
797:
793:
786:
784:
776:
773:
769:
766:
763:
761:
757:
747:
745:
736:
733:
730:
728:
727:/ho.ʋaʔ.kã.o/
724:
711:
709:
708:/ho.ʋaʔ.kã.o/
701:
695:
689:
686:
680:
676:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
658:
654:
652:
649:
643:
639:
637:
634:
633:
630:
627:
621:
617:
614:
608:
604:
602:
599:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
579:
576:
569:
563:
561:
559:
556:
550:
548:
544:
541:
538:
534:
531:
527:
522:
518:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
500:
497:
490:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
470:
467:
463:
460:
453:
449:
447:
443:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
409:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
336:
332:
327:
325:
320:
316:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
293:
290:
287:
284:
277:
275:
268:
266:
263:
257:
256:Aʼingae
251:
245:
239:
238:Aʼingae
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
202:
200:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
176:Aʼingae
167:
162:
159:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
140:
139:
134:
130:
126:
123:
118:
113:
110:
107:
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
79:
75:
69:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
40:Aʼingae
36:
31:
19:
8952:Saparo–Yawan
8902:Arutani–Sape
8887:Macro-Panoan
8882:Macro-Paesan
8872:Macro-Jibaro
8857:Macro-Andean
8829:
8822:
8793:Lule–Vilelan
8763:
8756:
8719:
8712:
8700:
8675:
8653:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8618:
8611:
8599:
8592:
8585:
8578:
8561:
8536:
8527:
8466:Saparo–Yawan
8457:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8422:
8415:
8395:Pano–Tacanan
8393:
8366:
8328:
8321:
8304:
8298:and Ecuador)
8282:
8242:
8189:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8140:
8133:
8107:
8095:
8088:
8079:
8072:
8065:
8061:Arutani–Sape
8029:
8022:
8015:
8008:
8001:
7994:
7987:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7952:
7945:
7913:
7905:
7898:
7891:
7884:
7834:
7827:
7807:
7801:and isolates
7735:
7728:
7727:Families in
7662:
7613:
7511:
7499:
7467:
7349:
7317:
7308:Pano-Tacanan
7265:
7228:
7216:
7187:Arutani–Sape
7179:
7124:
7106:
7099:
7084:Oto-Manguean
7082:
7065:
7058:
7005:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6938:
6931:
6908:
6901:
6889:
6862:
6840:
6833:
6821:
6809:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6752:
6745:
6704:
6671:
6667:Western Daly
6645:Pama–Nyungan
6643:
6631:
6624:
6611:
6589:
6584:Eastern Daly
6582:
6574:
6529:
6405:
6393:
6371:
6354:
6332:
6303:Kaure–Kosare
6263:Doso–Turumsa
6253:Chimbu–Wahgi
6243:Bulaka River
6227:Austronesian
6225:
6186:
6179:
6160:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6035:Sino-Tibetan
6033:
6016:
5999:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5946:
5936:Austronesian
5934:
5927:
5915:
5861:
5799:Nilo-Saharan
5797:
5790:
5775:Austronesian
5773:
5766:
5697:
5608:Media Lengua
5602:
5598:Cha'palaachi
5414:
4972:
4959:
4955:
4934:
4927:
4917:
4910:
4889:
4876:
4841:
4837:
4813:. Retrieved
4809:
4762:
4758:
4728:
4724:
4698:
4687:the original
4678:
4588:
4583:
4575:
4570:
4561:
4557:
4548:
4531:
4523:
4508:
4501:
4492:
4481:
4470:. Retrieved
4468:(3): 289–338
4465:
4461:
4449:
4438:. Retrieved
4433:
4421:
4414:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4308:
4306:
4256:ña; aña'chu
4147:OK; goodbye
3973:
3956:
3701:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3671:
3668:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3622:
3619:
3608:
3605:
3603:fûesû=ti jin
3602:
3598:
3595:
3584:
3581:
3570:
3568:think=PL=DIM
3567:
3564:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3542:no look=IMP3
3541:
3538:
3535:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3492:
3489:
3474:
3471:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3435:
3432:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3244:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3026:
3023:
3015:
3012:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2937:
2935:asithaen=ngi
2934:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2915:‘He stayed’
