17:
132:
Si, discovered in 1933. Several other compounds with A15 structure were discovered in following years. No large interest existed in research on those compounds. This changed with the discovery that vanadium silicide
157:
in 1986. It took time for the method to produce wires from the very brittle A15 phase materials to be established. This method is still complicated. Though some A15 phase materials can withstand higher
181:
of the A15 phase seems to have the least surface area among all the possible partitions of three-dimensional
Euclidean space in regions of equal volume. This partition, also known as the
113:
of tungsten or the structure of a tungsten suboxide was long-standing, but since the 1950s there has been many publications showing that the material is a true allotrope of tungsten.
306:
Hartmann, Hellmuth; Ebert, Fritz; Bretschneider, Otto (1931). "Elektrolysen in
Phosphatschmelzen. I. Die elektrolytische Gewinnung von α- und β-Wolfram".
655:
Izyumov, Yurii A; Kurmaev, Z Z (1974). "Physical properties and electronic structure of superconducting compounds with theβ-tungsten structure".
753:
732:
701:
782:
236:
182:
259:"Complex alloy structures regarded as sphere packings. II. Analysis and classification of representative structures"
81:(−253 °C; −424 °F), which is comparatively high, and remain superconductive in magnetic fields of tens of
777:
70:
772:
48:
16:
597:
Boren, B. (1933). "X-Ray
Investigation of Alloys of Silicon with Chromium, Manganese, Cobalt and Nickel".
154:
90:
335:"Topologically close-packed phases: Deposition and formation mechanism of metastable β-W in thin films"
101:
The first time that A15 structure was observed was in 1931 when an electrolytically deposited layer of
198:
664:
629:
524:
513:"Microstructure, growth, resistivity, and stresses in thin tungsten films deposited by rf sputtering"
442:
395:
346:
270:
125:
174:
is used for some high field applications, for example high-end MRI scanners and NMR spectrometers.
493:
186:
749:
728:
722:
697:
617:
579:
540:
458:
411:
364:
288:
208:
150:
138:
74:
743:
691:
672:
637:
571:
532:
485:
450:
403:
354:
315:
278:
203:
163:
66:
62:
153:
held the record for the highest temperature of 23.2 K from 1973 until the discovery of the
258:
178:
668:
633:
528:
511:
Petroff, P.; Sheng, T. T.; Sinha, A. K.; Rozgonyi, G. A.; Alexander, F. B. (June 1973).
446:
399:
350:
274:
159:
766:
430:
383:
218:
117:
106:
724:
Structure of materials: an introduction to crystallography, diffraction and symmetry
676:
497:
559:
431:"Phase transformation of sputter deposited tungsten thin films with A-15 structure"
86:
82:
359:
334:
382:
Weerasekera, I. A.; Shah, S. Ismat; Baxter, David V.; Unruh, K. M. (1994-06-13).
213:
167:
21:
476:
Kiss, A. B. (1998). "Thermoanalytical Study of the
Composition of β-tungsten".
489:
283:
166:
alloys, NbTi is still used for most applications due to easier manufacturing.
583:
544:
462:
415:
368:
319:
292:
110:
69:) and a specific structure. The A15 phase is also one of the members in the
641:
93:) is an important area of study as it has several practical applications.
223:
102:
575:
512:
384:"Structure and stability of sputter deposited beta-tungsten thin films"
536:
454:
407:
142:
78:
15:
162:
and have higher critical temperatures than the NbZr and
620:(1953). "Superconducting Silicides and Germanides".
239:, for the space tessellation generated by A15 phases
693:Introduction to high-temperature superconductivity
308:Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie
727:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 518–521.
560:""β-Tungsten" as a Product of Oxide Reduction"
8:
333:Liu, Jiaxing; Barmak, Katayun (2016-02-01).
145:in 1953. In following years, several other A
721:Graef, Marc De; McHenry, Michael E (2007).
558:Mannella, G.; Hougen, J. O. (August 1956).
478:Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
429:O’Keefe, M. J.; Grant, J. T. (1996-06-15).
257:Frank, F. C.; Kasper, J. S. (1959-07-10).
358:
282:
105:was examined. Discussion of whether the
249:
73:family. Many of these compounds have
7:
89:). This kind of superconductivity (
120:compound discovered with typical A
14:
564:The Journal of Physical Chemistry
677:10.1070/PU1974v017n03ABEH004136
47:structure types) are series of
20:Unit cell of the A15 phases of
149:B superconductors were found.
1:
360:10.1016/j.actamat.2015.11.049
799:
690:Sheahen, Thomas P (1994).
517:Journal of Applied Physics
435:Journal of Applied Physics
51:with the chemical formula
748:. Wiley. pp. 95–97.
284:10.1107/S0365110X59001499
91:Type-II superconductivity
696:. Springer. p. 32.
