521:
395:
1253:
789:
537:
643:
326:
on "Coherent
Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator", defended in 1951. By 1950, Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory. Around that time, he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations, and later on
374:. As a new type of laser resonator, he proposed, in 1958, an "open type" cavity design, which is widely used today. In 1963, together with A. S. Selivanenko, he suggested a laser using two-quantum transitions. For his pioneering work on lasers and masers, in 1964, he received the
1164:"1. Андрей Сахаров. ОПАСНОСТЬ ТЕРМОЯДЕРНОЙ ВОЙНЫ (Открытое письмо доктору Сиднею Дреллу) ::: Боннэр Е.Г. - Постскриптум: Книга о горьковской ссылке ::: Боннэр Елена Георгиевна ::: Воспоминания о ГУЛАГе :: База данных :: Авторы и тексты"
447:
of the
Russian Academy of Sciences. Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science, Munich and supported 1993 the foundation and development of the Russian Section of International Academy of Science, Moscow.
53:
648:
532:
Galina
Shelepina in 1941, and they had a son, Kiril, born in 1945. Following his father, Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist in the field of optics and is currently leading a laser-related laboratory at the A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute.
658:
653:
663:
632:
in science and technology (2003, posthumously) for the development of scientific and technological foundations of metrological support of measurements of length in the microwave and nanometer ranges and their application in microelectronics and
3102:
422:(he received five of them during life, in 1967, 1969, 1975, 1981 and 1986). In 1968, he became vice-director of the Lebedev Institute and in 1971 took the position of Head of Laboratory of another prestigious Soviet institution, the
331:. The group focused on a special class of molecules which have three (non-degenerate) moments of inertia. The research was conducted both on experiment and theory. In 1954, Prokhorov became head of the laboratory. Together with
343:. They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields. Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952, but not published until 1954–1955.
3047:
434:. Between 1982 and 1998, Prokhorov served as acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and after 1998 as honorary director. After his death in 2002, the institute was renamed the
3182:
301:
in 1946. He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the
Lebedev Institute where, in 1946, he defended his Ph.D. thesis on "Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter".
668:
688:
683:
678:
3107:
455:, the highest degree of distinction in the Soviet Union for achievements in national economy and culture. He received the second such award in 1986. Starting in 1969, he was the chief editor of the
3187:
1197:
3087:
3057:
3052:
3167:
3147:
3042:
2809:
1120:
3152:
1298:
3112:
3117:
3077:
423:
3097:
3172:
3162:
1363:
1047:
3082:
2802:
1144:
965:
502:
and Georgy
Skryabin – he signed the famous open letter called "when they lose honor and conscience" (Когда теряют честь и совесть), denouncing
2926:
629:
605:
431:
427:
1171:
1291:
3092:
3062:
491:
588:
298:
1307:
994:
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2981:
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2966:
2961:
2795:
1092:
757:
739:
709:
599:
440:
270:
3122:
3072:
928:
717:
637:
1112:
1065:
838:
673:
520:
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1284:
435:
347:
2851:
1415:
1219:
3157:
495:
1082:
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1498:
894:
3192:
3127:
1573:
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336:
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3142:
3132:
2190:
1955:
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3137:
2847:
2358:
902:
456:
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2828:
2318:
2266:
2114:
582:
452:
868:
297:. Prokhorov fought in the infantry, was wounded twice in battles, and was awarded three medals, including the
2955:
2386:
2374:
2298:
2170:
1732:
1581:
1522:
407:
370:-doped variation of aluminium oxide, he came upon the idea of using this material as an active medium of a
2895:
2884:
2875:
2402:
2370:
2031:
1847:
1740:
1439:
1311:
576:
375:
215:
148:
2663:
2479:
2350:
2282:
2194:
2130:
1474:
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957:
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2491:
2110:
1987:
1907:
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1647:
1542:
1459:
1387:
499:
383:
328:
310:
In 1947, Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic
219:
1262:
644:
Jubilee Medal "In
Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"
2647:
2439:
2382:
2326:
2314:
2270:
2214:
2206:
2126:
2106:
1163:
262:
2775:
2398:
1327:
441:
2934:
2903:
2871:
2655:
2603:
2551:
2535:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2443:
2338:
2290:
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2242:
2182:
2158:
2098:
2071:
1939:
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1903:
1716:
1612:
1403:
1088:
830:
753:
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705:
282:
277:
from 1930 to 1944. Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the
266:
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2739:
2695:
2691:
2354:
2342:
2258:
2250:
2003:
1995:
1959:
1895:
1887:
1839:
1748:
1659:
1589:
1395:
593:
467:(OSA), in 2000 and became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001. The same year, he was awarded the
358:, but also investigated other, "non-optical", topics, such as magnetic phase transitions in
191:
987:
2836:
2767:
2759:
2723:
2587:
2567:
2475:
2414:
2306:
2254:
2230:
2146:
2138:
2075:
2047:
1963:
1867:
1679:
1506:
1347:
1335:
1276:
1148:
1069:
1051:
932:
898:
872:
564:
508:
503:
399:
355:
351:
1883:
1431:
1084:Александр Михайлович Прохоров, 1916–2002 (Материалы к биобиблиогр. ученых) 2-е изд., доп.