2914:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2874:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2823:
2820:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2745:
2734:
2723:
2704:
2698:
2687:
2684:"you, your"
2681:
2670:
2664:
2343:subordinate
2136:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2107:
2105:kikhû~khû=pa
2104:
2101:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2018:
2015:
2003:
2000:
1988:
1986:tsetse’pa=ve
1985:
1980:
1977:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1913:
1910:
1899:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1859:
1856:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1815:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1745:
1742:
1730:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1689:
1686:
1662:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1454:
1420:
1263:
1205:
1120:
1038:
884:
812:
809:Nasalization
803:
800:
798:
795:
787:
785:
782:
774:
771:
767:
764:
762:
759:
748:
746:
743:
734:
732:DIST=SIM=AUG
731:
729:
726:
712:
710:
707:
699:
573:
281:
272:
234:
230:
226:
222:
206:
193:
184:
180:
175:
174:
173:
136:
109:Latin script
65:Cofán people
18:A'ingae
8947:Quechumaran
8907:Bora–Witoto
8807:Far South (
8708:Uru–Chipaya
8684:Quechumaran
8569:Nambikwaran
8251:Bora–Witoto
8148:Ticuna–Yuri
7621:Germanosign
7525:Mura-Pirahã
7406:Lule–Vilela
7382:Bora-Witoto
7357:Uru–Chipaya
7330:Ticuna–Yuri
7313:Peba–Yaguan
7298:Nambikwaran
7101:Uto-Aztecan
7037:Mesoamerica
6891:Uto-Aztecan
6880:Tsimshianic
6842:Palaihnihan
6712:Malak-Malak
6449:Papuan Gulf
6423:West Papuan
6328:Lower Sepik
6318:Lakes Plain
6221:Arai–Samaia
6209:the Pacific
5917:Afroasiatic
5792:Niger–Congo
5768:Afroasiatic
5420:Inga Kichwa
5139:Bora–Witoto
4554:Rivet, Paul
4211:Who is it?
4208:Majan tsû?
4188:Chigai'khû
4180:Ñutshi tsû
4172:Pañambingi
4163:Thank you (
3716:Consonants
3663:Prohibitive
3536:Me'in kanse
3300:("which"),
3294:("where"),
3139:limitative
3106:benefactive
2998:dû’sûchu=ve
2821:tsun=’fa=ya
2741:3rd person
2730:2nd person
2719:1st person
2695:3rd person
2678:2nd person
2661:1st person
2339:clause type
2163:reciprocal
2069:chape=ju=en
1728:atesû=ti=ki
1591:sepakhue-fa
801:(long=ADJR)
760:/ɲo.tsʰi.a/
744:/ɲo.tsʰi.a/
515:Approximant
9124:Categories
8818:Qawasqaran
8752:Guaicuruan
8721:Mapudungun
8557:Chapacuran
8471:Peba–Yagua
8406:Cahuapanan
8323:Yurumanguí
7907:Chiquitano
7880:Maxakalian
7788:(based on
7615:Francosign
7463:Chiquitano
7443:Alacalufan
7251:Guaicuruan
7224:Chapacuran
7207:Cahuapanan
7175:Araucanian
7078:Mixe–Zoque
7073:Misumalpan
6787:Comecrudan
6639:Nyulnyulan
6418:Upper Yuat
6395:Torricelli
6367:Senu River
6298:Foja Range
6204:New Guinea
6129:Burushaski
5990:Kartvelian
5965:Hmong–Mien
5781:Khoe–Kwadi
5671:Equatorial
5480:Palenquero
5048:Indigenous
4815:2021-11-15
4533:Ethnologue
4516:References
4152:Mingae ki
4120:kuse kuse
4006:Community
3997:Community
3736:Community
3727:Community
3669:anthe=jama
3620:ma=jan=tsû
3472:tsa=’ka=en
3466:Imperative
3433:ji=’fa=’ya
3337:tsun=pa=te
3288:("when"),
3282:("what"),
3123:instrument
3073:accusative
3016:downriver=
2673:"we, our"
2146:causative
2102:kikhûkhûpa
1842:cerveza=ma
1489:Morphology
1029:does exist
851:(4b) /hĩ/
820:(4a) /hi/
696:Diphthongs
278:Consonants
9082:Languages
9051:Venezuela
9011:Argentina
9004:Countries
8995:Amazonian
8607:Mosetenan
8601:Canichana
8513:Katukinan
8508:Harákmbut
8459:Tequiraca
8330:Esmeralda
8317:Barbacoan
8273:Guajiboan
8212:Jirajaran
8167:Venezuela
8103:Otomacoan
8055:Yanomaman
8046:Venezuela
7982:Pankararú
7900:Rikbaktsá
7646:Tanzanian
7587:languages
7484:Hodï/Joti
7428:Isolates
7367:Yanomaman
7303:Otomákoan
7267:Jirajaran
7256:Guajiboan
7218:Catacaoan
7197:Barbacoan
7126:Cuitlatec
7095:Totonacan
7054:Jicaquean
6933:Chimariko
6829:Muskogean
6811:Kalapuyan
6805:Iroquoian
6780:Chumashan
6773:Chinookan
6766:Chimakuan
6684:Yangmanic
6679:Worrorran
6662:Wagaydyic
6552:Australia
6401:Trans-Fly
6067:Yeniseian
6054:Tyrsenian
5948:Dravidian
5435:Nheengatu
5334:Macaguaje
5329:Koreguaje
5281:Guayabero
5268:Guajiboan
5096:Barbacoan
5050:languages
4896:: 45–59.