320:10.1002/zaac.19311980111
160:magnetic field intensity
783:Crystal structure types
490:10.1023/A:1010143904328
388:Applied Physics Letters
237:Weaire–Phelan structure
183:Weaire–Phelan structure
155:cuprate superconductors
49:intermetallic compounds
657:Soviet Physics Uspekhi
642:10.1103/PhysRev.89.884
263:Acta Crystallographica
185:, is often present in
177:A relaxed form of the
28:
599:Ark. Kern., Min. Geol
19:
742:Sauthoff, G (1995).
669:1974SvPhU..17..356I
634:1953PhRv...89Q.884H
576:10.1021/j150542a035
529:1973JAP....44.2545P
447:1996JAP....79.9134O
400:1994ApPhL..64.3231W
351:2016AcMat.104..223L
275:1959AcCry..12..483F
71:Frank–Kasper phases
187:clathrate hydrates
124:B composition was
77:at around 20
29:
755:978-3-527-29320-9
734:978-0-521-65151-6
703:978-0-306-44793-8
537:10.1063/1.1662611
441:(12): 9134–9141.
394:(24): 3231–3233.
209:Niobium-germanium
151:Niobium-germanium
139:superconductivity
126:chromium silicide
75:superconductivity
65:and B can be any
790:
759:
738:
708:
707:
687:
681:
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652:
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645:
613:
607:
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570:(8): 1148–1149.
555:
549:
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523:(6): 2545–2554.
508:
502:
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473:
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455:10.1063/1.362584
426:
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408:10.1063/1.111318
379:
373:
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362:
330:
324:
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254:
204:Vanadium-gallium
199:Vanadium-silicon
109:structure is an
63:transition metal
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797:
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792:
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789:
788:
787:
778:Superconductors
763:
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715:Further reading
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622:Physical Review
616:Hardy, George;
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339:Acta Materialia
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179:Voronoi diagram
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148:
136:
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123:
99:
57:
44:
35:(also known as
25:
12:
11:
5:
796:
794:
786:
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773:Intermetallics
765:
764:
761:
760:
754:
745:Intermetallics
739:
733:
716:
713:
710:
709:
702:
682:
647:
608:
589:
550:
503:
484:(3): 815–824.
468:
421:
374:
325:
298:
269:(7): 483–499.
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206:
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194:
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146:
134:
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98:
95:
61:(where A is a
55:
42:
23:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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781:
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219:Titanium-gold
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188:
184:
180:
175:
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165:
161:
156:
152:
144:
141:at around 17
140:
127:
119:
118:intermetallic
114:
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108:
104:
96:
94:
92:
88:
85:(hundreds of
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
54:
50:
46:
38:
34:
27:
18:
744:
723:
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176:
115:
100:
58:
52:
40:
36:
32:
30:
605:(10): 2–10.
345:: 223–227.
314:: 116–140.
214:Niobium-tin
137:Si showed
767:Categories
663:(3): 356.
628:(4): 884.
618:Hulm, John
244:References
116:The first
107:β-tungsten
33:A15 phases
584:0022-3654
545:0021-8979
463:0021-8979
416:0003-6951
369:1359-6454
293:0365-110X
226:(β-phase)
111:allotrope
87:kilogauss
498:93714144
231:See also
224:Tungsten
193:Examples
103:tungsten
665:Bibcode
630:Bibcode
525:Bibcode
443:Bibcode
396:Bibcode
347:Bibcode
271:Bibcode
97:History
67:element
752:
731:
700:
582:
543:
496:
461:
414:
367:
291:
83:teslas
494:S2CID
750:ISBN
729:ISBN
698:ISBN
580:ISSN
541:ISSN
459:ISSN
412:ISSN
365:ISSN
289:ISSN
164:NbTi
31:The
673:doi
638:doi
603:11A
572:doi
533:doi
486:doi
451:doi
404:doi
355:doi
343:104
316:doi
312:198
279:doi
39:or
37:β-W
769::
671:.
661:17
659:.
636:.
626:89
624:.
601:.
578:.
568:60
566:.
562:.
539:.
531:.
521:44
519:.
515:.
492:.
482:54
480:.
457:.
449:.
439:79
437:.
433:.
410:.
402:.
392:64
390:.
386:.
363:.
353:.
341:.
337:.
310:.
287:.
277:.
267:12
265:.
261:.
189:.
172:Sn
168:Nb
128:Cr
45:Si
41:Cr
26:Sn
22:Nb
758:.
737:.
706:.
679:.
675::
667::
644:.
640::
632::
586:.
574::
547:.
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371:.
357::
349::
322:.
318::
295:.
281::
273::
170:3
147:3
143:K
135:3
133:V
130:3
122:3
79:K
59:B
56:3
53:A
43:3
24:3
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