1020:"Foundation of the Russian Section of the International Academy of Science= ias-icsd.org"
410:– the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union; the same year, he was awarded the
2743:
2735:
2727:
2659:
2643:
2635:
2559:
2543:
2519:
2503:
2410:
2390:
2330:
2094:
1971:
1855:
1831:
1783:
1724:
1639:
1569:
1530:
1490:
1455:
1371:
1252:
788:
419:
1062:
925:
3026:
2909:
2771:
2719:
2711:
2687:
2631:
2627:
2607:
2591:
2563:
2495:
2274:
2238:
2122:
2059:
2007:
1943:
1923:
1859:
1819:
1807:
1787:
1756:
1379:
1339:
815:
614:
541:
468:
379:
332:
223:
2940:
2755:
2751:
2707:
2675:
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2523:
2507:
2202:
2174:
2154:
2043:
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2015:
1843:
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1671:
1538:
1447:
1423:
1351:
323:
290:
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52:
2819:
2703:
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2531:
2487:
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2142:
2055:
2027:
1827:
1795:
1597:
1355:
1223:
557:
411:
315:
2679:
2595:
2575:
2418:
2366:
1979:
1915:
1871:
1708:
1624:
1514:
1482:
1098:
529:
286:
239:
84:
17:
2787:
1113:"Australia's forgotten Nobel Prize winner: Laser pioneer Alexander Prokhorov"
834:
752:(Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) 1999
734:(Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) 1999
2067:
2039:
1875:
891:
659:
Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of
Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
654:
Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of
Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
319:
199:
88:
664:
Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of
Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
536:
3103:
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the
Fatherland", 2nd class
254:
revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the
1815:
1247:
783:
649:
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
367:
294:
274:
528:
Both of Prokhorov's parents died during World War II. Prokhorov married
1019:
747:
725:
716:
series published by the American Institute of Physics Press (presently
340:
250:), to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna (née Mikhailova),
234:
Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road,
171:
700:
A. M. Prokhorov (Editor in Chief), J. M. Buzzi, P. Sprangle, K. Wille.
285:. His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the
947:
A. M. Prokhorov and V.B. Fedorov, Soviet Physics JETP 16 (1963) 1489.
475:
251:
110:
106:
1267:
865:
418:
and elected Academician in 1966. In 1967, he was awarded his first
729:
535:
519:
393:
371:
318:. He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the
207:
203:
136:
132:
988:"Presidium of the International Academy of Science= Ias-icsd.org"
3048:
Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
363:
359:
269:, the family returned to Russia. In 1934, Prokhorov entered the
255:
2791:
1280:
669:
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
3183:
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
258:
regime. As a child he attended Butchers Creek State School.
1081:Сост. И. Г. Бебих; Г. Н. Михайлова; А. В. Троицкий (2004).
866:Основные даты жизни и деятельности академика А.М. Прохорова
689:
Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
684:
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
494:
in 1950. In 1983, together with three other academicians –
804:
Tablelander (newspaper) 19 July 2016 'Prokharov centenary'
3108:
Recipients of the Medal "For Courage" (Russia)
679:
Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
346:
In 1955, Prokhorov started his research in the field of
702:
Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration
281:, in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician
1263:
Prokhorov's role in the invention of lasers and masers
402:
and wife of Townes at the Nobel Prize banquet in 1964
350:(EPR). He focused on relaxation times of ions of the
322:
spectral range. His results became the basis of his
198:; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002) was a Russian
3188:
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
2925:
2894:
2870:
2846:
2827:
2428:
2085:
1774:
1552:
1318:
1194:"The Montreal Gazette – Google News Archive Search"
816:"National Science Week 2016 - "Prokhorov Centenary"
524:
Basov and Prokhorov with wives in Stockholm in 1964
426:. In the same year, he was elected a member of the
335:he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a
167:
142:
128:
117:
95:
62:
34:
3088:State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
3058:Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
196:Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Про́хоров
1256:including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1964
792:including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1964
2803:
1292:
8:
3053:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
732:Diamond Interaction. Plasma Diamond Reactors
3168:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
2810:
2796:
2788:
1299:
1285:
1277:
1251:
787:
424:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
51:
31:
3148:Soviet military personnel of World War II
3043:Academic staff of Moscow State University
745:V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov (Editors).