4868:246999014
4860:0952-6757
4838:Phonology
4787:198596111
4779:0025-1003
4472:March 10,
4440:March 10,
4417:20, 1-12.
4353:Tsumbate,
4191:Goodbye (
3306:("why"),
3212:=ye / =ñe
2979:tayupi=ja
2879::angular=
2851:chava=ngi
2653:Singular
2321:polarity
2066:chapejuen
2016:atesû=’fa
1667::lateral=
1567:sinjûnkhû
1466:disappear
1220:→
1175:→
1135:→
1090:→
1054:→
1008:→
993:does come
972:→
936:→
900:→
859:→
828:→
446:Fricative
378:aspirated
324:Affricate
269:Phonology
244:aʼi
138:Glottolog
122:ISO 639-3
61:Ethnicity
9061:Suriname
9041:Paraguay
9026:Colombia
8788:Huarpean
8783:Charruan
8778:Zamucoan
8773:Mascoyan
8747:Matacoan
8689:Quechuan
8613:Yuracaré
8580:Cayubaba
8574:Bororoan
8529:Matanawí
8476:Zaparoan
8445:Taushiro
8417:Candoshi
8411:Jivaroan
8306:Chibchan
8296:Colombia
8261:Witotoan
8244:Tucanoan
8226:Colombia
8207:Timotean
8202:Tiniguan
8163:Colombia
7989:Tarairiú
7968:Katembri
7936:Karirian
7875:Krenakan
7860:Jabutian
7847:Macro-Jê
7809:Arawakan
7679:See also
7656:Isolates
7631:Japanese
7571:Yuracaré
7453:Candoshi
7412:Macro-Jê
7377:Zaparoan
7372:Zamucoan
7362:Witotoan
7345:Tucanoan
7340:Tiniguan
7335:Timotean
7319:Quechuan
7288:Matacoan
7283:Mascoian
7273:Jivaroan
7236:Chibchan
7230:Charruan
7181:Arawakan
7118:Isolates
7049:Chibchan
6925:Isolates
6897:Wakashan
6858:Salishan
6800:Eskaleut
6706:Giimbiyu
6698:Isolates
6607:Jarrakan
6602:Iwaidjan
6459:Isolates
6313:Kutubuan
6181:Sumerian
6117:Isolates
6072:Yukaghir
6041:Tungusic
6007:Mongolic
5995:Koreanic
5954:Eskaleut
5845:Isolates
5829:Ubangian
5661:Amazonic
5405:Carijona
5344:Pisamira
5309:Carapana
5296:Tucanoan
5286:Macaguán
5182:Chibchan
5119:Mwelyama
5109:Kokonuco
5071:Cabiyari
5058:Arawakan
4388:Tsumbate
4371:Tsunsite
4275:to hunt
4272:panzaye
4232:kûi'khû
4112:kase'te
4095:Examples
3840:ʼ
3823:cc, qqu
3767:ndy, dy
3750:ndz, dz
3653:CNTR.TOP
3628:CNTR.TOP
3582:fûesû=ti
3454:low=ABL=
3389:se'je=pa
3334:Tsumbate
3279:jungaesû
3187:ablative
3155:locative
3047:CNTR.TOP
2984:CNTR.TOP
2960:CNTR.TOP
2929:CNTR.TOP
2875:fishing-
2667:"I, my"
2641:Pronouns
2304:reality
2180:passive
2094:warm.up=
1598::lateral
1520:na’sû=ma
1160:children
957:to sound
875:to exist
796:/ᵐbia.a/
783:/ᵐbia.a/
412:prenasal
297:Alveolar
213:Putumayo
196:Chibchan
145:cofa1242
55:Colombia
9036:Ecuador
9016:Bolivia
8967:Amerind
8765:Payaguá
8734:–Pampas
8702:Puquina
8694:Aymaran
8665:Andes (
8648:Irantxe
8587:Itonama
8452:Urarina
8438:Waorani
8431:Munichi
8424:Omurano
8368:Mochica
8357:Chimuan
8312:Chocoan
8284:Puinave
8278:Nadahup
8191:Andaquí
8161:Andes (
8129:Sáliban
8067:Arutani
8042:Orinoco
7829:Cariban
7729:italics
7706:Pidgins
7691:Creoles
7641:Swedish
7609:Chinese
7556:Urarina
7541:Puinave
7495:Itonama
7489:Irantxe
7458:Chimane
7388:Chimuan
7293:Nadahup
7212:Cariban
7192:Aymaran
7153:America
6995:Waikuri
6988:Tonkawa
6981:Timucua
6974:Takelma
6967:Siuslaw
6956:Kutenai
6940:Esselen
6903:Wintuan
6864:Shastan
6835:Na-Dene
6823:Maiduan
6760:Caddoan
6734:America
6688:Wagiman
6686:(incl.