436:A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute
430:. In 1983 he was elected a Member of the
406:In 1959, Prokhorov became a professor at
273:to study physics. He was a member of the
3153:Saint Petersburg State University alumni
861:
859:
723:V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov (Editors)
779:
777:
775:
773:
769:
339:and constructed such a device based on
3113:Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
1087:(in Russian). М.: Наука. p. 442.
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
463:Medal, the highest distinction of the
1200:from the original on 21 February 2022
887:
885:
883:
844:from the original on 21 February 2022
630:State Prize of the Russian Federation
606:State Prize of the Russian Federation
432:German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
428:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
414:. In 1960, he became a member of the
7:
3118:Australian people of Russian descent
242:, Australia (now 322 Gadaloff Road,
968:from the original on 4 October 2017
3078:Recipients of the USSR State Prize
25:
1174:from the original on 13 July 2021
1123:from the original on 2 April 2017
1026:from the original on 2 April 2015
1000:from the original on 2 April 2015
814:Collins, Stephen (October 2016).
626:Award of the Council of Ministers
600:Order of Merit for the Fatherland
490:Prokhorov became a member of the
271:Saint Petersburg State University
246:, situated about 30 km from
3098:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
638:Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
184:Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov
3173:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
1220:"Кирилл Александрович Прохоров"
623:(Moscow State University, 1987)
348:electron paramagnetic resonance
3163:Immigrants to the Soviet Union
728:Science and Technology Vol 1:
293:, in June 1941, he joined the
1:
3083:Recipients of the Lenin Prize
926:Прохоров Александр Михайлович
892:Прохоров Александр Михайлович
611:Medal Frederick Ayvesa (2000)
474:He died on 8 January 2002 at
1142:Когда теряют честь и совесть
750:Science and Technology Vol 2
540:Alexander Prokhorov on 2016
451:In 1969, Prokhorov became a
188:Alexander Michael Prochoroff
67:Alexander Michael Prochoroff
416:Russian Academy of Sciences
3209:
3093:Heroes of Socialist Labour
3063:Nobel laureates in Physics
714:Research Trends in Physics
571:Order of the Patriotic War
465:Optical Society of America
362:. In 1957, while studying
279:Lebedev Physical Institute
2950:
2941:Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen
1050:27 September 2007 at the
903:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
674:Medal "Veteran of Labour"
457:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
195:
177:
160:
50:
41:
1147:19 November 2009 at the
1083:
871:11 December 2010 at the
583:Hero of Socialist Labour
453:Hero of Socialist Labour
214:for which he shared the
42:
27:Soviet-Russian physicist
3123:Experimental physicists
3073:Demidov Prize laureates
567:(including 11 May 1981)
554:Mandelstam Prize (1948)
408:Moscow State University
3068:Soviet Nobel laureates
2956:Nobel Prize recipients
2927:Physiology or Medicine
2885:Martin Luther King Jr.
1312:Nobel Prize in Physics
1168:www.sakharov-center.ru
1068:20 August 2008 at the
897:5 October 2015 at the
636:Foreign Member of the
577:Nobel Prize in Physics
545:
525:
403:
376:Nobel Prize in Physics
216:Nobel Prize in Physics
149:Nobel Prize in Physics
539:
523:
459:. He was awarded the
397:
3158:Australian emigrants
1272:Novodevichy cemetery
1063:OSA Honorary Members
621:Lomonosov Gold Medal
585:, twice (1969, 1986)
480:Novodevichy Cemetery
398:Prokhorov with King
337:molecular oscillator
312:particle accelerator
154:Lomonosov Gold Medal
122:Novodevichy Cemetery
2916:Alexander Prokhorov
2904:Charles Hard Townes
1258:Quantum Electronics
1248:Alexander Prokhorov
1226:on 21 February 2015
1045:Frederic Ives Medal
931:15 May 2011 at the
794:Quantum Electronics
784:Alexander Prokhorov
500:Anatoly Dorodnitsyn
384:Charles Hard Townes
352:iron group elements
329:quantum electronics
261:In 1923, after the
220:Charles Hard Townes
36:Alexander Prokhorov
3193:Russian scientists
3128:Optical physicists
1250:on Nobelprize.org
1101:on 21 August 2007.
962:www.leopoldina.org
786:on Nobelprize.org
602:, 2nd class (1996)
573:, 1st class (1985)
549:Honours and awards
546:
526:
506:'s article in the
478:and was buried at
404:
289:. At the onset of
263:October Revolution
202:and researcher on
44:Александр Прохоров
3143:Soviet physicists
3133:Laser researchers
3020:
3019:
2935:Konrad Emil Bloch
2785:
2784:
1268:Prokhorov's grave
1119:. 3 August 2016.
958:"List of Members"
589:Medal For Courage
299:Medal For Courage
267:Russian Civil War
181:
180:
162:Scientific career
57:Prokhorov in 1964
16:(Redirected from
3200:
3138:Soviet inventors
2958:
2861:Jean-Paul Sartre
2812:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2778:
2762:
2746:
2730:
2714:
2698:
2682:
2666:
2650:
2638:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2582:
2570:
2554:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2498:
2482:
2466:
2450:
2421:
2405:
2393:
2377:
2361:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2277:
2261:
2245:
2233:
2217:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2177:
2161:
2149:
2133:
2117:
2101:
2078:
2062:
2050:
2034:
2018:
2010:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1950:
1934:
1918:
1910:
1898:
1890:
1878:
1862:
1850:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1802:
1790:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1564:
1545:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1450:
1442:
1440:Kamerlingh Onnes
1434:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1342:
1330:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1278:
1255:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1222:. Archived from
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1097:. Archived from
1078:
1072:
1060:
1054:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
999:
992:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
954:
948:
945:
939:
938:
935:at warheroes.ru
923:
908:
907:
889:
878:
877:
863:
854:
853:
851:
849:
843:
820:
811:
805:
802:
796:
791:
781:
594:USSR State Prize
496:Andrey Tychonoff
446:
443:
390:Posts and awards
354:in a lattice of
197:
156:
102:
76:
74:
55:
45:
32:
21:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3178:Spectroscopists
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
2954:
2946:
2937:(United States)
2921:
2906:(United States)
2890:
2887:(United States)
2866:
2842:
2839:(Great Britain)
2837:Dorothy Hodgkin
2823:
2816:
2786:
2781:
2765:
2749:
2733:
2717:
2701:
2685:
2669:
2653:
2641:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2585:
2573:
2557:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2501:
2485:
2469:
2453:
2437:
2430:
2424:
2408:
2396:
2380:
2371:Cohen-Tannoudji
2364:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2280:
2264:
2248:
2236:
2220:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2180:
2164:
2152:
2136:
2120:
2104:
2092:
2081:
2065:
2053:
2037:
2021:
2013:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1953:
1937:
1921:
1913:
1901:
1893:
1881:
1865:
1853:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
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1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1567:
1559:
1548:
1536:
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1947:
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1228:. Retrieved
1224:the original
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846:. Retrieved
829:(3): 14–15.