6657:Tangkic
6597:Garawan
6570:Bunuban
6531:Tambora
6498:Maybrat
6466:Abinomn
6389:Teberan
6350:Pauwasi
6340:Mairasi
6308:Kiwaian
6188:Tambora
6174:Shompen
6156:Kusunda
6149:Kenaboi
6135:Elamite
6107:Siangic
6089:Kho-Bwa
6083:Hrusish
6001:Kra–Dai
5985:Japonic
5894:Eurasia
5869:Sandawe
5852:Bangime
5817:Songhay
5638:Waorani
5633:Tsafiki
5618:Shiwiar
5593:Awa Pit
5567:Spanish
5475:Llanero
5379:Wajiara
5374:Waimajã
5354:Siriano
5276:Guahibo
5253:Eperara
5230:Chocoan
5200:Chimila
5190:Arhuaco
5162:Muinane
5147:Andoque
5104:Awa Pit
5076:Piapoco
5039:Spanish
4731:: 1–12.
4489:"Cofán"
4288:kue'je
3986:Vowels
3733:Borman
3724:Borman
3680:chigane
3672:let.go=
3638:ka’ni-a
3526:kan='se
3490:tsun=ja
3456:NEW.TOP
3423:NEW.TOP
3386:se'jepa
3368:tise=ma
3221:elative
3082:=ve/=me
3045:former=
3013:kaje=ni
2990:charapa
2982:former=
2948:become-
2775:peanut=
2772:mani=ma
2656:Plural
2433:matrix
2240:-ʔɲakʰa
2197:aspect
2072:soften=
2055:tsun=si
2004:chicha-
1989:chicha=
1803:jingesû
1776:person=
1721:clitics
1594:behind-
1546:ANA.LOC
1502:ANA.LOC
1498:tse=tsû
1473:(14b)
1461:(14a)
1417:Prosody
1334:pumpkin
1147:(child=
1075:walking
1020:(exist-
948:(sound-
844:to come
589:Central
319:Plosive
312:Glottal
302:Palatal
51:Ecuador
9056:Guyana
9021:Brazil
8824:Yaghan
8798:Chonan
8758:Guachí
8627:Aikanã
8594:Movima
8538:Trumai
8503:Arawan
8488:Amazon
8381:Amazon
8234:Vaupés
8230:Japurá
8222:Amazon
8197:Paezan
8109:Yaruro
8017:Xukurú
7961:Baenan
7954:Gamela
7947:Taruma
7941:Purían
7870:Karajá
7865:Kamakã
7836:Tupian
7604:BANZSL
7566:Yamana
7551:Trumai
7520:Movima
7474:Fulniô
7437:Aikanã
7351:Tupian
7246:Chonan
7170:Arauan
7108:Xincan
7060:Lencan
7013:Yokuts
6910:Yukian
6875:Tanoan
6870:Siouan
6853:Pomoan
6794:Coosan
6620:Mirndi
6513:Porome
6508:Pawaia
6362:Senagi
6334:Madang
6283:Eleman
6238:Border
6169:Nihali
6162:Minoan
6142:Hattic
6124:Basque
6095:Mijiic
6077:Digaro
6061:Uralic
6047:Turkic
5898:Europe
5755:Africa
5666:Andean
5643:Záparo
5628:Tetete
5613:Secoya
5572:Kichwa
5490:Romani
5450:Ticuna
5430:Kichwa
5410:Cocama
5384:Wanano
5369:Tuyuca
5364:Tatuyo
5339:Macuna
5324:Desano
5172:Ocaina
5129:Totoró
5086:Yucuna
5066:Achawa
4942:
4866:
4858:
4785:
4777:
4298:Sample
4280:khuvû
4267:river
4243:house
4240:tsa'u
4136:me'in
4088:ûn, û
4085:un, u
4068:un, u
4065:on, o
4048:in, i
4034:en, e
4020:an, a
4003:Borman
3994:Borman
3944:ng, g
3930:nd, d
3916:mb, b
3896:/tʃʰ/
3865:/tsʰ/
3806:c, qu
3764:/ⁿdʒ/
3747:/ⁿdz/
3683:please
3651:IGNR1=
3641:enter-
3554:think=
3365:tisema
3309:mingae
3204:dative
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