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101:(2002-01-08)
77:11 July 1916
29:
3038:2002 deaths
3033:1916 births
2820:Nobel Prize
2259:Steinberger
2175:K. Siegbahn
2167:Bloembergen
1888:Chamberlain
1621:Schrödinger
1531:M. Siegbahn
1460:W. H. Bragg
1456:W. L. Bragg
1230:20 February
1204:20 February
848:21 February
720:, New York)
558:Lenin Prize
439: [
412:Lenin Prize
316:synchrotron
3027:Categories
2848:Literature
2776:L'Huillier
2740:Hasselmann
2696:Strickland
2664:Kosterlitz
2588:Perlmutter
2327:Brockhouse
2032:Schrieffer
1904:Hofstadter
1856:C. N. Yang
1613:Heisenberg
1590:De Broglie
765:References
530:geographer
287:ionosphere
240:Queensland
230:Early life
85:Queensland
73:1916-07-11
2943:(Germany)
2829:Chemistry
2822:laureates
2760:Zeilinger
2580:Novoselov
2548:Kobayashi
2472:Abrikosov
2319:J. Taylor
2299:de Gennes
2291:R. Taylor
2183:K. Wilson
2131:R. Wilson
2115:Van Vleck
2086:1976–2000
2076:Rainwater
2072:Mottelson
2048:Josephson
1996:Gell-Mann
1960:Schwinger
1948:Prokhorov
1908:Mössbauer
1868:Cherenkov
1860:T. D. Lee
1784:Cockcroft
1775:1951–1975
1574:C. Wilson
1553:1926–1950
1499:Guillaume
1388:Michelson
1348:Becquerel
1319:1901–1925
1308:Laureates
972:4 October
835:1832-4436
544:of Russia
320:microwave
314:called a
200:physicist
89:Australia
2863:(France)
2768:Agostini
2656:Thouless
2648:McDonald
2636:Nakamura
2604:Wineland
2536:Grünberg
2492:Politzer
2476:Ginzburg
2464:Giacconi
2444:Ketterle
2399:'t Hooft
2383:Laughlin
2375:Phillips
2355:Osheroff
2283:Friedman
2255:Schwartz
2251:Lederman
2171:Schawlow
2147:Weinberg
1956:Tomonaga
1848:Brattain
1840:Shockley
1749:Blackett
1741:Appleton
1733:Bridgman
1680:Lawrence
1660:Davisson
1640:Chadwick
1523:Millikan
1507:Einstein
1396:Lippmann
1364:Rayleigh
1356:M. Curie
1352:P. Curie
1198:Archived
1172:Archived
1145:Archived
1121:Archived
1117:ABC News
1066:Archived
1048:Archived
1030:16 March
1024:Archived
1004:16 March
995:Archived
966:Archived
929:Archived
895:Archived
869:Archived
839:Archived
823:AOS News
718:Springer
704:, 1992,
486:Politics
442:Wikidata
368:chromium
306:Research
295:Red Army
275:Komsomol
265:and the
248:Atherton
236:Peeramon
124:, Moscow
81:Peeramon
2896:Physics
2756:Clauser
2720:Penrose
2704:Peebles
2660:Haldane
2628:Akasaki
2616:Englert
2608:Haroche
2592:Schmidt
2552:Maskawa
2504:Glauber
2496:Wilczek
2480:Leggett
2460:Koshiba
2440:Cornell
2431:present
2415:Kroemer
2411:Alferov
2403:Veltman
2387:Störmer
2307:Charpak
2287:Kendall
2271:Dehmelt
2239:Bednorz
2139:Glashow
2127:Penzias
2123:Kapitsa
2095:Richter
2068:A. Bohr
2044:Giaever
2024:Bardeen
1988:Alvarez
1972:Kastler
1964:Feynman
1844:Bardeen
1808:Zernike
1800:Purcell
1570:Compton
1515:N. Bohr
1404:Marconi
1336:Lorentz
1328:Röntgen
1310:of the
1178:13 July
1127:2 April
748:Diamond
726:Diamond
341:ammonia
256:tsarist
252:Russian
192:Russian
172:Physics
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2014:1971:
2004:Alfvén
2002:1970:
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1940:Townes
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516:Family
476:Moscow
208:masers
204:lasers
186:(born
168:Fields
143:Awards
137:masers
133:Lasers
111:Russia
107:Moscow
2987:1964
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2524:Smoot
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2456:Davis
2429:2001–
2419:Kilby
2331:Shull
2315:Hulse
2223:Ruska
2159:Fitch
2143:Salam
2040:Esaki
2016:Gabor
1980:Bethe
1944:Basov
1884:Segrè
1872:Frank
1832:Kusch
1820:Bothe
1796:Bloch
1725:Pauli
1709:Stern
1672:Fermi
1625:Dirac
1598:Raman
1543:Hertz
1491:Stark
1432:Dalén
1408:Braun
998:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
842:(PDF)
819:(PDF)
730:Laser
695:Books
563:Five
445:]
372:laser
152:1987
147:1964
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2111:Mott
2099:Ting
2056:Ryle
2008:Néel
1876:Tamm
1828:Lamb
1816:Born
1717:Rabi
1701:1942
1694:1941
1687:1940
1648:Hess
1632:1934
1605:1931
1467:1916
1448:Laue
1424:Wien
1232:2015
1206:2015
1180:2021
1129:2017
1089:ISBN
1032:2015
1006:2015
974:2017
850:2022
831:ISSN
754:ISBN
736:ISBN
706:ISBN
382:and
366:, a
364:ruby
360:DPPH
222:and
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96:Died
63:Born
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